http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Asingh5LING073 - User contributions [en]2026-11-14T02:59:36ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.27.7http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Wichita_and_English/Ambiguity_Resolution&diff=28420Wichita and English/Ambiguity Resolution2026-05-05T00:12:38Z<p>Asingh5: /* WIC→ENG */</p>
<hr />
<div>==WIC==<br />
Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity: 1.23<br />
<br />
Initial Coverage: 69.11%<br />
<br />
Final Evaluation of Ambiguity: 1.0<br />
<br />
Final Coverage: 71.26%<br />
<br />
https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp26/ling073-wic-eng<br />
<br />
===First Form of Ambiguity===<br />
<br />
hita = edge and bank<br />
<br />
nahitéːhárih aːríːwaːwaˀas. = They ate beside the creek.<br />
<br />
wahitéːtiskih nahiˀiyassissah kiyakí;ctawiːːˀi hakoːcitih = When he was getting onto the bank, having gotten across the water, it was hard for him to get back outside.<br />
<br />
===Second Form of Ambiguity===<br />
<br />
khac = white and pure<br />
<br />
kˀítaːkskhac wéraˀ hasˀaːˀákicitaːheˀeh. = White coyote must he had his knife with him. <br />
<br />
keˀeséːcˀiriyari hinníˀ keˀeskihaːkhachanniwihi. = You will shake your head and you will throw me into the pure water.<br />
<br />
===Third Form of Ambiguity===<br />
<br />
neˀeːh = chicken and turkey<br />
<br />
neˀeːh háskeˀekíːchaseˀéːskih = They used to dance the turkey dance<br />
<br />
teːs tacˀarharaˀas neˀeːh = He was bringing corn to chickens<br />
<br />
==WIC→ENG==<br />
<br />
===Generalizations:===<br />
1. In Wichita, "hita" can mean "bank" (as in riverbank), or "edge". When used in the context of a river, "bank" is used, edge is used anywhere else.<br />
<br />
<rule weight="1.2"><br />
<match lemma="hita"/><br />
<match lemma="haː" tags="n.*"><br />
<select lemma="bank" tags="n.*"/><br />
</match><br />
</rule><br />
<br />
<rule><br />
<match lemma="hita" tags="n.*"><br />
<select lemma="edge" tags="n.*"/><br />
</match><br />
</rule><br />
<br />
2. "Khac" can mean "white" or "pure". "White" is used when describing animals and "pure" is used anywhere else.<br />
<br />
<rule weight="1.2"><br />
<match lemma="khac" tags="adj.*"><br />
<select lemma="white" tags="adj.*"/><br />
</match><br />
<or><br />
<seq n="nonhumanthings"/><br />
</or><br />
</rule><br />
<br />
<rule><br />
<match lemma="khac" tags="adj.*"><br />
<select lemma="pure" tags="adj.*"/><br />
</match><br />
</rule><br />
<br />
3. "neˀeːh" refers to both "chicken" and "turkey". "Turkey" is prominently only used in the form of 'turkey-dance' a Wichita cultural dance, while chicken is used in most other contexts.<br />
<br />
<rule weight="1.2"><br />
<match lemma="neˀeːh" tags="n.*"><br />
<select lemma="turkey" tags="n.*"/><br />
</match><br />
<match lemma="ˀichasaˀiː"/><br />
</rule><br />
<br />
<rule><br />
<match lemma="neˀeːh" tags="n.*"><br />
<select lemma="chicken" tags="n.*"/><br />
</match><br />
</rule><br />
<br />
[[Category: Sp26_AmbiguityResolution]] [[Category: Wichita]] [[Category: English]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Category:Sp21_LanguageSelection&diff=27921Category:Sp21 LanguageSelection2026-03-26T14:59:52Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>These are Spring 2021 student submissions for the [[language selection]] assignment. These are due by the beginning of class on February 16, 2021.<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! username !! name !! language !! ISO 639-3 !! Area || affiliation<br />
|-<br />
| cayoh1 & erice1 || Christine Ayoh & Enora Rice || [[Tiwi]] || <code>tiw</code> || Australia (Bathurst and Melville Islands, Northern Territory) || isolate<br />
|-<br />
| tfeshba1 || Talia Feshbach || [[Ladino]] || <code>lad</code> || Israel, Turkey|| Indo-European > Iberian Romance<br />
|-<br />
| sjones5 & rvelasc1 || Shane Jones and Cisco Vel || [[Miskito]] || <code>miq</code> || Eastern Nicaragua & Honduras (North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region, neighbouring areas) || Misumalpan<br />
|-<br />
| rkamal1 || Rezhwan Kamal || [[Central Kurdish]] || <code>ckb</code> || Iraq, Kurdistan Region || Indo-European > NW Iranian<br />
|-<br />
| shuang4 & jlopezn1 || Sherry Huang and Jorge Lopez-Nava || [[Purépecha]] || <code>tsz</code> || Mexico, Michoacan || isolate<br />
|-<br />
| mfergus3 & tmou1 || Tillie Ferguson and Timothy Mou || [[Biak]] || <code>bhw</code> || Biak, other small islands near Western New Guinea || Austronesian > SHWNG<br />
|-<br />
| wball1 & pwheele1 || William Ball and Patrick Wheeler || [[Magahi]] || <code>mag</code> || Eastern India, Terai region, Nepal || Indo-European > Indic<br />
|-<br />
| tdorji1 & zwang6 || Tshering Dorji and Ziji Wang || [[Dzongkha]] || <code>dzo</code> || Bhutan (Haa, Paro, Punakha, and Wangdue Phodrang districts) || Tibeto-Burman > Tibetic<br />
|-<br />
| rlin1 & kthomps2 || Rebecca Lin and Kayla Thompson || [[Waray]] || <code>war</code> || Phillipines || Austronesian > Central Philippine<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Language selection]]<br />
[[Category:Assignments]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2021]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Category:Sp21_LanguageSelection&diff=27920Category:Sp21 LanguageSelection2026-03-26T14:59:37Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>These are Spring 2021 student submissions for the [[language selection]] assignment. These are due by the beginning of class on February 16, 2021.<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! username !! name !! language !! ISO 639-3 !! Area || affiliation<br />
|-<br />
| cayoh1 & erice1 || Christine Ayoh & Enora Rice || [[Tiwi]] || <code>tiw</code> || Australia (Bathurst and Melville Islands, Northern Territory) || isolate<br />
|-<br />
| tfeshba1 || Talia Feshbach || [[Ladino]] || <code>lad</code> || Israel, Turkey|| Indo-European > Iberian Romance<br />
|-<br />
| sjones5 & rvelasc1 || Shane Jones and Cisco Vel || [[Miskito]] || <code>miq</code> || Eastern Nicaragua & Honduras (North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region, neighbouring areas) || Misumalpan<br />
|-<br />
| rkamal1 || Rezhwan Kamal || [[Central Kurdish]] || <code>ckb</code> || Iraq, Kurdistan Region || Indo-European > NW Iranian<br />
|-<br />
| shuang4 & jlopezn1 || Sherry Huang and Jorge Lopez-Nava || [[Purépecha]] || <code>tsz</code> || Mexico, Michoacan || isolate<br />
|-<br />
| mfergus3 & tmou1 || Tillie Ferguson and Timothy Mou || [[Biak]] || <code>bhw</code> || Biak, other small islands near Western New Guinea || Austronesian > SHWNG<br />
|-<br />
| wball1 & pwheele1 || William Ball and Patrick Wheeler || [[Magahi]] || <code>mag</code> || Eastern India || Indo-European > Indic<br />
|-<br />
| tdorji1 & zwang6 || Tshering Dorji and Ziji Wang || [[Dzongkha]] || <code>dzo</code> || Bhutan (Haa, Paro, Punakha, and Wangdue Phodrang districts) || Tibeto-Burman > Tibetic<br />
|-<br />
| rlin1 & kthomps2 || Rebecca Lin and Kayla Thompson || [[Waray]] || <code>war</code> || Phillipines || Austronesian > Central Philippine<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Language selection]]<br />
[[Category:Assignments]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2021]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Mandinka/keyboard&diff=27266Mandinka/keyboard2026-02-20T22:11:57Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Justification == <br />
The official writing system for the Mandinka language is the Latin script. However, Mandinka has been written in the Arabic script for much longer and continues to be widely used. A third writing system for the Mandinka language is the N'Ko script, a pan-Manding writing system developed in 1949. We wanted to experiment with developing a keyboard layout that utilized both the N'Ko and Arabic scripts together.<br />
<br />
== Existing Resources ==<br />
''' N'Ko Resources''':<br />
* '''N'Ko Keyboard''' [https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/globalization/keyboards/kbdnko] (Windows): This keyboard was developed as part of Microsoft's "Globalization Essentials", a series of resources designed to support a number of languages. <br />
<br />
* '''N'Ko Qwerty''' [https://nkolearner.com/nkoboard/] (Windows): This keyboard utilizes the QWERTY layout to support N'Ko. The philosophy is to make it easier to type in N'Ko without learning a new keyboard layout, though the question remains of who it would be easier for.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Arabic Script Resources''':<br />
<br />
* '''Ajami Keyboard ''' [https://sites.bu.edu/ria/mandinka/mandinka-keyboard/] {Boston University}: Developed by Jamra Patel for keyboard<br />
<br />
<br />
== Mandinka Keyboard (Dual) == <br />
<br />
<br />
{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|ء|'|߷}} {{kbdkey|١|߁}} {{kbdkey|٢|߂}} {{kbdkey|٣|߃}} {{kbdkey|٤|߄}} {{kbdkey|٥|߅}} {{kbdkey|٦|߆}} {{kbdkey|٧|߇}} {{kbdkey|٨|߈|}} {{kbdkey|٩|߉|}} {{kbdkey|٠|߀}} {{kbdkey|◌ً|-}} {{kbdkey|◌ٍ|&#61;}} }}<br />
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|ڧ|ߔ}} {{kbdkey|و|ߢ}} {{kbdkey|ر |ߣ}} {{kbdkey|ت|ߥ}} {{kbdkey|ي|ߦ}} {{kbdkey|ߙ|◌ٍ}} {{kbdkey|◌ِ|ߗ}} {{kbdkey|◌ࣸ|ߜ}} {{kbdkey|ٻ|ߢ}} {{kbdkey|[|ߡ}} {{kbdkey|]|ߤ}} {{kbdkey|]|ߒ }} {{kbdkey|\|{{!}}}} }}<br />
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|ا|ߏ}} {{kbdkey|س|ߎ}} {{kbdkey|د|ߍ}} {{kbdkey|ڢ|ߌ}} {{kbdkey|غ|ߋ}} {{kbdkey|ه|ߊ}} {{kbdkey|ج|ߖ}} {{kbdkey|ک|ߝ}} {{kbdkey|ل|ߣ}} {{kbdkey|◌ّ|ߕ}} {{kbdkey|◌َ|ߓ|}} }}<br />
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|پ|\|}} {{kbdkey|ع|ߐ}} {{kbdkey|څ|.|}} {{kbdkey|ح|'}} {{kbdkey|ب|'}} {{kbdkey|ں|~}} {{kbdkey|م|ߟ}} {{kbdkey|'|ߛ}} {{kbdkey|،|ߘ|}} {{kbdkey|◌ْ|ߞ}} }}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: Sp26_KeyboardLayouts]]<br />
[[Category: Mandinka]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu/Keyboard&diff=26971Limbu/Keyboard2026-02-15T19:08:12Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>===Existing Resources:===<br />
<br />
1) Limbu keyboard (maybe standardized already available online for desktop and android (made by a Nepali artist) [I believe this may not be ideal for the language]:<br />
<br />
(https://sanchabirsubba.com/product/limbu-keyboard-limbu-india-keyboard-for-pc/?srsltid=AfmBOoprcUC-kpNycaEBzDCe5flHQc7EwfF6FihDcs7PMmDBHdqfuU-v)<br />
<br />
2) Available for free online:<br />
<br />
(https://keymanweb.com/#lif-limb,Keyboard_sil_limbu_typewriter)<br />
<br />
===Developed resources:===<br />
<br />
Git Repo: <br />
<br />
1) Swat (https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-lif-keyboard.git)<br />
<br />
2) Public (https://github.com/avyayasingh/Limbu_Keyboard)<br />
<br />
My layout for the Limbu language in its indigenous Sirijanga script is as follows (it modifies the existing resource to be better suited for the consistency of the language [with respect to frequent usage and vowels] and streamlines it):<br />
<br />
{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey| ᤲ|~}} {{kbdkey|᥇|᥄}} {{kbdkey|᥈|@}} {{kbdkey|᥉|#}} {{kbdkey|᥊|रु|$}} {{kbdkey|᥋|%}} {{kbdkey|᥌|^}} {{kbdkey|᥍|&}} {{kbdkey|᥎|*}} {{kbdkey|᥏|(}} {{kbdkey|᥆|)}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|&#61;|+}} }}<br />
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|ᤀ|ᤌ}} {{kbdkey|ᤒ|ᤓ}} {{kbdkey|ᤍ|ᤎ}} {{kbdkey|ᤈ|ᤉ}} {{kbdkey|ᤃ|ᤄ}} {{kbdkey|ᤛ|ᤚ}} {{kbdkey|ᤘ|ᤫ}} {{kbdkey|ᤖ|ᤪ|ᤷ}} {{kbdkey|ᤕ|ᤩ}} {{kbdkey|ᤠ|ᤨ}} {{kbdkey|ᤧ|[|{}} {{kbdkey|ᤣ|]|} }} {{kbdkey|ᤡ|{{!}}}} }}<br />
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|ᤏ|ᤴ}} {{kbdkey|ᤅ|ᤱ}} {{kbdkey|ᤋ|ᤳ}} {{kbdkey|ᤁ|ᤰ|ᤀᤥᤲ}} {{kbdkey|ᤐ|ᤵ}} {{kbdkey|ᤗ|ᤸ}} {{kbdkey|ᤔ|ᤶ}} {{kbdkey|ᤢ}} {{kbdkey|ᤥ|᤹}} {{kbdkey|ᤤ|:}} {{kbdkey|ᤦ|'|"}} }}<br />
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|ᤊ|ᤝ}} {{kbdkey|ᤂ|ᤞ}} {{kbdkey|ᤑ}} {{kbdkey|ᤆ}} {{kbdkey|ᤇ|<}} {{kbdkey|ᤙ|>}} {{kbdkey|ᤜ|;}} {{kbdkey|,|᤺|᤻}} {{kbdkey|॥|।|᥀}} {{kbdkey|/|᥅}} }}<br />
<br />
There are no deadkeys or combinations of keys for the sake of simplicity.<br />
<br />
However, all vowels and some consonant endings can be counted (technically) as deadkeys as they add their diacritic mark to the existing letter to form a single glyph.<br />
<br />
Thus:<br />
<br />
(Markers)<br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤲ = '''ᤁᤲ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤺ = '''ᤁ᤺''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤻ = '''ᤁ᤻'''<br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤹ = '''ᤁ᤹''' <br />
<br />
(Consonant Endings)<br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤰ = '''ᤁᤰ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤱ = '''ᤁᤱ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤳ = '''ᤁᤳ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤏ = '''ᤁᤴ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤵ = '''ᤁᤵ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤸ = '''ᤁᤸ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤶ = '''ᤁᤶ'''<br />
<br />
(Consonant Clusters)<br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤪ = '''ᤁᤪ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤩ = '''ᤁᤩ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤫ = '''ᤁᤫ'''<br />
<br />
(Vowels)<br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤨ = '''ᤁᤨ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤠ = '''ᤁᤠ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤧ = '''ᤁᤧ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤣ = '''ᤁᤣ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤡ = '''ᤁᤡ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤢ = '''ᤁᤢ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤥ = '''ᤁᤥ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤤ = '''ᤁᤤ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤦ = '''ᤁᤦ'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Justification:'''<br />
<br />
I based my keyboard on the already existing one designed by a (seemingly) non-Limbu Nepali artist. I grouped the vowels together to the right for ease of access as in the old keyboard they were scattered, which in my view would lead to confusion as the vowels in languages such as Limbu which use an abugida, are not to be treated as separate letters, but only as diacritic markers, therefore, a quick way to access them to me seems desirable. Additionally, I grouped all standard forms of the consonants in the lower case, with their endings and cluster forms in the upper case. The unused and unutilized ᤨ is also grouped in the upper case. I added the lesser used letters on the upper case, keeping a pattern of letters and their aspirated forms, and the Nepali foreign language letters were also placed in the upper case as they are not used. I replaced all numbers with the Sirijanga numbers, and all punctuations with their Sirijanga forms, and grouped unused punctuation marks and glyphs in the upper case and in some cases the AltGr case. Additionally I streamlined the entire keyboard and added the “om” character in its middle as a final step, signifying Limbu’s deep ties to its religious scriptures in its indigenous religion of Kirat Mundhum.<br />
<br />
===Installation:===<br />
To install:<br />
* Install IBus<br />
* Clone repo<br />
* Copy lif.mim to ~/.m17n.d/ directory<br />
* Restart IBus<br />
* Find and enable t-sirijanga-lif in Other<br />
<br />
===License:===<br />
<br />
MIT License<br />
<br />
Copyright (c) 2025 Avyaya Singh<br />
<br />
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell<br />
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:<br />
<br />
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.<br />
<br />
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp25_KeyboardLayouts]]<br />
[[Category:Keyboard_layouts]]<br />
[[Category:Limbu]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Language_selection&diff=26422Language selection2026-01-23T15:23:54Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>In Ling 073, everyone will be applying the topics of the class to an under-resourced language of their choice throughout the semester. Students will [for the most part] work in pairs on a single language, but no two pairs will work on the same language.<br />
<br />
Note: ''If you have a strong desire to work on language that is normally regarded as entirely "isolating", some accommodations may be made, but you should talk with the professor about it immediately.''<br />
<br />
== Morphological typology ==<br />
<br />
'''Morphological typology''' is a simple way of talking in approximate terms about how words in a language are generally formed.<br />
<br />
You can reference the [[:wikipedia:Morphological typology|Wikipedia article on Morphological typology]] to get a good overview of the possible categories and to figure out how a given language (whose grammar you're able to learn a little bit about) might fit the typology.<br />
<br />
== Considerations for language selection ==<br />
<br />
* Ideally, you should choose a language with '''at least some interesting morphological processes'''.<br />
* You'll need some ''authentic text'' (i.e., text produced by native speakers, even if not standardised) in this language, whether from documents found online, an excerpt of published text that you type up, someone's twitter account, or sample sentences from a grammar. See [[Building Corpora#Places to look for corpora|Places to look for corpora]] for more info.<br />
* Because of the above, it's easiest to choose a language with '''a written standard''' of one sort or other. Some languages have more than one written standard (which is fine!) and some are subsumed under some other language's written standard (which makes it harder). If the documentation and corpora you identify all use linguist transcriptions, this can also work, but isn't ideal.<br />
* You need to choose a language that doesn't have [many] existing computational resources; '''specific exclusions''' listed below:<br />
<br />
=== Languages you may not choose ===<br />
* No languages supported by big corporate translation systems like '''[http://translate.google.com Google translate]''', '''[https://www.bing.com/translator Bing Translator]''', or '''[https://translate.yandex.com/ Yandex Translate]''', however poor-quality.<br />
* No languages supported by '''[https://beta.apertium.org Apertium]''' (you should check either the [https://apertium.github.io/apertium-on-github/source-browser.html Apertium source browser] or the packages listed on [https://github.com/apertium/ Apertium's Github account]).<br />
:: Note: ''If you really want, you may indicate your preference to work on an Apertium language listed as "[https://github.com/apertium/apertium-incubator incubator]", but if you do end up working on it, you will basically be expected to start from scratch for each assignment and ignore what's available from Apertium except to augment your resources later''<br />
* No [http://giellatekno.uit.no/all-lang.eng.html languages supported by '''Giellatekno'''].<br />
* No '''historical languages''' unless with special permission; there should be <em>some</em> current speech community—ideally L1—even if small. Here I do not mean to exclude languages which may have recently lost their last fluent speakers, but languages like Classical Maya, Middle Japanese, or Old Church Slavonic.<br />
* No '''conlangs''' unless with special permission; again, the point is to build tools that are potentially useful to a language community (of conlangs with L1 speakers, Esperanto speakers have plenty of resources, and the rest—e.g. Klingon-speakers—can fend for themselves)<br />
* No languages chosen in a '''previous semester''' (see below)<br />
<br />
=== Languages chosen in previous semesters ===<br />
Again, these are '''languages to avoid''' in your selection.<br />
<div style="column-count:3;-moz-column-count:3;-webkit-column-count:3"><br />
* [[Adyghe]] (2022)<br />
* [[Ainu]] (2017)<br />
* [[Amis]] (2023)<br />
* [[Berik]] (2018)<br />
* [[Belizean Creole]] (2025)<br />
* [[Biak]] (2021)<br />
* [[Bikol]] (2017)<br />
* ''[[Blackfoot]]'' (2017)<br />
* [[Burushaski]] (2019)<br />
* [[Chamorro]] (2017)<br />
* [[Chechen]] (2019)<br />
* [[Dhivehi]] (2019)<br />
* [[Dzongkha]] (2021)<br />
* [[Extremaduran]] (2018)<br />
* ''[[Even]]'' (2023)<br />
* [[Fijian]] (2018)<br />
* [[Guarani]] (2017)<br />
* [[Hokkien]] (2022)<br />
* ''[[Hiaki]]'' (2017)<br />
* [[Huaylas Quechua]] (2023)<br />
* ''[[Innu]]'' (2017)<br />
* [[Japhug]] (2023)<br />
* [[Jeju]] (2017)<br />
* [[Judeo-Tat]] (2017)<br />
* [[Kaingang]] (2019)<br />
* [[Kalmyk]] (2017)<br />
* [[Kamba]] (2023)<br />
* [[Khasi]] (2017)<br />
* [[Kikuyu]] (2017)<br />
* [[Ladino]] (2021)<br />
* [[Lakota]] (2022)<br />
* [[Lingala]] (2017)<br />
* [[Limbu|Limbu/Yakthung]] (2025)<br />
* [[Magahi]] (2021)<br />
* [[Mirandese|Mirandés]] (2023)<br />
* [[Miskito]] (2021)<br />
* [[Mixe|Totontepec Mixe]] (2022)<br />
* [[Miyako]] (2017)<br />
* [[Munsee]] (2025)<br />
* [[Navajo]] (2022)<br />
* ''[[Neapolitan]]'' (2017)<br />
* [[Nheengatú]] (2022)<br />
* ''[[Neo-Aramaic| Neo-Aramaic (Assyrian)]]'' (2018)<br />
* [[Nivkh]] (2019)<br />
* [[Nuosu]] (2022)<br />
* [[Okinawan]] (2017)<br />
* [[Plattdüütsch]] (2025)<br />
* [[Purépecha|Pʼurhépecha]] (2021)<br />
* [[Rungus]] (2025)<br />
* [[Sebat Bet Gurage]] (2025)<br />
* [[Siberian Yupik]] (2022)<br />
* [[Shan]] (2023)<br />
* [[Shanghainese]] (2025)<br />
* [[Central Kurdish|Sorani Kurdish]] (2021)<br />
* ''[[Standard Tibetan]]'' (2018)<br />
* ''[[Tigrinya]]'' (2018)<br />
* [[Tiwi]] (2021)<br />
* [[Tongan]] (2017)<br />
* [[Uyghur]] (2025)<br />
* [[Urum]] (2023)<br />
* [[Walloon|Wallon]] (2025)<br />
* [[Wamesa]] (2017)<br />
* [[Waray]] (2021)<br />
* [[Western Abenaki]] (2023)<br />
* [[Wolof]] (Senegalese) (2023)<br />
* [[Wôpanâak]] (2017)<br />
* [[Warlpiri]] (2017)<br />
* ''[[Yoruba]]'' (2021)<br />
<br />
</div><br />
<br />
''Languages in italics were not implemented in translation pipelines.''<br />
<br />
== Random list of languages that might work ==<br />
The following is a list of languages with few to no relevant computational resources which otherwise appear to meet the criteria I set up. You can use this list for <b>inspiration, a place to start,</b> or even just as a place to <b>randomly choose a language to work on</b>. The same list [[Language selection/By region|organised by region]] is also available.<br />
<div style="column-count:3;-moz-column-count:3;-webkit-column-count:3"><br />
* Kabardian<br />
* Shor<br />
* Ndebele (Northern)<br />
* Arrernte<br />
* Iatmul<br />
* Beja<br />
* Garifuna<br />
* Arhuaco/Ikʉ<br />
* Mapudungun<br />
* Rohingya<br />
* Platduuts (nds-nl)<br />
* Alemannisch (any southern German)<br />
* Lepcha<br />
* Pontic Greek<br />
* Tigre<br />
* Kabyle<br />
* Mandinka<br />
* Lezgian<br />
* Denaʼina<br />
* Wakhi<br />
* Luri<br />
* Lari<br />
* a Mixe variety (other than <code>mto</code>)<br />
* Chatino<br />
* Tamasheq<br />
* Kanza<br />
* Jicarilla Apache<br />
* Mazandarani<br />
* Udege<br />
* Lenakel/Netwar<br />
* Nauru<br />
* Newari<br />
* Garhwali<br />
* Kimwani<br />
* (Serer-)Noon<br />
* Gambian Wolof<br />
* Dagbani<br />
* Totonac (Sierra, Misantla, or Upper Necaxa)<br />
* Ingush<br />
* Lak<br />
* Benchnon<br />
* Turkana<br />
* Marshallese<br />
* Dolgan<br />
* Rgyalrong (other than Japhug)<br />
* Dangaura Tharu<br />
* a Zapotec variety (other than <code>zab</code>)<br />
* a Cree variety (other than <code>moe</code>)<br />
* Ladakhi<br />
