From Diversifying Economic Quality: A Wiki for Instructors and Departments
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− | The "flipped classroom" model is a teaching style where the lecture component of the material is transferred to an out of class setting while the synchronous, in-classroom, time is used for non lecture based learning components that can be grouped together under the category of active learning. | + | The "flipped classroom" model is a teaching style where the lecture component of the material is transferred to an out of class setting while the synchronous, in-classroom, time is used for non-lecture based learning components that can be grouped together under the category of active learning. |
− | learning lead to better learning outcomes in the short run as well as to better long run retention. | + | |
+ | Interest in the flipped classroom has grown recently and is likely due from a synergy between two recent trends. The first is the growing availability of out of classroom lecture resources such as recording of lecture available with textbooks, on publicly available web sites and in MOOCS as well as easy do it yourself methods of recording pre-class material. The second, pedagogically more important trend, is the increasing understanding that lecture is not the best way of sharing information and that active, [[Inquiry-based learning|inquiry-based]], and [[Cooperative learning|cooperative]] learning lead to better learning outcomes in the short run as well as to better long run retention. | ||
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− | Background | + | == Background == |
− | Much of the literature in active learning was developed in teaching physics. Eric Mazur was an innovator in this area and his research showed that learning gains nearly triple when content is transferred from a traditional lecture approach to a students based interactive learning (Science 2 January 2009:Vol. 323 no. 5910 pp. 50-51 [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5910/50.full] | + | Much of the literature in active learning was developed in teaching physics. Eric Mazur was an innovator in this area and his research showed that learning gains nearly triple when content is transferred from a traditional lecture approach to a students based interactive learning (Science 2 January 2009:Vol. 323 no. 5910 pp. 50-51 [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5910/50.full]). For an inspirational introduction to this area see his video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WwslBPj8GgI&noredirect=1 |
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These early results have since been confirmed in medicine, pharmacology and science. A nice summary of the literature can be found at the Vanderbilt University’s Center of Teaching http://cft.vanderbilt.edu/teaching-guides/teaching-activities/flipping-the-classroom/ and in the web site on Team Based Learning [http://www.teambasedlearning.org/] | These early results have since been confirmed in medicine, pharmacology and science. A nice summary of the literature can be found at the Vanderbilt University’s Center of Teaching http://cft.vanderbilt.edu/teaching-guides/teaching-activities/flipping-the-classroom/ and in the web site on Team Based Learning [http://www.teambasedlearning.org/] | ||
Evidence from teaching introductory physics course shows that interactive engagement helps reduce the gender gap (M. Lorenzo, C. H. Crouch, E. Mazur, Am. J. Phys. 74, 118 (2006)). | Evidence from teaching introductory physics course shows that interactive engagement helps reduce the gender gap (M. Lorenzo, C. H. Crouch, E. Mazur, Am. J. Phys. 74, 118 (2006)). | ||
== How to Flip a Classroom == | == How to Flip a Classroom == | ||
− | + | Typically, flipping involves three critical steps: | |
#Students learn basic concepts before the class meeting that will be using those concepts. | #Students learn basic concepts before the class meeting that will be using those concepts. | ||
− | The first step can be satisfied by encouraging old style use of the textbook. Consider assigning a chapter to be read ahead of class and starting off each lecture with a short fact or definition based quiz that assesses students reading, rather then mastery, of the textbook material. | + | #*The first step can be satisfied by encouraging old style use of the textbook. Consider assigning a chapter to be read ahead of class and starting off each lecture with a short fact or definition based quiz that assesses students reading, rather then mastery, of the textbook material. |
− | Another option is to record short lecture segments and make them available to the students to use ahead of lecture. The advantage of this strategy is that you can tailor the contents and level to your specific audience. You can then design these segments to be stand alone and short (the suggestion is about 5-8 minutes per segment) so that students can watch them one by one and use them to review as needed. The disadvantage is that this is the most demanding preparation, though of course you need only develop this resource once and can re use it over many semesters. | + | #*Another option is to record short lecture segments and make them available to the students to use ahead of lecture. The advantage of this strategy is that you can tailor the contents and level to your specific audience. You can then design these segments to be stand alone and short (the suggestion is about 5-8 minutes per segment) so that students can watch them one by one and use them to review as needed. The disadvantage is that this is the most demanding preparation, though of course you need only develop this resource once and can re use it over many semesters. Some lecturers recorded their in class lecture one semester and then based their flipped classroom the following semester on these recordings. Note that in this case the recordings will not be the suggested stand alone short format and their length as well as possibly lower quality may reduce students’ attentiveness at this out of the classroom stage of learning. |
− | Some lecturers recorded their in class lecture one semester and then based their flipped classroom the following semester on these recordings. Note that in this case the recordings will not be the suggested stand alone short format and their length as well as possibly lower quality may reduce students’ attentiveness at this out of the classroom stage of learning. | + | #*Alternatively, you can use pre-recorded lectures, which are increasingly available. Many of the new iterations of textbooks include video supplements. You can also look at (''cite links that are already on the wiki page''). These videos are often high quality segments formulated to be watched online and have the right mix of clarity, brevity and entertainment. On the other hand, the videos may not contain the precise level, terminology, examples, or inclusiveness you desire. Watch a lot of videos to find the best ones for your students. You can mix and match across lecturers and sources to introduce students to multiple points of view and to facilitate in-class debate. |
