LING073 - User contributions [en]

Okinawan/Universal Dependencies

2017-05-15T09:11:51Z

Aconant1:

== Eval ==

(Formatting borrowed from Darbus.)

{|class="wikitable"
|-
|
|colspan=2 | withmorph
|colspan=2 | nomorph
|
|
|-
|
|LAS
|UAS
|LAS
|UAS
|Forms
|Sentences
|-
|annotated
|51.30%
|63.48%
|23.48%
|36.52%
|115
|15
|-
|annotated2
|42.37%
|62.71%
|44.07%
|67.80%
|59
|11
|}

== Dependency relations ==

=== discourse ===

Since the corpora that I used for this assignment were from the "Pear story", there were a '''lot''' of discourse markers. I tried to connect them to the root (unless it was prohibitively far away).

<pre>
"<いっけえらさぐとぅ>"
"いっけえるん" v cnd @conj #1->5
"<な>"
"な" dsc @discourse #2->5
"<るうん>"
"るう" prn foc @nsubj #3->5
"<あり>"
"あり" dsc @discourse #4->5
"<すいへや>"
"すん" v cvb @root #5->0
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #6->5
</pre>
<pre>
"<ちいちなち>"
"ちいち" n dsc hs @obj #1->3
"<とぅらち>"
"とぅらちゅん" v med @aux #2->3
"<きてぃんじゃん>"
"きいん" v cvb prog @root #3->0
"<ばあよ>"
"ばあよ" dsc @discourse #4->3
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #5->3
</pre>

=== advmod ===

Because Okinawan hides so much meaning in case markers, much of the semantics of the language are somewhat invisible in UD land. The advmod tag acted as a bit of a catchall for words that modified verbs.

<pre>
"<あんちゃぐとぅ>"
"あんちゃぐとぅ" dsc @discourse #1->3
"<うま>"
"うま" prn dem abs @advmod #2->3
"<とぅまとぅん>"
"とぅむん" v prog @root #3->0
"<ばあよ>"
"ばあよ" dsc @discourse #4->3
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #5->3
</pre>
"<まあしが>"
"まあ" intadv all foc @advmod #1->2
"<むたてぃんじゅる>"
"むたりいん" v cvb imp @ccomp #2->3
"<わからん>"
"わかるん" v neg @root #3->0
"<ばあよ>"
"ばあよ" dsc @discourse #4->3
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #5->3
<pre>

=== obj ===

Most of the sentences that I used involved transitive verbs, so I used the obj tag for the (usually) nominals that were their objects.

<pre>
"<すぐ>"
"すぐ" dsc @discourse #1->5
"<なあ>"
"なあ" dsc @discourse #2->5
"<あり>"
"あり" dsc @discourse #3->5
"<じてんしゃ>"
"じてんしゃ" n abs @obj #4->5
"<ぬてぃきし>"
"ぬいん" v cvb prog med @root #5->0
"<ぼおし>"
"ぼおし" n abs @obj #6->7
"<かんてぃ>"
"かんとぅん" v cvb @conj #7->5
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #8->5
</pre>

=== conj ===

I wasn't super confident about this one, but I generally attached this to non-auxiliary verbs that I did not deem to be the root.

<pre>
"<いっけえらさぐとぅ>"
"いっけえるん" v cnd @conj #1->5
"<な>"
"な" dsc @discourse #2->5
"<るうん>"
"るう" prn foc @nsubj #3->5
"<あり>"
"あり" dsc @discourse #4->5
"<すいへや>"
"すん" v cvb @root #5->0
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #6->5
</pre>
<pre>
"<すぐ>"
"すぐ" dsc @discourse #1->5
"<なあ>"
"なあ" dsc @discourse #2->5
"<あり>"
"あり" dsc @discourse #3->5
"<じてんしゃ>"
"じてんしゃ" n abs @obj #4->5
"<ぬてぃきし>"
"ぬいん" v cvb prog med @root #5->0
"<ぼおし>"
"ぼおし" n abs @obj #6->7
"<かんてぃ>"
"かんとぅん" v cvb @conj #7->5
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #8->5
</pre>

=== amod ===

Pretty much what's written on the tin. Most of the time, this attached to adjectives, but sometimes it would be used on a noun that was not suited to be `case`.

<pre>
"<なあ>"
"なあ" dsc @discourse #1->6
"<とぅすいが>"
"とぅすい" n nom @amod #2->6
"<やら>"
"やら" cop cvb @cop #3->2
"<また>"
"また" dsc @discourse #4->6
"<わかある>"
"わかさん" adj vz npst @amod #5->6
"<ちゅが>"
"ちゅ" n nom @obj #6->8
"<やら>"
"や" cvb @cop #7->5
"<わからにが>"
"わかるん" v neg cvb nom @root #8->0
"<きいぬ>"
"きい" n nom @obj #9->11
"<いいし>"
"いい" adj all @advmod #10->11
"<ぬぶやあくん>"
"ぬぶいん" v prog @conj #11->8
"<ばあよ>"
"ばあよ" dsc @discourse #12->11
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #13->11
</pre>
<pre>
"<いきがぬ>"
"いきが" n gen @root #1->0
"<うをぅちゅる>"
"うをぅちゅ" n emp @amod #2->1
"<やらはじろ>"
"や" cop cvb amb dsc @cop #3->1
"<うれ>"
"うれ" prn dem @det #4->1
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #5->1
</pre>

=== cop ===

The `cop` tag was well suited to Okinawan, as the language actually distinguishes between the copula and verb "to be" (similarly to Japanese). This often connected to its nominal.

<pre>
"<いきがぬ>"
"いきが" n gen @root #1->0
"<うをぅちゅる>"
"うをぅちゅ" n emp @amod #2->1
"<やらはじろ>"
"や" cop cvb amb dsc @cop #3->1
"<うれ>"
"うれ" prn dem @det #4->1
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #5->1
</pre>
<pre>

"<なあ>"
"なあ" dsc @discourse #1->6
"<とぅすいが>"
"とぅすい" n nom @amod #2->6
"<やら>"
"やら" cop cvb @cop #3->2
"<また>"
"また" dsc @discourse #4->6
"<わかある>"
"わかさん" adj vz npst @amod #5->6
"<ちゅが>"
"ちゅ" n nom @obj #6->8
"<やら>"
"や" cvb @cop #7->5
"<わからにが>"
"わかるん" v neg cvb nom @root #8->0
"<きいぬ>"
"きい" n nom @obj #9->11
"<いいし>"
"いい" adj all @advmod #10->11
"<ぬぶやあくん>"
"ぬぶいん" v prog @conj #11->8
"<ばあよ>"
"ばあよ" dsc @discourse #12->11
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #13->11
</pre>

[[Category:Sp17_UD]]

Okinawan/Universal Dependencies

2017-05-15T09:09:10Z

Aconant1: /* Discourse */

== Eval ==

(Formatting borrowed from Darbus.)

{|class="wikitable"
|-
|
|colspan=2 | withmorph
|colspan=2 | nomorph
|
|
|-
|
|LAS
|UAS
|LAS
|UAS
|Forms
|Sentences
|-
|annotated
|51.30%
|63.48%
|23.48%
|36.52%
|115
|15
|-
|annotated2
|42.37%
|62.71%
|44.07%
|67.80%
|59
|11
|}

== Dependency relations ==

== Discourse ==

Since the corpora that I used for this assignment were from the "Pear story", there were a '''lot''' of discourse markers. I tried to connect them to the root (unless it was prohibitively far away).

<pre>
"<いっけえらさぐとぅ>"
"いっけえるん" v cnd @conj #1->5
"<な>"
"な" dsc @discourse #2->5
"<るうん>"
"るう" prn foc @nsubj #3->5
"<あり>"
"あり" dsc @discourse #4->5
"<すいへや>"
"すん" v cvb @root #5->0
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #6->5
</pre>
<pre>
"<ちいちなち>"
"ちいち" n dsc hs @obj #1->3
"<とぅらち>"
"とぅらちゅん" v med @aux #2->3
"<きてぃんじゃん>"
"きいん" v cvb prog @root #3->0
"<ばあよ>"
"ばあよ" dsc @discourse #4->3
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #5->3
</pre>

== advmod ==

Because Okinawan hides so much meaning in case markers, much of the semantics of the language are somewhat invisible in UD land. The advmod tag acted as a bit of a catchall for words that modified verbs.

<pre>
"<あんちゃぐとぅ>"
"あんちゃぐとぅ" dsc @discourse #1->3
"<うま>"
"うま" prn dem abs @advmod #2->3
"<とぅまとぅん>"
"とぅむん" v prog @root #3->0
"<ばあよ>"
"ばあよ" dsc @discourse #4->3
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #5->3
</pre>
"<まあしが>"
"まあ" intadv all foc @advmod #1->2
"<むたてぃんじゅる>"
"むたりいん" v cvb imp @ccomp #2->3
"<わからん>"
"わかるん" v neg @root #3->0
"<ばあよ>"
"ばあよ" dsc @discourse #4->3
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #5->3
<pre>

== obj ==

Most of the sentences that I used involved transitive verbs, so I used the obj tag for the (usually) nominals that were their objects.

<pre>
"<すぐ>"
"すぐ" dsc @discourse #1->5
"<なあ>"
"なあ" dsc @discourse #2->5
"<あり>"
"あり" dsc @discourse #3->5
"<じてんしゃ>"
"じてんしゃ" n abs @obj #4->5
"<ぬてぃきし>"
"ぬいん" v cvb prog med @root #5->0
"<ぼおし>"
"ぼおし" n abs @obj #6->7
"<かんてぃ>"
"かんとぅん" v cvb @conj #7->5
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #8->5
</pre>

== conj ==

I wasn't super confident about this one, but I generally attached this to non-auxiliary verbs that I did not deem to be the root.

<pre>
"<いっけえらさぐとぅ>"
"いっけえるん" v cnd @conj #1->5
"<な>"
"な" dsc @discourse #2->5
"<るうん>"
"るう" prn foc @nsubj #3->5
"<あり>"
"あり" dsc @discourse #4->5
"<すいへや>"
"すん" v cvb @root #5->0
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #6->5
</pre>
<pre>
"<すぐ>"
"すぐ" dsc @discourse #1->5
"<なあ>"
"なあ" dsc @discourse #2->5
"<あり>"
"あり" dsc @discourse #3->5
"<じてんしゃ>"
"じてんしゃ" n abs @obj #4->5
"<ぬてぃきし>"
"ぬいん" v cvb prog med @root #5->0
"<ぼおし>"
"ぼおし" n abs @obj #6->7
"<かんてぃ>"
"かんとぅん" v cvb @conj #7->5
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #8->5
</pre>

== amod ==

Pretty much what's written on the tin. Most of the time, this attached to adjectives, but sometimes it would be used on a noun that was not suited to be `case`.

<pre>
"<なあ>"
"なあ" dsc @discourse #1->6
"<とぅすいが>"
"とぅすい" n nom @amod #2->6
"<やら>"
"やら" cop cvb @cop #3->2
"<また>"
"また" dsc @discourse #4->6
"<わかある>"
"わかさん" adj vz npst @amod #5->6
"<ちゅが>"
"ちゅ" n nom @obj #6->8
"<やら>"
"や" cvb @cop #7->5
"<わからにが>"
"わかるん" v neg cvb nom @root #8->0
"<きいぬ>"
"きい" n nom @obj #9->11
"<いいし>"
"いい" adj all @advmod #10->11
"<ぬぶやあくん>"
"ぬぶいん" v prog @conj #11->8
"<ばあよ>"
"ばあよ" dsc @discourse #12->11
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #13->11
</pre>
<pre>
"<いきがぬ>"
"いきが" n gen @root #1->0
"<うをぅちゅる>"
"うをぅちゅ" n emp @amod #2->1
"<やらはじろ>"
"や" cop cvb amb dsc @cop #3->1
"<うれ>"
"うれ" prn dem @det #4->1
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #5->1
</pre>

[[Category:Sp17_UD]]

Okinawan/Universal Dependencies

2017-05-15T09:08:48Z

Aconant1: /* Dependency relations */

== Eval ==

(Formatting borrowed from Darbus.)

{|class="wikitable"
|-
|
|colspan=2 | withmorph
|colspan=2 | nomorph
|
|
|-
|
|LAS
|UAS
|LAS
|UAS
|Forms
|Sentences
|-
|annotated
|51.30%
|63.48%
|23.48%
|36.52%
|115
|15
|-
|annotated2
|42.37%
|62.71%
|44.07%
|67.80%
|59
|11
|}

== Dependency relations ==

=== Discourse ===

Since the corpora that I used for this assignment were from the "Pear story", there were a '''lot''' of discourse markers. I tried to connect them to the root (unless it was prohibitively far away).

<pre>
"<いっけえらさぐとぅ>"
"いっけえるん" v cnd @conj #1->5
"<な>"
"な" dsc @discourse #2->5
"<るうん>"
"るう" prn foc @nsubj #3->5
"<あり>"
"あり" dsc @discourse #4->5
"<すいへや>"
"すん" v cvb @root #5->0
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #6->5
</pre>
<pre>
"<ちいちなち>"
"ちいち" n dsc hs @obj #1->3
"<とぅらち>"
"とぅらちゅん" v med @aux #2->3
"<きてぃんじゃん>"
"きいん" v cvb prog @root #3->0
"<ばあよ>"
"ばあよ" dsc @discourse #4->3
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #5->3
</pre>

== advmod ==

Because Okinawan hides so much meaning in case markers, much of the semantics of the language are somewhat invisible in UD land. The advmod tag acted as a bit of a catchall for words that modified verbs.

<pre>
"<あんちゃぐとぅ>"
"あんちゃぐとぅ" dsc @discourse #1->3
"<うま>"
"うま" prn dem abs @advmod #2->3
"<とぅまとぅん>"
"とぅむん" v prog @root #3->0
"<ばあよ>"
"ばあよ" dsc @discourse #4->3
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #5->3
</pre>
"<まあしが>"
"まあ" intadv all foc @advmod #1->2
"<むたてぃんじゅる>"
"むたりいん" v cvb imp @ccomp #2->3
"<わからん>"
"わかるん" v neg @root #3->0
"<ばあよ>"
"ばあよ" dsc @discourse #4->3
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #5->3
<pre>

== obj ==

Most of the sentences that I used involved transitive verbs, so I used the obj tag for the (usually) nominals that were their objects.

<pre>
"<すぐ>"
"すぐ" dsc @discourse #1->5
"<なあ>"
"なあ" dsc @discourse #2->5
"<あり>"
"あり" dsc @discourse #3->5
"<じてんしゃ>"
"じてんしゃ" n abs @obj #4->5
"<ぬてぃきし>"
"ぬいん" v cvb prog med @root #5->0
"<ぼおし>"
"ぼおし" n abs @obj #6->7
"<かんてぃ>"
"かんとぅん" v cvb @conj #7->5
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #8->5
</pre>

== conj ==

I wasn't super confident about this one, but I generally attached this to non-auxiliary verbs that I did not deem to be the root.