* a Mixtec variety<br />
* Balti<br />
* Zazaki<br />
* Gorani<br />
* Khowar/Chitrali<br />
* Tai Nüa<br />
* Tai Lue<br />
* Muysca<br />
* Chindali<br />
* Otoro<br />
* a Lahuli variety<br />
* Crow / Apsáalooke<br />
* Ayer Tuareg / Air Tamajeq<br />
* Hadza<br />
* Apurinã<br />
* Jola-Fonyi<br />
* Eastern Maninka<br />
* Rapa Nui<br />
* Atikamekw<br />
* Nobiin<br />
* Talysh<br />
* Yanyuwa<br />
* Ojibwemowin / Anishinaabemowin (any variety)<br />
* Kimîîru / Meru<br />
* Jahai<br />
* Khoekhoe / Nama<br />
* Natchez<br />
* Mru<br />
* Kosraean<br />
* Pohnpeian<br />
* Chuukese<br />
* Yapese<br />
* Emiliano-Romagnolo<br />
* Banjarese<br />
* Doteli<br />
* Chabacano<br />
* Seneca<br />
* Shehri/Jibbali<br />
* Soqotri<br />
* Oroqen<br />
* Oroch<br />
* Negidal<br />
* Arikara<br />
* Wichita<br />
* Caddo<br />
* Pawnee<br />
* Nez Perce / Nimipuutímt<br />
* Yakan<br />
* Aʼingae<br />
* Sranan<br />
* Kabuverdianu (Cape Verdean Creole)<br />
* Kalabari/Ibani<br />
* Oʼodham<br />
* Ute<br />
* Krio (Sierra Leone Creole)<br />
* Klamath-Modoc<br />
* Cahuilla / Ivilyuat<br />
* Kickapoo<br />
* Aleut / Unangam Tunuu<br />
* Zuni / Shiwiʼma<br />
* Tutelo<br />
* Kweyol Dominik<br />
* Trinidadian Creole<br />
* Cham<br />
* Wagiman<br />
* (Kadazan/)Dusun<br />
* Dunan (Yonaguni)<br />
* Rumeyka<br />
* San Andrés Creole<br />
* Fante or any other Central Tano language (other than <code>twi</code>)<br />
* Mooré/Mossi<br />
* any Gbe variety (other than <code>ewe</code>)<br />
* Daur<br />
* Ahom<br />
* Bouyei<br />
* Domari<br />
* any Romani variety<br />
* Limburgish (any variety)<br />
* Tunica<br />
* Lomongo<br />
* Kalamang<br />
* Bunaq<br />
* Makasae<br />
* Fataluku<br />
* Dungan<br />
* Kumiai/Tiipai/ʼIipai<br />
* Katë<br />
* Svan<br />
* Laz<br />
* Passamaquoddy<br />
* Osage<br />
* Wa<br />
</div><br />
<br />
=== Languages no longer on the list ===<br />
<br />
A few languages that used to be on this list but have had other people (elsewhere, e.g. Apertium) do some work on them since being put on the list: Evenki, Bhojpuri, Santali, Konkani, Saraiki.<br />
<br />
Removed from list because now covered by Google: Kinyarwanda, Oromo, Maithili, Somali, Twi, Hunsrik, Fula/Pular/Fulani/Fulfulde, Siswati, Kabiye, Dinka, Balinese, Balochi, Mam, Afar, Mizo, Akan (as "Twi").<br />
<br />
'''These languages aren't normally available to work on.'''<br />
<br />
== The assignment ==<br />
<!-- By the beginning of the Thursday class during the first week of classes (this semester: '''14:00 on 16 February 2021'''), turn in the following: --><br />
By the time of class on '''Monday''' of the second week of classes (this semester: '''9:55 on 26 January 2026'''), turn in the following:<br />
# Make a page on the wiki:<br />
#* '''Create a "Language selection" page''' under your userpage (<code>wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/User:student1/Language_selection</code>, replacing <code>student1</code> with your username).<br />
#* At the very top, mention '''who you might like to work with''' in a pair. This could be anything from "someone who knows linguistics really well" or "someone who is good with computers" or even a specific person (in which case, link to their language selection page!) or a note that you're not sure or don't care.<br />
#* List in order of preference '''three languages''' you might like to work on this semester. There are some examples given above, but don't limit yourself to those. There are thousands of languages to choose from! (It might be good to make each one a separate section on the page.)<br />
# Document some things for each language:<br />
#* For each language, determine as best you can with the resources available '''a [[:wikipedia:Morphological typology|morphological typology]] of the language'''. E.g., is it primarily isolating, agglutinative, etc., and how do you know? Are there patterns in that language that reflect more than one morphological type? If there is inflectional morphology (ideally the language you choose will have some!), what sorts of strategies are used (prefixation, suffixation, etc.)?<br />
#* Determine '''basic information about each language'''. How many speakers are there, where do they live, what other languages might they know, what is the status of the language in terms of its transmission to current and future generations, is there a normative orthography of some sort? What is the orthography like (what script / any interesting features / multiple official/historical orthographies / etc.)? Provide ISO codes used for the language, especially three-letter ones. Basically all of this information should be findable on [http://ethnologue.com ethnologue] (not paywalled if accessed on campus or through TriPod) and [http://wikipedia.org/ wikipedia] (in one language or other), but feel free to use any source that seems reliable (academic papers, census data, etc.). Cite the sources you use (at least add a link).<br />
#* Give some estimation of how likely it will be for you to find at least '''a few pages' worth of text''' in this language. In other words, see if you can find something online quickly—websites in the language, a translation or the bible or universal declaration of human rights, a blog, a grammar book with lots of examples, etc. Don't limit yourself to online resources—if library resources exist (even if not available at Swarthmore), that can also work! (If it's not at all likely that you can have some amount of text in the language on your screen or in your hand within a week or two, you probably should find some other language to work on!)<br />
# Clean up the page<br />
#* Include a category tag for <code>[[:Category:sp26_LanguageSelection|sp26_LanguageSelection]]</code> and one for the name of each language. You should have '''four category tags''' on your page, e.g. <code><NOWIKI>[[Category:sp26_LanguageSelection]], [[Category:Abkhaz]],</NOWIKI></code> and one each for the other two languages.<br />
#* Make use of MediaWiki formatting markup. E.g., each language can be a section, data can be formatted as bullet points or in tables, citations should make use of proper macros, etc. You can see how MW markup works simply by going to edit an existing page and examining the source used to produce various elements.<br />
* NOTES<br />
** Note that conflicts of first choice will be resolved in class, but in cases of an impasse, the first person to post their interest in the language to the wiki will get their earlier choice, and the other party will get a subsequent choice.<br />
** Feel free to examine language selection pages from previous years (e.g., [[:Category:sp17_LanguageSelection|sp17_LanguageSelection]], [[:Category:sp18_LanguageSelection|sp18_LanguageSelection]], [[:Category:sp19_LanguageSelection|sp19_LanguageSelection]], [[:Category:sp21_LanguageSelection|sp21_LanguageSelection]], [[:Category:sp22_LanguageSelection|sp22_LanguageSelection]], [[:Category:sp23_LanguageSelection|sp23_LanguageSelection]], [[:Category:sp25_LanguageSelection|sp25_LanguageSelection]]), but don't copy stuff wholesale—and note that a number of those languages have already been done so you can't choose them anyway :)<br />
<br />
By the beginning of the first class of the second week ('''9:55 on 27 January 2025'''), add the following:<br />
# Peruse your classmates' language selection pages at [[:Category:sp26_LanguageSelection|sp26_LanguageSelection]], once they're all submitted.<br />
# Find at least one classmate you feel like you'd be interested in working with this semester, and reach out to them to see if they might be interested in working with you.<br />
#* You can base this on any number of factors, e.g. who you already know, what languages your classmates listed, what sort of partner they said they were looking for, or what they said on their user page for the [[:Category:Sp26_students|first day assignment]], such as background in linguistics or CS that might complement your own background, or even class year.<br />
#* People may form pairs before you reach out to them (and don't feel shy about letting someone know that you've already formed a pair with someone else), so be prepared to reach out to someone else, or ask more than one person from the beginning (but being open with the people you ask that you've asked someone else too).<br />
# When you've made an agreement with a classmate to be partners (at least tentatively), at the very top of your language selection page, mention who you'll be working with.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assignments]]<br />
[[Category:Language selection]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Environment_setup&diff=26421Environment setup2026-01-23T15:00:28Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Logging in on the lab machines ==<br />
<br />
You'll want access to the Swarthmore CS lab machines for working on assignments and projects.<br />
<br />
You can also [[Using the tools on your own system|use your own system]] (optional!) if you want, but getting the tools set up can be difficult, and it's better if everyone begins with equal access to the tools, so I '''recommend against it for now'''. Instead, set up your account on the CS lab machines, and see activities below for connecting to and interacting with them.<br />
<br />
'''Day 1 activity #1: get comfortable with lab machines''':<br />
* If you haven't previously used the CS lab machines, you should have received an email for setting up login information. Set up an account according the the instructions.<br />
* If you don't have access and didn't get an email, let the instructor or course assistant know right away.<br />
* Once/if you do have an account, check to see if those around you need any help logging in.<br />
<br />
== Acclimating to the tools we'll be using in class ==<br />
The exercises below will familiarise you with a few aspects of the tools we'll be using in the course, including using a command line.<br />
<br />
=== Editing a wiki ===<br />
<br />
Wikis offer a great way to collaboratively publish information online. Using this course wiki, you will be publishing publicly-visible materials related to this class throughout the semester. All submissions are logged, so vandalism is easily identified and reverted, and the timestamp of any submitted work is also available.<br />
<br />
'''Day 1 activity #2: edit this wiki''':<br />
* Log in to the class wiki using your Swarthmore login credentials (link at very top of any page on this wiki), and create a user page. Your user page will have a URL ending in <code>User:student1</code>, where "student1" is your username. It's also linked to at the top of the page after you log in (as your username in red).<br />
** '''TL;DR''': log in, click your username at the top, and click the "Create" tab.<br />
* '''Write a short introduction''' including any information you care to share (e.g., name, major, etc.) and a short bulleted list of a couple languages you're considering for your work in this class (or any languages you're interested in generally, if you haven't thought about this yet). If there's someone in the course you'd like to work with this semester, you can mention that here too.<br />
** You should use [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Formatting mediawiki markup] to format what you write.<br />
** {{Notice-inline|'''Warning: anything you put on the wiki is publicly visible.'''}} You may not want to include personal information like your name. If you prefer for your work in this course to not even be linked to your Swarthmore username, let me know and I will attempt to make an accommodation.<br />
* Add the page to the category <code>[[:Category:sp26_students|sp26_students]]</code> by adding <code><NOWIKI>[[Category:sp26_students]]</NOWIKI></code> at the very bottom of the page.<br />
* Enter an edit summary and click "Save page" when you're done. An edit summary is a way of keeping track of what you did, so you could say something like "wrote a short introduction".<br />
* All pages added to the category above will be listed on the category page—double check that yours is, and feel free to peruse what your classmates wrote.<br />
<br />
=== Using IRC ===<br />
Internet Relay Chat is a tried-and-tested technology that allows for convenient real-time online messaging for large groups of people, and also between individuals.<br />
<br />
The official IRC channel for this class (and unofficial Swarthmore Computational Linguistics IRC channel) is <code>#swatling</code> on [https://oftc.net/ irc.oftc.net].<br />
<br />
There are good, Free IRC clients for nearly every operating system. Many GNU/Linux installations (including the '''lab computers''') come with HexChat, which presents a good balance of features and ease of use. It's available for Windows too (it should be free). Limechat is a good option for macOS (also should be free). There are good clients for '''mobile OSes''' also. Plenty of IRC clients are free—you shouldn't have to pay anything—and some of those are Free as well, meaning you have the freedom to redistribute or modify them.<br />
<br />
If you prefer a more "modern" feel (with persistent conversation history even when you're not logged in), you may also '''[[Connecting to OFTC using Matrix|connect to IRC using Matrix]]''' and any of its clients (e.g., element.io).<br />
<br />
You can also join easily '''through a web browser''' by using [http://webchat.oftc.net/?channels=swatling http://webchat.oftc.net/?channels=swatling]. I recommend against this as a solution for the semester—it's better to use it as a once-off backup solution.<br />
<br />
We will be using IRC as a way to interact outside of the classroom, and sometimes in. It can be a good way to ask me for help or clarification on an assignment, in which case your classmates could benefit too. You can also use it to have general discussion among yourselves, or work remotely in groups. Keep in mind that any arbitrary channel can be started by any user, and you can always tell which users are in a channel. <!-- Unofficial channels on Freenode should begin with <code>##</code>, while official ones may begin with <code>#</code> --><br />
<br />
There's also an [[:apertium:IRC|IRC channel for Apertium]]. We will be using Apertium and related software throughout the course, so this can be a good place to ask for assistance and tech support.<br />
<br />
'''Day 1 activity #3: log in to IRC''':<br />
# Start up an IRC client (see above paragraphs for options)<br />
# Connect to OFTC, set your username (e.g., to match your Swarthmore login name), and connect to the network.<br />
# Join the class channel (see above), and greet anyone already in the channel. Stay until the end of class to greet others who join.<br />
# Did you notice the channel "topic" / welcome message?<br />
<br />
=== Using a command line ===<br />
<br />
The command line makes a linux system particularly powerful, and is useful for activities such as those we'll be doing in this class. There is an endless amount of information online about how to use the command line.<br />
<br />
'''Day 1 activity #4: use some basic commands'''<br />
# Once you're connected, create a directory for this class. The easiest would be by typing something like <code>mkdir ling073</code>. Then change into that directory, e.g. <code>cd ling073</code>.<br />
# Referencing a [http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/a-quick-guide-to-get-started-with-the-linux-command-line/ guide to using the linux command line like this one], use <code>cat</code> to create a file in that new directory, use <code>nano</code> to change the contents, and use <code>cat</code> to display the new contents of the file.<br />
# When you're done, see if anyone else needs help doing this.<br />
<br />
'''Day 1 activity #5: download linguistic data''':<br />
# Follow [[Installing_existing_Apertium_data#Get_the_data|the "Get the data" instructions here]] (but not the compiling instructions, yet) to download the code and linguistic data for an existing Italian-to-Sardinian machine translation system.<br />
# Use a [http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/a-quick-guide-to-get-started-with-the-linux-command-line/ guide to using the linux command line like this one] to get the last line of the Italian morphological analyser—specifically the file named <code>apertium-ita.ita.dix</code>. Once you've found it, do '''not''' announce what you've found—instead, help your neighbour find it, or if they already have, see if it's the same.<br />
<br />
'''Day 1 activity #6: compile a machine translation system''':<br />
# Finish the [[Installing existing Apertium data|compiling instructions]] for the Italian-Sardinian translation system.<br />
# Test the system as described. Try a different Italian input sentence: "Un corpus è un insieme di testi che sono stati selezionati in modo da essere funzionali per l'analisi linguistica." ([https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica_computazionale source]). What's the output? What do you think the <code>*</code> symbol might mean?<br />
<br />
=== Using a text editor ===<br />
<br />
In this class you will be writing a lot of code (though no programming is required!) so you will want to get comfortable with a text editor.<br />
<br />
The easiest option for everyone will be to use [https://code.visualstudio.com/ VS Code], with a series of extensions. If there's another editor you're comfortable with, feel free to use that instead.<br />
<br />
'''Day 1 activity #7: use a text editor'''<br />
# Open VS Code on the lab machine.<br />
# Find and open the dictionary that you opened in the earlier activity.<br />
# It should auto-detect that the file is in an XML dialect and enable syntax highlighting (i.e., colourising the text so it's easier to read).<br />
#* If it doesn't colourise the text, click the "Select Language Mode" button at the bottom of VS Code (probably the third from the right, will probably be labelled "Plain Text"), and choose XML.<br />
<br />
There will be instructions available soon on how to connect to the lab machines remotely using an extension.<br />
<br />
You can also collaborate with a partner remotely using an extension which allows you to edit the same file simultaneously.<br />
<br />
If you prefer to use an editor other than VS Code on your own machine, you can use [https://www.cs.swarthmore.edu/~zpalmer/guides/sshfs/ sshfs] (instructions here from macOS and Windows) to make a directory on the CS lab machine act like a folder on your computer. To use sshfs in GNU/Linux you can follow a tutorial like [https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-use-sshfs-to-mount-remote-file-systems-over-ssh this one].<br />
<br />
== Using git for version control ==<br />
Git is software that tracks collaborative work on projects. It stores work (files) in "repositories" and gives you access to previous "revisions". You "clone" an existing repository. You can "commit" changes to your local copy, and "push" the commits back to a remote server. You should "pull" from the server if you think someone else may have also pushed commits.<br />
<br />
There is info available about [https://www.cs.swarthmore.edu/~newhall/unixhelp/git.php using git at Swarthmore], which includes the commands for the actions just described.<br />
<br />
GitHub is a service that stores repositories and provides access both using git clients and a web interface. You can think of it as kind of like a much more advanced version of Google Drive.<br />
<br />
'''Day 1 activity #8: make a git repository''':<br />
# Open a terminal on a lab machine, or if using your own computer, [[Accessing the lab machines remotely|use ssh to connect to the CS lab machines]].<br />
# Follow [https://www.cs.swarthmore.edu/~newhall/cs31/resources/githubsetup.html these instructions to set up an SSH key] (unless you have done this before).<br />
#* You'll want to set up a single SSH key for the lab machines, and then one for each additional system you use (like your own computer).<br />
#* The instructions say to use <code>~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub</code>, but more modern systems might use a different name, such as <code>~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub</code>. When you create the key, it'll tell you what the correct filename is.<br />
# On the command line, go into your <code>ling073</code> directory (<code>cd ~/ling073</code>)<br />
# If you completed the wiki activity correctly and I'm keeping up with everyone, I'll have given you access to the [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp26/ling073-day1 day1 repository] on Swarthmore github. If you're a BiCo student (Bryn Mawr or Haverford), you'll also need to have logged into the GitHub web interface at least once. Assuming that's done, proceed.<br />
# Clone the ''ling073-day1'' repository (<code>git clone git@github.swarthmore.edu:Ling073-sp26/ling073-day1.git</code>)<br />
# Add a file named your username in the new directory, and add a short message (whatever you want, like "here's my file!"). You can use a text editor for this (good practice using VS Code!), or just do it on the command line (<code>cd ling073-day1; cat > student1</code>; type your message; hit <kbd>Enter</kbd> followed by <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>C</kbd>. You can also <code>cd</code> into the directory and then use <code>cat</code> as two separate commands instead of joined together by <code>;</code>).<br />
# Add the file to the repository (on the command line: <code>git add student1</code>), then commit it with some comment about what you're doing (<code>git commit student1 -m "adding my new file"</code>)<br />
# Push your changes (<code>git push</code>) and pull the changes of your classmates (<code>git pull</code>). Once your classmates have pushed and you've pulled, you can read their messages (<code>cat student2</code>).<br />
#* If it gives you an error message when you try to push, you may need to run <code>git pull</code> first, to pull and merge in your classmates' changes first.<br />
#* When you pull, you may encounter a screen telling you to type a merge message. You can just quit this. If it's in nano, use the shortcuts at the bottom of the screen to save and exit (probably <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>O</kbd> followed by <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>X</kbd>). If it's in vim, hit <kbd>Esc</kbd>, type <code>:wq</code>, and press <kbd>Enter</kbd>.<br />
# Go to the GitHub web interface for the [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp26/ling073-day1 day1 repository].<br />
#* If you can see the file named with your username in the list, then you succeeded! Please proceed.<br />
#* If you don't see a file named with your username in the list, then something went wrong. Double-check your work, and if you can't figure out what happened, please check in with the professor or course assistant before proceeding.<br />
<br />
== Up next ==<br />
'''If you've successfully completed all of these activities''', you can get started on '''[[Language selection]]''', your assignment for the beginning of week 2.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tutorials]]<br />
[[Category:Activities]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu/Keyboard&diff=26338Limbu/Keyboard2025-07-31T18:04:24Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>===Existing Resources:===<br />
<br />
