LING073 - User contributions [en]

Eastern Burushaski/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-14T02:24:26Z

Cwillia7:

==Dependency Relations==

===Example 1===
<pre>
"<tis>"
"tis" n @nsubj #1->2
"<eču>"
"eč" v p3 sg f #2->
"<bo>"
"b" cop pres ind p3 sg f @aux #3->2
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #4->2
</pre>

===Example 2===
<pre>
"<ine>"
"in" prn dem dst sg mf @det #1->2
"<paad̪šaa>"
"paad̪šaa" n @nsubj #2->5
"<t̪alo>"
"t̪ʰalo" NUM mfclx @nummod #3->4
"<yuu>"
"yuu" n pl @obj #4->5
"<bam>"
"b" cop past ind p2 pl #5->
"<.>"
"." sent #1- @punct #6->5
</pre>

===Example 3===
<pre>
"<kuult̪o>"
"kuult̪o" n @obl #1->3
"<eer>"
"e" prn pers p3 sg dat @iobj #2->3
"<ečam>"
"eč" v p1 sg #3->
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #4->3
</pre>

===Example 4===
<pre>
"<aa>"
"e" prn pers p1 sg abs @nsubj #1->4
"<ine>"
"in" prn dem dst sg mf @obl #2->3
"<gane>"
"gane" post @iobj #3->4
"<t̪ayaar>"
"t̪ayaar" n #4->
"<baa>"
"b" cop pres ind p1 sg SELECT:15 @cop #5->4
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #6->4
</pre>

===Example 5===
<pre>
"<it̪e>"
"in" prn dem dst sg cly @nsubj #1->3
"<paad̪šaa>"
"paad̪šaa" n @nmod #2->3
"<buċ>"
"*buċ" n #3->
"<bila>"
"b" cop pres ind p3 sg cly @cop #4->3
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #5->3
</pre>

[[Category:Sp19_UD]][[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]]

Eastern Burushaski/Final Project

2019-05-09T21:30:32Z

Cwillia7:

outlines what you did, links to your code, and provides the results of your evaluation.

==Arabic-Latin Orthographic Transducer of Hunza Burushaski==

The Burushaski language has no consensus orthography, and literacy is low. We aim to create a transducer between two proposed orthographies which are good candidates for uptake by the Burushaski speaker community.
The Latin orthography was proposed by Dr. Sadaf Munshi, curator of the North Texas University Burushaski Language Corpus. [https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/BURUS/] This orthography is used in all of her transcriptions.
The Arabic orthography was proposed by Rehmat Aziz Chitrali, a linguist and researcher at Khowar Academy Chitral in Pakistan. He released a keyboard layout for PC and Mac on GitHub, [https://github.com/rachitralli/Rachitrali-Burushaski-Keyboard/blob/master/rac_burushaski/source/rac_burushaski.kmn] which we have implemented for Linux. [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-keyboard]

===Methodology===
Both orthographies are somewhat inconsistent or are not completely documented. We have therefore done our best to reconstruct the intentions of Dr. Munshi and Dr. Chitrali, but the orthographies we implement may differ slightly from either original. Small orthographic adjustments can easily be made to the completed transducer.
To build our transducer, we used the Apertium framework.[https://wiki.apertium.org] We encoded the correspondence between the Latin and Arabic characters in our .lexc file, and wrote a number of rules to correct for inconsistencies and edge cases.

===Code===
The github repository for this project overall can be found at https://github.swarthmore.edu/cwillia7/ling073-bsk.

===Evaluation===
Despite the existence of an Arabic orthography, no corpus utilizing it could be found. To evaluate the effectiveness of our transducer, we hand-generated a small corpus of Arabic Burushaski and ran the aq-morftest script[] on the corpus to test for effectiveness and accuracy.

Test Results:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Test # !! pass !! fail !! total
|-
!0.
|46
|8
|54
|-
!1.
|46
|16
|62
|-
!2.
| 0
|12
|12
|-
!3.
| 0
|12
|12
|-
!4.
| 0
|24
|24
|-
!5.
| 0
|24
|24
|-
!6.
| 17
|26
|43
|-
!7.
| 17
|25
|42
|-
!8.
| 12
|17
|29
|-
!9.
| 12
|14
|26
|-
!10.
| 5
|0
|5
|-
!11.
| 5
|32
|37
|-
! total
| 160
|210
|370

|}

Coverage: 0.43243 or 43.24%

[[Category:Sp19_FinalProjects]][[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]]

Eastern Burushaski/Final Project

2019-05-09T21:28:06Z

Cwillia7:

outlines what you did, links to your code, and provides the results of your evaluation.

==Arabic-Latin Orthographic Transducer of Hunza Burushaski==

The Burushaski language has no consensus orthography, and literacy is low. We aim to create a transducer between two proposed orthographies which are good candidates for uptake by the Burushaski speaker community.
The Latin orthography was proposed by Dr. Sadaf Munshi, curator of the North Texas University Burushaski Language Corpus. [https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/BURUS/] This orthography is used in all of her transcriptions.
The Arabic orthography was proposed by Rehmat Aziz Chitrali, a linguist and researcher at Khowar Academy Chitral in Pakistan. He released a keyboard layout for PC and Mac on GitHub, [https://github.com/rachitralli/Rachitrali-Burushaski-Keyboard/blob/master/rac_burushaski/source/rac_burushaski.kmn] which we have implemented for Linux. [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-keyboard]

===Methodology===
Both orthographies are somewhat inconsistent or are not completely documented. We have therefore done our best to reconstruct the intentions of Dr. Munshi and Dr. Chitrali, but the orthographies we implement may differ slightly from either original. Small orthographic adjustments can easily be made to the completed transducer.
To build our transducer, we used the Apertium framework.[https://wiki.apertium.org] We encoded the correspondence between the Latin and Arabic characters in our .lexc file, and wrote a number of rules to correct for inconsistencies and edge cases.

===Code===
The github repository for this project overall can be found at https://github.swarthmore.edu/cwillia7/ling073-bsk.

===Evaluation===
Despite the existence of an Arabic orthography, no corpus utilizing it could be found. To evaluate the effectiveness of our transducer, we hand-generated a small corpus of Arabic Burushaski and ran the aq-morftest script[] on the corpus to test for effectiveness and accuracy.

Test Results:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Test # !! pass !! fail !! total
|-
!0. ||46||8||54
|-
!1. !! 46!!16!!62
|-
!2. !! 0!!12!!12
|-
!3. !! 0!!12!!12
|-
!4. !! 0!!24!!24
|-
!5. !! 0!!24!!24
|-
!6. !! 17!!26!!43
|-
!7. !! 17!!25!!42
|-
!8. !! 12!!17!!29
|-
!9. !! 12!!14!!26
|-
!10. !! 5!!0!!5
|-
!11. !! 5!!32!!37
|-
! total!! 160!!210!!370

|}

Coverage: 0.43243 or 43.24%

[[Category:Sp19_FinalProjects]][[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]]

Eastern Burushaski/Final Project

2019-05-09T21:08:41Z

Cwillia7:

outlines what you did, links to your code, and provides the results of your evaluation.

==Arabic-Latin Orthographic Transducer of Hunza Burushaski==

The Burushaski language has no consensus orthography, and literacy is low. We aim to create a transducer between two proposed orthographies which are good candidates for uptake by the Burushaski speaker community.
The Latin orthography was proposed by Dr. Sadaf Munshi, curator of the North Texas University Burushaski Language Corpus. [https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/BURUS/] This orthography is used in all of her transcriptions.
The Arabic orthography was proposed by Rehmat Aziz Chitrali, a linguist and researcher at Khowar Academy Chitral in Pakistan. He released a keyboard layout for PC and Mac on GitHub, [https://github.com/rachitralli/Rachitrali-Burushaski-Keyboard/blob/master/rac_burushaski/source/rac_burushaski.kmn] which we have implemented for Linux. [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-keyboard]

===Methodology===
Both orthographies are somewhat inconsistent or are not completely documented. We have therefore done our best to reconstruct the intentions of Dr. Munshi and Dr. Chitrali, but the orthographies we implement may differ slightly from either original. Small orthographic adjustments can easily be made to the completed transducer.
To build our transducer, we used the Apertium framework.[https://wiki.apertium.org] We encoded the correspondence between the Latin and Arabic characters in our .lexc file, and wrote a number of rules to correct for inconsistencies and edge cases.

===Code===
The github repository for this project overall can be found at https://github.swarthmore.edu/cwillia7/ling073-bsk.

===Evaluation===
Despite the existence of an Arabic orthography, no corpus utilizing it could be found. To evaluate the effectiveness of our transducer, we hand-generated a small corpus of Arabic Burushaski and ran the aq-morftest script[] on the corpus to test for effectiveness and accuracy.

Test Results:
pass / fail / total
0. 46/8/54
1. 46/16/62
2. 0/12/12
3. 0/12/12
4. 0/24/24
5. 0/24/24
6. 17/26/43
7. 17/25/42
8. 12/17/29
9. 12/14/26
10. 5/0/5
11. 5/32/37
160/210/370

Coverage: 0.43243 or 43.24%

[[Category:Sp19_FinalProjects]][[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]]

Eastern Burushaski/Final Project

2019-05-09T20:38:18Z

Cwillia7:

Eastern Burushaski/Final Project

2019-05-09T20:34:18Z

Cwillia7:

Eastern Burushaski/Final Project

2019-05-09T20:33:53Z

Cwillia7:

Eastern Burushaski/Final Project

2019-05-09T20:29:13Z

Cwillia7:

[[Category:Sp19_FinalProjects]]

Eastern Burushaski/Final Project

2019-05-09T20:28:52Z

Cwillia7: Created page with "Category:Sp19_FinalProject"

[[Category:Sp19_FinalProject]]

Eastern Burushaski/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-05T17:19:02Z

Cwillia7:

[[Category:Sp19_UD]][[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]]

Eastern Burushaski/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-05T17:18:36Z

Cwillia7:

[[Category:Sp19_UD]]

Eastern Burushaski/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-05T17:18:27Z

Cwillia7: Created page with "[Category:Sp19_UD]"

[Category:Sp19_UD]

Eastern Burushaski and English

2019-04-24T00:05:08Z

Cwillia7: /* Additions */

==Resources for machine translation between [[Eastern_Burushaski]] and English==
*Apertium basic rule-based machine translation [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-eng/tree/master]
**Corpus for MT [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-eng-corpus]
*Developed bilingual corpus https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-eng-corpus
**Corpus data courtesy of Dr. Sadaf Munshi at the University of North Texas

==bsk --> eng Evaluation==
Monolingual transducer finds 27 forms, misses 0. Bilingual transducer finds 135 forms, misses 0. This difference is likely due to the monolingual transducer classifying multiple forms of the same word as only one, as in "to be."