<pre>
"<いっけえらさぐとぅ>"
"いっけえるん" v cnd @conj #1->5
"<な>"
"な" dsc @discourse #2->5
"<るうん>"
"るう" prn foc @nsubj #3->5
"<あり>"
"あり" dsc @discourse #4->5
"<すいへや>"
"すん" v cvb @root #5->0
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #6->5
</pre>
<pre>
"<すぐ>"
"すぐ" dsc @discourse #1->5
"<なあ>"
"なあ" dsc @discourse #2->5
"<あり>"
"あり" dsc @discourse #3->5
"<じてんしゃ>"
"じてんしゃ" n abs @obj #4->5
"<ぬてぃきし>"
"ぬいん" v cvb prog med @root #5->0
"<ぼおし>"
"ぼおし" n abs @obj #6->7
"<かんてぃ>"
"かんとぅん" v cvb @conj #7->5
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #8->5
</pre>

== amod ==

Pretty much what's written on the tin. Most of the time, this attached to adjectives, but sometimes it would be used on a noun that was not suited to be `case`.

<pre>
"<なあ>"
"なあ" dsc @discourse #1->6
"<とぅすいが>"
"とぅすい" n nom @amod #2->6
"<やら>"
"やら" cop cvb @cop #3->2
"<また>"
"また" dsc @discourse #4->6
"<わかある>"
"わかさん" adj vz npst @amod #5->6
"<ちゅが>"
"ちゅ" n nom @obj #6->8
"<やら>"
"や" cvb @cop #7->5
"<わからにが>"
"わかるん" v neg cvb nom @root #8->0
"<きいぬ>"
"きい" n nom @obj #9->11
"<いいし>"
"いい" adj all @advmod #10->11
"<ぬぶやあくん>"
"ぬぶいん" v prog @conj #11->8
"<ばあよ>"
"ばあよ" dsc @discourse #12->11
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #13->11
</pre>
<pre>
"<いきがぬ>"
"いきが" n gen @root #1->0
"<うをぅちゅる>"
"うをぅちゅ" n emp @amod #2->1
"<やらはじろ>"
"や" cop cvb amb dsc @cop #3->1
"<うれ>"
"うれ" prn dem @det #4->1
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #5->1
</pre>

[[Category:Sp17_UD]]

Okinawan/Universal Dependencies

2017-05-15T08:55:25Z

Aconant1:

Okinawan/Universal Dependencies

2017-05-15T08:50:39Z

Aconant1:

Okinawan/Universal Dependencies

2017-05-14T22:18:56Z

Aconant1: Created page with " Category:Sp17_UD"

[[Category:Sp17_UD]]

Okinawan and Miyako

2017-05-14T22:15:42Z

Aconant1: /* Final Evaluation */

== Resources for machine translation between [[Okinawan|Okinawan]] and [[Miyako|Miyako]] ==

* [[Okinawan and Miyako/Contrastive Grammar|Contrastive Grammar]]
* [[Okinawan and Miyako/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]]
* [[Okinawan and Miyako/Structural transfer|Structural Transfer]]
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/aconant1/ling073-ryu-mvi-corpus Parallel corpus repo]
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/aconant1/ling073-ryu-mvi Language pair repo]

[[Category:Sp17_TranslationPairs]]

==Lexical Selection ==
*In Miyako, はい can mean field, needle, or south, and is also a causative auxiliary verb. If it is followed by string, it is probably needle.
*Hand and arm are the same word in Okinawan (てぃい), but different words in Miyako. If てぃい is followed by an instrumental, we are assuming it is hand.

==Evaluation==
===Evaluation as of lexical selection===
====ryu → mvi Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of tests=====
*WER: 100 %
*PER: 100 %
*Coverage: 89%

=====Evaluation of sentences=====
*WER: 90.32 %
*PER: 90.32 %
*Coverage: 62.1%

====mvi → ryu Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of tests=====
*WER: 88.89 %
*PER: 77.78 %
*Coverage: 100 %

=====Evaluation of sentences=====
*WER: 100%
*PER: 100%
*Coverage: 80.65%

===Final Evaluation===
====ryu Evaluation====
*Precision: 91.43%
*Recall: 48.85%
*Coverage of large: 24.64%
*Number of words in large 1055
*Number of stems in the transducer: 115

====mvi Evaluation====
*Precision: 97.4%
*Recall: 64.9%
*Coverage of large: 55.67%
*Number of words in large: 650
*Number of stems in the transducer: 116

====ryu → mvi Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of longer=====
*WER: 87.50%
*PER: 85.00%
*Proportion of stems translated correctly: 71.8%
*Trimmed coverage: 70%
*Number of tokens: 39

=====Evaluation of large=====
*Trimmed coverage: 11.29%
*Number of tokens: 1014

====mvi → ryu Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of longer=====
*WER: 97.3%
*PER: 97.3%
*Coverage: 76.2%
*Trimmed coverage: 22.37%
*Number of tokens: 39

=====Evaluation of large=====
*Trimmed coverage: 15.85%
*Number of tokens: 665

====Expansion of Miyako transducer and ryu → mvi====
=====Morphology=====
*I added more numbers. 6 is not included because I am confused as to what it is.
*I expanded classifiers, adding days, portion, group, and people
*I changed how the focus marker worked, such that it was a lexicon rather than being hard-coded. This also means that the verbs which take focus markers can now get them.
*: Old output: <code>^ぼーしなてぃどぅ/*ぼーしなてぃどぅ$</code>
*: New output: <code>^ぼーしなてぃどぅ/ぼーし<n><abs>+な<mod><quot><foc>$</code>
*: Old output: <code>^そぅだてぃどぅ/*そぅだてぃどぅ$</code>
*: New output: <code>^そぅだてぃどぅ/そぅだてぃ<v><cvb_abs><foc>$</code>
*I implemented the resultative and causal.
*: Old output: <code>^あいば/*あいば$</code>
*: New output: <code>^あいば/あ<vaux>+ば<vaux>$</code>
*I hard-coded the forms I have for do.
*I added an additional lexicon certain verb forms go through to attach but to the end of them.

=====twol=====
*I added a rule such that the accusative marker goes to う after something ending in a or u.
*I added a rule such that the accusative marker changes to the appropriate thing, such as going to ぬ after something ending in ん.
*: Old output: <code>^みんぬ/みん<n><gen>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^みんぬ/みん<n><acc>/みん<n><gen>$</code>
*I added a rule such that {っ} goes to じ after a word ending in ず.
*I added a rule such that ず goes to っ before the topic and accusative markers.
*I added a rule such that す goes to っ before the accusative marker.
*I added a rule such that {っ} goes to そ after a word ending in す and before an accusative marker.

=====Transfer Rules=====
*I added a rule that attaches but to the end of the verb in Miyako (since it is sometimes a separate word in Okinawan but never in Miyako).
*: Old output: <code>すぐいんやいが/#どぅみそぅが#</code>
*: New output: <code>どぅみそぅが/どぅみーそぅが</code>
*I added a rule in the ryu disambiguation that puts the tag @acc after a noun when there is no intervening noun between it and a verb. I then added a transfer rule to convert that into an acc tag in Miyako.
*: Old output: <code>ぴいじゃあやんんじゃん/#ひんじゃみーん#</code>
*: New output: <code>ひんじゃう　みーん</code>
*I added a rule that converts the tag <top> to <top1>.
*: Old output: <code>うりや/#うら</code>
*: New output: <code>うりや/うらあ</code>
*I added a rule that converts verbalised adjectives to nominalised adjectives. While it does that tag transfer successfully, it doesn't generate properly because there isn't an abs tag on the nominalised adjective.
*I (Andrew) added a rule that funnels all <loc1>/<loc2>/<loc3> tags to <dat>.
*: Old output: <code>ぴいじゃあんか/#ひんじゃ</code>
*: New output: <code>ぴいじゃあんか/ひんじゃん</code>

====Expansion of Okinawan transducer and mvi → ryu====

====== Morphology x2 ======

*Now supports adjectives.
*: Old output: <code>^たかさん/*たかさん$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^たかさん/たかさん<adj><abs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Adjectives can be adverbialized.
*: Old output: <code>^たかく/*たかく$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^たかく/たかさん<adj><avz>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Adjectives can be verbialized.
*: Old output: <code>^たかはん/*たかはん$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^たかはん/たかさん<adj><vz>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Adverbs are now supported.
*: Old output: <code>^じこう/*じこう$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^じこう/じこう<adv>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Past tense for group 1 verbs is now supported.
*: Old output: <code>^ぷみたん/*ぷみたん$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^ぷみたん/ぷみいん<v><past>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Verbs can now be nominalized.
*: Old output: <code>^ぷみやあ/*ぷみやあ$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^ぷみやあ/ぷみいん<v><nz><abs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Nominals can be emphatic.
*: Old output: <code>^わらびる/*わらびる$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^わらびる/わらび<n><emp>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Verbs can now be expressed as hearsay.
*: Old output: <code> ^あっちゅんち/*あっちゅんち$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code> ^あっちゅんち/あっちゅん<v><npst><hs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Many filler/discourse marker words were added.
*Nominals can now be ambiguous.
*: Old output: <code>^わらびなかんて/*わらびなかんて$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^わらびなかんて/わらび<n><ambg>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*The medial case for group 2 verbs was added, then feeding to NominalInfl.
*: Old output: <code>^かき/かくん<v><imp>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^かき/かくん<v><imp>/かくん<v><med><abs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Added support for Japonic period.

====== Disambiguation ======

* あんち is now disambiguated between its usage as a discourse marker and adverb.
* すぐ is disambiguated in the same way.
* むん is disambiguated between a discourse marker and a nominal meaning "thing"
* The homophonous <gen> and <nom> tags have been disambiguated.

====== Transfer rules ======
(see the other direction for Andrew's third rule)

*The accusative tag is now dropped.
*: Old output: <code>ひんじゃう/#ぴいじゃあ</code>
*: New output: <code>ひんじゃう/ぴいじゃあ</code>

*Words tagged with top1/top2 are now transferred to simply top.
*: Old output: <code>ひんじゃあ/#ぴいじゃあ</code>
*: New output: <code>ひんじゃあ/ぴいじゃあや</code>

Okinawan and Miyako

2017-05-14T22:08:15Z

Aconant1: /* mvi → ryu Evaluation */

== Resources for machine translation between [[Okinawan|Okinawan]] and [[Miyako|Miyako]] ==

* [[Okinawan and Miyako/Contrastive Grammar|Contrastive Grammar]]
* [[Okinawan and Miyako/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]]
* [[Okinawan and Miyako/Structural transfer|Structural Transfer]]
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/aconant1/ling073-ryu-mvi-corpus Parallel corpus repo]
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/aconant1/ling073-ryu-mvi Language pair repo]

[[Category:Sp17_TranslationPairs]]

==Lexical Selection ==
*In Miyako, はい can mean field, needle, or south, and is also a causative auxiliary verb. If it is followed by string, it is probably needle.
*Hand and arm are the same word in Okinawan (てぃい), but different words in Miyako. If てぃい is followed by an instrumental, we are assuming it is hand.

==Evaluation==
===Evaluation as of lexical selection===
====ryu → mvi Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of tests=====
*WER: 100 %
*PER: 100 %
*Coverage: 89%

=====Evaluation of sentences=====
*WER: 90.32 %
*PER: 90.32 %
*Coverage: 62.1%

====mvi → ryu Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of tests=====
*WER: 88.89 %
*PER: 77.78 %
*Coverage: 100 %

=====Evaluation of sentences=====
*WER: 100%
*PER: 100%
*Coverage: 80.65%

===Final Evaluation===
====ryu Evaluation====
*Precision: 91.43%
*Recall: 48.85%
*Coverage of large: 24.64%
*Number of words in large 1055
*Number of stems in the transducer: 115

====mvi Evaluation====
*Precision: 97.4%
*Recall: 64.9%
*Coverage of large: 55.67%
*Number of words in large: 650
*Number of stems in the transducer: 116

====ryu → mvi Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of longer=====
*WER: 87.50%
*PER: 85.00%
*Proportion of stems translated correctly: 71.8%
*Trimmed coverage: 70%
*Number of tokens: 39

=====Evaluation of large=====
*Trimmed coverage: 11.29%
*Number of tokens: 1014

====mvi → ryu Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of longer=====
*WER: 97.3%
*PER: 97.3%
*Coverage: 11.45%
*Trimmed coverage:
*Number of tokens:

=====Evaluation of large=====
*Trimmed coverage:
*Number of tokens:

====Expansion of Miyako transducer and ryu → mvi====
=====Morphology=====
*I added more numbers. 6 is not included because I am confused as to what it is.
*I expanded classifiers, adding days, portion, group, and people
*I changed how the focus marker worked, such that it was a lexicon rather than being hard-coded. This also means that the verbs which take focus markers can now get them.
*: Old output: <code>^ぼーしなてぃどぅ/*ぼーしなてぃどぅ$</code>
*: New output: <code>^ぼーしなてぃどぅ/ぼーし<n><abs>+な<mod><quot><foc>$</code>
*: Old output: <code>^そぅだてぃどぅ/*そぅだてぃどぅ$</code>
*: New output: <code>^そぅだてぃどぅ/そぅだてぃ<v><cvb_abs><foc>$</code>
*I implemented the resultative and causal.
*: Old output: <code>^あいば/*あいば$</code>
*: New output: <code>^あいば/あ<vaux>+ば<vaux>$</code>
*I hard-coded the forms I have for do.
*I added an additional lexicon certain verb forms go through to attach but to the end of them.

=====twol=====
*I added a rule such that the accusative marker goes to う after something ending in a or u.
*I added a rule such that the accusative marker changes to the appropriate thing, such as going to ぬ after something ending in ん.
*: Old output: <code>^みんぬ/みん<n><gen>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^みんぬ/みん<n><acc>/みん<n><gen>$</code>
*I added a rule such that {っ} goes to じ after a word ending in ず.
*I added a rule such that ず goes to っ before the topic and accusative markers.
*I added a rule such that す goes to っ before the accusative marker.
*I added a rule such that {っ} goes to そ after a word ending in す and before an accusative marker.