1) Limbu keyboard (maybe standardized already available online for desktop and android (made by a Nepali artist) [I believe this may not be ideal for the language]:<br />
<br />
(https://sanchabirsubba.com/product/limbu-keyboard-limbu-india-keyboard-for-pc/?srsltid=AfmBOoprcUC-kpNycaEBzDCe5flHQc7EwfF6FihDcs7PMmDBHdqfuU-v)<br />
<br />
2) Available for free online:<br />
<br />
(https://keymanweb.com/#lif-limb,Keyboard_sil_limbu_typewriter)<br />
<br />
===Developed resources:===<br />
<br />
Git Repo: <br />
<br />
1) Swat (https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-lif-keyboard.git)<br />
<br />
2) Public (https://github.com/avyayasingh/Limbu_Keyboard)<br />
<br />
My layout for the Limbu language in its indigenous Sirijanga script is as follows (it modifies the existing resource to be better suited for the consistency of the language [with respect to frequent usage and vowels] and streamlines it):<br />
<br />
{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey| ᤲ|~}} {{kbdkey|᥇|᥄}} {{kbdkey|᥈|@}} {{kbdkey|᥉|#}} {{kbdkey|᥊|रु|$}} {{kbdkey|᥋|%}} {{kbdkey|᥌|^}} {{kbdkey|᥍|&}} {{kbdkey|᥎|*}} {{kbdkey|᥏|(}} {{kbdkey|᥆|)}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|&#61;|+}} }}<br />
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|ᤀ|ᤌ}} {{kbdkey|ᤒ|ᤓ}} {{kbdkey|ᤍ|ᤎ}} {{kbdkey|ᤈ|ᤉ}} {{kbdkey|ᤃ|ᤄ}} {{kbdkey|ᤛ|ᤚ}} {{kbdkey|ᤘ|ᤫ}} {{kbdkey|ᤖ|ᤪ|ᤷ}} {{kbdkey|ᤕ|ᤩ}} {{kbdkey|ᤠ|ᤨ}} {{kbdkey|ᤧ|[|{}} {{kbdkey|ᤣ|]|} }} {{kbdkey|ᤡ|{{!}}}} }}<br />
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|ᤏ|ᤴ}} {{kbdkey|ᤅ|ᤱ}} {{kbdkey|ᤋ|ᤳ}} {{kbdkey|ᤁ|ᤰ|ᤀᤥᤲ}} {{kbdkey|ᤐ|ᤵ}} {{kbdkey|ᤗ|ᤸ}} {{kbdkey|ᤔ|ᤶ}} {{kbdkey|ᤢ}} {{kbdkey|ᤥ|᤹}} {{kbdkey|ᤤ|:}} {{kbdkey|ᤦ|'|"}} }}<br />
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|ᤊ|ᤝ}} {{kbdkey|ᤂ|ᤞ}} {{kbdkey|ᤑ}} {{kbdkey|ᤆ}} {{kbdkey|ᤇ|<}} {{kbdkey|ᤙ|>}} {{kbdkey|ᤜ|;}} {{kbdkey|,|᤺|᤻}} {{kbdkey|॥|।|᥀}} {{kbdkey|/|᥅}} }}<br />
<br />
There are no deadkeys or combinations of keys for the sake of simplicity.<br />
<br />
However, all vowels and some consonant endings can be counted (technically) as deadkeys as they add their diacritic mark to the existing letter to form a single glyph.<br />
<br />
Thus:<br />
<br />
(Markers)<br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤲ = '''ᤁᤲ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤺ = '''ᤁ᤺''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤻ = '''ᤁ᤻'''<br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤹ = '''ᤁ᤹''' <br />
<br />
(Consonant Endings)<br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤰ = '''ᤁᤰ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤱ = '''ᤁᤱ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤳ = '''ᤁᤳ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤏ = '''ᤁᤴ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤵ = '''ᤁᤵ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤸ = '''ᤁᤸ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤶ = '''ᤁᤶ'''<br />
<br />
(Consonant Clusters)<br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤪ = '''ᤁᤪ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤩ = '''ᤁᤩ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤫ = '''ᤁᤫ'''<br />
<br />
(Vowels)<br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤨ = '''ᤁᤨ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤠ = '''ᤁᤠ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤧ = '''ᤁᤧ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤣ = '''ᤁᤣ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤡ = '''ᤁᤡ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤢ = '''ᤁᤢ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤥ = '''ᤁᤥ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤤ = '''ᤁᤤ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤦ = '''ᤁᤦ'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Justification:'''<br />
<br />
I based my keyboard on the already existing one designed by a (seemingly) non-Limbu Nepali artist. I grouped the vowels together to the right for ease of access as in the old keyboard they were scattered, which in my view would lead to confusion as the vowels in languages such as Limbu which use an abugida, are not to be treated as separate letters, but only as diacritic markers, therefore, a quick way to access them to me seems desirable. Additionally, I grouped all standard forms of the consonants in the lower case, with their endings and cluster forms in the upper case. The unused and unutilized ᤨ is also grouped in the upper case. I added the lesser used letters on the upper case, keeping a pattern of letters and their aspirated forms, and the Nepali foreign language letters were also placed in the upper case as they are not used. I replaced all numbers with the Sirijanga numbers, and all punctuations with their Sirijanga forms, and grouped unused punctuation marks and glyphs in the upper case and in some cases the AltGr case. Additionally I streamlined the entire keyboard and added the “om” character in its middle as a final step, signifying Limbu’s deep ties to its religious scriptures in its indigenous religion of Kirat Mundhum.<br />
<br />
===Installation:===<br />
To install:<br />
* Install IBus<br />
* Clone repo<br />
* Copy lif.mim to ~/.m17n.d/ directory<br />
* Restart IBus<br />
* Find and enable t-sirijanga-lif in Other<br />
<br />
===License:===<br />
<br />
MIT License<br />
<br />
Copyright (c) 2025 Avyaya Singh<br />
<br />
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell<br />
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:<br />
<br />
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.<br />
<br />
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp25_KeyboardLayouts]]<br />
[[Category:Limbu]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English&diff=26225Limbu and English2025-05-12T21:27:31Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources for machine translation between Limbu and English==<br />
<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu_language Limbu]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language English]<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-lif.git Limbu git repo]<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/apertium-eng Eng git repo]<br />
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Limbu_and_English/Ambiguity_Resolution Ambiguity Resolution]<br />
<br />
==lif → eng initial evaluation==<br />
<br />
* Coverage (monolingual): 67.9%<br />
* Coverage (bilingual): 60.1%<br />
<br />
==Additions==<br />
<br />
* Added 11 Interrogative Pronouns<br />
* Added 1 Comparative and 1 Postpositions<br />
* Added all numerals upto 100 and their variations<br />
* Added numeral morphology<br />
* Added several bible-specific nouns, toponyms etc.<br />
* Added twol rule for collectivity (ph becomes bh if preceded by a nasal consonant or a vowel)<br />
* Added 5 rlx rules for abs and genitive and nominative cases.<br />
* Added rlx rule for special subordination case<br />
* Updated nouns and verbs<br />
* Added emphasis markers<br />
* Added the suffixal "to be" form<br />
* Added more verbs<br />
* Added more twol rules to deal with verb conjugation<br />
* Added more bible specific words<br />
<br />
==lif final evaluation==<br />
<br />
* Coverage: 48.83%<br />
<br />
==Sentences==<br />
1) ᤛᤣᤘᤠᤖᤥ॥<br />
<br />
Hello.<br />
<br />
^ᤛᤣᤘᤠᤖᤥ<ij>/hello<ij>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
hello.<br />
<br />
2) ᤋᤖ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤂᤶᤓ ᤕᤠ᤹ ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤛᤧ ᤁᤧᤒᤣᤃᤡᤀᤠᤱ ᤁᤧᤍᤧᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤁᤧᤀᤡᤵᤛᤡ॥<br />
<br />
But you all, when you've gone dancing and you come back, nowadays you go to bed.<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤂᤧᤏᤡ<prn><pers><p2><pl>/you all<prn><subj><p2><mf><pl>$ ^ᤂᤶᤓ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤕᤠ᤹<n><sg>/paddy<n><sg>$ ^ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><past>/dance<vblex><past>$ ^ᤐᤣ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/go<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤋᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><past><s_2><o_pl1i>/come<vblex><past><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤡᤶᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/sleep<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but you all thus paddy danced #go also #come thus #sleep.<br />
<br />
3) ᤀᤠᤐᤠ, ᤀᤠᤔᤠᤖᤧ ᤔᤧᤏᤡᤛᤢᤖ ᤕᤠ᤹ ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤛᤧ ᤁᤧᤒᤣᤃᤡᤀᤠᤱ ᤕᤠᤶᤔᤢ ᤁᤧᤍᤧᤀᤡ॥<br />
<br />
With the knowledge of your parents, you go dancing and then you come back.<br />
<br />
^ᤀᤠᤐᤠ<n><sg>/father<n><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^ᤀᤠᤔᤠ<n><sg><erg>/mother<n><sg><erg>$ ^ᤖᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤡᤔᤠ<v><s_3><o_sg3><prog>/see<vblex><s_3><o_sg3><prog>$ ^ᤕᤠ᤹<n><sg>/paddy<n><sg>$ ^ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><past>/dance<vblex><past>$ ^ᤐᤣ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/go<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤕᤠᤶᤔᤢ<adv>/again<adv>$ ^ᤋᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><past><s_2><o_pl1i>/come<vblex><past><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
father, #mother #see paddy danced #go also again #come.<br />
<br />
4) ᤋᤖ ᤀᤖᤢ ᤁᤢᤈᤢᤶᤜᤠ᤹ ᤖᤳ ᤔᤧᤘᤠ᤹॥<br />
<br />
Only her friends are there.<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤀᤖᤢ<det>/other<det>$ ^ᤁᤢ<prn><pers><p3><sg>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><sg>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><pl>/friend<n><pl>$ ^ᤖᤳ<adv>/only<adv>$ ^ᤘᤠᤔᤠ<v><s_3>/be<vbser><s_3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but #other #they friends only #be.<br />
<br />
5) ᤂᤶᤓᤧᤀᤠᤱ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤛᤧ᤺ᤖᤡᤃᤧ - ᤂᤴᤄᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤆᤱ॥<br />
<br />
But we broke up with them.<br />
<br />
^ᤂᤶᤓᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<cj>/$ ^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤛᤧᤶᤔᤠ<v><o_pl1ex>/separate<vblex><o_pl1ex>$ - ^ᤂᤴ<prn><pers><dem><sg><pl><com>/that<prn><dem><mf><sg><pl><com>$ ^ᤆᤱ<n><sg>/top<n><sg>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
thus thus #separate - #that top.<br />
<br />
6) ᤋᤖ ᤀᤠᤏᤡ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠᤖᤧ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤐᤧᤏᤡᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤰᤂ᤹ᤕᤠᤖᤡᤰ ᤒᤡᤆᤠᤖ ᤁᤧᤈᤥᤃᤢ᥅<br />
<br />
Now, what's your opinion concerning us Limbus and the Nepalis?<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤀᤠ<prn><pers><p1><pl><incl>/we<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>$ ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg><erg>/Limbu<n><sg><erg>$ ^ᤖᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg><com>/Limbu<n><sg><com>$ ^ᤐᤧᤏᤡ<n><sg>/Brahmin<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤀᤠᤰᤂᤣ<adj><sg>/how much<adj><sg>$ ^ᤕᤠᤖᤡᤰ<n><sg>/extent<n><sg>$ ^ᤒᤡᤆᤠᤖ<n><sg>/thought<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<vbdo><s_2><o_sg3>/do<vbdo><s_2><o_sg3>$^᥅<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but we #Limbu #Limbu Brahmin #how much extent thought #do?<br />
<br />
7) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤆᤥᤀᤠᤱ ᤆᤥᤃᤢᤀᤠᤱ॥<br />
<br />
The Limbu eats, and he works.<br />
<br />
^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg>/Limbu<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤆᤠᤔᤠ<v>/eat<vblex>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<vbdo><o_sg3>/do<vbdo><o_sg3>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
#Limbu #eat also #do also.<br />
<br />
8) ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ ᤐᤥᤰᤛᤧ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ ᤁᤧᤒᤠ᤹ᤖᤡ॥<br />
<br />
But now, what's happened, you all speak a little more Nepali [when speaking Limbu].<br />
<br />
^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ<adv>/how<adv>$ ^ᤐᤥ᤺ᤱᤔᤠ<v><past>/become<vblex><past>$ ^ᤂᤧᤏᤡ<prn><pers><p2><pl>/you all<prn><subj><p2><mf><pl>$ ^ᤐᤧᤏᤡ<n><sg>/Brahmin<n><sg>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adj><sg>/a little<adj><sg>$ ^ᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ<det>/much<det>$ ^ᤐᤠ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/speak<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
thus how became you all Brahmin speech #a little #much #speak.<br />
<br />
9) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥<br />
<br />
You've lost a little of the Limbu language.<br />
<br />
^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><sg>/Limbu<n><sg>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adj><sg>/a little<adj><sg>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><s_2><s_sg3>/lose<vblex><s_2><s_sg3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
#Limbu speech #a little #lose.<br />
<br />
10) ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ, ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥<br />
<br />
Our friend up above takes out two rupees, the one over here takes out two rupees.<br />
<br />
^ᤌᤥ<pr>/up<pr>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg>/friend<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg>/two<n><sg>$ ^ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><o_sg3>/take out<vblex><o_sg3>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^ᤏᤠ<pr>/across<pr>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg>/friend<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg>/two<n><sg>$ ^ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><o_sg3>/take out<vblex><o_sg3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
up friend #two #take out, across friend #two #take out.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp25_TranslationPairs]]<br />
[[Category:Limbu]]<br />
[[Category:English]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Asingh5/Final_Project&diff=26081Asingh5/Final Project2025-05-08T21:17:50Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Expanding the transducer for the Limbu language==<br />
===Repo===<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-lif.git Limbu git repo]<br />
<br />
===Goals===<br />
* Expand transducer by increasing coverage<br />
* Add more parts of speech<br />
* Reduce or maintain good ambiguity<br />
* Increase the amount of rules present for morphology<br />
<br />
===Additions===<br />
<br />
* Added 11 Interrogative Pronouns<br />
* Added 1 Comparative and 1 Postpositions<br />
* Added all numerals upto 100 and their variations<br />
* Added numeral morphology<br />
* Added several bible-specific nouns, toponyms etc.<br />
* Added twol rule for collectivity (ph becomes bh if preceded by a nasal consonant or a vowel)<br />
* Added 5 rlx rules for abs and genitive and nominative cases.<br />
* Added rlx rule for special subordination case<br />
* Updated nouns and verbs<br />
* Added emphasis markers<br />
* Added the suffixal "to be" form<br />
* Added more verbs<br />
* Added more twol rules to deal with verb conjugation<br />
* Added more bible specific words<br />
<br />
===Results===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp25_FinalProjects]][[Category:Limbu]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Asingh5/Final_Project&diff=26080Asingh5/Final Project2025-05-08T21:17:29Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Expanding the transducer for the Limbu language==<br />
<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-lif.git Limbu git repo]<br />
===Goals===<br />
* Expand transducer by increasing coverage<br />
* Add more parts of speech<br />
* Reduce or maintain good ambiguity<br />
* Increase the amount of rules present for morphology<br />
<br />
===Additions===<br />
<br />
* Added 11 Interrogative Pronouns<br />
* Added 1 Comparative and 1 Postpositions<br />
* Added all numerals upto 100 and their variations<br />
* Added numeral morphology<br />
* Added several bible-specific nouns, toponyms etc.<br />
* Added twol rule for collectivity (ph becomes bh if preceded by a nasal consonant or a vowel)<br />
* Added 5 rlx rules for abs and genitive and nominative cases.<br />
* Added rlx rule for special subordination case<br />
* Updated nouns and verbs<br />
* Added emphasis markers<br />
* Added the suffixal "to be" form<br />
* Added more verbs<br />
* Added more twol rules to deal with verb conjugation<br />
* Added more bible specific words<br />
===Results===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp25_FinalProjects]][[Category:Limbu]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Asingh5/Final_Project&diff=26079Asingh5/Final Project2025-05-08T21:16:11Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Expanding the transducer for the Limbu language==<br />
===Goals===<br />
* Expand transducer by increasing coverage<br />
* Add more parts of speech<br />
* Reduce or maintain good ambiguity<br />
* Increase the amount of rules present for morphology<br />
<br />
===Additions===<br />
<br />
* Added 11 Interrogative Pronouns<br />
* Added 1 Comparative and 1 Postpositions<br />
* Added all numerals upto 100 and their variations<br />
* Added numeral morphology<br />
* Added several bible-specific nouns, toponyms etc.<br />
* Added twol rule for collectivity (ph becomes bh if preceded by a nasal consonant or a vowel)<br />
* Added 5 rlx rules for abs and genitive and nominative cases.<br />
* Added rlx rule for special subordination case<br />
* Updated nouns and verbs<br />
* Added emphasis markers<br />
* Added the suffixal "to be" form<br />
* Added more verbs<br />
* Added more twol rules to deal with verb conjugation<br />
* Added more bible specific words<br />
===Results===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp25_FinalProjects]][[Category:Limbu]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English&diff=26078Limbu and English2025-05-08T21:15:44Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources for machine translation between Limbu and English==<br />
<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu_language Limbu]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language English]<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-lif.git Limbu git repo]<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/apertium-eng Eng git repo]<br />
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Limbu_and_English/Ambiguity_Resolution Ambiguity Resolution]<br />
<br />
==lif → eng initial evaluation==<br />
<br />
* Coverage (monolingual): 67.9%<br />
* Coverage (bilingual): 60.1%<br />
<br />
==Additions==<br />
<br />
* Added 11 Interrogative Pronouns<br />
* Added 1 Comparative and 1 Postpositions<br />
* Added all numerals upto 100 and their variations<br />
* Added numeral morphology<br />
* Added several bible-specific nouns, toponyms etc.<br />
* Added twol rule for collectivity (ph becomes bh if preceded by a nasal consonant or a vowel)<br />
* Added 5 rlx rules for abs and genitive and nominative cases.<br />
* Added rlx rule for special subordination case<br />
* Updated nouns and verbs<br />
* Added emphasis markers<br />
* Added the suffixal "to be" form<br />
* Added more verbs<br />
* Added more twol rules to deal with verb conjugation<br />
* Added more bible specific words<br />
<br />
==Sentences==<br />
1) ᤛᤣᤘᤠᤖᤥ॥<br />
<br />
Hello.<br />
<br />
^ᤛᤣᤘᤠᤖᤥ<ij>/hello<ij>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
hello.<br />
<br />
2) ᤋᤖ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤂᤶᤓ ᤕᤠ᤹ ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤛᤧ ᤁᤧᤒᤣᤃᤡᤀᤠᤱ ᤁᤧᤍᤧᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤁᤧᤀᤡᤵᤛᤡ॥<br />
<br />
But you all, when you've gone dancing and you come back, nowadays you go to bed.<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤂᤧᤏᤡ<prn><pers><p2><pl>/you all<prn><subj><p2><mf><pl>$ ^ᤂᤶᤓ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤕᤠ᤹<n><sg>/paddy<n><sg>$ ^ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><past>/dance<vblex><past>$ ^ᤐᤣ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/go<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤋᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><past><s_2><o_pl1i>/come<vblex><past><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤡᤶᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/sleep<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but you all thus paddy danced #go also #come thus #sleep.<br />
<br />
3) ᤀᤠᤐᤠ, ᤀᤠᤔᤠᤖᤧ ᤔᤧᤏᤡᤛᤢᤖ ᤕᤠ᤹ ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤛᤧ ᤁᤧᤒᤣᤃᤡᤀᤠᤱ ᤕᤠᤶᤔᤢ ᤁᤧᤍᤧᤀᤡ॥<br />
<br />
With the knowledge of your parents, you go dancing and then you come back.<br />
<br />
^ᤀᤠᤐᤠ<n><sg>/father<n><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^ᤀᤠᤔᤠ<n><sg><erg>/mother<n><sg><erg>$ ^ᤖᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤡᤔᤠ<v><s_3><o_sg3><prog>/see<vblex><s_3><o_sg3><prog>$ ^ᤕᤠ᤹<n><sg>/paddy<n><sg>$ ^ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><past>/dance<vblex><past>$ ^ᤐᤣ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/go<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤕᤠᤶᤔᤢ<adv>/again<adv>$ ^ᤋᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><past><s_2><o_pl1i>/come<vblex><past><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
father, #mother #see paddy danced #go also again #come.<br />
<br />
4) ᤋᤖ ᤀᤖᤢ ᤁᤢᤈᤢᤶᤜᤠ᤹ ᤖᤳ ᤔᤧᤘᤠ᤹॥<br />
<br />
Only her friends are there.<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤀᤖᤢ<det>/other<det>$ ^ᤁᤢ<prn><pers><p3><sg>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><sg>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><pl>/friend<n><pl>$ ^ᤖᤳ<adv>/only<adv>$ ^ᤘᤠᤔᤠ<v><s_3>/be<vbser><s_3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but #other #they friends only #be.<br />
<br />
5) ᤂᤶᤓᤧᤀᤠᤱ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤛᤧ᤺ᤖᤡᤃᤧ - ᤂᤴᤄᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤆᤱ॥<br />
<br />
But we broke up with them.<br />
<br />
^ᤂᤶᤓᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<cj>/$ ^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤛᤧᤶᤔᤠ<v><o_pl1ex>/separate<vblex><o_pl1ex>$ - ^ᤂᤴ<prn><pers><dem><sg><pl><com>/that<prn><dem><mf><sg><pl><com>$ ^ᤆᤱ<n><sg>/top<n><sg>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
thus thus #separate - #that top.<br />
<br />
6) ᤋᤖ ᤀᤠᤏᤡ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠᤖᤧ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤐᤧᤏᤡᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤰᤂ᤹ᤕᤠᤖᤡᤰ ᤒᤡᤆᤠᤖ ᤁᤧᤈᤥᤃᤢ᥅<br />
<br />
Now, what's your opinion concerning us Limbus and the Nepalis?<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤀᤠ<prn><pers><p1><pl><incl>/we<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>$ ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg><erg>/Limbu<n><sg><erg>$ ^ᤖᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg><com>/Limbu<n><sg><com>$ ^ᤐᤧᤏᤡ<n><sg>/Brahmin<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤀᤠᤰᤂᤣ<adj><sg>/how much<adj><sg>$ ^ᤕᤠᤖᤡᤰ<n><sg>/extent<n><sg>$ ^ᤒᤡᤆᤠᤖ<n><sg>/thought<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<vbdo><s_2><o_sg3>/do<vbdo><s_2><o_sg3>$^᥅<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but we #Limbu #Limbu Brahmin #how much extent thought #do?<br />
<br />
7) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤆᤥᤀᤠᤱ ᤆᤥᤃᤢᤀᤠᤱ॥<br />
<br />
The Limbu eats, and he works.<br />
<br />
^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg>/Limbu<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤆᤠᤔᤠ<v>/eat<vblex>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<vbdo><o_sg3>/do<vbdo><o_sg3>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