{|class: "wikitable"
! Burushaski Text !! English free translation !! Lexical transfer output !! Full translation output
|-
|tis eču bo. || She is making a mistake. || ^tis<n>/pit<n>/mistake<n>$ ^eč<v><p3><sg><f>/do.IPFV#it <v><p3><sg><f>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><f>/be<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><f>$. || #pit #do.IPFV#it #be.
|-
|ine paad̪šaa t̪alo yuu bam. || That king had seven sons. || ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf>/that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$ ^paad̪šaa<n>/king<n>$ ^t̪ʰalo<num><mfclx>/seven<num><mfclx>$ ^yuu<n><pl>/sons<n><pl>$ ^b<cop><past><ind><p1><pl>/be<cop><past><ind><p1><pl>$. || #that #king #seven #sons #be.
|-
|kuult̪o eer ečam. || Today I will do it for him. || ^kuult̪o<n>/today<n>$ ^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><dat>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><dat>$ ^eč<v><p1><sg>/do.IPFV#it <v><p1><sg>$. || #today #I #do.IPFV#it .
|-
|aa ine gane t̪ayaar baa. || I am ready for him. || ^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$ ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf>/that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$ ^gane<post>/for.the.sake.of<post>$ ^t̪ayaar<n>/ready<n>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>/be<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>$. || #I #that #for.the.sake.of #ready #be.
|-
|d̪aa it̪eer šaan e naa. || And please be careful of that. || ^d̪aa<conn>/and<conn>$ ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><cly><dat>/that<dem><dst><sg><cly><dat>$ ^šaan<adj>/careful<adj>$ ^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><erg>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><erg>$ ^naa<q>/$. || #and #that careful #I .
|-
|it̪e paad̪šaa buc̣ bila. || That is the oriental plane of the king. || ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><cly><erg>/that<dem><dst><sg><cly><erg>$ ^paad̪šaa<n>/king<n>$ ^buc̣<n>/oriental.plane.(tree.species)<n>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>/be<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>$. || #that #king #oriental.plane.(tree.species) #be.
|-
|hin paad̪šaan bam. || There was a king. || ^hin<num><mf>/one<num><mf>$ ^paad̪šaa<n><indef>/king<n><indef>$ ^b<cop><past><ind><p1><pl>/be<cop><past><ind><p1><pl>$. || #one #king #be.
|-
|e tis amana baa. || I made a mistake. || ^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><erg>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><erg>$ ^tis<n>/pit<n>/mistake<n>$ ^amana<v>/I# become<v>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>/be<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>$. || #I #pit #I# become #be.
|-
|han buċ bila. || There is an oriental plane. || ^hin<num><clx>/one<num><clx>$ ^buc̣<n>/oriental.plane.(tree.species)<n>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>/be<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>$. || #one #oriental.plane.(tree.species) #be.
|-
|d̪aa šaam meey bila. || It gets dark again. || ^d̪aa<conn>/and<conn>$ ^šaam<n>/evening<n>$ ^meey<v>/become.IPFV<v>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>/be<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>$. || #and #evening #become.IPFV #be.
|-
|ine gušpurate es baas basimi.|| That falcon sat on the prince. || ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf>/that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$ ^gušpur<n><loc>/prince<n><loc>$ ^es<dem>/that.[−h,.I]<dem>$ ^baas<n>/times<n>/falcon<n>$ ^bas<v><iv><p3><sg><m>/sit<v><iv><p3><sg><m>$ || #that #prince #that.[−h,.I] #times #sit.
|}

==Additions==
*-i and -u final nouns add -y- and -w- respectively before prefixes that begin with a vowel
*-(a)n indefinite noun suffix
*lexc and dix files (bsk and bsk-eng respectively)
**910 --> 842 "UNK" tags (added tags to unknown words), so a reduction of 68
**replaced instances of "." in the middle of entries with spaces (eg. "because.of" --> "because of")

[[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]][[Category:Sp19_TranslationPairs]]

Eastern Burushaski and English/Structural transfer

2019-04-16T23:41:21Z

Cwillia7: /* things implemented */

==before==

Test file: 'bsk-eng.tests.txt'
Reference file 'eng.tests.txt'

Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 50
Number of words in test: 40
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test:
Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 49
Word error rate (WER): 98.00 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 2
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.00 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 49
Word Error Rate (WER): 98.00 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 2
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.00 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 0
Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 0%

==things implemented==
*sentence: aa ine gane t̪ayaar baa
* "I am ready for him"
We implemented copulas and postpositions. Both of these are exhibited in this example sentence.

===tagger===
^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$ ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf>/that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$ ^gane<post>/for<pr>$ ^t̪ayaar<n>/ready<n>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>/be<vbser><pres><ind><p1><sg>$

===biltrans===
^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$ ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf>/that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$ ^gane<post>/for<pr>$ ^t̪ayaar<n>/ready<n>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>/be<vbser><pres><ind><p1><sg>$

===chunker===

apertium-transfer: Rule 3 e<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>

apertium-transfer: Rule 3 in<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf>/that<dem><dst><sg><mf>

apertium-transfer: Rule 1 gane<post>/for<pr>

apertium-transfer: Rule 2 t̪ayaar<n>/ready<n>

apertium-transfer: Rule 5 b<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>/be<vbser><pres><ind><p1><sg>
^prn<NOUN>{^I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$}$ ^prn<NOUN>{^that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$}$ ^prep<POST>{^for<pr>$}$ ^noun<NOUN>{^ready<n>$}$ ^cop<SV><pres><p1><sg>{^be<vbser><2><3><4>$}$

===interchunk===

apertium-interchunk: Rule 3 prn<NOUN>{^that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$} prep<POST>{^for<pr>$}

apertium-interchunk: Rule 2 cop<SV><pres><p1><sg>{^be<vbser><2><3><4>$}
^prn<NOUN>{^I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$}$ ^prep<POST>{^for<pr>$}$ ^prn<NOUN>{^that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$}$ ^noun<NOUN>{^ready<n>$}$ ^cop<SV><pres><p1><sg>{^be<vbser><2><3><4>$}$

===postchunk===
^I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$ ^for<pr>$ ^that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$ ^ready<n>$ ^be<vbser><pres><p1><sg>$

===bsk-eng (full translation)===
#I for #that #ready am

==after==

Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 40
Number of words in test: 40
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test:
Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 40
Word error rate (WER): 100.00 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 0
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100.00 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 40
Word Error Rate (WER): 100.00 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 0
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100.00 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 0
Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 0%

[[Category:Sp19_StructuralTransfer]][[Category:English]][[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]]

Eastern Burushaski and English/Structural transfer

2019-04-16T23:40:08Z

Cwillia7: /* bsk-eng (full translation) */

==before==

Test file: 'bsk-eng.tests.txt'
Reference file 'eng.tests.txt'

Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 50
Number of words in test: 40
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test:
Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 49
Word error rate (WER): 98.00 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 2
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.00 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 49
Word Error Rate (WER): 98.00 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 2
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.00 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 0
Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 0%

==things implemented==
*sentence: aa ine gane t̪ayaar baa
* "I am ready for him"

===tagger===
^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$ ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf>/that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$ ^gane<post>/for<pr>$ ^t̪ayaar<n>/ready<n>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>/be<vbser><pres><ind><p1><sg>$

===biltrans===
^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$ ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf>/that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$ ^gane<post>/for<pr>$ ^t̪ayaar<n>/ready<n>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>/be<vbser><pres><ind><p1><sg>$

===chunker===

apertium-transfer: Rule 3 e<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>

apertium-transfer: Rule 3 in<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf>/that<dem><dst><sg><mf>

apertium-transfer: Rule 1 gane<post>/for<pr>

apertium-transfer: Rule 2 t̪ayaar<n>/ready<n>

apertium-transfer: Rule 5 b<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>/be<vbser><pres><ind><p1><sg>
^prn<NOUN>{^I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$}$ ^prn<NOUN>{^that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$}$ ^prep<POST>{^for<pr>$}$ ^noun<NOUN>{^ready<n>$}$ ^cop<SV><pres><p1><sg>{^be<vbser><2><3><4>$}$

===interchunk===

apertium-interchunk: Rule 3 prn<NOUN>{^that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$} prep<POST>{^for<pr>$}

apertium-interchunk: Rule 2 cop<SV><pres><p1><sg>{^be<vbser><2><3><4>$}
^prn<NOUN>{^I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$}$ ^prep<POST>{^for<pr>$}$ ^prn<NOUN>{^that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$}$ ^noun<NOUN>{^ready<n>$}$ ^cop<SV><pres><p1><sg>{^be<vbser><2><3><4>$}$

===postchunk===
^I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$ ^for<pr>$ ^that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$ ^ready<n>$ ^be<vbser><pres><p1><sg>$

===bsk-eng (full translation)===
#I for #that #ready am

==after==

Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 40
Number of words in test: 40
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test:
Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 40
Word error rate (WER): 100.00 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 0
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100.00 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 40
Word Error Rate (WER): 100.00 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 0
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100.00 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 0
Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 0%

[[Category:Sp19_StructuralTransfer]][[Category:English]][[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]]

Eastern Burushaski and English/Structural transfer

2019-04-16T23:39:21Z

Cwillia7: /* things implemented */

==before==

Test file: 'bsk-eng.tests.txt'
Reference file 'eng.tests.txt'

Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 50
Number of words in test: 40
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test:
Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 49
Word error rate (WER): 98.00 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 2
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.00 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 49
Word Error Rate (WER): 98.00 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 2
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.00 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 0
Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 0%

==things implemented==
*sentence: aa ine gane t̪ayaar baa
* "I am ready for him"

===tagger===
^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$ ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf>/that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$ ^gane<post>/for<pr>$ ^t̪ayaar<n>/ready<n>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>/be<vbser><pres><ind><p1><sg>$

===biltrans===
^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$ ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf>/that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$ ^gane<post>/for<pr>$ ^t̪ayaar<n>/ready<n>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>/be<vbser><pres><ind><p1><sg>$

===chunker===

apertium-transfer: Rule 3 e<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>

apertium-transfer: Rule 3 in<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf>/that<dem><dst><sg><mf>

apertium-transfer: Rule 1 gane<post>/for<pr>

apertium-transfer: Rule 2 t̪ayaar<n>/ready<n>

apertium-transfer: Rule 5 b<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>/be<vbser><pres><ind><p1><sg>
^prn<NOUN>{^I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$}$ ^prn<NOUN>{^that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$}$ ^prep<POST>{^for<pr>$}$ ^noun<NOUN>{^ready<n>$}$ ^cop<SV><pres><p1><sg>{^be<vbser><2><3><4>$}$

===interchunk===

apertium-interchunk: Rule 3 prn<NOUN>{^that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$} prep<POST>{^for<pr>$}

apertium-interchunk: Rule 2 cop<SV><pres><p1><sg>{^be<vbser><2><3><4>$}
^prn<NOUN>{^I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$}$ ^prep<POST>{^for<pr>$}$ ^prn<NOUN>{^that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$}$ ^noun<NOUN>{^ready<n>$}$ ^cop<SV><pres><p1><sg>{^be<vbser><2><3><4>$}$

===postchunk===
^I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$ ^for<pr>$ ^that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$ ^ready<n>$ ^be<vbser><pres><p1><sg>$

===bsk-eng (full translation)===
#I for #that #ready am

==after==

Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 40
Number of words in test: 40
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test:
Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 40
Word error rate (WER): 100.00 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 0
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100.00 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 40
Word Error Rate (WER): 100.00 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 0
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100.00 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 0
Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 0%

[[Category:Sp19_StructuralTransfer]][[Category:English]][[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]]

Eastern Burushaski and English/Structural transfer

2019-04-16T23:38:56Z

Cwillia7: /* things implemented */

==before==

Test file: 'bsk-eng.tests.txt'
Reference file 'eng.tests.txt'

Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 50
Number of words in test: 40
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test:
Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 49
Word error rate (WER): 98.00 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 2
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.00 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 49
Word Error Rate (WER): 98.00 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 2
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.00 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 0
Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 0%