− | + | #*Remember, though, that the pre-classroom lecture is just the first step in the learning process and should only be an introduction. Your in-class activities will complement, enhance, and fill in gaps in these recordings. You may prefer to assign non-encyclopedic coverage so that class activities can easily build on them and provide the opportunities for reflection, application, and analysis. | |
− | Remember though, that the pre classroom lecture | + | #Instructors quiz students on these concepts right before class. |
+ | #*This step is necessary both to motivate the students to prepare for class and to assess their level of understanding before the active learning is initiated. | ||
+ | #Instructors and students spend class time using the concepts in problems and analyses. | ||
+ | #*The last step is the most important phase of this pedagogical approach. There are many ways of structuring class use for problem-solving, analysis, and exploration. Here are a few and links to sites that explain each further. The first three suggestions in the following list are closest to a standard flipped classroom model in that the traditional homework is indeed brought into the classroom, thereby achieving the flipping of in and out of classroom time. The latter examples use larger projects to enhance student engagement and learning and encourage students to reach the cognitive level of [[Bloom|creating new knowledge]]. Of course, you may choose to combine a few of these techniques together over the semester. | ||
+ | #*#Small group activities [http://www.diversifyingecon.org/index.php/Cooperative_learning_groups] | ||
+ | #*#Think-pair-share-compare [http://www.diversifyingecon.org/index.php/Think-pair-share] | ||
+ | #*#In class experiments, Simulations or Models [http://www.diversifyingecon.org/index.php/Simulations_and_models_in_the_classroom] | ||
+ | #*#Debates | ||
+ | #*#Service Learning [http://www.diversifyingecon.org/index.php/Service_learning] | ||
+ | #*#Research papers | ||
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− | + | == Accessibility == | |
− | + | Your assigned videos should include ADA compliant captions. Captions ensure equal access to opportunities and benefits for students with disabilities. Check with your institution for resources and legal guidance. | |
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+ | == Video sources == | ||
− | + | *Here are a few easy to use apps for recording, annotating and editing material that you can then post for your students: | |
+ | **Educreations [http://www.educreations.com] is and easy to use iPad app that allows you to do a whiteboard solution to a problem as you narrate it. It has a built-in voice recorder. | ||
+ | **Explain Everything [http://www.explaineverything.com] is not free, but can be more flexibly used in terms of the different types of media and files to import into it and export out of it. It also has good video and audio editing capabilities. | ||
+ | **Another very simple screencapture utility is screencast-o-matic [http://www.screencast-o-matic.com/] | ||
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*Here are two popular YouTube channels offering short video explanations of economic concepts. Instructors report using them successfully in their courses. (Note, we have not reviewed these videos and cannot vouch for their accuracy or effectiveness.) | *Here are two popular YouTube channels offering short video explanations of economic concepts. Instructors report using them successfully in their courses. (Note, we have not reviewed these videos and cannot vouch for their accuracy or effectiveness.) | ||
**mjm foodie's channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/mjmfoodie/about | **mjm foodie's channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/mjmfoodie/about | ||
**pajholden's channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/pajholden/videos | **pajholden's channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/pajholden/videos | ||
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== Evidence == | == Evidence == | ||
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*Dr. Jose J. Vazquez Cognet (Clinical Professor, Department of Economics, and Coordinator of E-Learning, School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) is "currently running two studies on Flipping the Classroom; one field experiment using my large principles of economics course; and also a clinical study (randomized control trial study)." He is trying to replicate some of the findings from [http://physics.illinois.edu/research/education.asp Physics] courses. | *Dr. Jose J. Vazquez Cognet (Clinical Professor, Department of Economics, and Coordinator of E-Learning, School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) is "currently running two studies on Flipping the Classroom; one field experiment using my large principles of economics course; and also a clinical study (randomized control trial study)." He is trying to replicate some of the findings from [http://physics.illinois.edu/research/education.asp Physics] courses. | ||
− | See the literature review by Goffe and Kauper [http://cook.rfe.org/Lecture_Prevails.pdf] | + | *See the literature review by Goffe and Kauper [http://cook.rfe.org/Lecture_Prevails.pdf] |
Revision as of 13:35, 18 January 2014
The "flipped classroom" model is a teaching style where the lecture component of the material is transferred to an out of class setting while the synchronous, in-classroom, time is used for non-lecture based learning components that can be grouped together under the category of active learning.
Interest in the flipped classroom has grown recently and is likely due from a synergy between two recent trends. The first is the growing availability of out of classroom lecture resources such as recording of lecture available with textbooks, on publicly available web sites and in MOOCS as well as easy do it yourself methods of recording pre-class material. The second, pedagogically more important trend, is the increasing understanding that lecture is not the best way of sharing information and that active, inquiry-based, and cooperative learning lead to better learning outcomes in the short run as well as to better long run retention.