#Limbu #eat also #do also.<br />
<br />
8) ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ ᤐᤥᤰᤛᤧ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ ᤁᤧᤒᤠ᤹ᤖᤡ॥<br />
<br />
But now, what's happened, you all speak a little more Nepali [when speaking Limbu].<br />
<br />
^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ<adv>/how<adv>$ ^ᤐᤥ᤺ᤱᤔᤠ<v><past>/become<vblex><past>$ ^ᤂᤧᤏᤡ<prn><pers><p2><pl>/you all<prn><subj><p2><mf><pl>$ ^ᤐᤧᤏᤡ<n><sg>/Brahmin<n><sg>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adj><sg>/a little<adj><sg>$ ^ᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ<det>/much<det>$ ^ᤐᤠ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/speak<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
thus how became you all Brahmin speech #a little #much #speak.<br />
<br />
9) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥<br />
<br />
You've lost a little of the Limbu language.<br />
<br />
^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><sg>/Limbu<n><sg>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adj><sg>/a little<adj><sg>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><s_2><s_sg3>/lose<vblex><s_2><s_sg3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
#Limbu speech #a little #lose.<br />
<br />
10) ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ, ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥<br />
<br />
Our friend up above takes out two rupees, the one over here takes out two rupees.<br />
<br />
^ᤌᤥ<pr>/up<pr>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg>/friend<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg>/two<n><sg>$ ^ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><o_sg3>/take out<vblex><o_sg3>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^ᤏᤠ<pr>/across<pr>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg>/friend<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg>/two<n><sg>$ ^ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><o_sg3>/take out<vblex><o_sg3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
up friend #two #take out, across friend #two #take out.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp25_TranslationPairs]]<br />
[[Category:Limbu]]<br />
[[Category:English]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Asingh5/Final_Project&diff=26077Asingh5/Final Project2025-05-08T21:14:37Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Expanding the transducer for the Limbu language==<br />
===Goals===<br />
* Expand transducer by increasing coverage<br />
* Add more parts of speech<br />
* Reduce or maintain good ambiguity<br />
* Increase the amount of rules present for morphology<br />
<br />
===Additions===<br />
<br />
===Results===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp25_FinalProjects]][[Category:Limbu]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Asingh5/Final_Project&diff=26076Asingh5/Final Project2025-05-08T21:14:00Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Expanding the transducer for the Limbu language==<br />
===Goals===<br />
* Expand transducer by increasing coverage<br />
* Add more parts of speech<br />
* Reduce or maintain good ambiguity<br />
* Increase the amount of rules present for morphology<br />
<br />
===Additions===<br />
<br />
===Results===</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Asingh5/Final_Project&diff=26075Asingh5/Final Project2025-05-08T21:13:16Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Expanding the transducer for the Limbu language==<br />
===Goals===<br />
* Expand transducer by increasing coverage<br />
* Add more parts of speech<br />
* Reduce or maintain good ambiguity<br />
* Increase the amount of rules present for morphology<br />
<br />
===Results===</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Asingh5/Final_Project&diff=26074Asingh5/Final Project2025-05-08T21:13:01Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Expanding the transducer for the Limbu language==<br />
===Goals===<br />
* Expand transducer by increasing coverage<br />
* Add more parts of speech<br />
* Reduce or maintain good ambiguity<br />
* Increase the amount of rules present for morphology<br />
<br />
<br />
==Results==</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Asingh5/Final_Project&diff=26073Asingh5/Final Project2025-05-08T21:11:28Z<p>Asingh5: Created page with "==Expanding the transducer for the Limbu language=="</p>
<hr />
<div>==Expanding the transducer for the Limbu language==</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English&diff=26053Limbu and English2025-05-07T22:30:50Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources for machine translation between Limbu and English==<br />
<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu_language Limbu]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language English]<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-lif.git Limbu git repo]<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/apertium-eng Eng git repo]<br />
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Limbu_and_English/Ambiguity_Resolution Ambiguity Resolution]<br />
<br />
==lif → eng initial evaluation==<br />
<br />
* Coverage (monolingual): 67.9%<br />
* Coverage (bilingual): 60.1%<br />
<br />
==Additions==<br />
<br />
* Added 11 Interrogative Pronouns<br />
* Added 1 Comparative and 1 Postpositions<br />
* Added all numerals upto 100 and their variations<br />
* Added numeral morphology<br />
* Added several bible-specific nouns, toponyms etc.<br />
* Added twol rule for collectivity (ph becomes bh if preceded by a nasal consonant or a vowel)<br />
* Added 5 rlx rules for abs and genitive and nominative cases.<br />
* Added rlx rule for special subordination case<br />
* Updated nouns and verbs<br />
* Added emphasis markers<br />
* Added the suffixal "to be" form<br />
<br />
==Sentences==<br />
1) ᤛᤣᤘᤠᤖᤥ॥<br />
<br />
Hello.<br />
<br />
^ᤛᤣᤘᤠᤖᤥ<ij>/hello<ij>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
hello.<br />
<br />
2) ᤋᤖ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤂᤶᤓ ᤕᤠ᤹ ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤛᤧ ᤁᤧᤒᤣᤃᤡᤀᤠᤱ ᤁᤧᤍᤧᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤁᤧᤀᤡᤵᤛᤡ॥<br />
<br />
But you all, when you've gone dancing and you come back, nowadays you go to bed.<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤂᤧᤏᤡ<prn><pers><p2><pl>/you all<prn><subj><p2><mf><pl>$ ^ᤂᤶᤓ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤕᤠ᤹<n><sg>/paddy<n><sg>$ ^ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><past>/dance<vblex><past>$ ^ᤐᤣ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/go<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤋᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><past><s_2><o_pl1i>/come<vblex><past><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤡᤶᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/sleep<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but you all thus paddy danced #go also #come thus #sleep.<br />
<br />
3) ᤀᤠᤐᤠ, ᤀᤠᤔᤠᤖᤧ ᤔᤧᤏᤡᤛᤢᤖ ᤕᤠ᤹ ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤛᤧ ᤁᤧᤒᤣᤃᤡᤀᤠᤱ ᤕᤠᤶᤔᤢ ᤁᤧᤍᤧᤀᤡ॥<br />
<br />
With the knowledge of your parents, you go dancing and then you come back.<br />
<br />
^ᤀᤠᤐᤠ<n><sg>/father<n><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^ᤀᤠᤔᤠ<n><sg><erg>/mother<n><sg><erg>$ ^ᤖᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤡᤔᤠ<v><s_3><o_sg3><prog>/see<vblex><s_3><o_sg3><prog>$ ^ᤕᤠ᤹<n><sg>/paddy<n><sg>$ ^ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><past>/dance<vblex><past>$ ^ᤐᤣ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/go<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤕᤠᤶᤔᤢ<adv>/again<adv>$ ^ᤋᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><past><s_2><o_pl1i>/come<vblex><past><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
father, #mother #see paddy danced #go also again #come.<br />
<br />
4) ᤋᤖ ᤀᤖᤢ ᤁᤢᤈᤢᤶᤜᤠ᤹ ᤖᤳ ᤔᤧᤘᤠ᤹॥<br />
<br />
Only her friends are there.<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤀᤖᤢ<det>/other<det>$ ^ᤁᤢ<prn><pers><p3><sg>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><sg>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><pl>/friend<n><pl>$ ^ᤖᤳ<adv>/only<adv>$ ^ᤘᤠᤔᤠ<v><s_3>/be<vbser><s_3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but #other #they friends only #be.<br />
<br />
5) ᤂᤶᤓᤧᤀᤠᤱ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤛᤧ᤺ᤖᤡᤃᤧ - ᤂᤴᤄᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤆᤱ॥<br />
<br />
But we broke up with them.<br />
<br />
^ᤂᤶᤓᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<cj>/$ ^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤛᤧᤶᤔᤠ<v><o_pl1ex>/separate<vblex><o_pl1ex>$ - ^ᤂᤴ<prn><pers><dem><sg><pl><com>/that<prn><dem><mf><sg><pl><com>$ ^ᤆᤱ<n><sg>/top<n><sg>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
thus thus #separate - #that top.<br />
<br />
6) ᤋᤖ ᤀᤠᤏᤡ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠᤖᤧ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤐᤧᤏᤡᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤰᤂ᤹ᤕᤠᤖᤡᤰ ᤒᤡᤆᤠᤖ ᤁᤧᤈᤥᤃᤢ᥅<br />
<br />
Now, what's your opinion concerning us Limbus and the Nepalis?<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤀᤠ<prn><pers><p1><pl><incl>/we<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>$ ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg><erg>/Limbu<n><sg><erg>$ ^ᤖᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg><com>/Limbu<n><sg><com>$ ^ᤐᤧᤏᤡ<n><sg>/Brahmin<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤀᤠᤰᤂᤣ<adj><sg>/how much<adj><sg>$ ^ᤕᤠᤖᤡᤰ<n><sg>/extent<n><sg>$ ^ᤒᤡᤆᤠᤖ<n><sg>/thought<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<vbdo><s_2><o_sg3>/do<vbdo><s_2><o_sg3>$^᥅<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but we #Limbu #Limbu Brahmin #how much extent thought #do?<br />
<br />
7) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤆᤥᤀᤠᤱ ᤆᤥᤃᤢᤀᤠᤱ॥<br />
<br />
The Limbu eats, and he works.<br />
<br />
^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg>/Limbu<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤆᤠᤔᤠ<v>/eat<vblex>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<vbdo><o_sg3>/do<vbdo><o_sg3>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
#Limbu #eat also #do also.<br />
<br />
8) ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ ᤐᤥᤰᤛᤧ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ ᤁᤧᤒᤠ᤹ᤖᤡ॥<br />
<br />
But now, what's happened, you all speak a little more Nepali [when speaking Limbu].<br />
<br />
^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ<adv>/how<adv>$ ^ᤐᤥ᤺ᤱᤔᤠ<v><past>/become<vblex><past>$ ^ᤂᤧᤏᤡ<prn><pers><p2><pl>/you all<prn><subj><p2><mf><pl>$ ^ᤐᤧᤏᤡ<n><sg>/Brahmin<n><sg>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adj><sg>/a little<adj><sg>$ ^ᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ<det>/much<det>$ ^ᤐᤠ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/speak<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
thus how became you all Brahmin speech #a little #much #speak.<br />
<br />
9) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥<br />
<br />
You've lost a little of the Limbu language.<br />
<br />
^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><sg>/Limbu<n><sg>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adj><sg>/a little<adj><sg>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><s_2><s_sg3>/lose<vblex><s_2><s_sg3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
#Limbu speech #a little #lose.<br />
<br />
10) ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ, ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥<br />
<br />
Our friend up above takes out two rupees, the one over here takes out two rupees.<br />
<br />
^ᤌᤥ<pr>/up<pr>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg>/friend<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg>/two<n><sg>$ ^ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><o_sg3>/take out<vblex><o_sg3>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^ᤏᤠ<pr>/across<pr>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg>/friend<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg>/two<n><sg>$ ^ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><o_sg3>/take out<vblex><o_sg3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
up friend #two #take out, across friend #two #take out.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp25_TranslationPairs]]<br />
[[Category:Limbu]]<br />
[[Category:English]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English&diff=26025Limbu and English2025-05-06T19:32:24Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources for machine translation between Limbu and English==<br />
<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu_language Limbu]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language English]<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-lif.git Limbu git repo]<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/apertium-eng Eng git repo]<br />
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Limbu_and_English/Ambiguity_Resolution Ambiguity Resolution]<br />
<br />
==lif → eng initial evaluation==<br />
<br />
* Coverage (monolingual): 67.9%<br />
* Coverage (bilingual): 60.1%<br />
<br />
==Additions==<br />
<br />
* Added 11 Interrogative Pronouns<br />
* Added 1 Comparative and 1 Postpositions<br />
* Added all numerals upto 100 and their variations<br />
* Added numeral morphology<br />
* Added several bible-specific nouns, toponyms etc.<br />
* Added twol rule for collectivity (ph becomes bh if preceded by a nasal consonant or a vowel)<br />
* Added 5 rlx rules for abs and genitive and nominative cases. <br />
<br />
==Sentences==<br />
1) ᤛᤣᤘᤠᤖᤥ॥<br />
<br />
Hello.<br />
<br />
^ᤛᤣᤘᤠᤖᤥ<ij>/hello<ij>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
hello.<br />
<br />
2) ᤋᤖ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤂᤶᤓ ᤕᤠ᤹ ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤛᤧ ᤁᤧᤒᤣᤃᤡᤀᤠᤱ ᤁᤧᤍᤧᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤁᤧᤀᤡᤵᤛᤡ॥<br />
<br />
But you all, when you've gone dancing and you come back, nowadays you go to bed.<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤂᤧᤏᤡ<prn><pers><p2><pl>/you all<prn><subj><p2><mf><pl>$ ^ᤂᤶᤓ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤕᤠ᤹<n><sg>/paddy<n><sg>$ ^ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><past>/dance<vblex><past>$ ^ᤐᤣ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/go<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤋᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><past><s_2><o_pl1i>/come<vblex><past><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤡᤶᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/sleep<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but you all thus paddy danced #go also #come thus #sleep.<br />
<br />
3) ᤀᤠᤐᤠ, ᤀᤠᤔᤠᤖᤧ ᤔᤧᤏᤡᤛᤢᤖ ᤕᤠ᤹ ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤛᤧ ᤁᤧᤒᤣᤃᤡᤀᤠᤱ ᤕᤠᤶᤔᤢ ᤁᤧᤍᤧᤀᤡ॥<br />
<br />
With the knowledge of your parents, you go dancing and then you come back.<br />
<br />
^ᤀᤠᤐᤠ<n><sg>/father<n><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^ᤀᤠᤔᤠ<n><sg><erg>/mother<n><sg><erg>$ ^ᤖᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤡᤔᤠ<v><s_3><o_sg3><prog>/see<vblex><s_3><o_sg3><prog>$ ^ᤕᤠ᤹<n><sg>/paddy<n><sg>$ ^ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><past>/dance<vblex><past>$ ^ᤐᤣ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/go<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤕᤠᤶᤔᤢ<adv>/again<adv>$ ^ᤋᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><past><s_2><o_pl1i>/come<vblex><past><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
father, #mother #see paddy danced #go also again #come.<br />
<br />
4) ᤋᤖ ᤀᤖᤢ ᤁᤢᤈᤢᤶᤜᤠ᤹ ᤖᤳ ᤔᤧᤘᤠ᤹॥<br />
<br />
Only her friends are there.<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤀᤖᤢ<det>/other<det>$ ^ᤁᤢ<prn><pers><p3><sg>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><sg>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><pl>/friend<n><pl>$ ^ᤖᤳ<adv>/only<adv>$ ^ᤘᤠᤔᤠ<v><s_3>/be<vbser><s_3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but #other #they friends only #be.<br />
<br />
5) ᤂᤶᤓᤧᤀᤠᤱ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤛᤧ᤺ᤖᤡᤃᤧ - ᤂᤴᤄᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤆᤱ॥<br />
<br />
But we broke up with them.<br />
<br />
^ᤂᤶᤓᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<cj>/$ ^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤛᤧᤶᤔᤠ<v><o_pl1ex>/separate<vblex><o_pl1ex>$ - ^ᤂᤴ<prn><pers><dem><sg><pl><com>/that<prn><dem><mf><sg><pl><com>$ ^ᤆᤱ<n><sg>/top<n><sg>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
thus thus #separate - #that top.<br />
<br />
6) ᤋᤖ ᤀᤠᤏᤡ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠᤖᤧ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤐᤧᤏᤡᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤰᤂ᤹ᤕᤠᤖᤡᤰ ᤒᤡᤆᤠᤖ ᤁᤧᤈᤥᤃᤢ᥅<br />
<br />
Now, what's your opinion concerning us Limbus and the Nepalis?<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤀᤠ<prn><pers><p1><pl><incl>/we<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>$ ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg><erg>/Limbu<n><sg><erg>$ ^ᤖᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg><com>/Limbu<n><sg><com>$ ^ᤐᤧᤏᤡ<n><sg>/Brahmin<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤀᤠᤰᤂᤣ<adj><sg>/how much<adj><sg>$ ^ᤕᤠᤖᤡᤰ<n><sg>/extent<n><sg>$ ^ᤒᤡᤆᤠᤖ<n><sg>/thought<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<vbdo><s_2><o_sg3>/do<vbdo><s_2><o_sg3>$^᥅<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but we #Limbu #Limbu Brahmin #how much extent thought #do?<br />
<br />
7) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤆᤥᤀᤠᤱ ᤆᤥᤃᤢᤀᤠᤱ॥<br />
<br />
The Limbu eats, and he works.<br />
<br />
^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg>/Limbu<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤆᤠᤔᤠ<v>/eat<vblex>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<vbdo><o_sg3>/do<vbdo><o_sg3>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
#Limbu #eat also #do also.<br />
<br />
8) ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ ᤐᤥᤰᤛᤧ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ ᤁᤧᤒᤠ᤹ᤖᤡ॥<br />
<br />
But now, what's happened, you all speak a little more Nepali [when speaking Limbu].<br />
<br />
^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ<adv>/how<adv>$ ^ᤐᤥ᤺ᤱᤔᤠ<v><past>/become<vblex><past>$ ^ᤂᤧᤏᤡ<prn><pers><p2><pl>/you all<prn><subj><p2><mf><pl>$ ^ᤐᤧᤏᤡ<n><sg>/Brahmin<n><sg>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adj><sg>/a little<adj><sg>$ ^ᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ<det>/much<det>$ ^ᤐᤠ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/speak<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
thus how became you all Brahmin speech #a little #much #speak.<br />
<br />
9) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥<br />
<br />
You've lost a little of the Limbu language.<br />
<br />
^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><sg>/Limbu<n><sg>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adj><sg>/a little<adj><sg>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><s_2><s_sg3>/lose<vblex><s_2><s_sg3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
#Limbu speech #a little #lose.<br />
<br />
10) ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ, ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥<br />
<br />
Our friend up above takes out two rupees, the one over here takes out two rupees.<br />
<br />
^ᤌᤥ<pr>/up<pr>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg>/friend<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg>/two<n><sg>$ ^ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><o_sg3>/take out<vblex><o_sg3>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^ᤏᤠ<pr>/across<pr>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg>/friend<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg>/two<n><sg>$ ^ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><o_sg3>/take out<vblex><o_sg3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
up friend #two #take out, across friend #two #take out.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp25_TranslationPairs]]<br />
[[Category:Limbu]]<br />
[[Category:English]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English&diff=26001Limbu and English2025-05-05T18:50:53Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources for machine translation between Limbu and English==<br />
<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu_language Limbu]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language English]<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-lif.git Limbu git repo]<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/apertium-eng Eng git repo]<br />
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Limbu_and_English/Ambiguity_Resolution Ambiguity Resolution]<br />
<br />
==lif → eng initial evaluation==<br />
<br />
* Coverage (monolingual): 67.9%<br />
* Coverage (bilingual): 60.1%<br />
<br />
==Additions==<br />
<br />
* Added 11 Interrogative Pronouns<br />
* Added 1 Comparative and 1 Postpositions<br />
* Added all numerals upto 100 and their variations<br />
* Added numeral morphology<br />
* Added several bible-specific nouns, toponyms etc.<br />
* Added twol rule for collectivity (ph becomes bh if preceded by a nasal consonant or a vowel)<br />
<br />
==Sentences==<br />
1) ᤛᤣᤘᤠᤖᤥ॥<br />
<br />
Hello.<br />
<br />
^ᤛᤣᤘᤠᤖᤥ<ij>/hello<ij>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
hello.<br />
<br />
2) ᤋᤖ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤂᤶᤓ ᤕᤠ᤹ ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤛᤧ ᤁᤧᤒᤣᤃᤡᤀᤠᤱ ᤁᤧᤍᤧᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤁᤧᤀᤡᤵᤛᤡ॥<br />
<br />
But you all, when you've gone dancing and you come back, nowadays you go to bed.<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤂᤧᤏᤡ<prn><pers><p2><pl>/you all<prn><subj><p2><mf><pl>$ ^ᤂᤶᤓ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤕᤠ᤹<n><sg>/paddy<n><sg>$ ^ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><past>/dance<vblex><past>$ ^ᤐᤣ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/go<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤋᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><past><s_2><o_pl1i>/come<vblex><past><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤡᤶᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/sleep<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but you all thus paddy danced #go also #come thus #sleep.<br />
<br />
3) ᤀᤠᤐᤠ, ᤀᤠᤔᤠᤖᤧ ᤔᤧᤏᤡᤛᤢᤖ ᤕᤠ᤹ ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤛᤧ ᤁᤧᤒᤣᤃᤡᤀᤠᤱ ᤕᤠᤶᤔᤢ ᤁᤧᤍᤧᤀᤡ॥<br />
<br />
With the knowledge of your parents, you go dancing and then you come back.<br />
<br />
^ᤀᤠᤐᤠ<n><sg>/father<n><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^ᤀᤠᤔᤠ<n><sg><erg>/mother<n><sg><erg>$ ^ᤖᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤡᤔᤠ<v><s_3><o_sg3><prog>/see<vblex><s_3><o_sg3><prog>$ ^ᤕᤠ᤹<n><sg>/paddy<n><sg>$ ^ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><past>/dance<vblex><past>$ ^ᤐᤣ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/go<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤕᤠᤶᤔᤢ<adv>/again<adv>$ ^ᤋᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><past><s_2><o_pl1i>/come<vblex><past><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