=====Transfer Rules=====
*I added a rule that attaches but to the end of the verb in Miyako (since it is sometimes a separate word in Okinawan but never in Miyako).
*: Old output: <code>すぐいんやいが/#どぅみそぅが#</code>
*: New output: <code>どぅみそぅが/どぅみーそぅが</code>
*I added a rule in the ryu disambiguation that puts the tag @acc after a noun when there is no intervening noun between it and a verb. I then added a transfer rule to convert that into an acc tag in Miyako.
*: Old output: <code>ぴいじゃあやんんじゃん/#ひんじゃみーん#</code>
*: New output: <code>ひんじゃう　みーん</code>
*I added a rule that converts the tag <top> to <top1>.
*: Old output: <code>うりや/#うら</code>
*: New output: <code>うりや/うらあ</code>
*I added a rule that converts verbalised adjectives to nominalised adjectives. While it does that tag transfer successfully, it doesn't generate properly because there isn't an abs tag on the nominalised adjective.
*I (Andrew) added a rule that funnels all <loc1>/<loc2>/<loc3> tags to <dat>.
*: Old output: <code>ぴいじゃあんか/#ひんじゃ</code>
*: New output: <code>ぴいじゃあんか/ひんじゃん</code>

====Expansion of Okinawan transducer and mvi → ryu====

====== Morphology x2 ======

*Now supports adjectives.
*: Old output: <code>^たかさん/*たかさん$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^たかさん/たかさん<adj><abs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Adjectives can be adverbialized.
*: Old output: <code>^たかく/*たかく$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^たかく/たかさん<adj><avz>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Adjectives can be verbialized.
*: Old output: <code>^たかはん/*たかはん$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^たかはん/たかさん<adj><vz>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Adverbs are now supported.
*: Old output: <code>^じこう/*じこう$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^じこう/じこう<adv>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Past tense for group 1 verbs is now supported.
*: Old output: <code>^ぷみたん/*ぷみたん$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^ぷみたん/ぷみいん<v><past>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Verbs can now be nominalized.
*: Old output: <code>^ぷみやあ/*ぷみやあ$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^ぷみやあ/ぷみいん<v><nz><abs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Nominals can be emphatic.
*: Old output: <code>^わらびる/*わらびる$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^わらびる/わらび<n><emp>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Verbs can now be expressed as hearsay.
*: Old output: <code> ^あっちゅんち/*あっちゅんち$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code> ^あっちゅんち/あっちゅん<v><npst><hs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Many filler/discourse marker words were added.
*Nominals can now be ambiguous.
*: Old output: <code>^わらびなかんて/*わらびなかんて$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^わらびなかんて/わらび<n><ambg>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*The medial case for group 2 verbs was added, then feeding to NominalInfl.
*: Old output: <code>^かき/かくん<v><imp>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^かき/かくん<v><imp>/かくん<v><med><abs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Added support for Japonic period.

====== Disambiguation ======

* あんち is now disambiguated between its usage as a discourse marker and adverb.
* すぐ is disambiguated in the same way.
* むん is disambiguated between a discourse marker and a nominal meaning "thing"
* The homophonous <gen> and <nom> tags have been disambiguated.

====== Transfer rules ======
(see the other direction for Andrew's third rule)

*The accusative tag is now dropped.
*: Old output: <code>ひんじゃう/#ぴいじゃあ</code>
*: New output: <code>ひんじゃう/ぴいじゃあ</code>

*Words tagged with top1/top2 are now transferred to simply top.
*: Old output: <code>ひんじゃあ/#ぴいじゃあ</code>
*: New output: <code>ひんじゃあ/ぴいじゃあや</code>

Okinawan and Miyako

2017-05-14T22:04:59Z

Aconant1: /* mvi → ryu Evaluation */

== Resources for machine translation between [[Okinawan|Okinawan]] and [[Miyako|Miyako]] ==

* [[Okinawan and Miyako/Contrastive Grammar|Contrastive Grammar]]
* [[Okinawan and Miyako/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]]
* [[Okinawan and Miyako/Structural transfer|Structural Transfer]]
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/aconant1/ling073-ryu-mvi-corpus Parallel corpus repo]
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/aconant1/ling073-ryu-mvi Language pair repo]

[[Category:Sp17_TranslationPairs]]

==Lexical Selection ==
*In Miyako, はい can mean field, needle, or south, and is also a causative auxiliary verb. If it is followed by string, it is probably needle.
*Hand and arm are the same word in Okinawan (てぃい), but different words in Miyako. If てぃい is followed by an instrumental, we are assuming it is hand.

==Evaluation==
===Evaluation as of lexical selection===
====ryu → mvi Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of tests=====
*WER: 100 %
*PER: 100 %
*Coverage: 89%

=====Evaluation of sentences=====
*WER: 90.32 %
*PER: 90.32 %
*Coverage: 62.1%

====mvi → ryu Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of tests=====
*WER: 88.89 %
*PER: 77.78 %
*Coverage: 100 %

=====Evaluation of sentences=====
*WER: 100%
*PER: 100%
*Coverage: 80.65%

===Final Evaluation===
====ryu Evaluation====
*Precision: 91.43%
*Recall: 48.85%
*Coverage of large: 24.64%
*Number of words in large 1055
*Number of stems in the transducer: 115

====mvi Evaluation====
*Precision: 97.4%
*Recall: 64.9%
*Coverage of large: 55.67%
*Number of words in large: 650
*Number of stems in the transducer: 116

====ryu → mvi Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of longer=====
*WER: 87.50%
*PER: 85.00%
*Proportion of stems translated correctly: 71.8%
*Trimmed coverage: 70%
*Number of tokens: 39

=====Evaluation of large=====
*Trimmed coverage: 11.29%
*Number of tokens: 1014

====mvi → ryu Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of longer=====
*WER: 97.3%
*PER: 97.3%
*Coverage:
*Trimmed coverage:
*Number of tokens:

=====Evaluation of large=====
*Trimmed coverage:
*Number of tokens:

====Expansion of Miyako transducer and ryu → mvi====
=====Morphology=====
*I added more numbers. 6 is not included because I am confused as to what it is.
*I expanded classifiers, adding days, portion, group, and people
*I changed how the focus marker worked, such that it was a lexicon rather than being hard-coded. This also means that the verbs which take focus markers can now get them.
*: Old output: <code>^ぼーしなてぃどぅ/*ぼーしなてぃどぅ$</code>
*: New output: <code>^ぼーしなてぃどぅ/ぼーし<n><abs>+な<mod><quot><foc>$</code>
*: Old output: <code>^そぅだてぃどぅ/*そぅだてぃどぅ$</code>
*: New output: <code>^そぅだてぃどぅ/そぅだてぃ<v><cvb_abs><foc>$</code>
*I implemented the resultative and causal.
*: Old output: <code>^あいば/*あいば$</code>
*: New output: <code>^あいば/あ<vaux>+ば<vaux>$</code>
*I hard-coded the forms I have for do.
*I added an additional lexicon certain verb forms go through to attach but to the end of them.

=====twol=====
*I added a rule such that the accusative marker goes to う after something ending in a or u.
*I added a rule such that the accusative marker changes to the appropriate thing, such as going to ぬ after something ending in ん.
*: Old output: <code>^みんぬ/みん<n><gen>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^みんぬ/みん<n><acc>/みん<n><gen>$</code>
*I added a rule such that {っ} goes to じ after a word ending in ず.
*I added a rule such that ず goes to っ before the topic and accusative markers.
*I added a rule such that す goes to っ before the accusative marker.
*I added a rule such that {っ} goes to そ after a word ending in す and before an accusative marker.

=====Transfer Rules=====
*I added a rule that attaches but to the end of the verb in Miyako (since it is sometimes a separate word in Okinawan but never in Miyako).
*: Old output: <code>すぐいんやいが/#どぅみそぅが#</code>
*: New output: <code>どぅみそぅが/どぅみーそぅが</code>
*I added a rule in the ryu disambiguation that puts the tag @acc after a noun when there is no intervening noun between it and a verb. I then added a transfer rule to convert that into an acc tag in Miyako.
*: Old output: <code>ぴいじゃあやんんじゃん/#ひんじゃみーん#</code>
*: New output: <code>ひんじゃう　みーん</code>
*I added a rule that converts the tag <top> to <top1>.
*: Old output: <code>うりや/#うら</code>
*: New output: <code>うりや/うらあ</code>
*I added a rule that converts verbalised adjectives to nominalised adjectives. While it does that tag transfer successfully, it doesn't generate properly because there isn't an abs tag on the nominalised adjective.
*I (Andrew) added a rule that funnels all <loc1>/<loc2>/<loc3> tags to <dat>.
*: Old output: <code>ぴいじゃあんか/#ひんじゃ</code>
*: New output: <code>ぴいじゃあんか/ひんじゃん</code>

====Expansion of Okinawan transducer and mvi → ryu====

====== Morphology x2 ======

*Now supports adjectives.
*: Old output: <code>^たかさん/*たかさん$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^たかさん/たかさん<adj><abs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Adjectives can be adverbialized.
*: Old output: <code>^たかく/*たかく$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^たかく/たかさん<adj><avz>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Adjectives can be verbialized.
*: Old output: <code>^たかはん/*たかはん$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^たかはん/たかさん<adj><vz>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Adverbs are now supported.
*: Old output: <code>^じこう/*じこう$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^じこう/じこう<adv>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Past tense for group 1 verbs is now supported.
*: Old output: <code>^ぷみたん/*ぷみたん$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^ぷみたん/ぷみいん<v><past>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Verbs can now be nominalized.
*: Old output: <code>^ぷみやあ/*ぷみやあ$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^ぷみやあ/ぷみいん<v><nz><abs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Nominals can be emphatic.
*: Old output: <code>^わらびる/*わらびる$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^わらびる/わらび<n><emp>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Verbs can now be expressed as hearsay.
*: Old output: <code> ^あっちゅんち/*あっちゅんち$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code> ^あっちゅんち/あっちゅん<v><npst><hs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Many filler/discourse marker words were added.
*Nominals can now be ambiguous.
*: Old output: <code>^わらびなかんて/*わらびなかんて$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^わらびなかんて/わらび<n><ambg>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*The medial case for group 2 verbs was added, then feeding to NominalInfl.
*: Old output: <code>^かき/かくん<v><imp>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^かき/かくん<v><imp>/かくん<v><med><abs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Added support for Japonic period.

====== Disambiguation ======

* あんち is now disambiguated between its usage as a discourse marker and adverb.
* すぐ is disambiguated in the same way.
* むん is disambiguated between a discourse marker and a nominal meaning "thing"
* The homophonous <gen> and <nom> tags have been disambiguated.

====== Transfer rules ======
(see the other direction for Andrew's third rule)

*The accusative tag is now dropped.
*: Old output: <code>ひんじゃう/#ぴいじゃあ</code>
*: New output: <code>ひんじゃう/ぴいじゃあ</code>

*Words tagged with top1/top2 are now transferred to simply top.
*: Old output: <code>ひんじゃあ/#ぴいじゃあ</code>
*: New output: <code>ひんじゃあ/ぴいじゃあや</code>

Okinawan and Miyako

2017-05-14T21:56:40Z

Aconant1: /* ryu Evaluation */

== Resources for machine translation between [[Okinawan|Okinawan]] and [[Miyako|Miyako]] ==

* [[Okinawan and Miyako/Contrastive Grammar|Contrastive Grammar]]
* [[Okinawan and Miyako/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]]
* [[Okinawan and Miyako/Structural transfer|Structural Transfer]]
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/aconant1/ling073-ryu-mvi-corpus Parallel corpus repo]
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/aconant1/ling073-ryu-mvi Language pair repo]

[[Category:Sp17_TranslationPairs]]

==Lexical Selection ==
*In Miyako, はい can mean field, needle, or south, and is also a causative auxiliary verb. If it is followed by string, it is probably needle.
*Hand and arm are the same word in Okinawan (てぃい), but different words in Miyako. If てぃい is followed by an instrumental, we are assuming it is hand.

==Evaluation==
===Evaluation as of lexical selection===
====ryu → mvi Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of tests=====
*WER: 100 %
*PER: 100 %
*Coverage: 89%

=====Evaluation of sentences=====
*WER: 90.32 %
*PER: 90.32 %
*Coverage: 62.1%

====mvi → ryu Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of tests=====
*WER: 88.89 %
*PER: 77.78 %
*Coverage: 100 %

=====Evaluation of sentences=====
*WER: 100%
*PER: 100%
*Coverage: 80.65%

===Final Evaluation===
====ryu Evaluation====
*Precision: 91.43%
*Recall: 48.85%
*Coverage of large: 24.64%
*Number of words in large 1055
*Number of stems in the transducer: 115

====mvi Evaluation====
*Precision: 97.4%
*Recall: 64.9%
*Coverage of large: 55.67%
*Number of words in large: 650
*Number of stems in the transducer: 116

====ryu → mvi Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of longer=====
*WER: 87.50%
*PER: 85.00%
*Proportion of stems translated correctly: 71.8%
*Trimmed coverage: 70%
*Number of tokens: 39

=====Evaluation of large=====
*Trimmed coverage: 11.29%
*Number of tokens: 1014

====mvi → ryu Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of longer=====
*WER:
*PER:
*Coverage:
*Trimmed coverage:
*Number of tokens:

=====Evaluation of large=====
*Trimmed coverage:
*Number of tokens:

====Expansion of Miyako transducer and ryu → mvi====
=====Morphology=====
*I added more numbers. 6 is not included because I am confused as to what it is.
*I expanded classifiers, adding days, portion, group, and people
*I changed how the focus marker worked, such that it was a lexicon rather than being hard-coded. This also means that the verbs which take focus markers can now get them.
*: Old output: <code>^ぼーしなてぃどぅ/*ぼーしなてぃどぅ$</code>
*: New output: <code>^ぼーしなてぃどぅ/ぼーし<n><abs>+な<mod><quot><foc>$</code>
*: Old output: <code>^そぅだてぃどぅ/*そぅだてぃどぅ$</code>
*: New output: <code>^そぅだてぃどぅ/そぅだてぃ<v><cvb_abs><foc>$</code>
*I implemented the resultative and causal.
*: Old output: <code>^あいば/*あいば$</code>
*: New output: <code>^あいば/あ<vaux>+ば<vaux>$</code>
*I hard-coded the forms I have for do.
*I added an additional lexicon certain verb forms go through to attach but to the end of them.

=====twol=====
*I added a rule such that the accusative marker goes to う after something ending in a or u.
*I added a rule such that the accusative marker changes to the appropriate thing, such as going to ぬ after something ending in ん.
*: Old output: <code>^みんぬ/みん<n><gen>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^みんぬ/みん<n><acc>/みん<n><gen>$</code>
*I added a rule such that {っ} goes to じ after a word ending in ず.
*I added a rule such that ず goes to っ before the topic and accusative markers.
*I added a rule such that す goes to っ before the accusative marker.
*I added a rule such that {っ} goes to そ after a word ending in す and before an accusative marker.

