Difference between revisions of "Wait time"

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(Evidence of Positive Effects of Wait Time)
 
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'''Wait time''' is the duration of a pause after a question is posed. Studies have shown that students of color and female students respond positively when wait time is increased.  
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'''Wait time''' is the duration of a pause after a teacher poses a question. Wait time allows each student to begin to formulate his or her own response to the question.  Studies have shown that students of color and female students benefit when wait time is increased.  
 
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(See more on [[classroom climate]].)
==Evidence of Positive Effects of Wait Time==
 
 
 
Studies compiled by Robert J. Stahl, a Professor in the Division of Curriculum and Instruction at Arizona State University, show that increasing wait time to 3 or more seconds results in positive effects for both teacher and student. '''Typically, a teacher waits between 0.7 and 1.4 seconds'''ter a question before beginning to talk again. Stahl proposes '''increasing this wait time to 3-7 seconds'''. For students, increasing wait time increases the length and accuracy of question responses, increases the number of appropriate responses volunteered by students, and increases the academic achievement level (e.g., test scores) of the students. Additionally, teachers who implement a longer wait time also tend to ask higher quality questions, vary their questioning strategies, and ask questions that challenge students to use more complex information processing skills.
 
 
 
==Example of the Effects of Wait Time Among Minority Students==
 
Studies have shown that teachers devote a differential amounts of wait time to male versus female students and students of minority race versus Caucasian students.  Myra Sadker, a former professor of Education and Dean of the School of Education at American Univeristy, and David Sadker, also a professor of Education at American University, investigated the effect of these different '''wait times''' on differential participation in the class discussion. Their study and observation of undergraduate classrooms found that teachers unconsciously gave white males more wait time than female students and students of color. Sadker and Sadker hypothesize that longer pauses after questions convey a "vote of confidence" for the student's answer and, thus, motivate participation. This bias in favor of white male students' participation in class ultimately disadvantages the success of women and students of minority races.
 
 
 
 
==How to incorporate wait time==
 
==How to incorporate wait time==
[[File:Wait Time Image1.jpg|right|x200px|Link:http://irishautismaction.blogspot.com/2010/02/vote-on-time.html]]
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[[File:Wait Time Image1.jpg|right|200px|Link:http://irishautismaction.blogspot.com/2010/02/vote-on-time.html]]
*Try to be more mindful of differential teacher-student interactions in the classroom.
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*Increase wait times for all students.  
  
*Undergraduate professors could track and codify participation in class discussion.  
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*Let students know you are going to give them some time to think about your question.
 
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*Formulate plans to randomize grouped class seating.  
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*Be mindful of differential teacher-student interactions in the classroom.
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:: Studies have shown that teachers devote different amounts of wait time to male versus female students and students of minority race versus Caucasian students.  Myra Sadker, a former professor of Education and Dean of the School of Education at American University, and David Sadker, also a professor of Education at American University, investigated the effect of these different '''wait times''' on differential participation in the class discussion. Their study and observation of undergraduate classrooms found that teachers unconsciously gave white males more wait time than female students and students of color. Sadker and Sadker hypothesize that longer pauses after questions convey a "vote of confidence" for the student's answer and, thus, motivate participation.  
  
*Include group and presentation work.
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*Avoid calling on the first hand that goes up. Share the learning experience of speaking out loud with all students, not just with those who feel most confident.
  
*Increase wait times for all students.'''
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*Codify and track participation in class discussions.  
  
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*Include group and presentation work. Provide students with an array of opportunities to speak.
  
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==Evidence of positive effects of wait time==
  
 
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: Studies compiled by Robert J. Stahl, a Professor in the Division of Curriculum and Instruction at Arizona State University, show that increasing wait time to 3 or more seconds results in positive effects for both teacher and student. '''Typically, a teacher waits between 0.7 and 1.4 seconds''' after a question before beginning to talk again. Stahl proposes '''increasing this wait time to at least 3 seconds'''. (Duell, however, finds negative effects of extending wait times to 6 seconds.) For students, increasing wait time increases the length and accuracy of question responses, increases the number of appropriate responses volunteered by students, and increases the academic achievement level (e.g., test scores) of the students. Additionally, teachers who implement a longer wait time also tend to ask higher quality questions, vary their questioning strategies, and ask questions that challenge students to use more complex information processing skills.
 