Background
Much of the literature in active learning was developed in teaching physics. Eric Mazur was an innovator in this area and his research showed that learning gains nearly triple when content is transferred from a traditional lecture approach to a students based interactive learning (Science 2 January 2009:Vol. 323 no. 5910 pp. 50-51 [1]). For an inspirational introduction to this area see his video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WwslBPj8GgI&noredirect=1 These early results have since been confirmed in medicine, pharmacology and science. A nice summary of the literature can be found at the Vanderbilt University’s Center of Teaching http://cft.vanderbilt.edu/teaching-guides/teaching-activities/flipping-the-classroom/ and in the web site on Team Based Learning [2] Evidence from teaching introductory physics course shows that interactive engagement helps reduce the gender gap (M. Lorenzo, C. H. Crouch, E. Mazur, Am. J. Phys. 74, 118 (2006)).
How to Flip a Classroom
Typically, flipping involves three critical steps:
- Students learn basic concepts before the class meeting that will be using those concepts.
- The first step can be satisfied by encouraging old style use of the textbook. Consider assigning a chapter to be read ahead of class and starting off each lecture with a short fact or definition based quiz that assesses students reading, rather then mastery, of the textbook material.
- Another option is to record short lecture segments and make them available to the students to use ahead of lecture. The advantage of this strategy is that you can tailor the contents and level to your specific audience. You can then design these segments to be stand alone and short (the suggestion is about 5-8 minutes per segment) so that students can watch them one by one and use them to review as needed. The disadvantage is that this is the most demanding preparation, though of course you need only develop this resource once and can re use it over many semesters. Some lecturers recorded their in class lecture one semester and then based their flipped classroom the following semester on these recordings. Note that in this case the recordings will not be the suggested stand alone short format and their length as well as possibly lower quality may reduce students’ attentiveness at this out of the classroom stage of learning.
- Alternatively, you can use pre-recorded lectures, which are increasingly available. Many of the new iterations of textbooks include video supplements. You can also look at (cite links that are already on the wiki page). These videos are often high quality segments formulated to be watched online and have the right mix of clarity, brevity and entertainment. On the other hand, the videos may not contain the precise level, terminology, examples, or inclusiveness you desire. Watch a lot of videos to find the best ones for your students. You can mix and match across lecturers and sources to introduce students to multiple points of view and to facilitate in-class debate.
- Remember, though, that the pre-classroom lecture is just the first step in the learning process and should only be an introduction. Your in-class activities will complement, enhance, and fill in gaps in these recordings. You may prefer to assign non-encyclopedic coverage so that class activities can easily build on them and provide the opportunities for reflection, application, and analysis.
- Instructors quiz students on these concepts right before class.
- This step is necessary both to motivate the students to prepare for class and to assess their level of understanding before the active learning is initiated.
- Instructors and students spend class time using the concepts in problems and analyses.
- The last step is the most important phase of this pedagogical approach. There are many ways of structuring class use for problem-solving, analysis, and exploration. Here are a few and links to sites that explain each further. The first three suggestions in the following list are closest to a standard flipped classroom model in that the traditional homework is indeed brought into the classroom, thereby achieving the flipping of in and out of classroom time. The latter examples use larger projects to enhance student engagement and learning and encourage students to reach the cognitive level of creating new knowledge. Of course, you may choose to combine a few of these techniques together over the semester.
Accessibility
Your assigned videos should include ADA compliant captions. Captions ensure equal access to opportunities and benefits for students with disabilities. Check with your institution for resources and legal guidance.
Video sources
- Here are a few easy to use apps for recording, annotating and editing material that you can then post for your students:
- Educreations [7] is and easy to use iPad app that allows you to do a whiteboard solution to a problem as you narrate it. It has a built-in voice recorder.
- Explain Everything [8] is not free, but can be more flexibly used in terms of the different types of media and files to import into it and export out of it. It also has good video and audio editing capabilities.
- Another very simple screencapture utility is screencast-o-matic [9]
- Here are two popular YouTube channels offering short video explanations of economic concepts. Instructors report using them successfully in their courses. (Note, we have not reviewed these videos and cannot vouch for their accuracy or effectiveness.)
- mjm foodie's channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/mjmfoodie/about
- pajholden's channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/pajholden/videos
Evidence
- The Center for Teaching at Vanderbilt University provides a nice introduction to the method and cites evidence of effectiveness produced by Carl Wieman and colleagues.
- Peer Instruction is a similar method, which has been proven effective.
- We recommend watching Eric Mazur’s talk, Confessions of a Converted Lecturer, at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WwslBPj8GgI.
Examples
- Stephen D. Morris has flipped an introductory macroeconomics class at UC San Diego.
- Dr. Jose J. Vazquez Cognet (Clinical Professor, Department of Economics, and Coordinator of E-Learning, School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) is "currently running two studies on Flipping the Classroom; one field experiment using my large principles of economics course; and also a clinical study (randomized control trial study)." He is trying to replicate some of the findings from Physics courses.
- See the literature review by Goffe and Kauper [10]