=====Transfer Rules=====
*I added a rule that attaches but to the end of the verb in Miyako (since it is sometimes a separate word in Okinawan but never in Miyako).
*: Old output: <code>すぐいんやいが/#どぅみそぅが#</code>
*: New output: <code>どぅみそぅが/どぅみーそぅが</code>
*I added a rule in the ryu disambiguation that puts the tag @acc after a noun when there is no intervening noun between it and a verb. I then added a transfer rule to convert that into an acc tag in Miyako.
*: Old output: <code>ぴいじゃあやんんじゃん/#ひんじゃみーん#</code>
*: New output: <code>ひんじゃう　みーん</code>
*I added a rule that converts the tag <top> to <top1>.
*: Old output: <code>うりや/#うら</code>
*: New output: <code>うりや/うらあ</code>
*I added a rule that converts verbalised adjectives to nominalised adjectives. While it does that tag transfer successfully, it doesn't generate properly because there isn't an abs tag on the nominalised adjective.
*I (Andrew) added a rule that funnels all <loc1>/<loc2>/<loc3> tags to <dat>.
*: Old output: <code>ぴいじゃあんか/#ひんじゃ</code>
*: New output: <code>ぴいじゃあんか/ひんじゃん</code>

====Expansion of Okinawan transducer and mvi → ryu====

====== Morphology x2 ======

*Now supports adjectives.
*: Old output: <code>^たかさん/*たかさん$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^たかさん/たかさん<adj><abs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Adjectives can be adverbialized.
*: Old output: <code>^たかく/*たかく$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^たかく/たかさん<adj><avz>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Adjectives can be verbialized.
*: Old output: <code>^たかはん/*たかはん$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^たかはん/たかさん<adj><vz>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Adverbs are now supported.
*: Old output: <code>^じこう/*じこう$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^じこう/じこう<adv>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Past tense for group 1 verbs is now supported.
*: Old output: <code>^ぷみたん/*ぷみたん$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^ぷみたん/ぷみいん<v><past>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Verbs can now be nominalized.
*: Old output: <code>^ぷみやあ/*ぷみやあ$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^ぷみやあ/ぷみいん<v><nz><abs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Nominals can be emphatic.
*: Old output: <code>^わらびる/*わらびる$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^わらびる/わらび<n><emp>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Verbs can now be expressed as hearsay.
*: Old output: <code> ^あっちゅんち/*あっちゅんち$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code> ^あっちゅんち/あっちゅん<v><npst><hs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Many filler/discourse marker words were added.
*Nominals can now be ambiguous.
*: Old output: <code>^わらびなかんて/*わらびなかんて$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^わらびなかんて/わらび<n><ambg>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*The medial case for group 2 verbs was added, then feeding to NominalInfl.
*: Old output: <code>^かき/かくん<v><imp>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^かき/かくん<v><imp>/かくん<v><med><abs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Added support for Japonic period.

====== Disambiguation ======

* あんち is now disambiguated between its usage as a discourse marker and adverb.
* すぐ is disambiguated in the same way.
* むん is disambiguated between a discourse marker and a nominal meaning "thing"
* The homophonous <gen> and <nom> tags have been disambiguated.

====== Transfer rules ======
(see the other direction for Andrew's third rule)

*The accusative tag is now dropped.
*: Old output: <code>ひんじゃう/#ぴいじゃあ</code>
*: New output: <code>ひんじゃう/ぴいじゃあ</code>

*Words tagged with top1/top2 are now transferred to simply top.
*: Old output: <code>ひんじゃあ/#ぴいじゃあ</code>
*: New output: <code>ひんじゃあ/ぴいじゃあや</code>

User:Aconant1/Final project

2017-05-14T08:39:59Z

Aconant1:

Here I detail the beginnings of a [http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/Ideas_for_Google_Summer_of_Code/User-friendly_lexical_selection_training user-friendly pipeline for learned lexical selection rules]. While the architecture already exists, it is unwieldy and non-trivial to set up. Although my project does not solve every problem with the process, it makes it more approachable, and I hope to expand on it in the future. The code can be found [https://github.com/AWConant/ling073-monolearner here], on GitHub. Additionally, a great deal of the project's time was spent researching the process, including the theory behind it and how to get the current implementation to turn out anything interesting.

== Designing the configuration ==

The desire was for a single input file to govern the runtime of the program. This meant designing a (very) simply yaml format in which users could input their configuration information. The example file that I included with my submission can be seen below:

[[File:C80de69219ddfefefb328d651b0959d6.png]]

This can be contrasted with the hard-coded parameters in the current Makefile architecture by noting the absence of the SCRIPTS parameter. Because this parameter varied computer-to-computer rather than pair-to-pair, it made sense to separate the two.

== Main Features ==

My program can be divided into logical, discrete units:

=== Dependency validation ===

First off, one of the most difficult-to-manage parts of the Makefile architecture for lexical selection rule learning is its dependency on dependencies, so to speak. Therefore, the first order of business is to ensure that the executables that the pipeline eventually relies on being there are actually there. This means checking for <code>apertium, apertium-destxt, apertium-pretransfer, multitrans, lrx-comp</code>, among others, as well as the various scripts normally found in <code>apertium-lex-tools</code> that would be tragic to miss.

=== Dealing with yaml ===

Next, the program reads the user-supplied yaml file, checking both its integrity and the sanity of its contents. This means that the user must pass a valid source language corpus name, translation pair direction, path to a language pair, name of a bilingual dictionary binary, and the path to a target language binary language model (compiled with IRSTLM).

=== Makefile generation ===

Once everything is properly validated, the program generates a Makefile that can be run to generate lexical selection rules.

== Evaluation ==

Because this project is more qualitative than quantitative, evaluation is a difficult thing to talk about. One way to do so might be to compare <code>monolearner</code> with what we had before and with what we might still desire. First and foremost, because it operates at a higher layer of abstraction than the Makefiles, <code>monolearner</code> effectively acts as pass-through. This means that as long as it provably generates syntactically valid Makefiles, it cannot fundamentally alter the already-existing functionality (for better or worse)Although this project does not make it *easier* to set up all of the dependencies, it does make it much clearer what needs to be done/configured/set up without consulting a wiki page. Additionally, the program will fail gracefully in most (all?) cases, explaining clearly what failed and why. Additionally, rather than attempting to reinvent the wheel, the program interfaces with already-known functional code and instead opts to generate the input to the next segment of the pipeline. Another area where <code>monolearner</code> could be expanded is its implicit reliance on SRILM. Because SRILM contains <code>ngram-count</code>, the program that is used to convert corpora into binary language models, the user is currently expected to know about this beforehand. However, this could easily be automated.

== Previous work ==

I want to quickly mention some resources that I relied on for this project:

* A non-native Python library known as PyYAML trivializes parsing yaml files.
* English and Spanish corpora were borrowed from [http://www.statmt.org/europarl/ here].
* The bidirectional English/Spanish dictionary was borrowed from Apertium's trunk.

[[Category:sp17_FinalProjects]]

Okinawan and Miyako

2017-05-14T08:24:44Z

Aconant1: /* Expansion of Okinawan transducer and mvi → ryu */

== Resources for machine translation between [[Okinawan|Okinawan]] and [[Miyako|Miyako]] ==

* [[Okinawan and Miyako/Contrastive Grammar|Contrastive Grammar]]
* [[Okinawan and Miyako/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]]
* [[Okinawan and Miyako/Structural transfer|Structural Transfer]]
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/aconant1/ling073-ryu-mvi-corpus Parallel corpus repo]
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/aconant1/ling073-ryu-mvi Language pair repo]

[[Category:Sp17_TranslationPairs]]

==Lexical Selection ==
*In Miyako, はい can mean field, needle, or south, and is also a causative auxiliary verb. If it is followed by string, it is probably needle.
*Hand and arm are the same word in Okinawan (てぃい), but different words in Miyako. If てぃい is followed by an instrumental, we are assuming it is hand.

==Evaluation==
===Evaluation as of lexical selection===
====ryu → mvi Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of tests=====
*WER: 100 %
*PER: 100 %
*Coverage: 89%

=====Evaluation of sentences=====
*WER: 90.32 %
*PER: 90.32 %
*Coverage: 62.1%

====mvi → ryu Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of tests=====
*WER: 88.89 %
*PER: 77.78 %
*Coverage: 100 %

=====Evaluation of sentences=====
*WER: 100%
*PER: 100%
*Coverage: 80.65%

===Final Evaluation===
====ryu Evaluation====
*Precision:
*Recall:
*Coverage of large: 24.64%
*Number of words in large 1055
*Number of stems in the transducer: 115

====mvi Evaluation====
*Precision: 97.4%
*Recall: 64.9%
*Coverage of large: 55.67%
*Number of words in large: 650
*Number of stems in the transducer: 116

====ryu → mvi Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of longer=====
*WER: 87.50%
*PER: 85.00%
*Proportion of stems translated correctly: 71.8%
*Trimmed coverage: 70%
*Number of tokens: 39

=====Evaluation of large=====
*Trimmed coverage: 11.29%
*Number of tokens: 1014

====mvi → ryu Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of longer=====
*WER:
*PER:
*Coverage:
*Trimmed coverage:
*Number of tokens:

=====Evaluation of large=====
*Trimmed coverage:
*Number of tokens:

====Expansion of Miyako transducer and ryu → mvi====
=====Morphology=====
*I added more numbers. 6 is not included because I am confused as to what it is.
*I expanded classifiers, adding days, portion, group, and people
*I changed how the focus marker worked, such that it was a lexicon rather than being hard-coded. This also means that the verbs which take focus markers can now get them.
*: Old output: <code>^ぼーしなてぃどぅ/*ぼーしなてぃどぅ$</code>
*: New output: <code>^ぼーしなてぃどぅ/ぼーし<n><abs>+な<mod><quot><foc>$</code>
*: Old output: <code>^そぅだてぃどぅ/*そぅだてぃどぅ$</code>
*: New output: <code>^そぅだてぃどぅ/そぅだてぃ<v><cvb_abs><foc>$</code>
*I implemented the resultative and causal.
*: Old output: <code>^あいば/*あいば$</code>
*: New output: <code>^あいば/あ<vaux>+ば<vaux>$</code>
*I hard-coded the forms I have for do.
*I added an additional lexicon certain verb forms go through to attach but to the end of them.

=====twol=====
*I added a rule such that the accusative marker goes to う after something ending in a or u.
*I added a rule such that the accusative marker changes to the appropriate thing, such as going to ぬ after something ending in ん.
*: Old output: <code>^みんぬ/みん<n><gen>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^みんぬ/みん<n><acc>/みん<n><gen>$</code>
*I added a rule such that {っ} goes to じ after a word ending in ず.
*I added a rule such that ず goes to っ before the topic and accusative markers.
*I added a rule such that す goes to っ before the accusative marker.
*I added a rule such that {っ} goes to そ after a word ending in す and before an accusative marker.

=====Transfer Rules=====
*I added a rule that attaches but to the end of the verb in Miyako (since it is sometimes a separate word in Okinawan but never in Miyako).
*: Old output: <code>すぐいんやいが/#どぅみそぅが#</code>
*: New output: <code>どぅみそぅが/どぅみーそぅが</code>
*I added a rule in the ryu disambiguation that puts the tag @acc after a noun when there is no intervening noun between it and a verb. I then added a transfer rule to convert that into an acc tag in Miyako.
*: Old output: <code>ぴいじゃあやんんじゃん/#ひんじゃみーん#</code>
*: New output: <code>ひんじゃう　みーん</code>
*I added a rule that converts the tag <top> to <top1>.
*: Old output: <code>うりや/#うら</code>
*: New output: <code>うりや/うらあ</code>
*I added a rule that converts verbalised adjectives to nominalised adjectives. While it does that tag transfer successfully, it doesn't generate properly because there isn't an abs tag on the nominalised adjective.
*I (Andrew) added a rule that funnels all <loc1>/<loc2>/<loc3> tags to <dat>.
*: Old output: <code>ぴいじゃあんか/#ひんじゃ</code>
*: New output: <code>ぴいじゃあんか/ひんじゃん</code>

====Expansion of Okinawan transducer and mvi → ryu====

====== Morphology x2 ======

*Now supports adjectives.
*: Old output: <code>^たかさん/*たかさん$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^たかさん/たかさん<adj><abs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Adjectives can be adverbialized.
*: Old output: <code>^たかく/*たかく$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^たかく/たかさん<adj><avz>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Adjectives can be verbialized.
*: Old output: <code>^たかはん/*たかはん$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^たかはん/たかさん<adj><vz>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Adverbs are now supported.
*: Old output: <code>^じこう/*じこう$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^じこう/じこう<adv>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Past tense for group 1 verbs is now supported.
*: Old output: <code>^ぷみたん/*ぷみたん$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^ぷみたん/ぷみいん<v><past>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Verbs can now be nominalized.
*: Old output: <code>^ぷみやあ/*ぷみやあ$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^ぷみやあ/ぷみいん<v><nz><abs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Nominals can be emphatic.
*: Old output: <code>^わらびる/*わらびる$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^わらびる/わらび<n><emp>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Verbs can now be expressed as hearsay.
*: Old output: <code> ^あっちゅんち/*あっちゅんち$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code> ^あっちゅんち/あっちゅん<v><npst><hs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Many filler/discourse marker words were added.
*Nominals can now be ambiguous.
*: Old output: <code>^わらびなかんて/*わらびなかんて$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^わらびなかんて/わらび<n><ambg>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*The medial case for group 2 verbs was added, then feeding to NominalInfl.
*: Old output: <code>^かき/かくん<v><imp>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^かき/かくん<v><imp>/かくん<v><med><abs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Added support for Japonic period.

====== Disambiguation ======

* あんち is now disambiguated between its usage as a discourse marker and adverb.
* すぐ is disambiguated in the same way.
* むん is disambiguated between a discourse marker and a nominal meaning "thing"
* The homophonous <gen> and <nom> tags have been disambiguated.

====== Transfer rules ======
(see the other direction for Andrew's third rule)

*The accusative tag is now dropped.
*: Old output: <code>ひんじゃう/#ぴいじゃあ</code>
*: New output: <code>ひんじゃう/ぴいじゃあ</code>

*Words tagged with top1/top2 are now transferred to simply top.
*: Old output: <code>ひんじゃあ/#ぴいじゃあ</code>
*: New output: <code>ひんじゃあ/ぴいじゃあや</code>

Okinawan and Miyako

2017-05-14T08:24:11Z

Aconant1: /* Final Evaluation */

== Resources for machine translation between [[Okinawan|Okinawan]] and [[Miyako|Miyako]] ==

* [[Okinawan and Miyako/Contrastive Grammar|Contrastive Grammar]]
* [[Okinawan and Miyako/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]]
* [[Okinawan and Miyako/Structural transfer|Structural Transfer]]
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/aconant1/ling073-ryu-mvi-corpus Parallel corpus repo]
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/aconant1/ling073-ryu-mvi Language pair repo]

[[Category:Sp17_TranslationPairs]]

==Lexical Selection ==
*In Miyako, はい can mean field, needle, or south, and is also a causative auxiliary verb. If it is followed by string, it is probably needle.
*Hand and arm are the same word in Okinawan (てぃい), but different words in Miyako. If てぃい is followed by an instrumental, we are assuming it is hand.