father, #mother #see paddy danced #go also again #come.<br />
<br />
4) ᤋᤖ ᤀᤖᤢ ᤁᤢᤈᤢᤶᤜᤠ᤹ ᤖᤳ ᤔᤧᤘᤠ᤹॥<br />
<br />
Only her friends are there.<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤀᤖᤢ<det>/other<det>$ ^ᤁᤢ<prn><pers><p3><sg>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><sg>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><pl>/friend<n><pl>$ ^ᤖᤳ<adv>/only<adv>$ ^ᤘᤠᤔᤠ<v><s_3>/be<vbser><s_3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but #other #they friends only #be.<br />
<br />
5) ᤂᤶᤓᤧᤀᤠᤱ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤛᤧ᤺ᤖᤡᤃᤧ - ᤂᤴᤄᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤆᤱ॥<br />
<br />
But we broke up with them.<br />
<br />
^ᤂᤶᤓᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<cj>/$ ^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤛᤧᤶᤔᤠ<v><o_pl1ex>/separate<vblex><o_pl1ex>$ - ^ᤂᤴ<prn><pers><dem><sg><pl><com>/that<prn><dem><mf><sg><pl><com>$ ^ᤆᤱ<n><sg>/top<n><sg>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
thus thus #separate - #that top.<br />
<br />
6) ᤋᤖ ᤀᤠᤏᤡ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠᤖᤧ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤐᤧᤏᤡᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤰᤂ᤹ᤕᤠᤖᤡᤰ ᤒᤡᤆᤠᤖ ᤁᤧᤈᤥᤃᤢ᥅<br />
<br />
Now, what's your opinion concerning us Limbus and the Nepalis?<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤀᤠ<prn><pers><p1><pl><incl>/we<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>$ ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg><erg>/Limbu<n><sg><erg>$ ^ᤖᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg><com>/Limbu<n><sg><com>$ ^ᤐᤧᤏᤡ<n><sg>/Brahmin<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤀᤠᤰᤂᤣ<adj><sg>/how much<adj><sg>$ ^ᤕᤠᤖᤡᤰ<n><sg>/extent<n><sg>$ ^ᤒᤡᤆᤠᤖ<n><sg>/thought<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<vbdo><s_2><o_sg3>/do<vbdo><s_2><o_sg3>$^᥅<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but we #Limbu #Limbu Brahmin #how much extent thought #do?<br />
<br />
7) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤆᤥᤀᤠᤱ ᤆᤥᤃᤢᤀᤠᤱ॥<br />
<br />
The Limbu eats, and he works.<br />
<br />
^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg>/Limbu<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤆᤠᤔᤠ<v>/eat<vblex>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<vbdo><o_sg3>/do<vbdo><o_sg3>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
#Limbu #eat also #do also.<br />
<br />
8) ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ ᤐᤥᤰᤛᤧ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ ᤁᤧᤒᤠ᤹ᤖᤡ॥<br />
<br />
But now, what's happened, you all speak a little more Nepali [when speaking Limbu].<br />
<br />
^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ<adv>/how<adv>$ ^ᤐᤥ᤺ᤱᤔᤠ<v><past>/become<vblex><past>$ ^ᤂᤧᤏᤡ<prn><pers><p2><pl>/you all<prn><subj><p2><mf><pl>$ ^ᤐᤧᤏᤡ<n><sg>/Brahmin<n><sg>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adj><sg>/a little<adj><sg>$ ^ᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ<det>/much<det>$ ^ᤐᤠ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/speak<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
thus how became you all Brahmin speech #a little #much #speak.<br />
<br />
9) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥<br />
<br />
You've lost a little of the Limbu language.<br />
<br />
^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><sg>/Limbu<n><sg>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adj><sg>/a little<adj><sg>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><s_2><s_sg3>/lose<vblex><s_2><s_sg3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
#Limbu speech #a little #lose.<br />
<br />
10) ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ, ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥<br />
<br />
Our friend up above takes out two rupees, the one over here takes out two rupees.<br />
<br />
^ᤌᤥ<pr>/up<pr>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg>/friend<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg>/two<n><sg>$ ^ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><o_sg3>/take out<vblex><o_sg3>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^ᤏᤠ<pr>/across<pr>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg>/friend<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg>/two<n><sg>$ ^ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><o_sg3>/take out<vblex><o_sg3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
up friend #two #take out, across friend #two #take out.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp25_TranslationPairs]]<br />
[[Category:Limbu]]<br />
[[Category:English]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English&diff=26000Limbu and English2025-05-05T18:43:27Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources for machine translation between Limbu and English==<br />
<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu_language Limbu]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language English]<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-lif.git Limbu git repo]<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/apertium-eng Eng git repo]<br />
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Limbu_and_English/Ambiguity_Resolution Ambiguity Resolution]<br />
<br />
==lif → eng initial evaluation==<br />
<br />
* Coverage (monolingual): 67.9%<br />
* Coverage (bilingual): 60.1%<br />
<br />
==Additions==<br />
<br />
* Added 11 Interrogative Pronouns<br />
* Added 1 Comparative and 1 Postpositions<br />
* Added all numerals upto 100 and their variations<br />
* Added numeral morphology<br />
* Added several bible-specific nouns, toponyms etc.<br />
<br />
==Sentences==<br />
1) ᤛᤣᤘᤠᤖᤥ॥<br />
<br />
Hello.<br />
<br />
^ᤛᤣᤘᤠᤖᤥ<ij>/hello<ij>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
hello.<br />
<br />
2) ᤋᤖ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤂᤶᤓ ᤕᤠ᤹ ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤛᤧ ᤁᤧᤒᤣᤃᤡᤀᤠᤱ ᤁᤧᤍᤧᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤁᤧᤀᤡᤵᤛᤡ॥<br />
<br />
But you all, when you've gone dancing and you come back, nowadays you go to bed.<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤂᤧᤏᤡ<prn><pers><p2><pl>/you all<prn><subj><p2><mf><pl>$ ^ᤂᤶᤓ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤕᤠ᤹<n><sg>/paddy<n><sg>$ ^ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><past>/dance<vblex><past>$ ^ᤐᤣ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/go<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤋᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><past><s_2><o_pl1i>/come<vblex><past><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤡᤶᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/sleep<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but you all thus paddy danced #go also #come thus #sleep.<br />
<br />
3) ᤀᤠᤐᤠ, ᤀᤠᤔᤠᤖᤧ ᤔᤧᤏᤡᤛᤢᤖ ᤕᤠ᤹ ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤛᤧ ᤁᤧᤒᤣᤃᤡᤀᤠᤱ ᤕᤠᤶᤔᤢ ᤁᤧᤍᤧᤀᤡ॥<br />
<br />
With the knowledge of your parents, you go dancing and then you come back.<br />
<br />
^ᤀᤠᤐᤠ<n><sg>/father<n><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^ᤀᤠᤔᤠ<n><sg><erg>/mother<n><sg><erg>$ ^ᤖᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤡᤔᤠ<v><s_3><o_sg3><prog>/see<vblex><s_3><o_sg3><prog>$ ^ᤕᤠ᤹<n><sg>/paddy<n><sg>$ ^ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><past>/dance<vblex><past>$ ^ᤐᤣ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/go<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤕᤠᤶᤔᤢ<adv>/again<adv>$ ^ᤋᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><past><s_2><o_pl1i>/come<vblex><past><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
father, #mother #see paddy danced #go also again #come.<br />
<br />
4) ᤋᤖ ᤀᤖᤢ ᤁᤢᤈᤢᤶᤜᤠ᤹ ᤖᤳ ᤔᤧᤘᤠ᤹॥<br />
<br />
Only her friends are there.<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤀᤖᤢ<det>/other<det>$ ^ᤁᤢ<prn><pers><p3><sg>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><sg>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><pl>/friend<n><pl>$ ^ᤖᤳ<adv>/only<adv>$ ^ᤘᤠᤔᤠ<v><s_3>/be<vbser><s_3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but #other #they friends only #be.<br />
<br />
5) ᤂᤶᤓᤧᤀᤠᤱ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤛᤧ᤺ᤖᤡᤃᤧ - ᤂᤴᤄᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤆᤱ॥<br />
<br />
But we broke up with them.<br />
<br />
^ᤂᤶᤓᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<cj>/$ ^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤛᤧᤶᤔᤠ<v><o_pl1ex>/separate<vblex><o_pl1ex>$ - ^ᤂᤴ<prn><pers><dem><sg><pl><com>/that<prn><dem><mf><sg><pl><com>$ ^ᤆᤱ<n><sg>/top<n><sg>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
thus thus #separate - #that top.<br />
<br />
6) ᤋᤖ ᤀᤠᤏᤡ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠᤖᤧ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤐᤧᤏᤡᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤰᤂ᤹ᤕᤠᤖᤡᤰ ᤒᤡᤆᤠᤖ ᤁᤧᤈᤥᤃᤢ᥅<br />
<br />
Now, what's your opinion concerning us Limbus and the Nepalis?<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤀᤠ<prn><pers><p1><pl><incl>/we<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>$ ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg><erg>/Limbu<n><sg><erg>$ ^ᤖᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg><com>/Limbu<n><sg><com>$ ^ᤐᤧᤏᤡ<n><sg>/Brahmin<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤀᤠᤰᤂᤣ<adj><sg>/how much<adj><sg>$ ^ᤕᤠᤖᤡᤰ<n><sg>/extent<n><sg>$ ^ᤒᤡᤆᤠᤖ<n><sg>/thought<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<vbdo><s_2><o_sg3>/do<vbdo><s_2><o_sg3>$^᥅<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but we #Limbu #Limbu Brahmin #how much extent thought #do?<br />
<br />
7) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤆᤥᤀᤠᤱ ᤆᤥᤃᤢᤀᤠᤱ॥<br />
<br />
The Limbu eats, and he works.<br />
<br />
^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg>/Limbu<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤆᤠᤔᤠ<v>/eat<vblex>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<vbdo><o_sg3>/do<vbdo><o_sg3>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
#Limbu #eat also #do also.<br />
<br />
8) ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ ᤐᤥᤰᤛᤧ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ ᤁᤧᤒᤠ᤹ᤖᤡ॥<br />
<br />
But now, what's happened, you all speak a little more Nepali [when speaking Limbu].<br />
<br />
^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ<adv>/how<adv>$ ^ᤐᤥ᤺ᤱᤔᤠ<v><past>/become<vblex><past>$ ^ᤂᤧᤏᤡ<prn><pers><p2><pl>/you all<prn><subj><p2><mf><pl>$ ^ᤐᤧᤏᤡ<n><sg>/Brahmin<n><sg>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adj><sg>/a little<adj><sg>$ ^ᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ<det>/much<det>$ ^ᤐᤠ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/speak<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
thus how became you all Brahmin speech #a little #much #speak.<br />
<br />
9) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥<br />
<br />
You've lost a little of the Limbu language.<br />
<br />
^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><sg>/Limbu<n><sg>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adj><sg>/a little<adj><sg>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><s_2><s_sg3>/lose<vblex><s_2><s_sg3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
#Limbu speech #a little #lose.<br />
<br />
10) ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ, ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥<br />
<br />
Our friend up above takes out two rupees, the one over here takes out two rupees.<br />
<br />
^ᤌᤥ<pr>/up<pr>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg>/friend<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg>/two<n><sg>$ ^ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><o_sg3>/take out<vblex><o_sg3>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^ᤏᤠ<pr>/across<pr>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg>/friend<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg>/two<n><sg>$ ^ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><o_sg3>/take out<vblex><o_sg3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
up friend #two #take out, across friend #two #take out.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp25_TranslationPairs]]<br />
[[Category:Limbu]]<br />
[[Category:English]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English&diff=25969Limbu and English2025-05-01T20:59:16Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources for machine translation between Limbu and English==<br />
<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu_language Limbu]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language English]<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-lif.git Limbu git repo]<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/apertium-eng Eng git repo]<br />
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Limbu_and_English/Ambiguity_Resolution Ambiguity Resolution]<br />
<br />
==lif → eng initial evaluation==<br />
<br />
* Coverage (monolingual): 67.9%<br />
* Coverage (bilingual): 60.1%<br />
<br />
==Additions==<br />
<br />
* Added 11 Interrogative Pronouns<br />
* Added 1 Comparative and 1 Postpositions<br />
* Added 32 more numerals<br />
<br />
==Sentences==<br />
1) ᤛᤣᤘᤠᤖᤥ॥<br />
<br />
Hello.<br />
<br />
^ᤛᤣᤘᤠᤖᤥ<ij>/hello<ij>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
hello.<br />
<br />
2) ᤋᤖ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤂᤶᤓ ᤕᤠ᤹ ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤛᤧ ᤁᤧᤒᤣᤃᤡᤀᤠᤱ ᤁᤧᤍᤧᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤁᤧᤀᤡᤵᤛᤡ॥<br />
<br />
But you all, when you've gone dancing and you come back, nowadays you go to bed.<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤂᤧᤏᤡ<prn><pers><p2><pl>/you all<prn><subj><p2><mf><pl>$ ^ᤂᤶᤓ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤕᤠ᤹<n><sg>/paddy<n><sg>$ ^ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><past>/dance<vblex><past>$ ^ᤐᤣ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/go<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤋᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><past><s_2><o_pl1i>/come<vblex><past><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤡᤶᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/sleep<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but you all thus paddy danced #go also #come thus #sleep.<br />
<br />
3) ᤀᤠᤐᤠ, ᤀᤠᤔᤠᤖᤧ ᤔᤧᤏᤡᤛᤢᤖ ᤕᤠ᤹ ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤛᤧ ᤁᤧᤒᤣᤃᤡᤀᤠᤱ ᤕᤠᤶᤔᤢ ᤁᤧᤍᤧᤀᤡ॥<br />
<br />
With the knowledge of your parents, you go dancing and then you come back.<br />
<br />
^ᤀᤠᤐᤠ<n><sg>/father<n><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^ᤀᤠᤔᤠ<n><sg><erg>/mother<n><sg><erg>$ ^ᤖᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤡᤔᤠ<v><s_3><o_sg3><prog>/see<vblex><s_3><o_sg3><prog>$ ^ᤕᤠ᤹<n><sg>/paddy<n><sg>$ ^ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><past>/dance<vblex><past>$ ^ᤐᤣ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/go<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤕᤠᤶᤔᤢ<adv>/again<adv>$ ^ᤋᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><past><s_2><o_pl1i>/come<vblex><past><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
father, #mother #see paddy danced #go also again #come.<br />
<br />
4) ᤋᤖ ᤀᤖᤢ ᤁᤢᤈᤢᤶᤜᤠ᤹ ᤖᤳ ᤔᤧᤘᤠ᤹॥<br />
<br />
Only her friends are there.<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤀᤖᤢ<det>/other<det>$ ^ᤁᤢ<prn><pers><p3><sg>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><sg>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><pl>/friend<n><pl>$ ^ᤖᤳ<adv>/only<adv>$ ^ᤘᤠᤔᤠ<v><s_3>/be<vbser><s_3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but #other #they friends only #be.<br />
<br />
5) ᤂᤶᤓᤧᤀᤠᤱ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤛᤧ᤺ᤖᤡᤃᤧ - ᤂᤴᤄᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤆᤱ॥<br />
<br />
But we broke up with them.<br />
<br />
^ᤂᤶᤓᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<cj>/$ ^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤛᤧᤶᤔᤠ<v><o_pl1ex>/separate<vblex><o_pl1ex>$ - ^ᤂᤴ<prn><pers><dem><sg><pl><com>/that<prn><dem><mf><sg><pl><com>$ ^ᤆᤱ<n><sg>/top<n><sg>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
thus thus #separate - #that top.<br />
<br />
6) ᤋᤖ ᤀᤠᤏᤡ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠᤖᤧ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤐᤧᤏᤡᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤰᤂ᤹ᤕᤠᤖᤡᤰ ᤒᤡᤆᤠᤖ ᤁᤧᤈᤥᤃᤢ᥅<br />
<br />
Now, what's your opinion concerning us Limbus and the Nepalis?<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤀᤠ<prn><pers><p1><pl><incl>/we<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>$ ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg><erg>/Limbu<n><sg><erg>$ ^ᤖᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg><com>/Limbu<n><sg><com>$ ^ᤐᤧᤏᤡ<n><sg>/Brahmin<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤀᤠᤰᤂᤣ<adj><sg>/how much<adj><sg>$ ^ᤕᤠᤖᤡᤰ<n><sg>/extent<n><sg>$ ^ᤒᤡᤆᤠᤖ<n><sg>/thought<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<vbdo><s_2><o_sg3>/do<vbdo><s_2><o_sg3>$^᥅<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but we #Limbu #Limbu Brahmin #how much extent thought #do?<br />
<br />
7) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤆᤥᤀᤠᤱ ᤆᤥᤃᤢᤀᤠᤱ॥<br />
<br />
The Limbu eats, and he works.<br />
<br />
^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg>/Limbu<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤆᤠᤔᤠ<v>/eat<vblex>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<vbdo><o_sg3>/do<vbdo><o_sg3>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
#Limbu #eat also #do also.<br />
<br />
8) ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ ᤐᤥᤰᤛᤧ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ ᤁᤧᤒᤠ᤹ᤖᤡ॥<br />
<br />
But now, what's happened, you all speak a little more Nepali [when speaking Limbu].<br />
<br />
^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ<adv>/how<adv>$ ^ᤐᤥ᤺ᤱᤔᤠ<v><past>/become<vblex><past>$ ^ᤂᤧᤏᤡ<prn><pers><p2><pl>/you all<prn><subj><p2><mf><pl>$ ^ᤐᤧᤏᤡ<n><sg>/Brahmin<n><sg>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adj><sg>/a little<adj><sg>$ ^ᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ<det>/much<det>$ ^ᤐᤠ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/speak<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
thus how became you all Brahmin speech #a little #much #speak.<br />
<br />
9) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥<br />
<br />
You've lost a little of the Limbu language.<br />
<br />
^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><sg>/Limbu<n><sg>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adj><sg>/a little<adj><sg>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><s_2><s_sg3>/lose<vblex><s_2><s_sg3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
#Limbu speech #a little #lose.<br />
<br />
10) ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ, ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥<br />
<br />
Our friend up above takes out two rupees, the one over here takes out two rupees.<br />
<br />
^ᤌᤥ<pr>/up<pr>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg>/friend<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg>/two<n><sg>$ ^ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><o_sg3>/take out<vblex><o_sg3>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^ᤏᤠ<pr>/across<pr>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg>/friend<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg>/two<n><sg>$ ^ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><o_sg3>/take out<vblex><o_sg3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
up friend #two #take out, across friend #two #take out.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp25_TranslationPairs]]<br />
[[Category:Limbu]]<br />
[[Category:English]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English&diff=25950Limbu and English2025-05-01T16:28:54Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources for machine translation between Limbu and English==<br />
<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu_language Limbu]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language English]<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-lif.git Limbu git repo]<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/apertium-eng Eng git repo]<br />
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Limbu_and_English/Ambiguity_Resolution Ambiguity Resolution]<br />
<br />
==lif → eng initial evaluation==<br />
<br />
* Coverage (monolingual): 67.9%<br />
* Coverage (bilingual): 60.1%<br />
<br />
==Additions==<br />
<br />
* Added 11 Interrogative Pronouns<br />
<br />
==Sentences==<br />
1) ᤛᤣᤘᤠᤖᤥ॥<br />
<br />
Hello.<br />
<br />
^ᤛᤣᤘᤠᤖᤥ<ij>/hello<ij>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
hello.<br />
<br />
2) ᤋᤖ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤂᤶᤓ ᤕᤠ᤹ ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤛᤧ ᤁᤧᤒᤣᤃᤡᤀᤠᤱ ᤁᤧᤍᤧᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤁᤧᤀᤡᤵᤛᤡ॥<br />
<br />
But you all, when you've gone dancing and you come back, nowadays you go to bed.<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤂᤧᤏᤡ<prn><pers><p2><pl>/you all<prn><subj><p2><mf><pl>$ ^ᤂᤶᤓ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤕᤠ᤹<n><sg>/paddy<n><sg>$ ^ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><past>/dance<vblex><past>$ ^ᤐᤣ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/go<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤋᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><past><s_2><o_pl1i>/come<vblex><past><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤡᤶᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/sleep<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but you all thus paddy danced #go also #come thus #sleep.<br />
<br />
3) ᤀᤠᤐᤠ, ᤀᤠᤔᤠᤖᤧ ᤔᤧᤏᤡᤛᤢᤖ ᤕᤠ᤹ ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤛᤧ ᤁᤧᤒᤣᤃᤡᤀᤠᤱ ᤕᤠᤶᤔᤢ ᤁᤧᤍᤧᤀᤡ॥<br />
<br />
With the knowledge of your parents, you go dancing and then you come back.<br />
<br />
^ᤀᤠᤐᤠ<n><sg>/father<n><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^ᤀᤠᤔᤠ<n><sg><erg>/mother<n><sg><erg>$ ^ᤖᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤡᤔᤠ<v><s_3><o_sg3><prog>/see<vblex><s_3><o_sg3><prog>$ ^ᤕᤠ᤹<n><sg>/paddy<n><sg>$ ^ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><past>/dance<vblex><past>$ ^ᤐᤣ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/go<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤕᤠᤶᤔᤢ<adv>/again<adv>$ ^ᤋᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><past><s_2><o_pl1i>/come<vblex><past><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
father, #mother #see paddy danced #go also again #come.<br />
<br />
4) ᤋᤖ ᤀᤖᤢ ᤁᤢᤈᤢᤶᤜᤠ᤹ ᤖᤳ ᤔᤧᤘᤠ᤹॥<br />
<br />
Only her friends are there.<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤀᤖᤢ<det>/other<det>$ ^ᤁᤢ<prn><pers><p3><sg>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><sg>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><pl>/friend<n><pl>$ ^ᤖᤳ<adv>/only<adv>$ ^ᤘᤠᤔᤠ<v><s_3>/be<vbser><s_3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but #other #they friends only #be.<br />
<br />
5) ᤂᤶᤓᤧᤀᤠᤱ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤛᤧ᤺ᤖᤡᤃᤧ - ᤂᤴᤄᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤆᤱ॥<br />
<br />
But we broke up with them.<br />
<br />
^ᤂᤶᤓᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<cj>/$ ^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤛᤧᤶᤔᤠ<v><o_pl1ex>/separate<vblex><o_pl1ex>$ - ^ᤂᤴ<prn><pers><dem><sg><pl><com>/that<prn><dem><mf><sg><pl><com>$ ^ᤆᤱ<n><sg>/top<n><sg>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
thus thus #separate - #that top.<br />
<br />
6) ᤋᤖ ᤀᤠᤏᤡ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠᤖᤧ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤐᤧᤏᤡᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤰᤂ᤹ᤕᤠᤖᤡᤰ ᤒᤡᤆᤠᤖ ᤁᤧᤈᤥᤃᤢ᥅<br />
<br />
Now, what's your opinion concerning us Limbus and the Nepalis?<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤀᤠ<prn><pers><p1><pl><incl>/we<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>$ ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg><erg>/Limbu<n><sg><erg>$ ^ᤖᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg><com>/Limbu<n><sg><com>$ ^ᤐᤧᤏᤡ<n><sg>/Brahmin<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤀᤠᤰᤂᤣ<adj><sg>/how much<adj><sg>$ ^ᤕᤠᤖᤡᤰ<n><sg>/extent<n><sg>$ ^ᤒᤡᤆᤠᤖ<n><sg>/thought<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<vbdo><s_2><o_sg3>/do<vbdo><s_2><o_sg3>$^᥅<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but we #Limbu #Limbu Brahmin #how much extent thought #do?<br />
<br />
7) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤆᤥᤀᤠᤱ ᤆᤥᤃᤢᤀᤠᤱ॥<br />
<br />
The Limbu eats, and he works.<br />
<br />
^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg>/Limbu<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤆᤠᤔᤠ<v>/eat<vblex>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<vbdo><o_sg3>/do<vbdo><o_sg3>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
#Limbu #eat also #do also.<br />
<br />
8) ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ ᤐᤥᤰᤛᤧ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ ᤁᤧᤒᤠ᤹ᤖᤡ॥<br />
<br />
But now, what's happened, you all speak a little more Nepali [when speaking Limbu].<br />
<br />
^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ<adv>/how<adv>$ ^ᤐᤥ᤺ᤱᤔᤠ<v><past>/become<vblex><past>$ ^ᤂᤧᤏᤡ<prn><pers><p2><pl>/you all<prn><subj><p2><mf><pl>$ ^ᤐᤧᤏᤡ<n><sg>/Brahmin<n><sg>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adj><sg>/a little<adj><sg>$ ^ᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ<det>/much<det>$ ^ᤐᤠ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/speak<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
thus how became you all Brahmin speech #a little #much #speak.<br />
<br />
9) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥<br />
<br />
You've lost a little of the Limbu language.<br />
<br />
^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><sg>/Limbu<n><sg>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adj><sg>/a little<adj><sg>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><s_2><s_sg3>/lose<vblex><s_2><s_sg3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
#Limbu speech #a little #lose.<br />
<br />
10) ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ, ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥<br />
<br />
Our friend up above takes out two rupees, the one over here takes out two rupees.<br />
<br />
^ᤌᤥ<pr>/up<pr>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg>/friend<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg>/two<n><sg>$ ^ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><o_sg3>/take out<vblex><o_sg3>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^ᤏᤠ<pr>/across<pr>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg>/friend<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg>/two<n><sg>$ ^ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><o_sg3>/take out<vblex><o_sg3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
up friend #two #take out, across friend #two #take out.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp25_TranslationPairs]]<br />
[[Category:Limbu]]<br />
[[Category:English]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English&diff=25949Limbu and English2025-05-01T16:28:16Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources for machine translation between Limbu and English==<br />
<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu_language Limbu]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language English]<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-lif.git Limbu git repo]<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/apertium-eng Eng git repo]<br />
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Limbu_and_English/Ambiguity_Resolution Ambiguity Resolution]<br />
<br />
==lif → eng initial evaluation==<br />
<br />
* Coverage (monolingual): 67.9%<br />
* Coverage (bilingual): 60.1%<br />
<br />
==Additions==<br />
<br />
* Added Interrogative Pronouns<br />
<br />
==Sentences==<br />
1) ᤛᤣᤘᤠᤖᤥ॥<br />
<br />
Hello.<br />
<br />
^ᤛᤣᤘᤠᤖᤥ<ij>/hello<ij>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
hello.<br />
<br />
2) ᤋᤖ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤂᤶᤓ ᤕᤠ᤹ ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤛᤧ ᤁᤧᤒᤣᤃᤡᤀᤠᤱ ᤁᤧᤍᤧᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤁᤧᤀᤡᤵᤛᤡ॥<br />
<br />
But you all, when you've gone dancing and you come back, nowadays you go to bed.<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤂᤧᤏᤡ<prn><pers><p2><pl>/you all<prn><subj><p2><mf><pl>$ ^ᤂᤶᤓ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤕᤠ᤹<n><sg>/paddy<n><sg>$ ^ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><past>/dance<vblex><past>$ ^ᤐᤣ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/go<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤋᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><past><s_2><o_pl1i>/come<vblex><past><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤡᤶᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/sleep<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but you all thus paddy danced #go also #come thus #sleep.<br />
<br />
3) ᤀᤠᤐᤠ, ᤀᤠᤔᤠᤖᤧ ᤔᤧᤏᤡᤛᤢᤖ ᤕᤠ᤹ ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤛᤧ ᤁᤧᤒᤣᤃᤡᤀᤠᤱ ᤕᤠᤶᤔᤢ ᤁᤧᤍᤧᤀᤡ॥<br />
<br />
With the knowledge of your parents, you go dancing and then you come back.<br />
<br />
^ᤀᤠᤐᤠ<n><sg>/father<n><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^ᤀᤠᤔᤠ<n><sg><erg>/mother<n><sg><erg>$ ^ᤖᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤡᤔᤠ<v><s_3><o_sg3><prog>/see<vblex><s_3><o_sg3><prog>$ ^ᤕᤠ᤹<n><sg>/paddy<n><sg>$ ^ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><past>/dance<vblex><past>$ ^ᤐᤣ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/go<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤕᤠᤶᤔᤢ<adv>/again<adv>$ ^ᤋᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><past><s_2><o_pl1i>/come<vblex><past><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
father, #mother #see paddy danced #go also again #come.<br />
<br />
4) ᤋᤖ ᤀᤖᤢ ᤁᤢᤈᤢᤶᤜᤠ᤹ ᤖᤳ ᤔᤧᤘᤠ᤹॥<br />
<br />
Only her friends are there.<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤀᤖᤢ<det>/other<det>$ ^ᤁᤢ<prn><pers><p3><sg>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><sg>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><pl>/friend<n><pl>$ ^ᤖᤳ<adv>/only<adv>$ ^ᤘᤠᤔᤠ<v><s_3>/be<vbser><s_3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but #other #they friends only #be.<br />
<br />
5) ᤂᤶᤓᤧᤀᤠᤱ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤛᤧ᤺ᤖᤡᤃᤧ - ᤂᤴᤄᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤆᤱ॥<br />
<br />
But we broke up with them.<br />
<br />
^ᤂᤶᤓᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<cj>/$ ^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤛᤧᤶᤔᤠ<v><o_pl1ex>/separate<vblex><o_pl1ex>$ - ^ᤂᤴ<prn><pers><dem><sg><pl><com>/that<prn><dem><mf><sg><pl><com>$ ^ᤆᤱ<n><sg>/top<n><sg>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
thus thus #separate - #that top.<br />
<br />
6) ᤋᤖ ᤀᤠᤏᤡ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠᤖᤧ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤐᤧᤏᤡᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤰᤂ᤹ᤕᤠᤖᤡᤰ ᤒᤡᤆᤠᤖ ᤁᤧᤈᤥᤃᤢ᥅<br />
<br />
Now, what's your opinion concerning us Limbus and the Nepalis?<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤀᤠ<prn><pers><p1><pl><incl>/we<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>$ ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg><erg>/Limbu<n><sg><erg>$ ^ᤖᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg><com>/Limbu<n><sg><com>$ ^ᤐᤧᤏᤡ<n><sg>/Brahmin<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤀᤠᤰᤂᤣ<adj><sg>/how much<adj><sg>$ ^ᤕᤠᤖᤡᤰ<n><sg>/extent<n><sg>$ ^ᤒᤡᤆᤠᤖ<n><sg>/thought<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<vbdo><s_2><o_sg3>/do<vbdo><s_2><o_sg3>$^᥅<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but we #Limbu #Limbu Brahmin #how much extent thought #do?<br />
<br />
7) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤆᤥᤀᤠᤱ ᤆᤥᤃᤢᤀᤠᤱ॥<br />
<br />
The Limbu eats, and he works.<br />
<br />
^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg>/Limbu<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤆᤠᤔᤠ<v>/eat<vblex>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<vbdo><o_sg3>/do<vbdo><o_sg3>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
#Limbu #eat also #do also.<br />
<br />
8) ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ ᤐᤥᤰᤛᤧ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ ᤁᤧᤒᤠ᤹ᤖᤡ॥<br />
<br />
But now, what's happened, you all speak a little more Nepali [when speaking Limbu].<br />
<br />
^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ<adv>/how<adv>$ ^ᤐᤥ᤺ᤱᤔᤠ<v><past>/become<vblex><past>$ ^ᤂᤧᤏᤡ<prn><pers><p2><pl>/you all<prn><subj><p2><mf><pl>$ ^ᤐᤧᤏᤡ<n><sg>/Brahmin<n><sg>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adj><sg>/a little<adj><sg>$ ^ᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ<det>/much<det>$ ^ᤐᤠ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/speak<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
thus how became you all Brahmin speech #a little #much #speak.<br />
<br />
9) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥<br />
<br />
You've lost a little of the Limbu language.<br />
<br />
^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><sg>/Limbu<n><sg>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adj><sg>/a little<adj><sg>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><s_2><s_sg3>/lose<vblex><s_2><s_sg3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
#Limbu speech #a little #lose.<br />
<br />
10) ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ, ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥<br />
<br />
Our friend up above takes out two rupees, the one over here takes out two rupees.<br />
<br />
^ᤌᤥ<pr>/up<pr>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg>/friend<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg>/two<n><sg>$ ^ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><o_sg3>/take out<vblex><o_sg3>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^ᤏᤠ<pr>/across<pr>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg>/friend<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg>/two<n><sg>$ ^ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><o_sg3>/take out<vblex><o_sg3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
up friend #two #take out, across friend #two #take out.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp25_TranslationPairs]]<br />
[[Category:Limbu]]<br />
[[Category:English]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English&diff=25944Limbu and English2025-05-01T16:20:18Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources for machine translation between Limbu and English==<br />
<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu_language Limbu]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language English]<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-lif.git Limbu git repo]<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/apertium-eng Eng git repo]<br />
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Limbu_and_English/Ambiguity_Resolution Ambiguity Resolution]<br />
<br />
==lif → eng initial evaluation==<br />
<br />
* Coverage (monolingual): 67.9%<br />
* Coverage (bilingual): 60.1%<br />
<br />
==lif → eng final evaluation==<br />
<br />
* Added Interrogative Pronouns<br />
<br />
==Sentences==<br />
1) ᤛᤣᤘᤠᤖᤥ॥<br />
<br />
Hello.<br />
<br />
^ᤛᤣᤘᤠᤖᤥ<ij>/hello<ij>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
hello.<br />
<br />
2) ᤋᤖ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤂᤶᤓ ᤕᤠ᤹ ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤛᤧ ᤁᤧᤒᤣᤃᤡᤀᤠᤱ ᤁᤧᤍᤧᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤁᤧᤀᤡᤵᤛᤡ॥<br />
<br />
But you all, when you've gone dancing and you come back, nowadays you go to bed.<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤂᤧᤏᤡ<prn><pers><p2><pl>/you all<prn><subj><p2><mf><pl>$ ^ᤂᤶᤓ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤕᤠ᤹<n><sg>/paddy<n><sg>$ ^ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><past>/dance<vblex><past>$ ^ᤐᤣ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/go<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤋᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><past><s_2><o_pl1i>/come<vblex><past><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤡᤶᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/sleep<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but you all thus paddy danced #go also #come thus #sleep.<br />
<br />
3) ᤀᤠᤐᤠ, ᤀᤠᤔᤠᤖᤧ ᤔᤧᤏᤡᤛᤢᤖ ᤕᤠ᤹ ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤛᤧ ᤁᤧᤒᤣᤃᤡᤀᤠᤱ ᤕᤠᤶᤔᤢ ᤁᤧᤍᤧᤀᤡ॥<br />
<br />
With the knowledge of your parents, you go dancing and then you come back.<br />
<br />
^ᤀᤠᤐᤠ<n><sg>/father<n><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^ᤀᤠᤔᤠ<n><sg><erg>/mother<n><sg><erg>$ ^ᤖᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤡᤔᤠ<v><s_3><o_sg3><prog>/see<vblex><s_3><o_sg3><prog>$ ^ᤕᤠ᤹<n><sg>/paddy<n><sg>$ ^ᤖᤠ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><past>/dance<vblex><past>$ ^ᤐᤣ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/go<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤕᤠᤶᤔᤢ<adv>/again<adv>$ ^ᤋᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><past><s_2><o_pl1i>/come<vblex><past><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
father, #mother #see paddy danced #go also again #come.<br />
<br />
4) ᤋᤖ ᤀᤖᤢ ᤁᤢᤈᤢᤶᤜᤠ᤹ ᤖᤳ ᤔᤧᤘᤠ᤹॥<br />
<br />
Only her friends are there.<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤀᤖᤢ<det>/other<det>$ ^ᤁᤢ<prn><pers><p3><sg>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><sg>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><pl>/friend<n><pl>$ ^ᤖᤳ<adv>/only<adv>$ ^ᤘᤠᤔᤠ<v><s_3>/be<vbser><s_3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but #other #they friends only #be.<br />
<br />
5) ᤂᤶᤓᤧᤀᤠᤱ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤛᤧ᤺ᤖᤡᤃᤧ - ᤂᤴᤄᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤆᤱ॥<br />
<br />
But we broke up with them.<br />
<br />
^ᤂᤶᤓᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<cj>/$ ^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤛᤧᤶᤔᤠ<v><o_pl1ex>/separate<vblex><o_pl1ex>$ - ^ᤂᤴ<prn><pers><dem><sg><pl><com>/that<prn><dem><mf><sg><pl><com>$ ^ᤆᤱ<n><sg>/top<n><sg>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
thus thus #separate - #that top.<br />
<br />
6) ᤋᤖ ᤀᤠᤏᤡ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠᤖᤧ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤐᤧᤏᤡᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤰᤂ᤹ᤕᤠᤖᤡᤰ ᤒᤡᤆᤠᤖ ᤁᤧᤈᤥᤃᤢ᥅<br />
<br />
Now, what's your opinion concerning us Limbus and the Nepalis?<br />
<br />
^ᤋᤖ<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^ᤀᤠ<prn><pers><p1><pl><incl>/we<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>$ ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg><erg>/Limbu<n><sg><erg>$ ^ᤖᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg><com>/Limbu<n><sg><com>$ ^ᤐᤧᤏᤡ<n><sg>/Brahmin<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤡᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤀᤠᤰᤂᤣ<adj><sg>/how much<adj><sg>$ ^ᤕᤠᤖᤡᤰ<n><sg>/extent<n><sg>$ ^ᤒᤡᤆᤠᤖ<n><sg>/thought<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<vbdo><s_2><o_sg3>/do<vbdo><s_2><o_sg3>$^᥅<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
but we #Limbu #Limbu Brahmin #how much extent thought #do?<br />
<br />
7) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤆᤥᤀᤠᤱ ᤆᤥᤃᤢᤀᤠᤱ॥<br />
<br />
The Limbu eats, and he works.<br />
<br />
^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg>/Limbu<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤆᤠᤔᤠ<v>/eat<vblex>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$ ^ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<vbdo><o_sg3>/do<vbdo><o_sg3>$ ^ᤀᤠᤱ<adv>/also<adv>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
#Limbu #eat also #do also.<br />
<br />
8) ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ ᤐᤥᤰᤛᤧ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ ᤁᤧᤒᤠ᤹ᤖᤡ॥<br />
<br />
But now, what's happened, you all speak a little more Nepali [when speaking Limbu].<br />
<br />
^ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv>/thus<adv>$ ^ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ<adv>/how<adv>$ ^ᤐᤥ᤺ᤱᤔᤠ<v><past>/become<vblex><past>$ ^ᤂᤧᤏᤡ<prn><pers><p2><pl>/you all<prn><subj><p2><mf><pl>$ ^ᤐᤧᤏᤡ<n><sg>/Brahmin<n><sg>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adj><sg>/a little<adj><sg>$ ^ᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ<det>/much<det>$ ^ᤐᤠ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><s_2><o_pl1i>/speak<vblex><s_2><o_pl1i>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
thus how became you all Brahmin speech #a little #much #speak.<br />
<br />
9) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥<br />
<br />
You've lost a little of the Limbu language.<br />
<br />
^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><sg>/Limbu<n><sg>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adj><sg>/a little<adj><sg>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><s_2><s_sg3>/lose<vblex><s_2><s_sg3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
#Limbu speech #a little #lose.<br />
<br />
10) ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ, ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥<br />
<br />
Our friend up above takes out two rupees, the one over here takes out two rupees.<br />
<br />
^ᤌᤥ<pr>/up<pr>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg>/friend<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg>/two<n><sg>$ ^ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><o_sg3>/take out<vblex><o_sg3>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^ᤏᤠ<pr>/across<pr>$ ^ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg>/friend<n><sg>$ ^ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg>/$ ^ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg>/two<n><sg>$ ^ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><o_sg3>/take out<vblex><o_sg3>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
up friend #two #take out, across friend #two #take out.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp25_TranslationPairs]]<br />
[[Category:Limbu]]<br />
[[Category:English]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English/Structural_Transfer&diff=25898Limbu and English/Structural Transfer2025-04-28T20:57:09Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==pre-evaluation==<br />
* Coverage: 100%<br />
* WER: 91.46%<br />
* PER: 90.24%<br />
<br />
==transfer rule==<br />
SOV (Limbu) vs SVO (English)<br />
<br />
==post-evaluation==<br />
* ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥<br />
** tagger - ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adv>+ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$^॥<sent>$^.<sent>$<br />
** lex - ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adv>/a little<adv>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>/lose<vblex><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
** transfer - Applying rule 2 (line 52): ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$Applying rule 3 (line 53): ^Limbu<AP><ND>{^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$}$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ Applying rule 4 (line 54): ^ᤆᤡ<adv>/a little<adv>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>/lose<vblex><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$ Applying rule 5 (line 55): ^Speech<DP><sg>{^Limbu<AP><ND>{^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$}$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$}$ ^lose<vP>{^ᤆᤡ<adv>/a little<adv>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>/lose<vblex><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$}$ Applying output rule 4 (line 55): Lose<VP><ND> -> ^Speech<DP><sg>{^Limbu<AP><ND>{^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$}$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$}$ ^lose<vP>{^ᤆᤡ<adv>/a little<adv>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>/lose<vblex><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$}$ Applying output rule 3 (line 54): lose<vP> -> ^ᤆᤡ<adv>/a little<adv>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>/lose<vblex><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$ No rule specified: ^a little<adv>$ No rule specified: ^lose<vblex>$ Applying output rule 2 (line 53): Speech<DP><sg> -> ^Limbu<AP><ND>{^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$}$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ Applying output rule 1 (line 52): Limbu<AP><sg> -> ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$ No rule specified: ^Limbu<n><m><sg>$ No rule specified: ^speech<n><m><sg> No rule specified: ^॥<sent>/.<sent>$ No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$ ^a little<adv>$ ^lose<vblex>$ ^Limbu<n><m><sg>$ ^speech<n><m><sg>$^.<sent>$^.<sent>$<br />
** lif-eng - a little #lose #Limbu #speech.<br />
<br />
* Coverage: 100%<br />
* WER: 87.80%<br />
* PER: 86.59%<br />
<br />
[[Category:Limbu]]<br />
[[Category:English]]<br />
[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English/Structural_Transfer&diff=25794Limbu and English/Structural Transfer2025-04-22T16:36:49Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==pre-evaluation==<br />
* Coverage: 100%<br />
* WER: 91.46%<br />
* PER: 90.24%<br />
<br />
==transfer rule==<br />
SOV (Limbu) vs SVO (English)<br />
<br />
==post-evaluation==<br />
* ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥<br />