==things implemented==
*sentence: aa ine gane t̪ayaar baa

===tagger===
^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$ ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf>/that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$ ^gane<post>/for<pr>$ ^t̪ayaar<n>/ready<n>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>/be<vbser><pres><ind><p1><sg>$

===biltrans===
^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$ ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf>/that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$ ^gane<post>/for<pr>$ ^t̪ayaar<n>/ready<n>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>/be<vbser><pres><ind><p1><sg>$

===chunker===

apertium-transfer: Rule 3 e<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>

apertium-transfer: Rule 3 in<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf>/that<dem><dst><sg><mf>

apertium-transfer: Rule 1 gane<post>/for<pr>

apertium-transfer: Rule 2 t̪ayaar<n>/ready<n>

apertium-transfer: Rule 5 b<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>/be<vbser><pres><ind><p1><sg>
^prn<NOUN>{^I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$}$ ^prn<NOUN>{^that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$}$ ^prep<POST>{^for<pr>$}$ ^noun<NOUN>{^ready<n>$}$ ^cop<SV><pres><p1><sg>{^be<vbser><2><3><4>$}$

===interchunk===

apertium-interchunk: Rule 3 prn<NOUN>{^that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$} prep<POST>{^for<pr>$}

apertium-interchunk: Rule 2 cop<SV><pres><p1><sg>{^be<vbser><2><3><4>$}
^prn<NOUN>{^I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$}$ ^prep<POST>{^for<pr>$}$ ^prn<NOUN>{^that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$}$ ^noun<NOUN>{^ready<n>$}$ ^cop<SV><pres><p1><sg>{^be<vbser><2><3><4>$}$

===postchunk===
^I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$ ^for<pr>$ ^that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$ ^ready<n>$ ^be<vbser><pres><p1><sg>$

===bsk-eng (full translation)===
#I for #that #ready am

==after==

Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 40
Number of words in test: 40
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test:
Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 40
Word error rate (WER): 100.00 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 0
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100.00 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 40
Word Error Rate (WER): 100.00 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 0
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100.00 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 0
Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 0%

[[Category:Sp19_StructuralTransfer]][[Category:English]][[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]]

Eastern Burushaski and English/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-09T23:18:53Z

Cwillia7:

==bsk-eng Tests==

===Ergative/Absolutive===
English is a nom/acc language while Burushaski is an erg/abs language. A such, Burushaski treats the object of transitive verbs like the subject of intransitive verbs, while English treats the subjects of these two types of verbs similarly and distinguishes the object.

Examples:
*{{transferTest|bsk|eng|e tis amana baa. | I made a mistake.}} (#I #mistake #I# become #be.)
**{{transferMorphTest|bsk|eng|e{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|erg}} tis{{tag|n}} amana{{tag|v}} b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} | prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} make{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} a mistake }}
*{{transferTest|bsk|eng|aa ine gane t̪ayaar baa. | I am ready for him}} ( #I #that #for.the.sake.of #ready #be.)
**{{transferMorphTest|bsk|eng|e{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abs}} in{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|mf}} gane{{tag|post}} t̪ayaar{{tag|n}} b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} | prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} ready{{tag|adv}} for{{tag|pr}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} }}

In these examples, it is evident that the Burushaski sentences contain different first-person pronouns while English uses "I" in both cases.

===Verb Final===
Burushaski is a SOV language, while English is SVO. This difference can be accounted or by changing the word order.

* {{transferTest|bsk|eng|d̪aa šaam meey bila. | It gets dark again.}} ( #and #evening #become.IPFV #be.)
**{{transferMorphTest|bsk|eng|d̪aa{{tag|conn}} šaam{{tag|n}} meey{{tag|v}} b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cly}} | prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} get{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} dark again{{tag|adv}} }}
* {{transferTest|bsk|eng|it̪e paad̪šaa buc̣ bila. | That is the oriental plane of the king.}} ( #that #king #oriental.plane.(tree.species) #be.)
**{{transferMorphTest|bsk|eng|in{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cly}}{{tag|erg}} paad̪šaa{{tag|n}} buc̣{{tag|n}} b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cly}} | that{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} oriental{{tag|adj}} plane{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} king{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} }}
* {{transferTest|bsk|eng|ine paad̪šaa t̪alo yuu bam. | That king had seven sons.}} (#that #king #seven #sons #be.)
**{{transferMorphTest|bsk|eng|in{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|mf}} paad̪šaa{{tag|n}} t̪ʰalo{{tag|num}}{{tag|mfclx}} yuu{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} | that{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} king{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} have{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} seven{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} son{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} }}

Shown in these examples, the copula is consistently placed at the end of the sentence, while in English, it usually follows the subject.

===Case Marking===
Burushaski marks nouns for case, while English uses prepositions.

*{{transferTest|bsk|eng|kuult̪o eer ečam|Today I will do it for him}}
**{{transferMorphTest|bsk|eng|kuult̪o{{tag|adv}} e{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}} eč{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}| for{{tag|pr}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}
*{{transferTest|bsk|eng|ine gušpurate es baas basimi| That falcon sat on the prince}}
**{{transferMorphTest|bsk|eng|in{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|mf}} gušpur{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}} ^es{{tag|dem}} baas{{tag|n}} bas{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|m}} that{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} falcon{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} sit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} on{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} prince{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} }}

===Postpositions===
*{{transferTest|bsk|eng|aa ine gane t̪ayaar baa|I am ready for him}}
**{{transferMorphTest|bsk|eng|e{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abs}} in{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|mf}} gane{{tag|post}} t̪ayaar{{tag|n}} b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} ready/ready{{tag|adv}}/ready{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} for/for{{tag|cnjadv}}/for{{tag|pr}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} }}

===Question Particle===

*{{transferTest|bsk|eng|d̪aa it̪eer šaan e naa|And please be careful of that}}
**{{transferMorphTest|bsk|eng|d̪aa{{tag|conn}} in{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cly}}{{tag|dat}} šaan{{tag|adj}} e{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|erg}} naa{{tag|q}}|and{{tag|cnjcoo}} please{{tag|ij}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|inf}} careful{{tag|adj}} of{{tag|pr}} that{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]]

Eastern Burushaski and English

2019-04-09T23:08:11Z

Cwillia7:

==Resources for machine translation between [[Eastern_Burushaski]] and English==
*Apertium basic rule-based machine translation [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-eng/tree/master]
**Corpus for MT [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-eng-corpus]
*Developed bilingual corpus https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-eng-corpus
**Corpus data courtesy of Dr. Sadaf Munshi at the University of North Texas

==bsk --> eng Evaluation==
Monolingual transducer finds 27 forms, misses 0. Bilingual transducer finds 135 forms, misses 0. This difference is likely due to the monolingual transducer classifying multiple forms of the same word as only one, as in "to be."

{|class: "wikitable"
! Burushaski Text !! English free translation !! Lexical transfer output !! Full translation output
|-
|tis eču bo. || She is making a mistake. || ^tis<n>/pit<n>/mistake<n>$ ^eč<v><p3><sg><f>/do.IPFV#it <v><p3><sg><f>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><f>/be<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><f>$. || #pit #do.IPFV#it #be.
|-
|ine paad̪šaa t̪alo yuu bam. || That king had seven sons. || ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf>/that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$ ^paad̪šaa<n>/king<n>$ ^t̪ʰalo<num><mfclx>/seven<num><mfclx>$ ^yuu<n><pl>/sons<n><pl>$ ^b<cop><past><ind><p1><pl>/be<cop><past><ind><p1><pl>$. || #that #king #seven #sons #be.
|-
|kuult̪o eer ečam. || Today I will do it for him. || ^kuult̪o<n>/today<n>$ ^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><dat>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><dat>$ ^eč<v><p1><sg>/do.IPFV#it <v><p1><sg>$. || #today #I #do.IPFV#it .
|-
|aa ine gane t̪ayaar baa. || I am ready for him. || ^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$ ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf>/that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$ ^gane<post>/for.the.sake.of<post>$ ^t̪ayaar<n>/ready<n>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>/be<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>$. || #I #that #for.the.sake.of #ready #be.
|-
|d̪aa it̪eer šaan e naa. || And please be careful of that. || ^d̪aa<conn>/and<conn>$ ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><cly><dat>/that<dem><dst><sg><cly><dat>$ ^šaan<adj>/careful<adj>$ ^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><erg>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><erg>$ ^naa<q>/$. || #and #that careful #I .
|-
|it̪e paad̪šaa buc̣ bila. || That is the oriental plane of the king. || ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><cly><erg>/that<dem><dst><sg><cly><erg>$ ^paad̪šaa<n>/king<n>$ ^buc̣<n>/oriental.plane.(tree.species)<n>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>/be<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>$. || #that #king #oriental.plane.(tree.species) #be.
|-
|hin paad̪šaan bam. || There was a king. || ^hin<num><mf>/one<num><mf>$ ^paad̪šaa<n><indef>/king<n><indef>$ ^b<cop><past><ind><p1><pl>/be<cop><past><ind><p1><pl>$. || #one #king #be.
|-
|e tis amana baa. || I made a mistake. || ^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><erg>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><erg>$ ^tis<n>/pit<n>/mistake<n>$ ^amana<v>/I# become<v>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>/be<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>$. || #I #pit #I# become #be.
|-
|han buċ bila. || There is an oriental plane. || ^hin<num><clx>/one<num><clx>$ ^buc̣<n>/oriental.plane.(tree.species)<n>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>/be<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>$. || #one #oriental.plane.(tree.species) #be.
|-
|d̪aa šaam meey bila. || It gets dark again. || ^d̪aa<conn>/and<conn>$ ^šaam<n>/evening<n>$ ^meey<v>/become.IPFV<v>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>/be<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>$. || #and #evening #become.IPFV #be.
|-
|ine gušpurate es baas basimi.|| That falcon sat on the prince. || ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf>/that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$ ^gušpur<n><loc>/prince<n><loc>$ ^es<dem>/that.[−h,.I]<dem>$ ^baas<n>/times<n>/falcon<n>$ ^bas<v><iv><p3><sg><m>/sit<v><iv><p3><sg><m>$ || #that #prince #that.[−h,.I] #times #sit.
|}

[[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]][[Category:Sp19_TranslationPairs]]

Eastern Burushaski and English/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-04T13:39:34Z

Cwillia7:

===Ergative/Absolutive===
English is a nom/acc language while Burushaski is an erg/abs language. A such, Burushaski treats the object of transitive verbs like the subject of intransitive verbs, while English treats the subjects of these two types of verbs similarly and distinguishes the object.

Examples:
*{{transferTest|bsk|eng|e tis amana baa. | I made a mistake.}} (#I #mistake #I# become #be.)
*{{transferTest|bsk|eng|aa ine gane t̪ayaar baa. | I am ready for him}} ( #I #that #for.the.sake.of #ready #be.)

In these examples, it is evident that the Burushaski sentences contain different first-person pronouns while English uses "I" in both cases.

===Verb Final===
Burushaski is a SOV language, while English is SVO. This difference can be accounted or by changing the word order.

* {{transferTest|bsk|eng|d̪aa šaam meey bila. | It gets dark again.}} ( #and #evening #become.IPFV #be.)
* {{transferTest|bsk|eng|it̪e paad̪šaa buc̣ bila. | That is the oriental plane of the king.}} ( #that #king #oriental.plane.(tree.species) #be.)
* {{transferTest|bsk|eng|ine paad̪šaa t̪alo yuu bam. | That king had seven sons.}} (#that #king #seven #sons #be.)

Shown in these examples, the copula is consistently placed at the end of the sentence, while in English, it usually follows the subject.