 
 
  
  
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Stahl, R. (1994). Using "think-time" and "wait-time" skillfully in the classroom. ERIC Digest. Bloomington, IN: ERIC clearinghouse for Social Studies/Social Science Education. ED370885.
 
Stahl, R. (1994). Using "think-time" and "wait-time" skillfully in the classroom. ERIC Digest. Bloomington, IN: ERIC clearinghouse for Social Studies/Social Science Education. ED370885.
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Duell, Orpha K. (1994) Extended Wait Time and University Student Achievement. American Educational Research Journal, June 20, 1994 vol. 31 no. 2 397-414
  
 
Swift, J. Nathan; Gooding, C. Thomas  "Interaction of wait time feedback and questioning instruction on middle school science teaching" Journal of Research in Science Teaching, vol. 20, Issue 8, pp.721-730
 
Swift, J. Nathan; Gooding, C. Thomas  "Interaction of wait time feedback and questioning instruction on middle school science teaching" Journal of Research in Science Teaching, vol. 20, Issue 8, pp.721-730
  
 
Tobin, Kenneth. "The Role of Wait Time in Higher Cognitive Level Learning." Review of Educational Research. American Educational Research Association, 1 Jan. 1987. Web. 27 Oct. 2011. <http://rer.sagepub.com/content/57/1/69>}}
 
Tobin, Kenneth. "The Role of Wait Time in Higher Cognitive Level Learning." Review of Educational Research. American Educational Research Association, 1 Jan. 1987. Web. 27 Oct. 2011. <http://rer.sagepub.com/content/57/1/69>}}

Latest revision as of 12:47, 10 December 2015

Wait time is the duration of a pause after a teacher poses a question. Wait time allows each student to begin to formulate his or her own response to the question. Studies have shown that students of color and female students benefit when wait time is increased.

(See more on classroom climate.)

How to incorporate wait time

Link:http://irishautismaction.blogspot.com/2010/02/vote-on-time.html
  • Increase wait times for all students.
  • Let students know you are going to give them some time to think about your question.
  • Be mindful of differential teacher-student interactions in the classroom.
Studies have shown that teachers devote different amounts of wait time to male versus female students and students of minority race versus Caucasian students. Myra Sadker, a former professor of Education and Dean of the School of Education at American University, and David Sadker, also a professor of Education at American University, investigated the effect of these different wait times on differential participation in the class discussion. Their study and observation of undergraduate classrooms found that teachers unconsciously gave white males more wait time than female students and students of color. Sadker and Sadker hypothesize that longer pauses after questions convey a "vote of confidence" for the student's answer and, thus, motivate participation.
  • Avoid calling on the first hand that goes up. Share the learning experience of speaking out loud with all students, not just with those who feel most confident.
  • Codify and track participation in class discussions.
  • Include group and presentation work. Provide students with an array of opportunities to speak.

Evidence of positive effects of wait time

Studies compiled by Robert J. Stahl, a Professor in the Division of Curriculum and Instruction at Arizona State University, show that increasing wait time to 3 or more seconds results in positive effects for both teacher and student. Typically, a teacher waits between 0.7 and 1.4 seconds after a question before beginning to talk again. Stahl proposes increasing this wait time to at least 3 seconds. (Duell, however, finds negative effects of extending wait times to 6 seconds.) For students, increasing wait time increases the length and accuracy of question responses, increases the number of appropriate responses volunteered by students, and increases the academic achievement level (e.g., test scores) of the students. Additionally, teachers who implement a longer wait time also tend to ask higher quality questions, vary their questioning strategies, and ask questions that challenge students to use more complex information processing skills.