** tagger - ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adv>+ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$^॥<sent>$^.<sent>$<br />
** lex - ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adv>/a little<adv>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>/lose<vblex><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
** transfer - Applying rule 2 (line 52): ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$Applying rule 3 (line 53): ^Limbu<AP><ND>{^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$}$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ Applying rule 4 (line 54): ^ᤆᤡ<adv>/a little<adv>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>/lose<vblex><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$ Applying rule 5 (line 55): ^Speech<DP><sg>{^Limbu<AP><ND>{^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$}$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$}$ ^lose<vP>{^ᤆᤡ<adv>/a little<adv>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>/lose<vblex><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$}$ Applying output rule 4 (line 55): Lose<VP><ND> -> ^Speech<DP><sg>{^Limbu<AP><ND>{^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$}$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$}$ ^lose<vP>{^ᤆᤡ<adv>/a little<adv>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>/lose<vblex><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$}$ Applying output rule 3 (line 54): lose<vP> -> ^ᤆᤡ<adv>/a little<adv>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>/lose<vblex><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$ No rule specified: ^a little<adv>$ No rule specified: ^lose<vblex>$ Applying output rule 2 (line 53): Speech<DP><sg> -> ^Limbu<AP><ND>{^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$}$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ Applying output rule 1 (line 52): Limbu<AP><sg> -> ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$ No rule specified: ^Limbu<n><m><sg>$ No rule specified: ^speech<n><m><sg> No rule specified: ^॥<sent>/.<sent>$ No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$ ^a little<adv>$ ^lose<vblex>$ ^Limbu<n><m><sg>$ ^speech<n><m><sg>$^.<sent>$^.<sent>$<br />
** lif-eng - a little #lose #Limbu #speech.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Limbu]]<br />
[[Category:English]]<br />
[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English/Structural_Transfer&diff=25793Limbu and English/Structural Transfer2025-04-22T16:36:36Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==pre-evaluation==<br />
* Coverage: 100%<br />
* WER: 91.46%<br />
* PER: 90.24%<br />
<br />
==transfer rule==<br />
SOV (Limbu) vs SVO (English)<br />
<br />
==post-evaluation==<br />
* ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥<br />
** tagger - ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adv>+ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$^॥<sent>$^.<sent>$<br />
** lex - ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adv>/a little<adv>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>/lose<vblex><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
** transfer - Applying rule 2 (line 52): ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$Applying rule 3 (line 53): ^Limbu<AP><ND>{^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$}$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ Applying rule 4 (line 54): ^ᤆᤡ<adv>/a little<adv>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>/lose<vblex><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$ Applying rule 5 (line 55): ^Speech<DP><sg>{^Limbu<AP><ND>{^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$}$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$}$ ^lose<vP>{^ᤆᤡ<adv>/a little<adv>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>/lose<vblex><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$}$ Applying output rule 4 (line 55): Lose<VP><ND> -> ^Speech<DP><sg>{^Limbu<AP><ND>{^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$}$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$}$ ^lose<vP>{^ᤆᤡ<adv>/a little<adv>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>/lose<vblex><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$}$ Applying output rule 3 (line 54): lose<vP> -> ^ᤆᤡ<adv>/a little<adv>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>/lose<vblex><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$ No rule specified: ^a little<adv>$ No rule specified: ^lose<vblex>$ Applying output rule 2 (line 53): Speech<DP><sg> -> ^Limbu<AP><ND>{^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$}$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ Applying output rule 1 (line 52): Limbu<AP><sg> -> ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$ No rule specified: ^Limbu<n><m><sg>$ No rule specified: ^speech<n><m><sg> No rule specified: ^॥<sent>/.<sent>$ No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$ ^a little<adv>$ ^lose<vblex>$ ^Limbu<n><m><sg>$ ^speech<n><m><sg>$^.<sent>$^.<sent>$<br />
<br />
** lif-eng - a little #lose #Limbu #speech.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Limbu]]<br />
[[Category:English]]<br />
[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English/Structural_Transfer&diff=25791Limbu and English/Structural Transfer2025-04-22T16:35:14Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==pre-evaluation==<br />
* Coverage: 100%<br />
* WER: 91.46%<br />
* PER: 90.24%<br />
<br />
==transfer rule==<br />
SOV (Limbu) vs SVO (English)<br />
<br />
==post-evaluation==<br />
* ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥<br />
** tagger - ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adv>+ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$^॥<sent>$^.<sent>$<br />
** lex - ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$ ^ᤆᤡ<adv>/a little<adv>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>/lose<vblex><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$^॥<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
** transfer - Applying rule 2 (line 52): ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$<br />
<br />
Applying rule 3 (line 53): ^Limbu<AP><ND>{^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$}$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$<br />
<br />
Applying rule 4 (line 54): ^ᤆᤡ<adv>/a little<adv>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>/lose<vblex><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$<br />
<br />
Applying rule 5 (line 55): ^Speech<DP><sg>{^Limbu<AP><ND>{^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$}$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$}$ ^lose<vP>{^ᤆᤡ<adv>/a little<adv>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>/lose<vblex><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$}$<br />
<br />
Applying output rule 4 (line 55): Lose<VP><ND> -> ^Speech<DP><sg>{^Limbu<AP><ND>{^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$}$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$}$ ^lose<vP>{^ᤆᤡ<adv>/a little<adv>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>/lose<vblex><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$}$<br />
<br />
Applying output rule 3 (line 54): lose<vP> -> ^ᤆᤡ<adv>/a little<adv>$ ^ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>/lose<vblex><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg><perf>$<br />
<br />
No rule specified: ^a little<adv>$<br />
<br />
No rule specified: ^lose<vblex>$<br />
<br />
Applying output rule 2 (line 53): Speech<DP><sg> -> ^Limbu<AP><ND>{^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$}$ ^ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg>/speech<n><sg>$<br />
<br />
Applying output rule 1 (line 52): Limbu<AP><sg> -> ^ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><attr>/Limbu<n><attr>$<br />
<br />
No rule specified: ^Limbu<n><m><sg>$<br />
<br />
No rule specified: ^speech<n><m><sg>$<br />
<br />
No rule specified: ^॥<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
<br />
^a little<adv>$ ^lose<vblex>$ ^Limbu<n><m><sg>$ ^speech<n><m><sg>$^.<sent>$^.<sent>$<br />
<br />
** lif-eng - a little #lose #Limbu #speech.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Limbu]]<br />
[[Category:English]]<br />
[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English/Structural_Transfer&diff=25790Limbu and English/Structural Transfer2025-04-22T16:30:55Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==pre-evaluation==<br />
* Coverage: 100%<br />
* WER: 91.46%<br />
* PER: 90.24%<br />
<br />
==transfer rule==<br />
SOV (Limbu) vs SVO (English)<br />
<br />
==post-evaluation==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Limbu]]<br />
[[Category:English]]<br />
[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=25788Limbu and English/Contrastive Grammar2025-04-22T16:30:20Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical Differences==<br />
<br />
* Limbu is an SOV language, whereas English is SVO.<br />
* In Limbu, pronouns are often left out as prefixes are added to the verbs.<br />
* Limbu has no definite articles (a, an, the).]<br />
* In Limbu, prepositions are always placed at the beginning ?<br />
* In Limbu, the article thus is used a lot in place of other adverbs such as but or even and seemingly without reason/translation.<br />
<br />
==lif-eng tests==<br />
===1 SOV===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥|You've lost a little of the Limbu language.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}} ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} lose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} a little{{tag|adj}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} language{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|Our friend up above takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|Our{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up{{tag|adv}} above{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
===2 PRN===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥|You've lost a little of the Limbu language.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}} ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} lose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} a little{{tag|adj}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} language{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|Our friend up above takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|Our{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up{{tag|adv}} above{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
===3 DEF ARTICLES===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤆᤥᤀᤠᤱ ᤆᤥᤃᤢᤀᤠᤱ॥|The Limbu eats, and he works.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤆᤠᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl3}}{{tag|os_sg}}{{tag|o_sg}}+ᤀᤠᤱ{{tag|cj}} ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl3}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}+ᤀᤠᤱ{{tag|cj}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|The one over here takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤏᤠ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|The one{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} over here{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
===4 PREP===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|Our friend up above takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|Our{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up{{tag|adv}} above{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|The one over here takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤏᤠ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|The one{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} over here{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
===5 THUS===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤂᤶᤓᤧᤀᤠᤱ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤛᤧ᤺ᤖᤡᤃᤧ ᤂᤴᤄᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤆᤱ॥|But we broke up with them.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤂᤶᤓᤧ{{tag|adv}}+ᤀᤠᤱ{{tag|cj}} ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|adv}} ᤛᤧᤶᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_du1}}{{tag|os_pl}}{{tag|excl}} ᤂᤴ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}} ᤆᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|But{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} break{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} up{{tag|adv}} with{{tag|pr}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ ᤐᤥᤰᤛᤧ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ ᤁᤧᤒᤠ᤹ᤖᤡ॥|But now, what's happened, you all speak a little more Nepali [when speaking Limbu].}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|adv}} ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ{{tag|adv}} ᤐᤥ᤺ᤱᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|os_sg}}{{tag|incl}} ᤂᤧᤏᤡ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}} ᤐᤧᤏᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}+ᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ{{tag|det}} ᤐᤠ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|os_pl}}|But{{tag|cnjcoo}} now{{tag|adv}} what{{tag|prn}}{{tag|itg}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} happen{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} you all{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} speak{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} a little{{tag|adv}} more{{tag|adv}} Nepali{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Limbu]][[Category:English]][[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English/Structural_Transfer&diff=25787Limbu and English/Structural Transfer2025-04-22T16:29:08Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==pre-evaluation==<br />
* Coverage: 100%<br />
* WER: 91.46%<br />
* PER: 90.24%<br />
<br />
==transfer rule==<br />
SOV vs SVO<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Limbu]]<br />
[[Category:English]]<br />
[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English/Structural_Transfer&diff=25723Limbu and English/Structural Transfer2025-04-17T15:41:30Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==pre-evaluation==<br />
* Coverage: 100%<br />
* WER: 91.46%<br />
* PER: 90.24%<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Limbu]]<br />
[[Category:English]]<br />
[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English/Structural_Transfer&diff=25711Limbu and English/Structural Transfer2025-04-17T15:27:11Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==pre-evaluation==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Limbu]]<br />
[[Category:English]]<br />
[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English/Structural_Transfer&diff=25710Limbu and English/Structural Transfer2025-04-17T15:26:31Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Limbu]]<br />
[[Category:English]]<br />
[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English/Structural_Transfer&diff=25709Limbu and English/Structural Transfer2025-04-17T15:25:23Z<p>Asingh5: Created page with "Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer"</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu/Keyboard&diff=25699Limbu/Keyboard2025-04-16T15:43:28Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>===Existing Resources:===<br />
<br />
1) Limbu keyboard (maybe standardized already available online for desktop and android (made by a Nepali artist) [I believe this may not be ideal for the language]:<br />
<br />
(https://sanchabirsubba.com/product/limbu-keyboard-limbu-india-keyboard-for-pc/?srsltid=AfmBOoprcUC-kpNycaEBzDCe5flHQc7EwfF6FihDcs7PMmDBHdqfuU-v)<br />
<br />
2) Available for free online:<br />
<br />
(https://keymanweb.com/#lif-limb,Keyboard_sil_limbu_typewriter)<br />
<br />
===Developed resources:===<br />
<br />
Git Repo: (https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-lif-keyboard.git)<br />
<br />
My layout for the Limbu language in its indigenous Sirijanga script is as follows (it modifies the existing resource to be better suited for the consistency of the language [with respect to frequent usage and vowels] and streamlines it):<br />
<br />
{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey| ᤲ|~}} {{kbdkey|᥇|᥄}} {{kbdkey|᥈|@}} {{kbdkey|᥉|#}} {{kbdkey|᥊|रु|$}} {{kbdkey|᥋|%}} {{kbdkey|᥌|^}} {{kbdkey|᥍|&}} {{kbdkey|᥎|*}} {{kbdkey|᥏|(}} {{kbdkey|᥆|)}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|&#61;|+}} }}<br />
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|ᤀ|ᤌ}} {{kbdkey|ᤒ|ᤓ}} {{kbdkey|ᤍ|ᤎ}} {{kbdkey|ᤈ|ᤉ}} {{kbdkey|ᤃ|ᤄ}} {{kbdkey|ᤛ|ᤚ}} {{kbdkey|ᤘ|ᤫ}} {{kbdkey|ᤖ|ᤪ|ᤷ}} {{kbdkey|ᤕ|ᤩ}} {{kbdkey|ᤠ|ᤨ}} {{kbdkey|ᤧ|[|{}} {{kbdkey|ᤣ|]|} }} {{kbdkey|ᤡ|{{!}}}} }}<br />
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|ᤏ|ᤴ}} {{kbdkey|ᤅ|ᤱ}} {{kbdkey|ᤋ|ᤳ}} {{kbdkey|ᤁ|ᤰ|ᤀᤥᤲ}} {{kbdkey|ᤐ|ᤵ}} {{kbdkey|ᤗ|ᤸ}} {{kbdkey|ᤔ|ᤶ}} {{kbdkey|ᤢ}} {{kbdkey|ᤥ|᤹}} {{kbdkey|ᤤ|:}} {{kbdkey|ᤦ|'|"}} }}<br />
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|ᤊ|ᤝ}} {{kbdkey|ᤂ|ᤞ}} {{kbdkey|ᤑ}} {{kbdkey|ᤆ}} {{kbdkey|ᤇ|<}} {{kbdkey|ᤙ|>}} {{kbdkey|ᤜ|;}} {{kbdkey|,|᤺|᤻}} {{kbdkey|॥|।|᥀}} {{kbdkey|/|᥅}} }}<br />
<br />
There are no deadkeys or combinations of keys for the sake of simplicity.<br />
<br />
However, all vowels and some consonant endings can be counted (technically) as deadkeys as they add their diacritic mark to the existing letter to form a single glyph.<br />
<br />
Thus:<br />
<br />
(Markers)<br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤲ = '''ᤁᤲ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤺ = '''ᤁ᤺''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤻ = '''ᤁ᤻'''<br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤹ = '''ᤁ᤹''' <br />
<br />
(Consonant Endings)<br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤰ = '''ᤁᤰ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤱ = '''ᤁᤱ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤳ = '''ᤁᤳ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤏ = '''ᤁᤴ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤵ = '''ᤁᤵ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤸ = '''ᤁᤸ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤶ = '''ᤁᤶ'''<br />
<br />
(Consonant Clusters)<br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤪ = '''ᤁᤪ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤩ = '''ᤁᤩ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤫ = '''ᤁᤫ'''<br />
<br />
(Vowels)<br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤨ = '''ᤁᤨ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤠ = '''ᤁᤠ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤧ = '''ᤁᤧ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤣ = '''ᤁᤣ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤡ = '''ᤁᤡ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤢ = '''ᤁᤢ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤥ = '''ᤁᤥ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤤ = '''ᤁᤤ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤦ = '''ᤁᤦ'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Justification:'''<br />
<br />
I based my keyboard on the already existing one designed by a (seemingly) non-Limbu Nepali artist. I grouped the vowels together to the right for ease of access as in the old keyboard they were scattered, which in my view would lead to confusion as the vowels in languages such as Limbu which use an abugida, are not to be treated as separate letters, but only as diacritic markers, therefore, a quick way to access them to me seems desirable. Additionally, I grouped all standard forms of the consonants in the lower case, with their endings and cluster forms in the upper case. The unused and unutilized ᤨ is also grouped in the upper case. I added the lesser used letters on the upper case, keeping a pattern of letters and their aspirated forms, and the Nepali foreign language letters were also placed in the upper case as they are not used. I replaced all numbers with the Sirijanga numbers, and all punctuations with their Sirijanga forms, and grouped unused punctuation marks and glyphs in the upper case and in some cases the AltGr case. Additionally I streamlined the entire keyboard and added the “om” character in its middle as a final step, signifying Limbu’s deep ties to its religious scriptures in its indigenous religion of Kirat Mundhum.<br />
<br />
===Installation:===<br />
To install:<br />
* Install IBus<br />
* Clone repo<br />
* Copy lif.mim to ~/.m17n.d/ directory<br />
* Restart IBus<br />
* Find and enable t-sirijanga-lif in Other<br />
<br />
===License:===<br />
<br />
MIT License<br />
<br />
Copyright (c) 2025 Avyaya Singh<br />
<br />
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell<br />
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:<br />
<br />
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.<br />
<br />
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp25_KeyboardLayouts]]<br />
[[Category:Limbu]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu/Keyboard&diff=25698Limbu/Keyboard2025-04-16T15:42:48Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>===Existing Resources:===<br />
<br />
1) Limbu keyboard (maybe standardized already available online for desktop and android (made by a Nepali artist) [I believe this may not be ideal for the language]:<br />
<br />
(https://sanchabirsubba.com/product/limbu-keyboard-limbu-india-keyboard-for-pc/?srsltid=AfmBOoprcUC-kpNycaEBzDCe5flHQc7EwfF6FihDcs7PMmDBHdqfuU-v)<br />
<br />
2) Available for free online:<br />
<br />
(https://keymanweb.com/#lif-limb,Keyboard_sil_limbu_typewriter)<br />
<br />
===Developed resources:===<br />
<br />
Git Repo: (https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-lif-keyboard.git)<br />
<br />
My layout for the Limbu language in its indigenous Sirijanga script is as follows (it modifies the existing resource to be better suited for the consistency of the language [with respect to frequent usage and vowels] and streamlines it):<br />
<br />
{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey| ᤲ|~}} {{kbdkey|᥇|᥄}} {{kbdkey|᥈|@}} {{kbdkey|᥉|#}} {{kbdkey|᥊|रु|$}} {{kbdkey|᥋|%}} {{kbdkey|᥌|^}} {{kbdkey|᥍|&}} {{kbdkey|᥎|*}} {{kbdkey|᥏|(}} {{kbdkey|᥆|)}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|&#61;|+}} }}<br />
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|ᤀ|ᤌ}} {{kbdkey|ᤒ|ᤓ}} {{kbdkey|ᤍ|ᤎ}} {{kbdkey|ᤈ|ᤉ}} {{kbdkey|ᤃ|ᤄ}} {{kbdkey|ᤛ|ᤚ}} {{kbdkey|ᤘ|ᤫ}} {{kbdkey|ᤖ|ᤪ|ᤷ}} {{kbdkey|ᤕ|ᤩ}} {{kbdkey|ᤠ|ᤨ}} {{kbdkey|ᤧ|[|{}} {{kbdkey|ᤣ|]|} }} {{kbdkey|ᤡ|{{!}}}} }}<br />
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|ᤏ|ᤴ}} {{kbdkey|ᤅ|ᤱ}} {{kbdkey|ᤋ|ᤳ}} {{kbdkey|ᤁ|ᤰ|ᤀᤥᤲ}} {{kbdkey|ᤐ|ᤵ}} {{kbdkey|ᤗ|ᤸ}} {{kbdkey|ᤔ|ᤶ}} {{kbdkey|ᤢ}} {{kbdkey|ᤥ|᤹}} {{kbdkey|ᤤ|:}} {{kbdkey|ᤦ|'|"}} }}<br />
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|ᤊ|ᤝ}} {{kbdkey|ᤂ|ᤞ}} {{kbdkey|ᤑ}} {{kbdkey|ᤆ}} {{kbdkey|ᤇ|<}} {{kbdkey|ᤙ|>}} {{kbdkey|ᤜ|;}} {{kbdkey|,|᤺|᤻}} {{kbdkey|॥|।|᥀}} {{kbdkey|/|᥅}} }}<br />
<br />
There are no deadkeys or combinations of keys for the sake of simplicity.<br />
<br />
However, all vowels and some consonant endings can be counted (technically) as deadkeys as they add their diacritic mark to the existing letter to form a single glyph.<br />
<br />
Thus:<br />
<br />
(Markers)<br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤲ = '''ᤁᤲ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤺ = '''ᤁ᤺''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤻ = '''ᤁ᤻'''<br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤹ = '''ᤁ᤹''' <br />
<br />
(Consonant Endings)<br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤰ = '''ᤁᤰ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤱ = '''ᤁᤱ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤳ = '''ᤁᤳ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤏ = '''ᤁᤴ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤵ = '''ᤁᤵ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤸ = '''ᤁᤸ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤶ = '''ᤁᤶ'''<br />
<br />
(Consonant Clusters)<br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤪ = '''ᤁᤪ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤩ = '''ᤁᤩ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤫ = '''ᤁᤫ'''<br />
<br />
(Vowels)<br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤨ = '''ᤁᤨ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤠ = '''ᤁᤠ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤧ = '''ᤁᤧ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤣ = '''ᤁᤣ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤡ = '''ᤁᤡ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤢ = '''ᤁᤢ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤥ = '''ᤁᤥ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤤ = '''ᤁᤤ''' <br />