===Case Marking===
Burushaski marks nouns for case, while English uses prepositions.

*{{transferTest|bsk|eng|eer{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}| for{{tag|pr}} him{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}
*{{transferTest|bsk|eng|gušpurate{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}} | on{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} prince{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} }}

===Postpositions===

===Question Particle===

==bsk-eng Tests==

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]]

Eastern Burushaski and English/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-04T13:38:03Z

Cwillia7:

===Ergative/Absolutive===
English is a nom/acc language while Burushaski is an erg/abs language. A such, Burushaski treats the object of transitive verbs like the subject of intransitive verbs, while English treats the subjects of these two types of verbs similarly and distinguishes the object.

Examples:
*{{transferTest|bsk|eng|e tis amana baa. | I made a mistake.}} (#I #mistake #I# become #be.)
*{{transferTest|bsk|eng|aa ine gane t̪ayaar baa. | I am ready for him}} ( #I #that #for.the.sake.of #ready #be.)

In these examples, it is evident that the Burushaski sentences contain different first-person pronouns while English uses "I" in both cases.

===Verb Final===
Burushaski is a SOV language, while English is SVO. This difference can be accounted or by changing the word order.

* {{transferTest|bsk|eng|d̪aa šaam meey bila. | It gets dark again.}} ( #and #evening #become.IPFV #be.)
* {{transferTest|bsk|eng|it̪e paad̪šaa buc̣ bila. | That is the oriental plane of the king.}} ( #that #king #oriental.plane.(tree.species) #be.)
* {{transferTest|bsk|eng|ine paad̪šaa t̪alo yuu bam. | That king had seven sons.}} (#that #king #seven #sons #be.)

Shown in these examples, the copula is consistently placed at the end of the sentence, while in English, it usually follows the subject.

===Case Marking===

*{{transferTest|bsk|eng|eer{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}| for{{tag|pr}} him{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}
*{{transferTest|bsk|eng|gušpurate{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}} | on{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} prince{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

===Postpositions===

===Question Particle===

==bsk-eng Tests==

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]]

Eastern Burushaski and English/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-04T13:29:07Z

Cwillia7:

===Ergative/Absolutive===
English is a nom/acc language while Burushaski is an erg/abs language. A such, Burushaski treats the object of transitive verbs like the subject of intransitive verbs, while English treats the subjects of these two types of verbs similarly and distinguishes the object.

Examples:
*{{transferTest|bsk|eng|e tis amana baa. | I made a mistake.}} (#I #mistake #I# become #be.)
*{{transferTest|bsk|eng|aa ine gane t̪ayaar baa. | I am ready for him}} ( #I #that #for.the.sake.of #ready #be.)

In these examples, it is evident that the Burushaski sentences contain different first-person pronouns while English uses "I" in both cases.

===Verb Final===
Burushaski is a SOV language, while English is SVO. This difference can be accounted or by changing the word order.

* {{transferTest|bsk|eng|d̪aa šaam meey bila. | It gets dark again.}} ( #and #evening #become.IPFV #be.)
* {{transferTest|bsk|eng|it̪e paad̪šaa buc̣ bila. | That is the oriental plane of the king.}} ( #that #king #oriental.plane.(tree.species) #be.)
* {{transferTest|bsk|eng|ine paad̪šaa t̪alo yuu bam. | That king had seven sons.}} (#that #king #seven #sons #be.)

Shown in these examples, the copula is consistently placed at the end of the sentence, while in English, it usually follows the subject.

===Case Marking===

*{{transferTest|bsk|eng|eer{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}} }}
*{{transferTest|bsk|eng|gušpurate{{tag|n}}{{tag| }}

===Postpositions===

===Question Particle===

==bsk-eng Tests==

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]]

Eastern Burushaski and English/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-04T13:22:04Z

Cwillia7:

===Ergative/Absolutive===
English is a nom/acc language while Burushaski is an erg/abs language. A such, Burushaski treats the object of transitive verbs like the subject of intransitive verbs, while English treats the subjects of these two types of verbs similarly and distinguishes the object.

Examples:
*{{transferTest|bsk|eng|e tis amana baa. | I made a mistake.}} (#I #mistake #I# become #be.)
*{{transferTest|bsk|eng|aa ine gane t̪ayaar baa. | I am ready for him}} ( #I #that #for.the.sake.of #ready #be.)

In these examples, it is evident that the Burushaski sentences contain different first-person pronouns while English uses "I" in both cases.

===Verb Final===
Burushaski is a SOV language, while English is SVO. This difference can be accounted or by changing the word order.

* {{transferTest|bsk|eng|d̪aa šaam meey bila. | It gets dark again.}} ( #and #evening #become.IPFV #be.)
* {{transferTest|bsk|eng|it̪e paad̪šaa buc̣ bila. | That is the oriental plane of the king.}} ( #that #king #oriental.plane.(tree.species) #be.)

Shown in these examples, the copula is consistently placed at the end of the sentence, while in English, it follows

===Case Marking===

===Postpositions===

===Question Particle===

==bsk-eng Tests==

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]]

Eastern Burushaski and English/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-04T13:03:46Z

Cwillia7:

Eastern Burushaski and English/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-04T13:02:18Z

Cwillia7:

Eastern Burushaski and English/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-04T12:50:47Z

Cwillia7: Created page with " Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars Category:Eastern_Burushaski"

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]]

Eastern Burushaski and English/Lexical selection

2019-04-02T23:02:38Z

Cwillia7:

==xyz → abc==
* tis: "pit", "mistake"
** "Pit" doesn't appear in our stories, and "mistake" is probably a more common word in general. Right now "pit" is the default, and we'll make "mistake" the default.
* -č- "do", "make"
** "Make" before nouns, "do" after adjectives.
* baas "times", "falcon"
** "Times" following numbers, "falcon" after determiners

[[Category:Sp19_LexicalSelection]] [[Category:Eastern Burushaski‏‎]][[Category:English]]

Eastern Burushaski and English

2019-04-02T13:10:25Z

Cwillia7:

==Resources for machine translation between [[Eastern_Burushaski]] and English==
*Apertium basic rule-based machine translation [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-eng/tree/master]
**Corpus for MT [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-eng-corpus]
*Developed bilingual corpus https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-eng-corpus
**Corpus data courtesy of Dr. Sadaf Munshi at the University of North Texas

==bsk --> eng Evaluation==
Monolingual transducer finds 27 forms, misses 0. Bilingual transducer finds 135 forms, misses 0. This difference is likely due to the monolingual transducer classifying multiple forms of the same word as only one, as in "to be."

{|class: "wikitable"
! Burushaski Text !! English free translation !! Lexical transfer output !! Full translation output
|-
|tis eču bo. || She is making a mistake. || ^tis<n>/pit<n>/mistake<n>$ ^eč<v><p3><sg><f>/do.IPFV#it <v><p3><sg><f>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><f>/be<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><f>$. || #pit #do.IPFV#it #be.
|-
|ine paad̪šaa t̪alo yuu bam. || That king had seven sons. || ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf>/that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$ ^paad̪šaa<n>/king<n>$ ^t̪ʰalo<num><mfclx>/seven<num><mfclx>$ ^yuu<n><pl>/sons<n><pl>$ ^b<cop><past><ind><p1><pl>/be<cop><past><ind><p1><pl>$. || #that #king #seven #sons #be.
|-
|kuult̪o eer ečam. || Today I will do it for him. || ^kuult̪o<n>/today<n>$ ^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><dat>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><dat>$ ^eč<v><p1><sg>/do.IPFV#it <v><p1><sg>$. || #today #I #do.IPFV#it .
|-
|aa ine gane t̪ayaar baa. || I am ready for him. || ^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$ ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf>/that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$ ^gane<post>/for.the.sake.of<post>$ ^t̪ayaar<n>/ready<n>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>/be<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>$. || #I #that #for.the.sake.of #ready #be.
|-
|d̪aa it̪eer šaan e naa. || And please be careful of that. || ^d̪aa<conn>/and<conn>$ ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><cly><dat>/that<dem><dst><sg><cly><dat>$ ^šaan<adj>/careful<adj>$ ^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><erg>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><erg>$ ^naa<q>/$. || #and #that careful #I .
|-
|it̪e paad̪šaa buc̣ bila. || That is the oriental plane of the king. || ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><cly><erg>/that<dem><dst><sg><cly><erg>$ ^paad̪šaa<n>/king<n>$ ^buc̣<n>/oriental.plane.(tree.species)<n>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>/be<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>$. || #that #king #oriental.plane.(tree.species) #be.
|-
|hin paad̪šaan bam. || There was a king. || ^hin<num><mf>/one<num><mf>$ ^paad̪šaa<n><indef>/king<n><indef>$ ^b<cop><past><ind><p1><pl>/be<cop><past><ind><p1><pl>$. || #one #king #be.
|-
|e tis amana baa. || I made a mistake. || ^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><erg>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><erg>$ ^tis<n>/pit<n>/mistake<n>$ ^amana<v>/I# become<v>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>/be<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>$. || #I #pit #I# become #be.
|-
|han buċ bila. || There is an oriental plane. || ^hin<num><clx>/one<num><clx>$ ^buc̣<n>/oriental.plane.(tree.species)<n>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>/be<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>$. || #one #oriental.plane.(tree.species) #be.
|-
|d̪aa šaam meey bila. || It gets again dark again following an ibex. || ^d̪aa<conn>/and<conn>$ ^šaam<n>/evening<n>$ ^meey<v>/become.IPFV<v>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>/be<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>$. || #and #evening #become.IPFV #be.
|}

[[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]][[Category:Sp19_TranslationPairs]]

Eastern Burushaski and English

2019-04-02T13:08:45Z

Cwillia7:

==Resources for machine translation between [[Eastern_Burushaski]] and English==
*Apertium basic rule-based machine translation [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-eng/tree/master]
**Corpus for MT [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-eng-corpus]
*Developed bilingual corpus https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-eng-corpus
**Corpus data courtesy of Dr. Sadaf Munshi at the University of North Texas

==bsk --> eng Evaluation==
Monolingual transducer finds 27 forms, misses 0. Bilingual transducer finds 135 forms, misses 0.