==Evaluation==
===Evaluation as of lexical selection===
====ryu → mvi Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of tests=====
*WER: 100 %
*PER: 100 %
*Coverage: 89%

=====Evaluation of sentences=====
*WER: 90.32 %
*PER: 90.32 %
*Coverage: 62.1%

====mvi → ryu Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of tests=====
*WER: 88.89 %
*PER: 77.78 %
*Coverage: 100 %

=====Evaluation of sentences=====
*WER: 100%
*PER: 100%
*Coverage: 80.65%

===Final Evaluation===
====ryu Evaluation====
*Precision:
*Recall:
*Coverage of large: 24.64%
*Number of words in large 1055
*Number of stems in the transducer: 115

====mvi Evaluation====
*Precision: 97.4%
*Recall: 64.9%
*Coverage of large: 55.67%
*Number of words in large: 650
*Number of stems in the transducer: 116

====ryu → mvi Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of longer=====
*WER: 87.50%
*PER: 85.00%
*Proportion of stems translated correctly: 71.8%
*Trimmed coverage: 70%
*Number of tokens: 39

=====Evaluation of large=====
*Trimmed coverage: 11.29%
*Number of tokens: 1014

====mvi → ryu Evaluation ====
=====Evaluation of longer=====
*WER:
*PER:
*Coverage:
*Trimmed coverage:
*Number of tokens:

=====Evaluation of large=====
*Trimmed coverage:
*Number of tokens:

====Expansion of Miyako transducer and ryu → mvi====
=====Morphology=====
*I added more numbers. 6 is not included because I am confused as to what it is.
*I expanded classifiers, adding days, portion, group, and people
*I changed how the focus marker worked, such that it was a lexicon rather than being hard-coded. This also means that the verbs which take focus markers can now get them.
*: Old output: <code>^ぼーしなてぃどぅ/*ぼーしなてぃどぅ$</code>
*: New output: <code>^ぼーしなてぃどぅ/ぼーし<n><abs>+な<mod><quot><foc>$</code>
*: Old output: <code>^そぅだてぃどぅ/*そぅだてぃどぅ$</code>
*: New output: <code>^そぅだてぃどぅ/そぅだてぃ<v><cvb_abs><foc>$</code>
*I implemented the resultative and causal.
*: Old output: <code>^あいば/*あいば$</code>
*: New output: <code>^あいば/あ<vaux>+ば<vaux>$</code>
*I hard-coded the forms I have for do.
*I added an additional lexicon certain verb forms go through to attach but to the end of them.

=====twol=====
*I added a rule such that the accusative marker goes to う after something ending in a or u.
*I added a rule such that the accusative marker changes to the appropriate thing, such as going to ぬ after something ending in ん.
*: Old output: <code>^みんぬ/みん<n><gen>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^みんぬ/みん<n><acc>/みん<n><gen>$</code>
*I added a rule such that {っ} goes to じ after a word ending in ず.
*I added a rule such that ず goes to っ before the topic and accusative markers.
*I added a rule such that す goes to っ before the accusative marker.
*I added a rule such that {っ} goes to そ after a word ending in す and before an accusative marker.

=====Transfer Rules=====
*I added a rule that attaches but to the end of the verb in Miyako (since it is sometimes a separate word in Okinawan but never in Miyako).
*: Old output: <code>すぐいんやいが/#どぅみそぅが#</code>
*: New output: <code>どぅみそぅが/どぅみーそぅが</code>
*I added a rule in the ryu disambiguation that puts the tag @acc after a noun when there is no intervening noun between it and a verb. I then added a transfer rule to convert that into an acc tag in Miyako.
*: Old output: <code>ぴいじゃあやんんじゃん/#ひんじゃみーん#</code>
*: New output: <code>ひんじゃう　みーん</code>
*I added a rule that converts the tag <top> to <top1>.
*: Old output: <code>うりや/#うら</code>
*: New output: <code>うりや/うらあ</code>
*I added a rule that converts verbalised adjectives to nominalised adjectives. While it does that tag transfer successfully, it doesn't generate properly because there isn't an abs tag on the nominalised adjective.
*I (Andrew) added a rule that funnels all <loc1>/<loc2>/<loc3> tags to <dat>.
*: Old output: <code>ぴいじゃあんか/#ひんじゃ</code>
*: New output: <code>ぴいじゃあんか/ひんじゃん</code>

====Expansion of Okinawan transducer and mvi → ryu====

====== Morphology x2 ======

*Now supports adjectives.
*: Old output: <code>^たかさん/*たかさん$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^たかさん/たかさん<adj><abs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Adjectives can be adverbialized.
*: Old output: <code>^たかく/*たかく$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^たかく/たかさん<adj><avz>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Adjectives can be verbialized.
*: Old output: <code>^たかはん/*たかはん$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^たかはん/たかさん<adj><vz>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Adverbs are now supported.
*: Old output: <code>^じこう/*じこう$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^じこう/じこう<adv>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Past tense for group 1 verbs is now supported.
*: Old output: <code>^ぷみたん/*ぷみたん$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^ぷみたん/ぷみいん<v><past>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Verbs can now be nominalized.
*: Old output: <code>^ぷみやあ/*ぷみやあ$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^ぷみやあ/ぷみいん<v><nz><abs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Nominals can be emphatic.
*: Old output: <code>^わらびる/*わらびる$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*: New output: <code>^わらびる/わらび<n><emp>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*Verbs can now be expressed as hearsay.
*: Old output: <code> ^あっちゅんち/*あっちゅんち$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code> ^あっちゅんち/あっちゅん<v><npst><hs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Many filler/discourse marker words were added.
*Nominals can now be ambiguous.
*: Old output: <code>^わらびなかんて/*わらびなかんて$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^わらびなかんて/わらび<n><ambg>$^./.<sent>$ </code>
*The medial case for group 2 verbs was added, then feeding to NominalInfl.
*: Old output: <code>^かき/かくん<v><imp>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*: New output: <code>^かき/かくん<v><imp>/かくん<v><med><abs>$^./.<sent>$</code>
*Added support for Japonic period.

===== Disambiguation ======

* あんち is now disambiguated between its usage as a discourse marker and adverb.
* すぐ is disambiguated in the same way.
* むん is disambiguated between a discourse marker and a nominal meaning "thing"
* The homophonous <gen> and <nom> tags have been disambiguated.

===== Transfer rules ======
(see the other direction for Andrew's third rule)

*The accusative tag is now dropped.
*: Old output: <code>ひんじゃう/#ぴいじゃあ</code>
*: New output: <code>ひんじゃう/ぴいじゃあ</code>

*Words tagged with top1/top2 are now transferred to simply top.
*: Old output: <code>ひんじゃあ/#ぴいじゃあ</code>
*: New output: <code>ひんじゃあ/ぴいじゃあや</code>

Okinawan/Transducer

2017-05-11T19:21:49Z

Aconant1:

= Analyser =

== Evaluation ==

My current coverage is horrendous (0.48%) due to a tokenization error, I believe. It reports many single-character words (such as な, え, お, and friends) but my corpus does not seem to have the ones that aq-covtest claims to see. However, there are several real words that it is (correctly) identifying as commonly unknown. These tend to be discourse markers, such as
なあ, また, as a lot of my corpora are transcripts of conversations. Adding these analyses to the transducer increases coverage to 4.43%.

There are currently 27 stems, according to lexccounter.

Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 835
Coverage: 4.43%
Top unknown words in the corpus:
About 28/50 tests currently pass.

37 え
17 ち
16 ん
14 う
14 さ
13 い
11 ら
11 とぅ
10 うり
10 あ
10 や
10 お
9 ぬ
8 か
7 み
7 やい
7 うまんか
7 ちゅ
6 あんち
6 さい
Translation time: 0.004895448684692383 seconds

== Notes ==

The tests that don't yet pass are either some extra nominal suffixive tests that I haven't gotten around to yet, or involve verbs. Verbs are a bit more complicated than the nominals, since they retain the verb stem and overwrite the rest.

= Generator =

== Initial evaluation of morphological generator ==

27 passes; 51 fails.
Coverage: 4.43%

== Twol rules ==

I added four rules (technically five, but the "jun" one is irrelevant).

* One that makes -u endings for group2 verbs work.
* One that makes -a endings for group2 verbs work.
* One that makes -i endings for group2 verbs work.
* One that makes multicharacter group2 verb stems work (ch and j).

== Post evaluation ==

22 Passes, 56 fails. (This is because my tests were obsoleted by new grammatical info, not because it became worse.
Coverage: 15.17%

[[Category:Sp17_Transducers]]

User:Aconant1/Final project

2017-05-11T08:42:54Z

Aconant1:

Here I detail the beginnings of a [http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/Ideas_for_Google_Summer_of_Code/User-friendly_lexical_selection_training user-friendly pipeline for learned lexical selection rules]. While the architecture already exists, it is unwieldy and non-trivial to set up. Although my project does not solve every problem with the process, it makes it more approachable, and I hope to expand on it in the future. The code can be found [https://github.swarthmore.edu/aconant1/ling073-monolearner here], on GitHub. Additionally, a great deal of the project's time was spent researching the process, including the theory behind it and how to get the current implementation to turn out anything interesting.

== Designing the configuration ==

The desire was for a single input file to govern the runtime of the program. This meant designing a (very) simply yaml format in which users could input their configuration information. The example file that I included with my submission can be seen below:

[[File:C80de69219ddfefefb328d651b0959d6.png]]

This can be contrasted with the hard-coded parameters in the current Makefile architecture by noting the absence of the SCRIPTS parameter. Because this parameter varied computer-to-computer rather than pair-to-pair, it made sense to separate the two.

== Main Features ==

My program can be divided into logical, discrete units:

=== Dependency validation ===

First off, one of the most difficult-to-manage parts of the Makefile architecture for lexical selection rule learning is its dependency on dependencies, so to speak. Therefore, the first order of business is to ensure that the executables that the pipeline eventually relies on being there are actually there. This means checking for <code>apertium, apertium-destxt, apertium-pretransfer, multitrans, lrx-comp</code>, among others, as well as the various scripts normally found in <code>apertium-lex-tools</code> that would be tragic to miss.

=== Dealing with yaml ===

Next, the program reads the user-supplied yaml file, checking both its integrity and the sanity of its contents. This means that the user must pass a valid source language corpus name, translation pair direction, path to a language pair, name of a bilingual dictionary binary, and the path to a target language binary language model (compiled with IRSTLM).

=== Makefile generation ===

Once everything is properly validated, the program generates a Makefile that can be run to generate lexical selection rules.

== Evaluation ==

Because this project is more qualitative than quantitative, evaluation is a difficult thing to talk about. One way to do so might be to compare <code>monolearner</code> with what we had before and with what we might still desire. First and foremost, because it operates at a higher layer of abstraction than the Makefiles, <code>monolearner</code> effectively acts as pass-through. This means that as long as it provably generates syntactically valid Makefiles, it cannot fundamentally alter the already-existing functionality (for better or worse)Although this project does not make it *easier* to set up all of the dependencies, it does make it much clearer what needs to be done/configured/set up without consulting a wiki page. Additionally, the program will fail gracefully in most (all?) cases, explaining clearly what failed and why. Additionally, rather than attempting to reinvent the wheel, the program interfaces with already-known functional code and instead opts to generate the input to the next segment of the pipeline. Another area where <code>monolearner</code> could be expanded is its implicit reliance on SRILM. Because SRILM contains <code>ngram-count</code>, the program that is used to convert corpora into binary language models, the user is currently expected to know about this beforehand. However, this could easily be automated.

== Previous work ==

I want to quickly mention some resources that I relied on for this project:

* A non-native Python library known as PyYAML trivializes parsing yaml files.
* English and Spanish corpora were borrowed from [http://www.statmt.org/europarl/ here].
* The bidirectional English/Spanish dictionary was borrowed from Apertium's trunk.

[[Category:sp17_FinalProjects]]

User:Aconant1/Final project

2017-05-11T08:34:08Z

Aconant1: Created page with "Here I detail the beginnings of a [http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/Ideas_for_Google_Summer_of_Code/User-friendly_lexical_selection_training user-friendly pipeline for learned le..."

File:C80de69219ddfefefb328d651b0959d6.png

2017-05-11T08:21:52Z

Aconant1:

Okinawan and Miyako/Structural transfer

2017-05-01T06:14:27Z

Aconant1:

==Pre-evaluation==
===ryu → mvi ===
*WER: 100.00%
*PER: 100.00%
*Coverage: 62.1%

===mvi → ryu ===
*WER: 88.89%
*PER: 88.89%
*Coverage: 80.65%

==Examples==
===ryu → mvi ===
Example:
あっちんじゃん

Tagger:
^あっちゅん<v><prog>$

Biltrans:
^あっちゅん<v><prog>/あいき<v><prog>$

Chunker:
^v<SV>{^あいき<v><cvb_abs>$}$^vaux<SVaux>{^ゆー<vaux><npst>$}$

Interchunk:
^v<SV>{^あいき<v><cvb_abs>$}$^vaux<SVaux>{^ゆー<vaux><npst>$}$

Postchunk:
^あいき<v><cvb_abs>$^ゆー<vaux><npst>$

ryu-mvi:
あいき/あいきーゆー

===mvi → ryu ===

Example:
あいきーゆー

Tagger:
^あいき<v><cvb_abs>$ ^ゆー<vaux><npst>$

Biltrans:
^あいき<v><cvb_abs>/あっちゅん<v><cvb_abs>$ ^ゆー<vaux><npst>/<npst>$

Chunker:
^v<SV>{^あっちゅん<v><prog>$}$

Interchunk:
^v<SV>{^あっちゅん<v><prog>$}$

Postchunk:
^あっちゅん<v><prog>$

mvi-ryu: (it also outputs ゃっちんじゃん, but that's an unrelated issue with ryu twol)
あっちんじゃん

==Post-evaluation==
===ryu → mvi ===
*WER: 88.89%
*PER: 88.89%
*Coverage: 62.1%

===mvi → ryu ===
*WER: 88.89%
*PER: 88.89%
*Coverage: 80.65%

[[Category:Sp17_StructuralTransfer]]

Okinawan and Miyako/Structural transfer

2017-04-29T07:15:26Z

Aconant1:

==Pre-evaluation==
===ryu → mvi ===
*WER: 90.32
*PER: 90.32
*Coverage: 62.1%

===mvi → ryu ===
*WER:
*PER:
*Coverage:

==Examples==
===ryu → mvi ===
Example:
あっちんじゃん

Tagger:
^あっちゅん<v><prog>$

Biltrans:
^あっちゅん<v><prog>/あいき<v><prog>$

Chunker:
^v<SV>{^あいき<v><cvb_abs>$}$^vaux<SVaux>{^ゆー<vaux><npst>$}$

Interchunk:
^v<SV>{^あいき<v><cvb_abs>$}$^vaux<SVaux>{^ゆー<vaux><npst>$}$

Postchunk:
^あいき<v><cvb_abs>$^ゆー<vaux><npst>$

ryu-mvi:
あいき/あいきーゆー

===mvi → ryu ===

Example:
あいきーゆー

Tagger:
^あいき<v><cvb_abs>$ ^ゆー<vaux><npst>$

Biltrans:
^あいき<v><cvb_abs>/あっちゅん<v><cvb_abs>$ ^ゆー<vaux><npst>/<npst>$

Chunker:
^v<SV>{^あっちゅん<v><prog>$}$

Interchunk:
^v<SV>{^あっちゅん<v><prog>$}$

Postchunk:
^あっちゅん<v><prog>$

mvi-ryu: (it also outputs ゃっちんじゃん, but that's an unrelated issue with ryu twol)
あっちんじゃん

==Post-evaluation==
===ryu → mvi ===
*WER: 90.32
*PER: 90.32
*Coverage: 62.1%

===mvi → ryu ===
*WER:
*PER:
*Coverage:

[[Category:Sp17_StructuralTransfer]]

Okinawan

2017-04-25T07:15:56Z

Aconant1:

Resource documentation for Okinawan （沖縄語）. Some resources obviously overlap between classifications, so I attempted to put them where they best belonged. For instance, "An Introduction to Ryukyuan Languages" is clearly a grammatical reference, but it has some excellent excerpts that could go to a corpus.