<br />
ᤁ + ᤦ = '''ᤁᤦ'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Justification:'''<br />
<br />
I based my keyboard on the already existing one designed by a (seemingly) non-Limbu Nepali artist. I grouped the vowels together to the right for ease of access as in the old keyboard they were scattered, which in my view would lead to confusion as the vowels in languages such as Limbu which use an abugida, are not to be treated as separate letters, but only as diacritic markers, therefore, a quick way to access them to me seems desirable. Additionally, I grouped all standard forms of the consonants in the lower case, with their endings and cluster forms in the upper case. The unused and unutilized ᤨ is also grouped in the upper case. I added the lesser used letters on the upper case, keeping a pattern of letters and their aspirated forms, and the Nepali foreign language letters were also placed in the upper case as they are not used. I replaced all numbers with the Sirijanga numbers, and all punctuations with their Sirijanga forms, and grouped unused punctuation marks and glyphs in the upper case and in some cases the AltGr case. Additionally I streamlined the entire keyboard and added the “om” character in its middle as a final step, signifying Limbu’s deep ties to its religious scriptures in its indigenous religion of Kirat Mundhum.<br />
<br />
===Installation:===<br />
To install:<br />
1) Install IBus<br />
2) Clone repo<br />
3) Copy lif.mim to ~/.m17n.d/ directory<br />
4) Restart IBus<br />
5) Find and enable t-sirijanga-lif in Other<br />
<br />
===License:===<br />
<br />
MIT License<br />
<br />
Copyright (c) 2025 Avyaya Singh<br />
<br />
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell<br />
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:<br />
<br />
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.<br />
<br />
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp25_KeyboardLayouts]]<br />
[[Category:Limbu]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=25592Limbu and English/Contrastive Grammar2025-04-10T21:58:17Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical Differences==<br />
<br />
* Limbu is an SOV language, whereas English is SVO.<br />
* Pronouns are often left out as prefixes are added to the verbs.<br />
* No definite articles (a, an, the).]<br />
* Prepositions are always placed at the beginning ?<br />
* The article thus is used a lot in place of other adverbs such as but or even and seemingly without reason/translation.<br />
<br />
==lif-eng tests==<br />
===1===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥|You've lost a little of the Limbu language.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}} ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} lose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} a little{{tag|adj}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} language{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|Our friend up above takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|Our{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up{{tag|adv}} above{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
===2===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥|You've lost a little of the Limbu language.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}} ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} lose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} a little{{tag|adj}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} language{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|Our friend up above takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|Our{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up{{tag|adv}} above{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
===3===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤆᤥᤀᤠᤱ ᤆᤥᤃᤢᤀᤠᤱ॥|The Limbu eats, and he works.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤆᤠᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl3}}{{tag|os_sg}}{{tag|o_sg}}+ᤀᤠᤱ{{tag|cj}} ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl3}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}+ᤀᤠᤱ{{tag|cj}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|The one over here takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤏᤠ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|The one{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} over here{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
===4===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|Our friend up above takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|Our{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up{{tag|adv}} above{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|The one over here takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤏᤠ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|The one{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} over here{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
===5===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤂᤶᤓᤧᤀᤠᤱ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤛᤧ᤺ᤖᤡᤃᤧ ᤂᤴᤄᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤆᤱ॥|But we broke up with them.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤂᤶᤓᤧ{{tag|adv}}+ᤀᤠᤱ{{tag|cj}} ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|adv}} ᤛᤧᤶᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_du1}}{{tag|os_pl}}{{tag|excl}} ᤂᤴ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}} ᤆᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|But{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} break{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} up{{tag|adv}} with{{tag|pr}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ ᤐᤥᤰᤛᤧ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ ᤁᤧᤒᤠ᤹ᤖᤡ॥|But now, what's happened, you all speak a little more Nepali [when speaking Limbu].}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|adv}} ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ{{tag|adv}} ᤐᤥ᤺ᤱᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|os_sg}}{{tag|incl}} ᤂᤧᤏᤡ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}} ᤐᤧᤏᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}+ᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ{{tag|det}} ᤐᤠ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|os_pl}}|But{{tag|cnjcoo}} now{{tag|adv}} what{{tag|prn}}{{tag|itg}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} happen{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} you all{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} speak{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} a little{{tag|adv}} more{{tag|adv}} Nepali{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Limbu]][[Category:English]][[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=25584Limbu and English/Contrastive Grammar2025-04-10T21:21:24Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical Differences==<br />
<br />
* Limbu is an SOV language, whereas English is SVO.<br />
* Pronouns are often left out as prefixes are added to the verbs.<br />
* No definite articles (a, an, the).]<br />
* Prepositions are always placed at the beginning ?<br />
* The article thus is used a lot seemingly without reason/translation.<br />
<br />
==lif-eng tests==<br />
===1===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥|You've lost a little of the Limbu language.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}} ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}{{tag|incl}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} lose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} a little{{tag|adj}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} language{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|Our friend up above takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|Our{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up{{tag|adv}} above{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
===2===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥|You've lost a little of the Limbu language.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}} ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}{{tag|incl}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} lose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} a little{{tag|adj}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} language{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|Our friend up above takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|Our{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up{{tag|adv}} above{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
===3===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤆᤥᤀᤠᤱ ᤆᤥᤃᤢᤀᤠᤱ॥|The Limbu eats, and he works.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤆᤠᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl3}}{{tag|os_sg}}{{tag|o_sg}}{{tag|incl}}+ᤀᤠᤱ{{tag|cj}} ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl3}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}{{tag|incl}}+ᤀᤠᤱ{{tag|cj}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|The one over here takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤏᤠ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|The one{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} over here{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
===4===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|Our friend up above takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|Our{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up{{tag|adv}} above{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|The one over here takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤏᤠ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|The one{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} over here{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
===5===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤂᤶᤓᤧᤀᤠᤱ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤛᤧ᤺ᤖᤡᤃᤧ ᤂᤴᤄᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤆᤱ॥|But we broke up with them.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤂᤶᤓᤧ{{tag|adv}}+ᤀᤠᤱ{{tag|cj}} ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|adv}} ᤛᤧᤶᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_du1}}{{tag|os_pl}}{{tag|excl}} ᤂᤴ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}} ᤆᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|The one{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} over here{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Limbu]][[Category:English]][[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=25563Limbu and English/Contrastive Grammar2025-04-10T16:36:49Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical Differences==<br />
<br />
* Limbu is an SOV language, whereas English is SVO.<br />
* Pronouns are often left out as prefixes are added to the verbs.<br />
* No definite articles (a, an, the).]<br />
* Prepositions are always placed at the beginning ?<br />
<br />
==lif-eng tests==<br />
===1===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥|You've lost a little of the Limbu language.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}} ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}{{tag|incl}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} lose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} a little{{tag|adj}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} language{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|Our friend up above takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|Our{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up{{tag|adv}} above{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
===2===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥|You've lost a little of the Limbu language.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}} ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}{{tag|incl}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} lose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} a little{{tag|adj}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} language{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|Our friend up above takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|Our{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up{{tag|adv}} above{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
===3===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤆᤥᤀᤠᤱ ᤆᤥᤃᤢᤀᤠᤱ॥|The Limbu eats, and he works.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤆᤠᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl3}}{{tag|os_sg}}{{tag|o_sg}}{{tag|incl}}+ᤀᤠᤱ{{tag|cj}} ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl3}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}{{tag|incl}}+ᤀᤠᤱ{{tag|cj}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|The one over here takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤏᤠ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|The one{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} over here{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
===4===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|Our friend up above takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|Our{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up{{tag|adv}} above{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|The one over here takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤏᤠ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|The one{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} over here{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Limbu]][[Category:English]][[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=25559Limbu and English/Contrastive Grammar2025-04-10T16:35:52Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical Differences==<br />
<br />
* Limbu is an SOV language, whereas English is SVO.<br />
* Pronouns are often left out as prefixes are added to the verbs.<br />
* No definite articles (a, an, the).<br />
<br />
==lif-eng tests==<br />
===1===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥|You've lost a little of the Limbu language.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}} ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}{{tag|incl}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} lose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} a little{{tag|adj}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} language{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|Our friend up above takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|Our{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up{{tag|adv}} above{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
===2===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥|You've lost a little of the Limbu language.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}} ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}{{tag|incl}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} lose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} a little{{tag|adj}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} language{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|Our friend up above takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|Our{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up{{tag|adv}} above{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
===3===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤆᤥᤀᤠᤱ ᤆᤥᤃᤢᤀᤠᤱ॥|The Limbu eats, and he works.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤆᤠᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl3}}{{tag|os_sg}}{{tag|o_sg}}{{tag|incl}}+ᤀᤠᤱ{{tag|cj}} ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl3}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}{{tag|incl}}+ᤀᤠᤱ{{tag|cj}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|The one over here takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤏᤠ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|The one{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} over here{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
[[Category:Limbu]][[Category:English]][[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=25551Limbu and English/Contrastive Grammar2025-04-10T16:29:59Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical Differences==<br />
<br />
* Limbu is an SOV language, whereas English is SVO.<br />
* Pronouns are often left out as prefixes are added to the verbs.<br />
* No definite articles (a, an, the).<br />
<br />
==lif-eng tests==<br />
===1===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥|You've lost a little of the Limbu language.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}} ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}{{tag|incl}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} lose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} a little{{tag|adj}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} language{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|Our friend up above takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|Our{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up{{tag|adv}} above{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
===2===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥|You've lost a little of the Limbu language.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}} ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}{{tag|incl}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} lose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} a little{{tag|adj}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} language{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|Our friend up above takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|Our{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up{{tag|adv}} above{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
===3===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤆᤥᤀᤠᤱ ᤆᤥᤃᤢᤀᤠᤱ॥|The Limbu eats, and he works.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤆᤠᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl3}}{{tag|os_sg}}{{tag|o_sg}}{{tag|incl}}+ᤀᤠᤱ{{tag|cj}} ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl3}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}{{tag|incl}}+ᤀᤠᤱ{{tag|cj}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Limbu]][[Category:English]][[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=25534Limbu and English/Contrastive Grammar2025-04-10T16:15:04Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical Differences==<br />
<br />
* Limbu is an SOV language, whereas English is SVO.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==lif-eng tests==<br />
===1===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥|You've lost a little of the Limbu language.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}} ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}{{tag|incl}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} lose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} a little{{tag|adj}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} language{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|Our friend up above takes out two rupees.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|Our{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up{{tag|adv}} above{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Limbu]][[Category:English]][[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=25531Limbu and English/Contrastive Grammar2025-04-10T16:04:23Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical Differences==<br />
<br />
* Limbu is an SOV language, whereas English is SVO.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==lif-eng tests==<br />
===1===<br />
* {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥|You've lost a little of the Limbu language.}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}} ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} lose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} a little{{tag|adj}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} language{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Limbu]][[Category:English]][[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=25530Limbu and English/Contrastive Grammar2025-04-10T16:04:11Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical Differences==<br />
<br />
* Limbu is an SOV language, whereas English is SVO.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==lif-eng tests==<br />
===1===<br />
** {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥|You've lost a little of the Limbu language.}}<br />
**: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}} ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} lose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} a little{{tag|adj}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} language{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Limbu]][[Category:English]][[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=25529Limbu and English/Contrastive Grammar2025-04-10T16:03:09Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Grammatical Differences''<br />
<br />
* Limbu is an SOV language, whereas English is SVO.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
**lif-eng tests**<br />
* 1<br />
** {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥|You've lost a little of the Limbu language.}}<br />
**: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}} ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} lose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} a little{{tag|adj}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} language{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Limbu]][[Category:English]][[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=25528Limbu and English/Contrastive Grammar2025-04-10T16:02:52Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>**Grammatical Differences**<br />
<br />
* Limbu is an SOV language, whereas English is SVO.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
**lif-eng tests**<br />
* 1<br />
** {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥|You've lost a little of the Limbu language.}}<br />
**: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}} ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} lose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} a little{{tag|adj}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} language{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Limbu]][[Category:English]][[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]</div>Asingh5http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Limbu_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=25527Limbu and English/Contrastive Grammar2025-04-10T15:59:58Z<p>Asingh5: </p>
<hr />
<div>* Limbu is an SOV language, whereas English is SVO.<br />
** {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥|You've lost a little of the Limbu language.}}<br />
**: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}} ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} lose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} a little{{tag|adj}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} language{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Limbu]][[Category:English]][[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]</div>Asingh5