{|class: "wikitable"
! Burushaski Text !! English free translation !! Lexical transfer output !! Full translation output
|-
|tis eču bo. || She is making a mistake. || ^tis<n>/pit<n>/mistake<n>$ ^eč<v><p3><sg><f>/do.IPFV#it <v><p3><sg><f>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><f>/be<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><f>$. || #pit #do.IPFV#it #be.
|-
|ine paad̪šaa t̪alo yuu bam. || That king had seven sons. || ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf>/that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$ ^paad̪šaa<n>/king<n>$ ^t̪ʰalo<num><mfclx>/seven<num><mfclx>$ ^yuu<n><pl>/sons<n><pl>$ ^b<cop><past><ind><p1><pl>/be<cop><past><ind><p1><pl>$. || #that #king #seven #sons #be.
|-
|kuult̪o eer ečam. || Today I will do it for him. || ^kuult̪o<n>/today<n>$ ^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><dat>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><dat>$ ^eč<v><p1><sg>/do.IPFV#it <v><p1><sg>$. || #today #I #do.IPFV#it .
|-
|aa ine gane t̪ayaar baa. || I am ready for him. || ^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs>$ ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf>/that<dem><dst><sg><mf>$ ^gane<post>/for.the.sake.of<post>$ ^t̪ayaar<n>/ready<n>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>/be<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>$. || #I #that #for.the.sake.of #ready #be.
|-
|d̪aa it̪eer šaan e naa. || And please be careful of that. || ^d̪aa<conn>/and<conn>$ ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><cly><dat>/that<dem><dst><sg><cly><dat>$ ^šaan<adj>/careful<adj>$ ^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><erg>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><erg>$ ^naa<q>/$. || #and #that careful #I .
|-
|it̪e paad̪šaa buc̣ bila. || That is the oriental plane of the king. || ^in<prn><dem><dst><sg><cly><erg>/that<dem><dst><sg><cly><erg>$ ^paad̪šaa<n>/king<n>$ ^buc̣<n>/oriental.plane.(tree.species)<n>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>/be<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>$. || #that #king #oriental.plane.(tree.species) #be.
|-
|hin paad̪šaan bam. || There was a king. || ^hin<num><mf>/one<num><mf>$ ^paad̪šaa<n><indef>/king<n><indef>$ ^b<cop><past><ind><p1><pl>/be<cop><past><ind><p1><pl>$. || #one #king #be.
|-
|e tis amana baa. || I made a mistake. || ^e<prn><pers><p1><sg><erg>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><erg>$ ^tis<n>/pit<n>/mistake<n>$ ^amana<v>/I# become<v>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>/be<cop><pres><ind><p1><sg>$. || #I #pit #I# become #be.
|-
|han buċ bila. || There is an oriental plane. || ^hin<num><clx>/one<num><clx>$ ^buc̣<n>/oriental.plane.(tree.species)<n>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>/be<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>$. || #one #oriental.plane.(tree.species) #be.
|-
|d̪aa šaam meey bila. || It gets again dark again following an ibex. || ^d̪aa<conn>/and<conn>$ ^šaam<n>/evening<n>$ ^meey<v>/become.IPFV<v>$ ^b<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>/be<cop><pres><ind><p3><sg><cly>$. || #and #evening #become.IPFV #be.
|}

[[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]][[Category:Sp19_TranslationPairs]]

Eastern Burushaski and English

2019-03-28T13:29:54Z

Cwillia7:

Eastern Burushaski and English

2019-03-28T13:27:24Z

Cwillia7:

Eastern Burushaski and English

2019-03-26T13:44:28Z

Cwillia7:

Eastern Burushaski and English

2019-03-21T13:19:07Z

Cwillia7:

Eastern Burushaski and English

2019-03-19T23:59:37Z

Cwillia7:

==Resources for machine translation between [[Eastern_Burushaski]] and English==
*Apertium basic machine translation [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-eng/tree/master]
*Developed bilingual corpus https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-eng-corpus
**Corpus data courtesy of Dr. Sadaf Munshi at the University of North Texas

[[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]][[Category:Sp19_TranslationPairs]]

Eastern Burushaski

2019-03-19T23:53:47Z

Cwillia7:

==Developed Resources==
===Linux Keyboard Layout===
*Documentation [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Eastern_Burushaski/Keyboard]
*Git Repository [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-keyboard]

===Corpus Materials===
*Git Repository [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-corpus]

===Grammar Documentation===
*Basic grammatical structures with POS tags [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Eastern_Burushaski/Language]
*Github https://github.swarthmore.edu/cwillia7/ling073-bsk

===Machine Translation===
*Apertium translator for Burushaski and English [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Eastern_Burushaski_and_English]
**Github https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-eng/tree/master
**Burushaski Apertium repo https://github.swarthmore.edu/cwillia7/ling073-bsk
**Github corpus https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-eng-corpus

==External Resources==
=== Computational resources ===
*Online dictionary for English-Burushaski translation from Globse. Claims to have 209 words/phrases, but the dictionary is editable by anyone, so this may not be a reliable source.[https://glosbe.com/en/bsk]
*Burushaski keyboard layout developed by Rehmat Aziz Chitrali, a Linguist and Researcher at Khowar Academy Chitral[https://help.keyman.com/keyboard/rac_burushaski/1.0/rac_burushaski.php]
**MIT license
**source code available online [https://github.com/rachitralli/Rachitrali-Burushaski-Keyboard/blob/master/rac_burushaski/source/rac_burushaski.kmn]

=== Dictionaries/phrasebooks/glossaries ===
* ''Basic Burushaski Vocabulary'', Stephen R Willson [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/2288]
** Requested via ILL
*Basic wordlists from the Burushaski Language Documentation Project, a group supported by the University of Texas and led by Sadaf Munshi (Ph.D.)
**animals [http://burushaskilanguage.com/language-overview/word-lists/animals/]
**body parts [http://burushaskilanguage.com/language-overview/word-lists/body-parts/]
**flowers and herbs [http://burushaskilanguage.com/language-overview/word-lists/flowers-and-herbs/]
**kinship terms [http://burushaskilanguage.com/language-overview/word-lists/kinship-terms/]
*Online dictionary [https://burushaski-hunza.webonary.org/]
** Through Webonary.org and SIL International
** Still in the trial stage, though it has ~3400 entries

=== Grammatical descriptions ===
* PhD Thesis by Noboru Yoshioka
** Available online [http://jairo.nii.ac.jp/0041/00003352/en]
*The Burushaski Language by D.L.R. Lorimer
** Introduction available on microfilm at Swarthmore?? [https://tripod.brynmawr.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991016988919704921&context=L&vid=01TRI_INST:BMC&search_scope=BMC_All&tab=Everything&lang=en]
** Volume 1 available online [http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=av07-003]
*** unclear how much material included
** Volume 2 available online [http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=av07-004]
*** unclear how much material included
*** many characters not rendered
* Work-in-progress grammar from the University of Texas group on the Hunza dialect
**pdf available online [http://burushaskilanguage.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/grammatical_sketch.pdf]
** The same group provides a brief orthography online [http://burushaskilanguage.com/language-overview/orthography/]
*"A Typology of Verb Agreement in Burushaski," an article by Gregory D. S. Anderson and Randall Eggert published in ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'', 2001, Vol.24(2), p.235
**All rights reserved, although full text appears to be available as a pdf online [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.739.3086&rep=rep1&type=pdf]
*"Case-marked clausal subordination in the Burushaski complex sentence." Article by Gregory D.S. Anderson, published 2002
**PDF of a draft available online [http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=9D0C0729BDB26706C90022F5DC655B99?doi=10.1.1.739.1197&rep=rep1&type=pdf]

=== Scientific works ===
*Advances in Burushaski Linguistics by Jan Henrik Holst
** Book review available online [https://search.proquest.com/docview/1738843774?accountid=14194&rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo]
** Partially viewable on Google Books [https://books.google.com/books?id=oP9oBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false]
**Introduction available for download [https://content-select.com/en/portal/media/download_extract/5510233c-c0c8-4a44-ac8d-0f44b0dd2d03]
** requested via ILL
* A Note On Split Ergativity in Burushaski by Étienne Tiffou and Yves-Charles Morin
** Available online [https://www.jstor.org/stable/615190?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents]
* A typology of verb agreement in Burushaski by Gregory Anderson and Randall Eggert
** Available online [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.739.3086&rep=rep1&type=pdf]
*''Languages of Northern Areas (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 2)'' by Peter C. Backstrom and Carl F. Radloff, published 1992.
**A review of this and several other works is available on JSTOR [https://www.jstor.org/stable/416338?sid=primo&origin=crossref&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents]
** The book itself is available for purchase on Amazon[https://www.amazon.com/Languages-Northern-Sociolinguistic-Survey-Pakistan/dp/9698023127], and presumably could be found through an ILL. Unclear how much of this text is relevant to Burushaski.

=== Corpora ===
*Extensive collection of stories in all 4 dialects, with both audio recordings and linguistically analyzed transcripts. No license is listed, but all texts are available online and purportedly have been disseminated among the speaking community and archived at the University of Texas.
** Hunza [http://burushaskilanguage.com/category/dialect-hunza/]
**Nagar [http://burushaskilanguage.com/category/dialect-nagar/]
**Srinagar [http://burushaskilanguage.com/category/dialect-srinagar/]
**Yasin [http://burushaskilanguage.com/category/dialect-yasin/]
** Older, more extensive archive [http://ltc.unt.edu/~sadafmunshi/Burushaski/archive.html]
* Burushaski Language Resource at University of North Texas [https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/BURUS/]
** Contains 50 transcriptions [https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/BURUS/browse/?fq=dc_type:text] as well as lots of audio and video data.

===Other===
* Ethnologue [https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bsk]
*''Burushaski : an extraordinary language in the Karakoram mountains,'' by Dick Grune.
**Published 1998
**Requested via ILL

[[Category:sp19_ResourceDocumentation]] [[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]]

Eastern Burushaski and English

2019-03-19T23:47:08Z

Cwillia7:

Eastern Burushaski and English

2019-03-19T23:30:11Z

Cwillia7:

==Resources for machine translation between Eastern Burushaski and English==
*Apertium basic machine translation [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-eng/tree/master]

[[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]][[Category:Sp19_TranslationPairs]]

Eastern Burushaski and English

2019-03-19T23:29:57Z

Cwillia7:

==Resources for machine translation between Eastern Burushaski and English==
*Apertium basic machine translation [[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-bsk-eng/tree/master]]

[[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]][[Category:Sp19_TranslationPairs]]

Eastern Burushaski and English

2019-03-19T13:42:40Z

Cwillia7:

==Resources for machine translation between Eastern Burushaski and English==

[[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]][[Category:Sp19_TranslationPairs]]

Eastern Burushaski and English

2019-03-19T13:38:49Z

Cwillia7: Created page with " Category:Eastern_BurushaskiCategory:Sp19_TranslationPairs"

[[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]][[Category:Sp19_TranslationPairs]]

Eastern Burushaski/Disambiguation

2019-03-06T00:35:09Z

Cwillia7:

===Overview===
Ambiguity is introduced into the transducer via words that have multiple valid glosses, and vary depending on context. Constraint Grammar rules help to reduce this and select the correct set of tags for a given usage.

*initial level of ambiguity: 1.1186
*ambiguity after adding pronoun rule for copula forms 1.1157

====Examples: ====
<pre>e tis amana baa</pre>
"baa" is a first person singular copula
<pre>un bubuli numucinin alt̪i rat̪ulo gorša baa</pre>
"baa" is a second person singular copula

Source Code:
https://github.swarthmore.edu/cwillia7/ling073-bsk

[[Category:Sp19_Disambiguation]][[Category:Eastern Burushaski]]

Eastern Burushaski/Disambiguation

2019-03-06T00:25:32Z

Cwillia7:

===Overview===
Ambiguity is introduced into the transducer via words that have multiple valid glosses, and vary depending on context. Constraint Grammar rules help to reduce this and select the correct set of tags for a given usage.