== Developed Resources ==

* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Okinawan/Keyboard Keyboard layout] ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/aconant1/ling073-ryu-keyboard Source code])
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Okinawan/Transducer Transducer] ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/aconant1/ling073-ryu Source code])
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Okinawan/Disambiguation Disambiguator]

== External Resources ==

=== Computational resources ===

*[https://hougen.ajima.jp/honyaku/ Translator from Japanese (presumably) to Okinawan]

=== Dictionaries ===

*[http://www.koza.ne.jp/koza_index/uchina-guchi/ Dictionary of Okinawan]: Functions more like a list of words. Provided by Okinawa Tourism Association. Copyrighted.
*[https://hougen.ajima.jp/ Another dictionary], although this one is more for looking up specific words. Provided by "Ajima Okinawa"; seems like an Okinawa trivia website.
*[http://www.worldcat.org/title/okinawa-go-jiten/oclc/157017579 Okinawago Jiten]: seems like the canonical hard-copy "big" dictionary for Okinawan. I don't have it, but UPenn does.

=== Grammatical descriptions ===

*[http://lingdy.aacore.jp/jp/material/An_introduction_to_Ryukyuan_languages.pdf An Introduction to Ryukyuan Languages]: An authority on the Okinawan language (among others).
*[https://catalog.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/find/ArticlesRecord/mla1966102856 The Okinawan Language (a Synchronic Description)]: Another thorough reference on Okinawan syntax/usage.

=== Scientific works ===

*[http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/215/art%253A10.1007%252Fs11049-015-9324-6.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs11049-015-9324-6&token2=exp=1485239146~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F215%2Fart%25253A10.1007%25252Fs11049-015-9324-6.pdf%3ForiginUrl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Farticle%252F10.1007%252Fs11049-015-9324-6*~hmac=b534167cfd6d40f482290b1e39108154c638bbb8fa4e93de1788cd3ab04dd503 NP-ellipsis: a comparative syntax of Japanese and Okinawan]: a useful study on key differences between Okinawan and Japanese. Licensed by SpringerLink.
*[https://catalog.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/find/ArticlesRecord/ericED566431 A Reconstruction of Old Okinawan: A Corpus-Based Approach]: A study on "Old Okinawan", which I am not clear on whether is the same as "Okinawan". Worth investigating and preserving for posterity, if nothing else.
*[https://catalog.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/find/Record/.b4439409 Synchrony and diachrony of Okinawan Kakari Musubi in comparative perspective with premodern Japanese]: An interesting examination of the syntactic phenomenon of kakari musubi in Okinawan.
*[http://site.ebrary.com/lib/swarthmore/detail.action?docID=10480783 Nominalization in Asian Languages : Diachronic and typological perspectives]: Another comparative text.
*[https://catalog.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/find/ArticlesRecord/proquest85618567/Description#tabnav Phonetic Fusions in the Language of Okinawa and a Comparison with Mainland Japanese]: An analysis and argument for the separation of Japanese and Okinawan, establishing it as a language, rather than a dialect.

=== Corpora ===

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawan_language#Grammar The grammar section of Wikipedia]: This is a goldmine of words and example phrases, but I am not sure how to credit the source, as I don't see one. I need to figure out a way to use this.
*[http://www.okinawan-shorinryu.com/okinawa/uchina.html List of common phrases and proverbs]: from a website devoted to Okinawan martial arts. They mostly cite the now-dead okinawa.com.
*[http://www.cw-fc.com/karate/articles/okinawan_language_chart.htm List of words compiled by "Rich Boyden" and "Ricky Rose"]. Contacts for both individuals are on the page.

[[Category:Okinawan]]
[[Category:sp17_ResourceDocumentation]]

Okinawan/Disambiguation

2017-04-25T07:14:58Z

Aconant1:

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/aconant1/ling073-ryu Github repo]

== Initial Ambiguity ==

Before this disambiguation rule was implemented, there were roughly 1.09808917197452229299 analyses per word.

== CG rule ==

Consider the following two sentences:

* じょうきんしいくん. (I walk towards the dustcloth.)
* じょうきんしぬぐいん. (I wipe with the dustcloth.)

In the first sentence, the case marker し marks the allative case, while it marks the instrumentative case in the second.
They analyze as follows:

* ^じょうきんし/じょうきん<n><ins>/じょうきん<n><all>$ ^いくん/いくん<v><npst>$^./.<sent>$^./.<sent>$
* ^じょうきんし/じょうきん<n><ins>/じょうきん<n><all>$ ^ぬぐいん/ぬぐいん<v><npst>$^./.<sent>$^./.<sent>$

The homophonous し means that じょうきんし can be analyzed as either allative or instrumentative. Notably, we would like to select <all> in the first case, and <ins> in the second case. Therefore, we can identify two situations where the word is definitely allative:

* If the word itself is a pronoun or locational nominal, remove <ins>.
* If the verb following it is directive, remove <ins>.

After implementing CG versions of these rules, disambiguity dropped a shave to ~1.09554140127388535032. Clearly, (unless the ambiguity is very common), disambiguation is a painstaking process.

[[Category:Sp17_Disambiguation]]

Okinawan/Disambiguation

2017-04-25T07:12:29Z

Aconant1: /* CG rule */

== Initial Ambiguity ==

Before this disambiguation rule was implemented, there were roughly 1.09808917197452229299 analyses per word.

== CG rule ==

Consider the following two sentences:

* じょうきんしいくん. (I walk towards the dustcloth.)
* じょうきんしぬぐいん. (I wipe with the dustcloth.)

In the first sentence, the case marker し marks the allative case, while it marks the instrumentative case in the second.
They analyze as follows:

* ^じょうきんし/じょうきん<n><ins>/じょうきん<n><all>$ ^いくん/いくん<v><npst>$^./.<sent>$^./.<sent>$
* ^じょうきんし/じょうきん<n><ins>/じょうきん<n><all>$ ^ぬぐいん/ぬぐいん<v><npst>$^./.<sent>$^./.<sent>$

The homophonous し means that じょうきんし can be analyzed as either allative or instrumentative. Notably, we would like to select <all> in the first case, and <ins> in the second case. Therefore, we can identify two situations where the word is definitely allative:

* If the word itself is a pronoun or locational nominal, remove <ins>.
* If the verb following it is directive, remove <ins>.

After implementing CG versions of these rules, disambiguity dropped a shave to ~1.09554140127388535032. Clearly, (unless the ambiguity is very common), disambiguation is a painstaking process.

[[Category:Sp17_Disambiguation]]

Okinawan/Disambiguation

2017-04-25T07:02:41Z

Aconant1: Created page with "== Initial Ambiguity == Before this disambiguation rule was implemented, there were roughly 1.09808917197452229299 analyses per word. == CG rule == Consider the following t..."

Okinawan and Miyako/Lexical selection

2017-04-20T16:30:39Z

Aconant1: /* ryu → mvi */

==ryu → mvi ==
Hand and arm are the same word in Okinawan (てぃい), but different words in Miyako. If てぃい is followed by an instrumental, we are assuming it is hand.

* write with hand
*: {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|てぃいしかくん|てぃーひーかき}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|てぃい{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} かくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|てぃー{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} かき{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

* the arm was punched
*: {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|てぃいすぐらるたん|うでぃーうどぅみらいたい}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|てぃい{{tag|n}} すぐいん{{tag|v}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pst}}|うでぃー{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} どぅみ{{tag|v}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pst}}}}

==mvi → ryu ==
はい can mean field, needle, or south, and is also a causative auxiliary verb. If it is followed by string, it is probably needle.

* needle and string
*: {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|はいとぅいとぅ|はあいとぅいいちゅう}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|はい{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} いとぅ{{tag|n}}|はあい{{tag|n}}{{tag|asc}} いいちゅう{{tag|n}}}}

* the goat eats in the field
*: {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃあはいんふぁう|ぴいじゃあやはたきんかかむん}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃ{{tag|n}}{{tag|top1}} はい{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}} ふぁう{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|ぴいじゃあ{{tag|n}}{{tag|top}} はたき{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc1}} かむん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

[[Category:Sp17_LexicalSelection]]

Okinawan and Miyako/Contrastive Grammar

2017-04-20T15:35:33Z

Aconant1: /* ryu-mvi tests */

==Differences between Okinawan and Miyako==
*There are three locatives in Okinawan and one (which is also the dative) in Miyako.
*There are two allatives in Miyako and one in Okinawan.
*There is an associative in Okinawan but not in Miyako.
*Medial verbs appear frequently in Okinawan (indicating simultaneous or sequential verbs), but do not seem to appear in Ikema Miyako (though they do in Irabu).
*When discussing when things happen (e.g. I went when I was 10), Miyako has a couple of examples that have a word meaning time, but Okinawan does not seem to have anything equivalent.

==ryu-mvi tests==

*In Okinawan, there is something that can perhaps be considered a sentence-final particle. There is no equivalent in Miyako.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|しぇんしぇいたあしいくん|ならーすびーっみんかいいでぃー}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|しぇんしぇい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|ならーすびー{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いでぃー{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

*There is an accusative in Miyako but not in Okinawan.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|ぴいじゃあやんんじゃん|ひんじゃうどぅみーたい}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|ぴいじゃあ{{tag|n}}{{tag|top}} んんじゅん{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}|ひんじゃ {{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|foc}} みー{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}}}

*It seems that pronouns (in particular, second person singular) are dropped more often in Miyako than in Okinawan.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|やあがかき|かき}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|やあ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} かくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|かき{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}}}

*In Okinawan, progressive is expressed with a suffix on the verb. In Miyako, a converb plus the continuous expresses the same idea.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|あっちんじゃん|あいきーゆー}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|あっちゅん{{tag|v}}{{tag|prog}}|あいきー {{tag|v}}{{tag|cvb_abs}} ゆー{{tag|vaux}}}}

*In Miyako, adjectives must either be nominalized or attached to the front of a noun. In Okinawan, either an adverbializer or a verbializer is added to an adjective stem, depending on whether or not it is to be negated.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|うりやたかはん|うらあたかだいむぬ}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|うり{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top}} たかさん{{tag|adj}}{{tag|vz}}|うら{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top1}} たかだい{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nz}} }}

==mvi-ryu tests==

:* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|ならーすびーっみんかいいでぃー|しぇんしぇいたあしいくん}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|ならーすびー{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いでぃー{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|しぇんしぇい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

:* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃうどぅみーたい|ぴいじゃあやんんじゃん}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃ {{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|foc}} みー{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}|ぴいじゃあ{{tag|n}}{{tag|top}} んんじゅん{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}}}

:* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|かき|やあがかき}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|かき{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|やあ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} かくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}}}

:* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|あいきーゆー|あっきんじゃん}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|あいきー {{tag|v}}{{tag|cvb_abs}} ゆー{{tag|vaux}}|あっくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|prog}}}}

:* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|うらあたかだいむぬ|うりやたかはん}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|うら{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top1}} たかだい{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nz}}|うり{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top}} たかさん{{tag|adj}}{{tag|vz}}}}

[[Category:Sp17_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Okinawan and Miyako/Lexical selection

2017-04-19T16:56:24Z

Aconant1: /* ryu → mvi */

==ryu → mvi ==
Hand and arm are the same word in Okinawan (てぃい), but different words in Miyako. If てぃい is followed by an instrumental, we are assuming it is hand.

* write with hand
*: {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|てぃいしかちゅん|てぃーひーかき}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|てぃい{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} かちゅん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|てぃー{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} かき{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

* the arm was punched
*: {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|てぃいすぐらるたん|うでぃーうどぅみらいたい}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|てぃい{{tag|n}} すぐいん{{tag|v}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pst}}|うでぃー{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} どぅみ{{tag|v}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pst}}}}

==mvi → ryu ==
はい can mean field, needle, or south, and is also a causative auxiliary verb. If it is followed by string, it is probably needle.

* needle and string
*: {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|はいとぅいとぅ|はあいとぅいいちゅう}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|はい{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} いとぅ{{tag|n}}|はあい{{tag|n}}{{tag|asc}} いいちゅう{{tag|n}}}}

* the goat eats in the field
*: {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃあはいんふぁう|ぴいじゃあやはたきんかかむん}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃ{{tag|n}}{{tag|top1}} はい{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}} ふぁう{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|ぴいじゃあ{{tag|n}}{{tag|top}} はたき{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc1}} かむん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

[[Category:Sp17_LexicalSelection]]

Okinawan and Miyako/Contrastive Grammar

2017-04-18T15:59:35Z

Aconant1:

==Differences between Okinawan and Miyako==
*There are three locatives in Okinawan and one (which is also the dative) in Miyako.
*There are two allatives in Miyako and one in Okinawan.
*There is an associative in Okinawan but not in Miyako.
*Medial verbs appear frequently in Okinawan (indicating simultaneous or sequential verbs), but do not seem to appear in Ikema Miyako (though they do in Irabu).
*When discussing when things happen (e.g. I went when I was 10), Miyako has a couple of examples that have a word meaning time, but Okinawan does not seem to have anything equivalent.