*initial level of ambiguity: 1.1186
*ambiguity after adding pronoun rule for copula forms 1.1157

====Examples: ====
<pre>e tis amana baa</pre>
"baa" is a first person singular copula
<pre>un bubuli numucinin alt̪i rat̪ulo gorša baa</pre>
"baa" is a second person singular copula

[[Category:Sp19_Disambiguation]][[Category:Eastern Burushaski]]

Eastern Burushaski/Disambiguation

2019-03-06T00:10:24Z

Cwillia7:

Eastern Burushaski/Transducer

2019-02-28T14:26:29Z

Cwillia7:

==Code==
Repo on github [https://github.swarthmore.edu/cwillia7/ling073-bsk]

==Generator Evaluation==
===initial evaluation of morphological generation===

*204/232 (88%) analysis forms passing
*176/844 (21%) coverage of corpus
*102/141 (72%) initial generation
*102/116 (88%) generation forms passing
** one twol rule
** coverage has not changed

==Analyzer Evaluation==

Passes 88 tests
13% corpus coverage, with 844 tokenised words.
===Top Unknown Words ===

{|class="wikitable"
!Word !! Occurrences !! Gloss !! Tags
|-
| ke || 47 || "and" || {{morphTest|ke{{tag|conj}}|ke}}
|-
| ine || 19 || "that" (human) ||{{morphTest|ine{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|mf}}|ine}}
|-
| kaa || 17 || "with" || {{morphTest|kaa{{tag|conj}}|kaa}}
|-
| daa || 16 || "and" || {{morphTest|daa{{tag|conj}}|daa}}
|-
| it̪e || 14 || "that" (class y) || {{morphTest|ine{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cly}}|it̪e}}
|-
| inar || 12 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|inar}}
|-
| e || 10 || "me" (abs) || {{morphTest|a{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abs}}|e}}
|-
| nuse || 9 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|nuse}}
|-
| in || 8 || "he/she" || {{morphTest|in{{tag|pron}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|mf}}|in}}
|-
| u || 8 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|u}}
|-
| besan || 7 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|besan}}
|-
| yuu || 7 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|yuu}}
|-
| a || 7 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|a}}
|-
| t̪ačume || 7 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|t̪ačume}}
|-
| aa || 6 || "me" (erg/gen) || {{morphTest|a{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|erg}}|aa}}
|-
| ečam || 6 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|ečam}}
|-
| but || 6 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|but}}
|-
| senasar || 6 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|senasar}}
|-
| bas || 6 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|bas}}
|-
| ise || 6 || "that" (class x) || {{morphTest|ine{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|clx}}|ise}}
|}

After addition of 3 words from commonwords.yaml, coverage is 21%

Lexccounter: Our corpus contains # stems.

==Notes==
Tests that currently do not work have not been implemented yet. Implemented tests work, but may need further refinement (archiphonemes added, etc).

[[Category:Sp18 Transducers]]

Eastern Burushaski/Language

2019-02-28T14:14:06Z

Cwillia7:

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Demonstrative pronoun !!human (m or f) !! non-human concrete !! non-human abstract/amorphous
|-
! this
| {{morphTest|kʰine{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|mf}}|kʰine}} || {{morphTest|kʰine{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|clx}}|guse}} || {{morphTest|kʰine{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cly}}|gut̪e}}
|-
! that
| {{morphTest|ine{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|mf}}|ine}} || {{morphTest|ine{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|clx}}|ise}} || {{morphTest|ine{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cly}}|it̪e}}
|-
! these
| {{morphTest|kʰuwe{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|mf}}|kʰuwe}} || {{morphTest|kʰuwe{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|clx}}|guce}} || {{morphTest|kʰuwe{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cly}}|guke}}
|-
!those
| {{morphTest|uwe{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|mf}}|uwe}} || {{morphTest|uwe{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|clx}}|ice}} || {{morphTest|uwe{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cly}}|ike}}
|}

note: {{tag|mf}} is used for the class of nouns that are human, and can be either male or female, while {{tag|clx}} is used for non-human concrete and {{tag|cly}} is used for the non-human abstract/amorphous noun class. The demonstrative pronouns listed here are all absolutive.

{{comment|I might give the same lemma across the three classes, so that e.g. guse's lemma is kʰine. -JNW}}

=== Reduplication ===
Reduplication is very productive in Burushaski, and can be used in a number of ways.

==== Partial Reduplication ====
Partial reduplication is only used in casual conversation. It most often applies to nouns, though Yoshioka claims that it can also be used on phrases and even clauses (p. 169). They are not clear as to the semantics of partial reduplication, and don't give any direct translations of any of their examples. Munshi's examples, on the other hand, have translations, and give a sense of a frequentative/iterative.

* ''haralt̪ '''cʰu-cʰur''' manimi'' "It drizzled"
** ''cʰur'' "drop"
** {{morphTest|cʰur{{tag|n}}{{tag|redp}}|cʰu-cʰur}}
* ''haralt̪ '''ča-čar''' manimi'' "It rained heavily"
** ''čar'' "pour"
** {{morphTest|čar{{tag|n}}{{tag|redp}}|ča-čar}}
*''giyaase '''ǰi-ǰir''' et̪imi'' "The baby cried loudly"
** ''ǰir'' "cry"
** {{morphTest|ǰir{{tag|n}}{{tag|redp}}|ǰi-ǰir}}
*''hilese galt̪ar '''d̪a-d̪al''' et̪imi'' "They boy dragged the tree branch"
** ''d̪al'' "drag"
** {{morphTest|d̪al{{tag|n}}{{tag|redp}}|d̪a-d̪al}}
* ''in '''d̪a-d̪ar''' imanimi'' "He shivered"
** ''d̪ar'' "shake"
**{{morphTest|d̪ar{{tag|n}}{{tag|redp}}|d̪a-d̪ar}}

{{comment|Reduplication isn't a semantic property, but a morphological process. Your tag should be agnostic to process and only give semantic information, like what you said about frequentative or iterative.}}

==== Full Reduplication ====
Full reduplication is done "without any phonological modification, such as phoneme alternation, vowel lengthening, phoneme augmentation, and so forth." (Yoshioka 2012:166) Yoshioka describes full reduplication as adding emphasis, and reduplicated words of other parts of speech often become adverbs.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Monadic !! Reduplicated !! Tagged
|-
| ǰotišo "small" || ǰotišo-ǰotišo "fairly small" || {{morphTest|ǰotišo{{tag|adj}}{{tag|redf}}|ǰotišo-ǰotišo}}
|-
| thala "slow" || thala-thala "gradually" || {{morphTest|thala{{tag|adv}}{{tag|redf}}|thala-thala}}
|-
| kaa "with" || kaa-kaa "close together" || {{morphTest|kaa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|redf}}|kaa-kaa}}
|}
Notably, reduplication can also happen across a conjunction
{|class="wikitable sortable"
| loto "naked" || loto-ke-loto "no cap on head" (lit. "naked and naked")
|-
| čʰu "naked" || čʰu-ke-čʰu "bare feet" (lit. "naked and naked")
|}
(wasn't sure how to tag these...)

{{comment|Only use this if [mostly] productive. And again, the tag should give semantic information, not morpho-phonological. We don't use {{tag|suff_pl}} and {{tag|suff_pst}} and stuff to show that we use suffixes for plural and past, so the same should hold for reduplication.}}

=== Verb stems ===
Burushaski verbs are highly inflected, but verbs stems often have only two forms: a "base stem" for perfective tenses (e.g. simple past, present perfect) and a "derived stem" for imperfective tenses (e.g. future, present progressive) (Munshi in progress: 58). Examples with the verb 'to run' also from Munshi.

* Perfective stem ''gaarc-''
**''u '''gaarc'''uman'' "They ran" (Simple Past)
*** {{morphTest|gaarc{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|actv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|gaarcuman}}
**''u '''gaarc'''am'' "They had run" (Past Perfect)
*** {{morphTest|gaarc{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|pfct}}{{tag|actv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|gaarcam}}
* Imperfective stem ''gaarš-''
**''u '''gaarš'''uman'' "They will run" (Future)
*** {{morphTest|gaarš{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|fti}}{{tag|actv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|gaaršuman}}
**''u '''gaarš'''aan'' "They run" (Present Progressive)
*** {{morphTest|gaarš{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|actv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|gaaršaan}}
**''u '''gaarš'''ume baan'' "They have been running" (Present Perfect Continuous)
*** [not sure how to tag the periphrastic -- have to investigate the participle-ish thing]
**''u '''gaarš'''am'' "They used to run" (Past Progressive)
*** {{morphTest|gaarš{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|actv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|gaaršam}}

{{comment|Which tags are you using to categorise the two stem types? Those tags should come close to the verb (around the transitivity tag), before any inflectional information.}}

=== Causatives ===
Burushaski can form causatives in three ways, increasing the valence of the verb by one.
* Null derivation (just adding another pronominal prefix)
** ''sabrina '''gučʰa'''mo'' "Sabrina slept"
*** {{morphTest|gučʰa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|actv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|gučʰamo}}
** ''saliime sabrina mo'''guča'''mi'' "Saleem put Sabrina to sleep"
*** {{morphTest|gučʰa{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|actv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg3f}}|mogučʰami}}
*** no explanation of the change in aspiration -- may be a typo in source, or related to stress shift
* Lengthening of vowel of object (theme) prefix
** ''sabrinaa keek d̪e'''sman'''umo'' "Sabrina made the cake"
*** {{morphTest|sman{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|actv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|o_sg3xy}}|d̪esmanumo}}
*** Don't know if ''keek'' is an X or Y class word
** ''karime sabrina keek d̪umoo'''sman'''imi'' "Karim caused Sabrina to make the cake"
*** {{morphTest|sman{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|actv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg3f}}{{tag|io_sg3xy}}|d̪umoosmanimi}}
*** Don't know if ''keek'' is an X or Y class word
* Prefix [s] (intransitives only)
** ''hiles i'''war'''imi'' "The boy is tired"
*** {{morphTest|war{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|actv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|iwarimi}}
** ''ǰaa hiles e'''spar'''am'' "I made the boy tired"
*** {{morphTest|war{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|actv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg3m}}|esparam}}

(not sure how to properly tag subject vs object agreement)

{{comment|You definitely do not want tags that could potentially repeat, like multiple subject agreement tags. Since multiple arguments are marked on the verb, the solution might be to use separate {{tag|s_}} and maybe {{tag|io_}} tags that correspond to your {{tag|o_}} tags.}}

==="To be" copula forms ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!colspan="4"|Present Tense !! colspan="4"|Past Tense
|-
! colspan="2"|Singular !! colspan="2"|Plural !! colspan="2"|Singular !! colspan="2"|Plural
|-
!Positive !! Negative !! Positive !! Negative !! Positive !! Negative !! Positive !! Negative
|-
| 1 |{{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|baa}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|apaa}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|baan}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|apaan}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|bayam}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|apayam}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|bam}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|apam}}
|-
| 2 |{{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|baa}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|apaa}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|baan}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|apaan}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|bam}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|apam}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|bam}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|apam}}
|-
| 3m |{{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|m}}|bai}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|m}}|apai}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|m}}|baan}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|m}}|apaan}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|m}}|bam}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|m}}|apam}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|m}}|bam}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|m}}|apam}}
|-
| 3f |{{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|f}}|bo}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|f}}|apo}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|f}}|baan}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|f}}|apaan}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|f}}|bom}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|f}}|apom}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|f}}|bam}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|f}}|apam}}
|-
| 3x |{{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|clx}}|bi}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|clx}}|api}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|clx}}|biye}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|clx}}|apiye}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|clx}}|bim}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|clx}}|apim}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|clx}}|bim}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|clx}}|apim}}
|-
| 3y |{{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cly}}|bila}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cly}}|api}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cly}}|bica}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cly}}|api}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cly}}|bilum}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cly}}|apim}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cly}}|bicum}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cly}}|apim}}

|}

Forms are taken from Munshi (in progress) and ''Basic Burushaski Vocabulary'' by Stephen R Willson (1999).
Munshi lists the lemma for "to be" as [b], and it appears to take the past perfect verb suffixes in the past tense (Munshi example 86b) and the present progressive suffixes in the present tense (Munshi 86d). Munshi does not address the negative copula forms directly, but does list the [a-] prefix as denoting a negative (Munshi 3.1.2.4). It is possible that the [b] lemma is expressed as a [p] due to the [a-] prefix rather than being a distinct root.

{{comment|Yeah, you're treating this as two distinct copula roots. If most verbs just inflect for {{tag|neg}}, then you might want to make the copula do that too, uniting "both copulas" under a single lemma.}}

=== Obligatory possession ===
Some nouns in Burushaski always appear with possessive markers. Yoshioka (36) cites Berger (1998a: 44), who says that there are about "150 substantives" in this class. (Yoshioka goes on to give examples that include nouns and prepositions, and it is not clear whether they count as "substantives.")
Paradigms of possessed nouns are drawn from Munshi (in progress), because Yoshioka doesn't cite full forms.

Words fall into (at least) two paradigms of prefixes, apparently without semantic or phonological rationale. Yoshioka also identifies a third type of possessed nouns, which they claim only includes 5 nouns, whose prefixes they list are mostly long-vowel versions of the Type-II prefixes. Yoshioka also lists possessive endings for X and Y class words, which Munshi does not cite forms for.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Pronominal prefixes of inherently possessed nouns !!colspan="2"|Type-I (e.g. -šak 'arm') !!colspan="2"|Type-II (e.g. -ċo 'same-gender sibling')
|-
!SG !! PL !! SG !! PL
|-
! 1st
| {{morphTest|{{tag|px1sg}}{{tag|typ1}}{{tag|n}}šak|ašak}} || {{morphTest|{{tag|px1pl}}{{tag|typ1}}{{tag|n}}šak|mišak}}
| {{morphTest|{{tag|px1sg}}{{tag|typ2}}{{tag|n}}ċo|aċo}} || {{morphTest|{{tag|px1pl}}{{tag|typ2}}{{tag|n}}ċo|meċo}}
|-
! 2nd
| {{morphTest|{{tag|px2sg}}{{tag|typ1}}{{tag|n}}šak|gušak}} || {{morphTest|{{tag|px2pl}}{{tag|typ1}}{{tag|n}}šak|mašak}}
| {{morphTest|{{tag|px2sg}}{{tag|typ2}}{{tag|n}}ċo|goċo}} || {{morphTest|{{tag|px2pl}}{{tag|typ2}}{{tag|n}}ċo|maċo}}
|-
! 3rd (male)
| {{morphTest|{{tag|px3sgm}}{{tag|typ1}}{{tag|n}}šak|išak}} || rowspan="2"|{{morphTest|{{tag|px3pl}}{{tag|typ1}}{{tag|n}}šak|ušak}}
| {{morphTest|{{tag|px3sgm}}{{tag|typ2}}{{tag|n}}ċo|eċo}} || rowspan="2"|{{morphTest|{{tag|px3pl}}{{tag|typ2}}{{tag|n}}ċo|oċo}}
|-
! 3rd (female)
| {{morphTest|{{tag|px3sgf}}{{tag|typ1}}{{tag|n}}šak|mušak}}
| {{morphTest|{{tag|px3sgf}}{{tag|typ2}}{{tag|n}}ċo|moċo}}
|}

=== Numerals ===
Numerals are inflected for noun class (human, X, Y). For 1-3, there is a distinction between all three, but for 4-10, human and X class numerals are homophonous.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Numerals !! Human (M&F) !! X !! Y
|-
! 1
| {{morphTest|hin{{tag|num}}{{tag|mf}}|hin}} || {{morphTest|hin{{tag|num}}{{tag|clx}}|han}} || {{morphTest|hin{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|hik}}
|-
! 2
| {{morphTest|alt̪an{{tag|num}}{{tag|mf}}|alt̪an}} || {{morphTest|alt̪an{{tag|num}}{{tag|clx}}|alt̪a}} || {{morphTest|alt̪an{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|alt̪o}}
|-
! 3
| {{morphTest|isken{{tag|num}}{{tag|mf}}|isken}} || {{morphTest|isken{{tag|num}}{{tag|clx}}|usko}} || {{morphTest|isken{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|iski}}
|-
! 4
| colspan="2"|{{morphTest|walt̪o{{tag|num}}{{tag|mfclx}}|walt̪o}} || {{morphTest|walt̪o{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|walt̪i}}
|-
! 5
| colspan="2"|{{morphTest|cʰund̪o{{tag|num}}{{tag|mfclx}}|cʰund̪o}} || {{morphTest|cʰund̪o{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|cʰind̪i}}
|-
! 6
| colspan="2"|{{morphTest|mišind̪o{{tag|num}}{{tag|mfclx}}|mišind̪o}} || {{morphTest|mišind̪o{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|mišind̪i}}
|-
! 7
| colspan="2"|{{morphTest|t̪ʰalo{{tag|num}}{{tag|mfclx}}|t̪ʰalo}} || {{morphTest|t̪ʰalo{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|t̪ʰale}}
|-
! 8
| colspan="2"|{{morphTest|alt̪ambo{{tag|num}}{{tag|mfclx}}|alt̪ambo}} || {{morphTest|alt̪ambo{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|alt̪ambi}}
|-
! 9
| colspan="2"|{{morphTest|hunčo{{tag|num}}{{tag|mfclx}}|hunčo}} || {{morphTest|hunčo{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|hunti}}
|-
! 10
| colspan="2"|{{morphTest|t̪oorumo{{tag|num}}{{tag|mfclx}}|t̪oorumo}} || {{morphTest|t̪oorumo{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|t̪oorimi}}
|}

(talk about above 10)

[[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]] [[Category:Grammar_documentation]]

Eastern Burushaski/Transducer

2019-02-20T20:02:16Z

Cwillia7:

==Code==
Repo on github [https://github.swarthmore.edu/cwillia7/ling073-bsk]

==Evaluation==

Passes 88 tests
7.08% corpus coverage, with 904 tokenised words.
===Top Unknown Words ===

{|class="wikitable"
!Word !! Occurrences !! Gloss !! Tags
|-
| ke || 47 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|ke}}
|-
| ine || 19 || "that" (human) ||{{morphTest|ine{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|mf}}|ine}}
|-
| kaa || 17 || "with" || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|kaa}}
|-
| daa || 16 || "and" || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|daa}}
|-
| it̪e || 14 || "that" (class y) || {{morphTest|ine{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cly}}|it̪e}}
|-
| inar || 12 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|inar}}
|-
| e || 10 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|e}}
|-
| nuse || 9 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|nuse}}
|-
| in || 8 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|in}}
|-
| u || 8 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|u}}
|-
| besan || 7 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|besan}}
|-
| yuu || 7 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|yuu}}
|-
| a || 7 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|a}}
|-
| t̪ačume || 7 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|t̪ačume}}
|-
| aa || 6 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|aa}}
|-
| ečam || 6 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|ečam}}
|-
| but || 6 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|but}}
|-
| senasar || 6 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|senasar}}
|-
| bas || 6 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|bas}}
|-
| ise || 6 || "that" (class x) || {{morphTest|ine{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|clx}}|ise}}
|}

Lexccounter: Our corpus contains # stems.

==Notes==
Tests that currently do not work have not been implemented yet. Implemented tests work, but may need further refinement (archiphonemes added, etc).

[[Category:Sp18 Transducers]]

Eastern Burushaski/Transducer

2019-02-20T20:01:29Z

Cwillia7:

==Code==
Repo on github [https://github.swarthmore.edu/cwillia7/ling073-bsk]

==Evaluation==

Passes 88 tests
7.08% corpus coverage, with 904 tokenised words.
===Top Unknown Words ===

{|class="wikitable"
!Word !! Occurrences !! Gloss !! Tags
|-
| ke || 47 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|ke}}
|-
| ine || 19 || "that" (human) ||{{morphTest|ine{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|mf}}|ine}}
|-
| kaa || 17 || |"with" | {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|kaa}}
|-
| daa || 16 || "and" || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|daa}}
|-
| it̪e || 14 || "that" (class y) || {{morphTest|ine{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cly}}|it̪e}}
|-
| inar || 12 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|inar}}
|-
| e || 10 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|e}}
|-
| nuse || 9 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|nuse}}
|-
| in || 8 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|in}}
|-
| u || 8 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|u}}
|-
| besan || 7 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|besan}}
|-
| yuu || 7 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|yuu}}
|-
| a || 7 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|a}}
|-
| t̪ačume || 7 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|t̪ačume}}
|-
| aa || 6 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|aa}}
|-
| ečam || 6 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|ečam}}
|-
| but || 6 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|but}}
|-
| senasar || 6 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|senasar}}
|-
| bas || 6 || || {{morphTest|{{tag|unk}}|bas}}
|-
| ise || 6 || "that" (class x) || {{morphTest|ine{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|clx}}|ise}}
|}

6 ečam
6 but
6 senasar
6 bas
6 ise

Lexccounter: Our corpus contains # stems.

==Notes==
Tests that currently do not work have not been implemented yet. Implemented tests work, but may need further refinement (archiphonemes added, etc).

[[Category:Sp18 Transducers]]

Eastern Burushaski/Transducer

2019-02-20T19:51:59Z

Cwillia7:

Eastern Burushaski/Transducer

2019-02-20T19:23:20Z

Cwillia7:

==Code==
Repo on github [https://github.swarthmore.edu/cwillia7/ling073-bsk]

==Evaluation==

Passes 88 tests
6.9% corpus coverage

==Notes==
Tests that currently do not work have not been implemented yet. Implemented tests work, but may need further refinement (archiphonemes added, etc).

[[Category:Sp18 Transducers]]

Eastern Burushaski/Language

2019-02-20T01:28:49Z

Cwillia7: /* Obligatory possession */

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Demonstrative pronoun !!human (m or f) !! non-human concrete !! non-human abstract/amorphous
|-
! this
| {{morphTest|kʰine{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|mf}}|kʰine}} || {{morphTest|kʰine{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|clx}}|guse}} || {{morphTest|kʰine{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cly}}|gut̪e}}
|-
! that
| {{morphTest|ine{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|mf}}|ine}} || {{morphTest|ine{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|clx}}|ise}} || {{morphTest|ine{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cly}}|it̪e}}
|-
! these
| {{morphTest|kʰuwe{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|mf}}|kʰuwe}} || {{morphTest|kʰuwe{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|clx}}|guce}} || {{morphTest|kʰuwe{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cly}}|guke}}
|-
!those
| {{morphTest|uwe{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|mf}}|uwe}} || {{morphTest|uwe{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|clx}}|ice}} || {{morphTest|uwe{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cly}}|ike}}
|}

note: {{tag|mf}} is used for the class of nouns that are human, and can be either male or female, while {{tag|clx}} is used for non-human concrete and {{tag|cly}} is used for the non-human abstract/amorphous noun class.

{{comment|I might give the same lemma across the three classes, so that e.g. guse's lemma is kʰine. -JNW}}

=== Reduplication ===
Reduplication is very productive in Burushaski, and can be used in a number of ways.

==== Partial Reduplication ====
Partial reduplication is only used in casual conversation. It most often applies to nouns, though Yoshioka claims that it can also be used on phrases and even clauses (p. 169). They are not clear as to the semantics of partial reduplication, and don't give any direct translations of any of their examples. Munshi's examples, on the other hand, have translations, and give a sense of a frequentative/iterative.