==ryu-mvi tests==

*In Okinawan, there is something that can perhaps be considered a sentence-final particle. There is no equivalent in Miyako.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|しぇんしぇいたあしいくん|ならーすびーっみんかいいでぃい}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|しぇんしぇい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|ならーすびーっみんかい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いでぃい{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

*There is an accusative in Miyako but not in Okinawan.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|ぴいじゃあやんんじゃん|ひんじゃうどぅみーたい}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|ぴいじゃあ{{tag|n}}{{tag|top}} んんじゅん{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}|ひんじゃうどぅ {{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|foc}} みーたい{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}}}

*It seems that pronouns (in particular, second person singular) are dropped more often in Miyako than in Okinawan.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|やあがかき|かき}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|やあ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} かくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|かき{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}}}

*In Okinawan, progressive is expressed with a suffix on the verb. In Miyako, a converb plus the continuous expresses the same idea.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|あっきんじゃん|あいきーゆー}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|あっくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|prog}}|あいきー {{tag|v}}{{tag|cvb_abs}} ゆー{{tag|vaux}}}}

*In Miyako, adjectives must either be nominalized or attached to the front of a noun. In Okinawan, either an adverbializer or a verbializer is added to an adjective stem, depending on whether or not it is to be negated.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|うりやたかはん|うらあたかだいむぬ}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|うり{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top}} たかさん{{tag|adj}}{{tag|vz}}|うらあ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top1}} たかだいむぬ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nz}} }}

==mvi-ryu tests==

:* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|ならーすびーっみんかいいでぃい|しぇんしぇいたあしいくん}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|ならーすびーっみんかい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いでぃい{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|しぇんしぇい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

:* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃうどぅみーたい|ぴいじゃあやんんじゃん}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃうどぅ {{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|foc}} みーたい{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}|ぴいじゃあ{{tag|n}}{{tag|top}} んんじゅん{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}}}

:* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|かき|やあがかき}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|かき{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|やあ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} かくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}}}

:* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|あいきーゆー|あっきんじゃん}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|あいきー {{tag|v}}{{tag|cvb_abs}} ゆー{{tag|vaux}}|あっくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|prog}}}}

:* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|うらあたかだいむぬ|うりやたかはん}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|うらあ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top1}} たかだいむぬ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nz}}|うり{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top}} たかさん{{tag|adj}}{{tag|vz}}}}

[[Category:Sp17_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Okinawan and Miyako/Contrastive Grammar

2017-04-18T15:54:37Z

Aconant1:

==Differences between Okinawan and Miyako==
*There are three locatives in Okinawan and one (which is also the dative) in Miyako.
*There are two allatives in Miyako and one in Okinawan.
*There is an associative in Okinawan but not in Miyako.
*Medial verbs appear frequently in Okinawan (indicating simultaneous or sequential verbs), but do not seem to appear in Ikema Miyako (though they do in Irabu).
*When discussing when things happen (e.g. I went when I was 10), Miyako has a couple of examples that have a word meaning time, but Okinawan does not seem to have anything equivalent.

==ryu-mvi tests==

*In Okinawan, there is something that can perhaps be considered a sentence-final particle. There is no equivalent in Miyako.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|しぇんしぇいたあしいくん|ならーすびーっみんかいいでぃい}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|しぇんしぇい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|ならーすびーっみんかい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いでぃい{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

*There is an accusative in Miyako but not in Okinawan.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|ぴいじゃあやんんじゃん|ひんじゃうどぅみーたい}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|ぴいじゃあ{{tag|n}}{{tag|top}} んんじゅん{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}|ひんじゃうどぅ {{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|foc}} みーたい{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}}}

*It seems that pronouns (in particular, second person singular) are dropped more often in Miyako than in Okinawan.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|やあがかき|かき}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|やあ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} かくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|かき{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}}}

*In Okinawan, progressive is expressed with a suffix on the verb. In Miyako, a converb plus the continuous expresses the same idea.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|あっきんじゃん|あいきーゆー}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|あっくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|prog}}|あいきー {{tag|v}}{{tag|cvb_abs}} ゆー{{tag|vaux}}}}

*In Miyako, adjectives must either be nominalized or attached to the front of a noun. In Okinawan, either an adverbializer or a verbializer is added to an adjective stem, depending on whether or not it is to be negated.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|うりやたかはん|うらあたかだいむぬ}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|うり{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top}} たかさん{{tag|adj}}{{tag|vz}}|うらあ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top1}} たかだいむぬ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nz}} }}

==mvi-ryu tests==

:* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|ならーすびーっみんかいいでぃい|しぇんしぇいたあしいくん}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|ならーすびーっみんかい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いでぃい{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}|しぇんしぇい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}}

:* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃうどぅみーたい|ぴいじゃあやんんじゃん}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|ひんじゃうどぅ {{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|foc}} みーたい{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}|ぴいじゃあ|ryu{{tag|n}}{{tag|top}} んんじゅん{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}}}

:* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|かき|やあがかき}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|かき{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|やあ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} かくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}}}

:* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|あいきーゆー|あっきんじゃん}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|あいきー {{tag|v}}{{tag|cvb_abs}} ゆー{{tag|vaux}}|あっくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|prog}}}}

:* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|うらあたかだいむぬ|うりやたかはん}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|うらあ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top1}} たかだいむぬ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nz}}|うり{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top}} たかさん{{tag|adj}}{{tag|vz}}}}

[[Category:Sp17_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Okinawan and Miyako/Contrastive Grammar

2017-04-18T15:46:32Z

Aconant1: /* ryu-mvi tests */

==Differences between Okinawan and Miyako==
*There are three locatives in Okinawan and one (which is also the dative) in Miyako.
*There are two allatives in Miyako and one in Okinawan.
*There is an associative in Okinawan but not in Miyako.
*Medial verbs appear frequently in Okinawan (indicating simultaneous or sequential verbs), but do not seem to appear in Ikema Miyako (though they do in Irabu).
*When discussing when things happen (e.g. I went when I was 10), Miyako has a couple of examples that have a word meaning time, but Okinawan does not seem to have anything equivalent.

==ryu-mvi tests==

*In Okinawan, there is something that can perhaps be considered a sentence-final particle. There is no equivalent in Miyako.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|しぇんしぇいたあしいくん|ならーすびーっみんかいいでぃい}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|しぇんしぇい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|ならーすびーっみんかい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いでぃい{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

*There is an accusative in Miyako but not in Okinawan.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|ぴいじゃあやんんじゃん|ひんじゃうどぅみーたい}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|ぴいじゃあ{{tag|n}}{{tag|top}} んんじゅん{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}|ひんじゃうどぅ {{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|foc}} みーたい{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}}}

*It seems that pronouns (in particular, second person singular) are dropped more often in Miyako than in Okinawan.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|やあがかき|かき}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|やあ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} かくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|かき{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}}}

*In Okinawan, progressive is expressed with a suffix on the verb. In Miyako, a converb plus the continuous expresses the same idea.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|あっきんじゃん|あいきーゆー}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|あっくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|prog}}|あいきー {{tag|v}}{{tag|cvb_abs}} ゆー{{tag|vaux}}}}

*In Miyako, adjectives must either be nominalized or attached to the front of a noun. In Okinawan, either an adverbializer or a verbializer is added to an adjective stem, depending on whether or not it is to be negated.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|うりやたかはん|うらあたかだいむぬ}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|うり{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top}} たかさん{{tag|adj}}{{tag|vz}}|うらあ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top1}} たかだいむぬ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nz}} }}

==mvi-ryu tests==

* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|ならーすびーっみんかいいでぃい|しぇんしぇいたあしいくん}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|ならーすびーっみんかい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いでぃい{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|しぇんしぇいたあし{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}{{tag|sf}}}}

* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃうどぅみーたい|ぴいじゃあやんんじゃん}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃうどぅ {{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|foc}} みーたい{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}|ぴいじゃあや{{tag|n}}{{tag|foc}} んんじゃん{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sf}}}}

* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|かき|やあがかき|}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|かき{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|やあが{{tag|pprn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} かき{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}}}

* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|あいきーゆー|あっきんじゃん|}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|あいきー {{tag|v}}{{tag|cvb_abs}} ゆー{{tag|vaux}}|あっくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|sf}}}}

* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|うらあたかだいむぬ|うりやたかはん|}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|うらあ{{tag|pprn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top1}} たかだいむぬ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nz}}|うりや{{tag|pprn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top}} たかはん{{tag|adj}}{{tag|vz}}{{tag|sf}}}}

[[Category:Sp17_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Okinawan and Miyako/Contrastive Grammar

2017-04-18T15:41:19Z

Aconant1: /* ryu-mvi tests */

==Differences between Okinawan and Miyako==
*There are three locatives in Okinawan and one (which is also the dative) in Miyako.
*There are two allatives in Miyako and one in Okinawan.
*There is an associative in Okinawan but not in Miyako.
*Medial verbs appear frequently in Okinawan (indicating simultaneous or sequential verbs), but do not seem to appear in Ikema Miyako (though they do in Irabu).
*When discussing when things happen (e.g. I went when I was 10), Miyako has a couple of examples that have a word meaning time, but Okinawan does not seem to have anything equivalent.

==ryu-mvi tests==

*In Okinawan, there is something that can perhaps be considered a sentence-final particle. There is no equivalent in Miyako.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|しぇんしぇいたあしいくん|ならーすびーっみんかいいでぃい}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|しぇんしぇい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}{{tag|sf}}|ならーすびーっみんかい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いでぃい{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

*There is an accusative in Miyako but not in Okinawan.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|ぴいじゃあやんんじゃん|ひんじゃうどぅみーたい}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|ぴいじゃあ{{tag|n}}{{tag|top}} んんじゅん{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sf}}|ひんじゃうどぅ {{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|foc}} みーたい{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}}}

*It seems that pronouns (in particular, second person singular) are dropped more often in Miyako than in Okinawan.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|やあがかき|かき}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|やあ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} かくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|かき{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}}}

*In Okinawan, progressive is expressed with a suffix on the verb. In Miyako, a converb plus the continuous expresses the same idea.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|あっきんじゃん|あいきーゆー}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|あっくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|sf}}|あいきー {{tag|v}}{{tag|cvb_abs}} ゆー{{tag|vaux}}}}

*In Miyako, adjectives must either be nominalized or attached to the front of a noun. In Okinawan, either an adverbializer or a verbializer is added to an adjective stem, depending on whether or not it is to be negated.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|うりやたかはん|うらあたかだいむぬ}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|うり{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top}} たかさん{{tag|adj}}{{tag|vz}}{{tag|sf}}|うらあ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top1}} たかだいむぬ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nz}} }}

==mvi-ryu tests==

* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|ならーすびーっみんかいいでぃい|しぇんしぇいたあしいくん}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|ならーすびーっみんかい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いでぃい{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|しぇんしぇいたあし{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}{{tag|sf}}}}

* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃうどぅみーたい|ぴいじゃあやんんじゃん}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃうどぅ {{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|foc}} みーたい{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}|ぴいじゃあや{{tag|n}}{{tag|foc}} んんじゃん{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sf}}}}

* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|かき|やあがかき|}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|かき{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|やあが{{tag|pprn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} かき{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}}}

* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|あいきーゆー|あっきんじゃん|}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|あいきー {{tag|v}}{{tag|cvb_abs}} ゆー{{tag|vaux}}|あっくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|sf}}}}

* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|うらあたかだいむぬ|うりやたかはん|}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|うらあ{{tag|pprn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top1}} たかだいむぬ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nz}}|うりや{{tag|pprn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top}} たかはん{{tag|adj}}{{tag|vz}}{{tag|sf}}}}

[[Category:Sp17_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Okinawan and Miyako/Contrastive Grammar

2017-04-18T15:40:19Z

Aconant1: /* ryu-mvi tests */

==Differences between Okinawan and Miyako==
*There are three locatives in Okinawan and one (which is also the dative) in Miyako.
*There are two allatives in Miyako and one in Okinawan.
*There is an associative in Okinawan but not in Miyako.
*Medial verbs appear frequently in Okinawan (indicating simultaneous or sequential verbs), but do not seem to appear in Ikema Miyako (though they do in Irabu).
*When discussing when things happen (e.g. I went when I was 10), Miyako has a couple of examples that have a word meaning time, but Okinawan does not seem to have anything equivalent.

==ryu-mvi tests==

*In Okinawan, there is something that can perhaps be considered a sentence-final particle. There is no equivalent in Miyako.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|しぇんしぇいたあしいくん|ならーすびーっみんかいいでぃい}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|しぇんしぇい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}{{tag|sf}}|ならーすびーっみんかい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いでぃい{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

*There is an accusative in Miyako but not in Okinawan.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|ぴいじゃあやんんじゃん|ひんじゃうどぅみーたい}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|ぴいじゃあ{{tag|n}}{{tag|top}} んんじゅん{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sf}}|ひんじゃうどぅ {{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|foc}} みーたい{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}}}

*It seems that pronouns (in particular, second person singular) are dropped more often in Miyako than in Okinawan.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|やあがかき|かき}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|やあ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} かくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|かき{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}}}

*In Okinawan, progressive is expressed with a suffix on the verb. In Miyako, a converb plus the continuous expresses the same idea.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|あっきんじゃん|あいきーゆー}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|あっくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|sf}}|あいきー {{tag|v}}{{tag|cvb_abs}} ゆー{{tag|vaux}}}}

*In Miyako, adjectives must either be nominalized or attached to the front of a noun. In Okinawan, either an adverbializer or a verbializer is added to an adjective stem, depending on whether or not it is to be negated.
:* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|うりやたかはん|うらあたかだいむぬ}}
:*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|うり{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top}} たかさん{{tag|adj}}{{tag|vz}}{{tag|sf}}|うらあ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top1}} たかだいむぬ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nz}} }}

==mvi-ryu tests==

* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|ならーすびーっみんかいいでぃい|しぇんしぇいたあしいくん}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|ならーすびーっみんかい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いでぃい{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|しぇんしぇいたあし{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}{{tag|sf}}}}

* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃうどぅみーたい|ぴいじゃあやんんじゃん}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃうどぅ {{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|foc}} みーたい{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}|ぴいじゃあや{{tag|n}}{{tag|foc}} んんじゃん{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sf}}}}

* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|かき|やあがかき|}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|かき{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|やあが{{tag|pprn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} かき{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}}}

* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|あいきーゆー|あっきんじゃん|}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|あいきー {{tag|v}}{{tag|cvb_abs}} ゆー{{tag|vaux}}|あっくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|sf}}}}

* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|うらあたかだいむぬ|うりやたかはん|}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|うらあ{{tag|pprn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top1}} たかだいむぬ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nz}}|うりや{{tag|pprn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top}} たかはん{{tag|adj}}{{tag|vz}}{{tag|sf}}}}

[[Category:Sp17_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Okinawan and Miyako/Lexical selection

2017-04-15T15:16:56Z

Aconant1: /* mvi → ryu */

==ryu → mvi ==
Hand and arm are the same word in Okinawan (てぃい), but different words in Miyako. If てぃい is followed by an instrumental, we are assuming it is hand.

* write with hand
*: {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|てぃいしかちゅん|てぃーひーかきー}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|てぃい{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} かちゅん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|てぃー{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} かきー{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

* the arm was punched
*: {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|てぃいすぐいん|うでぃーうどぅみらいたい}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|てぃい{{tag|n}} すぐいん{{tag|v}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pst}}|うでぃー{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} どぅみ{{tag|v}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pst}}}}

==mvi → ryu ==
はい can mean field, needle, or south, and is also a causative auxiliary verb. If it is followed by string, it is probably needle.

* needle and string
*: {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|はいとぅいとぅ|はあいとぅいいちゅう}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|はい{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} いとぅ{{tag|n}}|はあい{{tag|n}}{{tag|asc}} いいちゅう{{tag|n}}}}

* the goat eats in the field
*: {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃあはいんふぁう|ぴいじゃあやはたきんかかむん}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃ{{tag|n}}{{tag|top1}} はい{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}} ふぁう{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|ぴいじゃあ{{tag|n}}{{tag|top}} はたき{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc1}} かむん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

[[Category:Sp17_LexicalSelection]]

Okinawan and Miyako/Lexical selection

2017-04-15T15:16:12Z

Aconant1: /* ryu → mvi */

==ryu → mvi ==
Hand and arm are the same word in Okinawan (てぃい), but different words in Miyako. If てぃい is followed by an instrumental, we are assuming it is hand.

* write with hand
*: {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|てぃいしかちゅん|てぃーひーかきー}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|てぃい{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} かちゅん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|てぃー{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} かきー{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

* the arm was punched
*: {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|てぃいすぐいん|うでぃーうどぅみらいたい}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|てぃい{{tag|n}} すぐいん{{tag|v}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pst}}|うでぃー{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} どぅみ{{tag|v}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pst}}}}

==mvi → ryu ==
はい can mean field, needle, or south, and is also a causative auxiliary verb. If it is followed by string, it is probably needle.

* needle and string
*: {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|はいとぅいとぅ|はあいとぅいいちゅう}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|はい{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} いとぅ{{tag|n}}|はあい{{tag|n}}{{tag|asc}} いいちゅう{{tag|n}}}}

* the goat eats in the field
*: {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃあはいんふぁう|ぴいじゃあやはたきんかかむん}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃ{{tag|n}}{{tag|top1}} はい{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}} ふぁう{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|ぴいじゃあ{{tag|n}}{{tag|top}} はたき{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc1}} かむん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

Is dative correct for mvi?

[[Category:Sp17_LexicalSelection]]

Okinawan and Miyako/Lexical selection

2017-04-15T15:12:32Z

Aconant1: /* mvi → ryu */

==ryu → mvi ==
Hand and arm are the same word in Okinawan (てぃい), but different words in Miyako. If てぃい is followed by an instrumental, we are assuming it is hand.

* write with hand
*: {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|てぃいしかちゅん|てぃーひーかきー}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|てぃい{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} かちゅん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|てぃー{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} かきー{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

* the arm was punched
*: {{transferTest|ryu|mvi||うでぃーうどぅみらいたい}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|{{tag|n}} {{tag|v}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pst}}|うでぃー{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} どぅみ{{tag|v}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pst}}}}

==mvi → ryu ==
はい can mean field, needle, or south, and is also a causative auxiliary verb. If it is followed by string, it is probably needle.

* needle and string
*: {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|はいとぅいとぅ|はあいとぅいいちゅう}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|はい{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} いとぅ{{tag|n}}|はあい{{tag|n}}{{tag|asc}} いいちゅう{{tag|n}}}}

* the goat eats in the field
*: {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃあはいんふぁう|ぴいじゃあやはたきんかかむん}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃ{{tag|n}}{{tag|top1}} はい{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}} ふぁう{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|ぴいじゃあ{{tag|n}}{{tag|top}} はたき{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc1}} かむん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

Is dative correct for mvi?

[[Category:Sp17_LexicalSelection]]

Okinawan and Miyako/Lexical selection

2017-04-11T17:49:20Z

Aconant1: /* mvi → ryu */

==ryu → mvi ==
Hand and arm are the same word in Okinawan (<>), but different words in Miyako. If <> is followed by an instrumental, we are assuming it is hand.

* write with hand
*: {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|てぃいしかちゅん|てぃーひーかきー}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|てぃー{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} かちゅん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|てぃー{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} かきー{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

==mvi → ryu ==
はい can mean field, needle, or south, and is also a causative auxiliary verb. If it is followed by string, it is probably needle.

NOTE: The ryu grammar doesn't mention anything about the comitative case. I _think_ associative is somewhat analagous.

* needle and string
*: {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|はいとぅいとぅ|はあいとぅいいちゅう}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|はい{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} いとぅ{{tag|n}}|はあい{{tag|n}}{{tag|asc}} いいちゅう{{tag|n}}}}

[[Category:Sp17_LexicalSelection]]

Okinawan and Miyako/Lexical selection

2017-04-11T17:49:02Z

Aconant1: /* mvi → ryu */

==ryu → mvi ==
Hand and arm are the same word in Okinawan (<>), but different words in Miyako. If <> is followed by an instrumental, we are assuming it is hand.

* write with hand
*: {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|てぃいしかちゅん|てぃーひーかきー}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|てぃー{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} かちゅん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|てぃー{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} かきー{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

==mvi → ryu ==
はい can mean field, needle, or south, and is also a causative auxiliary verb. If it is followed by string, it is probably needle.

NOTE: The ryu grammar doesn't mention anything about the comitative case. I _think_ associated is somewhat analagous.

* needle and string
*: {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|はいとぅいとぅ|はあいとぅいいちゅう}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|はい{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} いとぅ{{tag|n}}|はあい{{tag|n}}{{tag|asc}} いいちゅう{{tag|n}}}}

[[Category:Sp17_LexicalSelection]]

Okinawan and Miyako/Lexical selection

2017-04-11T16:35:35Z

Aconant1: /* ryu → mvi */

==ryu → mvi ==
Hand and arm are the same word in Okinawan (<>), but different words in Miyako. If <> is followed by an instrumental, we are assuming it is hand.

* write with hand
*: {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|てぃいしかちゅん|てぃーひーかきー}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|てぃー{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} かちゅん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|てぃー{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} かきー{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

==mvi → ryu ==
はい can mean field, needle, or south, and is also a causative auxiliary verb. If it is followed by string, it is probably needle.

* needle and string
*: {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|はいとぅいとぅ|<>}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|はいとぅ {{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} いとぅ{{tag|n}}|<>}}

[[Category:Sp17_LexicalSelection]]

Okinawan and Miyako/Lexical selection

2017-04-11T16:20:50Z

Aconant1: /* ryu → mvi */

==ryu → mvi ==
Hand and arm are the same word in Okinawan (<>), but different words in Miyako. If <> is followed by an instrumental, we are assuming it is hand.

* write with hand
*: {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|<>|てぃーひーかきー}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|<>|てぃー{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} かきー{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

==mvi → ryu ==
はい can mean field, needle, or south, and is also a causative auxiliary verb. If it is followed by string, it is probably needle.

* needle and string
*: {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|はいとぅいとぅ|<>}}
*:: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|はいとぅ {{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} いとぅ{{tag|n}}|<>}}

[[Category:Sp17_LexicalSelection]]

Okinawan and Miyako/Contrastive Grammar

2017-04-04T16:30:18Z

Aconant1: /* mvi-ryu tests */

==Differences between Okinawan and Miyako==
*There are three locatives in Okinawan and one in Miyako.
*There are two allatives in Ikema and one in Okinawan.
*There is an accusative in Miyako but not in Okinawan.
*There is an associative in Okinawan but not in Miyako.
*Medial verbs appear frequently in Okinawan (indicating simultaneous or sequential verbs), but do not seem to appear in Ikema Miyako (though they do in Irabu).
*It seems that pronouns (in particular, second person singular) are dropped more often in Miyako than in Okinawan.
*When discussing when things happen (e.g. I went when I was 10), Miyako has a couple of examples that have a word meaning time, but Okinawan does not seem to have anything equivalent.
*In Okinawan, progressive is expressed with a suffix on the verb. In Miyako, a converb plus the continuous expresses the same idea.
*In Miyako, an adjective is always produced from an adjective stem plus a nominalizer. In Okinawan, either an adverbializer or a verbializer is added to an adjective stem, depending on whether it is to be negated or not.

==ryu-mvi tests==

* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|しぇんしぇいたあしいくん|ならーすびーっみんかいいでぃい}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|しぇんしぇいたあし{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}{{tag|sf}}|ならーすびーっみんかい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いでぃい{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|ぴいじゃあやんんじゃん|ひんじゃうどぅみーたい}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|ぴいじゃあや{{tag|n}}{{tag|foc}} んんじゃん{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sf}}|ひんじゃうどぅ {{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|foc}} みーたい{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}}}

* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|やあがかき|かきる}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|やあが{{tag|pprn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} かき{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|かきる{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}}}

* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|あっきんじゃん|あいきーゆー}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|あっくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|sf}}|あいきー {{tag|v}}{{tag|cvb_abs}} ゆー{{tag|cont}}}}

* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|うりやたかはん|うらあたかだいむぬ}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|うりや{{tag|pprn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top}} たかはん{{tag|adj}}{{tag|vz}}{{tag|sf}}|うらあ{{tag|pprn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top1}} たかだいむぬ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nz}} }}

==mvi-ryu tests==

* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|ならーすびーっみんかいいでぃい|しぇんしぇいたあしいくん}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|ならーすびーっみんかい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いでぃい{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}|しぇんしぇいたあし{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}{{tag|sf}}}}

* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃうどぅみーたい|ぴいじゃあやんんじゃん}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|ひんじゃうどぅ {{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|foc}} みーたい{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}|ぴいじゃあや{{tag|n}}{{tag|foc}} んんじゃん{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sf}}}}

* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|かきる|やあがかき|}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|かきる{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|やあが{{tag|pprn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} かき{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}}}

* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|あいきーゆー|あっきんじゃん|}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|あいきー {{tag|v}}{{tag|cvb_abs}} ゆー{{tag|cont}}|あっくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|sf}}}}

* {{transferTest|mvi|ryu|うらあたかだいむぬ|うりやたかはん|}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mvi|ryu|うらあ{{tag|pprn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top1}} たかだいむぬ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nz}}|うりや{{tag|pprn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top}} たかはん{{tag|adj}}{{tag|vz}}{{tag|sf}}}}

[[Category:Sp17_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Okinawan and Miyako/Contrastive Grammar

2017-04-04T16:26:26Z

Aconant1:

==Differences between Okinawan and Miyako==
*There are three locatives in Okinawan and one in Miyako.
*There are two allatives in Ikema and one in Okinawan.
*There is an accusative in Miyako but not in Okinawan.
*There is an associative in Okinawan but not in Miyako.
*Medial verbs appear frequently in Okinawan (indicating simultaneous or sequential verbs), but do not seem to appear in Ikema Miyako (though they do in Irabu).
*It seems that pronouns (in particular, second person singular) are dropped more often in Miyako than in Okinawan.
*When discussing when things happen (e.g. I went when I was 10), Miyako has a couple of examples that have a word meaning time, but Okinawan does not seem to have anything equivalent.
*In Okinawan, progressive is expressed with a suffix on the verb. In Miyako, a converb plus the continuous expresses the same idea.
*In Miyako, an adjective is always produced from an adjective stem plus a nominalizer. In Okinawan, either an adverbializer or a verbializer is added to an adjective stem, depending on whether it is to be negated or not.

==ryu-mvi tests==

* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|しぇんしぇいたあしいくん|ならーすびーっみんかいいでぃい}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|しぇんしぇいたあし{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}{{tag|sf}}|ならーすびーっみんかい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いでぃい{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|ぴいじゃあやんんじゃん|ひんじゃうどぅみーたい}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|ぴいじゃあや{{tag|n}}{{tag|foc}} んんじゃん{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sf}}|ひんじゃうどぅ {{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|foc}} みーたい{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}}}

* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|やあがかき|かきる}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|やあが{{tag|pprn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} かき{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|かきる{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}}}

* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|あっきんじゃん|あいきーゆー}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|あっくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|sf}}|あいきー {{tag|v}}{{tag|cvb_abs}} ゆー{{tag|cont}}}}

* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|うりやたかはん|うらあたかだいむぬ}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|うりや{{tag|pprn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top}} たかはん{{tag|adj}}{{tag|vz}}{{tag|sf}}|うらあ{{tag|pprn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top1}} たかだいむぬ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nz}} }}

==mvi-ryu tests==

* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|しぇんしぇいたあしいくん|ならーすびーっみんかいいでぃい}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|しぇんしぇいたあし{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}{{tag|sf}}|ならーすびーっみんかい{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|all}} いでぃい{{tag|v}}{{tag|npst}}}}

* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|ぴいじゃあやんんじゃん|ひんじゃうどぅみーたい}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|ぴいじゃあや{{tag|n}}{{tag|foc}} んんじゃん{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sf}}|ひんじゃうどぅ {{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|foc}} みーたい{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}}}

* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|やあがかき|かきる}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|やあが{{tag|pprn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} かき{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|かきる{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}}}

* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|あっきんじゃん|あいきーゆー}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|あっくん{{tag|v}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|sf}}|あいきー {{tag|v}}{{tag|cvb_abs}} ゆー{{tag|cont}}}}

* {{transferTest|ryu|mvi|うりやたかはん|うらあたかだいむぬ}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|ryu|mvi|うりや{{tag|pprn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top}} たかはん{{tag|adj}}{{tag|vz}}{{tag|sf}}|うらあ{{tag|pprn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|top1}} たかだいむぬ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nz}} }}

[[Category:Sp17_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Okinawan and Miyako/Contrastive Grammar

2017-04-04T16:25:38Z

Aconant1: /* ryu-mvi tests */

Okinawan and Miyako/Contrastive Grammar

2017-04-04T16:12:47Z

Aconant1: /* Differences between Okinawan and Miyako */

Okinawan and Miyako/Contrastive Grammar

2017-04-04T16:08:29Z

Aconant1: /* ryu-mvi tests */

Okinawan and Miyako/Contrastive Grammar

2017-04-04T14:50:49Z

Aconant1: /* ryu-mvi tests */

Okinawan and Miyako/Contrastive Grammar

2017-04-04T14:38:48Z

Aconant1: /* ryu-mvi tests */

Okinawan and Miyako/Contrastive Grammar

2017-04-04T14:27:15Z

Aconant1: /* ryu-mvi tests */

Okinawan and Miyako/Contrastive Grammar

2017-04-04T14:23:38Z

Aconant1:

Okinawan and Miyako/Contrastative Grammar

2017-04-04T14:04:51Z

Aconant1: Blanked the page

Okinawan and Miyako

2017-03-18T00:38:41Z

Aconant1:

== Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Okinawan Okinawan] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miyako Miyako] ==

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/https://github.swarthmore.edu/aconant1/ling073-ryu-mvi-corpus Parallel corpus repo]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Okinawan_and_Miyako/Contrastive_Grammar Contrastive grammar]

[[Category:Sp17_TranslationPairs]]

Okinawan and Miyako

2017-03-16T15:32:16Z

Aconant1:

== Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Okinawan Okinawan] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miyako Miyako] ==

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/https://github.swarthmore.edu/aconant1/ling073-ryu-mvi-corpus Parallel corpus repo]
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Okinawan_and_Miyako/Contrastive_Grammar Contrastive grammar]

[[Category:Sp17_TranslationPairs]]