* ''haralt̪ '''cʰu-cʰur''' manimi'' "It drizzled"
** ''cʰur'' "drop"
** {{morphTest|cʰur{{tag|n}}{{tag|redp}}|cʰu-cʰur}}
* ''haralt̪ '''ča-čar''' manimi'' "It rained heavily"
** ''čar'' "pour"
** {{morphTest|čar{{tag|n}}{{tag|redp}}|ča-čar}}
*''giyaase '''ǰi-ǰir''' et̪imi'' "The baby cried loudly"
** ''ǰir'' "cry"
** {{morphTest|ǰir{{tag|n}}{{tag|redp}}|ǰi-ǰir}}
*''hilese galt̪ar '''d̪a-d̪al''' et̪imi'' "They boy dragged the tree branch"
** ''d̪al'' "drag"
** {{morphTest|d̪al{{tag|n}}{{tag|redp}}|d̪a-d̪al}}
* ''in '''d̪a-d̪ar''' imanimi'' "He shivered"
** ''d̪ar'' "shake"
**{{morphTest|d̪ar{{tag|n}}{{tag|redp}}|d̪a-d̪ar}}

{{comment|Reduplication isn't a semantic property, but a morphological process. Your tag should be agnostic to process and only give semantic information, like what you said about frequentative or iterative.}}

==== Full Reduplication ====
Full reduplication is done "without any phonological modification, such as phoneme alternation, vowel lengthening, phoneme augmentation, and so forth." (Yoshioka 2012:166) Yoshioka describes full reduplication as adding emphasis, and reduplicated words of other parts of speech often become adverbs.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Monadic !! Reduplicated !! Tagged
|-
| ǰotišo "small" || ǰotišo-ǰotišo "fairly small" || {{morphTest|ǰotišo{{tag|adj}}{{tag|redf}}|ǰotišo-ǰotišo}}
|-
| thala "slow" || thala-thala "gradually" || {{morphTest|thala{{tag|adv}}{{tag|redf}}|thala-thala}}
|-
| kaa "with" || kaa-kaa "close together" || {{morphTest|kaa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|redf}}|kaa-kaa}}
|}
Notably, reduplication can also happen across a conjunction
{|class="wikitable sortable"
| loto "naked" || loto-ke-loto "no cap on head" (lit. "naked and naked")
|-
| čʰu "naked" || čʰu-ke-čʰu "bare feet" (lit. "naked and naked")
|}
(wasn't sure how to tag these...)

{{comment|Only use this if [mostly] productive. And again, the tag should give semantic information, not morpho-phonological. We don't use {{tag|suff_pl}} and {{tag|suff_pst}} and stuff to show that we use suffixes for plural and past, so the same should hold for reduplication.}}

=== Verb stems ===
Burushaski verbs are highly inflected, but verbs stems often have only two forms: a "base stem" for perfective tenses (e.g. simple past, present perfect) and a "derived stem" for imperfective tenses (e.g. future, present progressive) (Munshi in progress: 58). Examples with the verb 'to run' also from Munshi.

* Perfective stem ''gaarc-''
**''u '''gaarc'''uman'' "They ran" (Simple Past)
*** {{morphTest|gaarc{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|actv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|gaarcuman}}
**''u '''gaarc'''am'' "They had run" (Past Perfect)
*** {{morphTest|gaarc{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|pfct}}{{tag|actv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|gaarcam}}
* Imperfective stem ''gaarš-''
**''u '''gaarš'''uman'' "They will run" (Future)
*** {{morphTest|gaarš{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|fti}}{{tag|actv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|gaaršuman}}
**''u '''gaarš'''aan'' "They run" (Present Progressive)
*** {{morphTest|gaarš{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|actv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|gaaršaan}}
**''u '''gaarš'''ume baan'' "They have been running" (Present Perfect Continuous)
*** [not sure how to tag the periphrastic -- have to investigate the participle-ish thing]
**''u '''gaarš'''am'' "They used to run" (Past Progressive)
*** {{morphTest|gaarš{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|actv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|gaaršam}}

{{comment|Which tags are you using to categorise the two stem types? Those tags should come close to the verb (around the transitivity tag), before any inflectional information.}}

=== Causatives ===
Burushaski can form causatives in three ways, increasing the valence of the verb by one.
* Null derivation (just adding another pronominal prefix)
** ''sabrina '''gučʰa'''mo'' "Sabrina slept"
*** {{morphTest|gučʰa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|actv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|gučʰamo}}
** ''saliime sabrina mo'''guča'''mi'' "Saleem put Sabrina to sleep"
*** {{morphTest|gučʰa{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|actv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg3f}}|mogučʰami}}
*** no explanation of the change in aspiration -- may be a typo in source, or related to stress shift
* Lengthening of vowel of object (theme) prefix
** ''sabrinaa keek d̪e'''sman'''umo'' "Sabrina made the cake"
*** {{morphTest|sman{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|actv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|o_sg3xy}}|d̪esmanumo}}
*** Don't know if ''keek'' is an X or Y class word
** ''karime sabrina keek d̪umoo'''sman'''imi'' "Karim caused Sabrina to make the cake"
*** {{morphTest|sman{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|actv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg3f}}{{tag|io_sg3xy}}|d̪umoosmanimi}}
*** Don't know if ''keek'' is an X or Y class word
* Prefix [s] (intransitives only)
** ''hiles i'''war'''imi'' "The boy is tired"
*** {{morphTest|war{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|actv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|iwarimi}}
** ''ǰaa hiles e'''spar'''am'' "I made the boy tired"
*** {{morphTest|war{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|actv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg3m}}|esparam}}

(not sure how to properly tag subject vs object agreement)

{{comment|You definitely do not want tags that could potentially repeat, like multiple subject agreement tags. Since multiple arguments are marked on the verb, the solution might be to use separate {{tag|s_}} and maybe {{tag|io_}} tags that correspond to your {{tag|o_}} tags.}}

==="To be" copula forms ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!colspan="4"|Present Tense !! colspan="4"|Past Tense
|-
! colspan="2"|Singular !! colspan="2"|Plural !! colspan="2"|Singular !! colspan="2"|Plural
|-
!Positive !! Negative !! Positive !! Negative !! Positive !! Negative !! Positive !! Negative
|-
| 1 |{{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|baa}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|apaa}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|baan}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|apaan}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|bayam}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|apayam}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|bam}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|apam}}
|-
| 2 |{{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|baa}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|apaa}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|baan}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|apaan}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|bam}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|apam}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|bam}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|apam}}
|-
| 3m |{{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|m}}|bai}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|m}}|apai}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|m}}|baan}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|m}}|apaan}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|m}}|bam}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|m}}|apam}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|m}}|bam}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|m}}|apam}}
|-
| 3f |{{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|f}}|bo}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|f}}|apo}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|f}}|baan}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|f}}|apaan}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|f}}|bom}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|f}}|apom}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|f}}|bam}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|f}}|apam}}
|-
| 3x |{{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|clx}}|bi}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|clx}}|api}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|clx}}|biye}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|clx}}|apiye}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|clx}}|bim}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|clx}}|apim}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|clx}}|bim}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|clx}}|apim}}
|-
| 3y |{{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cly}}|bila}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cly}}|api}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cly}}|bica}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cly}}|api}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cly}}|bilum}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cly}}|apim}} || {{morphTest|b{{tag|cop}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cly}}|bicum}} || {{morphTest|ap{{tag|cop}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cly}}|apim}}

|}

Forms are taken from Munshi (in progress) and ''Basic Burushaski Vocabulary'' by Stephen R Willson (1999).
Munshi lists the lemma for "to be" as [b], and it appears to take the past perfect verb suffixes in the past tense (Munshi example 86b) and the present progressive suffixes in the present tense (Munshi 86d). Munshi does not address the negative copula forms directly, but does list the [a-] prefix as denoting a negative (Munshi 3.1.2.4). It is possible that the [b] lemma is expressed as a [p] due to the [a-] prefix rather than being a distinct root.

{{comment|Yeah, you're treating this as two distinct copula roots. If most verbs just inflect for {{tag|neg}}, then you might want to make the copula do that too, uniting "both copulas" under a single lemma.}}

=== Obligatory possession ===
Some nouns in Burushaski always appear with possessive markers. Yoshioka (36) cites Berger (1998a: 44), who says that there are about "150 substantives" in this class. (Yoshioka goes on to give examples that include nouns and prepositions, and it is not clear whether they count as "substantives.")
Paradigms of possessed nouns are drawn from Munshi (in progress), because Yoshioka doesn't cite full forms.

Words fall into (at least) two paradigms of prefixes, apparently without semantic or phonological rationale. Yoshioka also identifies a third type of possessed nouns, which they claim only includes 5 nouns, whose prefixes they list are mostly long-vowel versions of the Type-II prefixes. Yoshioka also lists possessive endings for X and Y class words, which Munshi does not cite forms for.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Pronominal prefixes of inherently possessed nouns !!colspan="2"|Type-I (e.g. -šak 'arm') !!colspan="2"|Type-II (e.g. -ċo 'same-gender sibling')
|-
!SG !! PL !! SG !! PL
|-
! 1st
| {{morphTest|šak{{tag|n}}{{tag|typ1}}{{tag|px1sg}}|ašak}} || {{morphTest|šak{{tag|n}}{{tag|typ1}}{{tag|px1pl}}|mišak}}
| {{morphTest|ċo{{tag|n}}{{tag|typ2}}{{tag|px1sg}}|aċo}} || {{morphTest|ċo{{tag|n}}{{tag|typ2}}{{tag|px1pl}}|meċo}}
|-
! 2nd
| {{morphTest|šak{{tag|n}}{{tag|typ1}}{{tag|px2sg}}|gušak}} || {{morphTest|šak{{tag|n}}{{tag|typ1}}{{tag|px2pl}}|mašak}}
| {{morphTest|ċo{{tag|n}}{{tag|typ2}}{{tag|px2sg}}|goċo}} || {{morphTest|ċo{{tag|n}}{{tag|typ2}}{{tag|px2pl}}|maċo}}
|-
! 3rd (male)
| {{morphTest|šak{{tag|n}}{{tag|typ1}}{{tag|px3sgm}}|išak}} || rowspan="2"|{{morphTest|šak{{tag|n}}{{tag|typ1}}{{tag|px3pl}}|ušak}}
| {{morphTest|ċo{{tag|n}}{{tag|typ2}}{{tag|px3sgm}}|eċo}} || rowspan="2"|{{morphTest|ċo{{tag|n}}{{tag|typ2}}{{tag|px3pl}}|oċo}}
|-
! 3rd (female)
| {{morphTest|šak{{tag|n}}{{tag|typ1}}{{tag|px3sgm}}|mušak}}
| {{morphTest|ċo{{tag|n}}{{tag|typ2}}{{tag|px3sgm}}|moċo}}
|}

=== Numerals ===
Numerals are inflected for noun class (human, X, Y). For 1-3, there is a distinction between all three, but for 4-10, human and X class numerals are homophonous.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Numerals !! Human (M&F) !! X !! Y
|-
! 1
| {{morphTest|hin{{tag|num}}{{tag|mf}}|hin}} || {{morphTest|hin{{tag|num}}{{tag|clx}}|han}} || {{morphTest|hin{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|hik}}
|-
! 2
| {{morphTest|alt̪an{{tag|num}}{{tag|mf}}|alt̪an}} || {{morphTest|alt̪an{{tag|num}}{{tag|clx}}|alt̪a}} || {{morphTest|alt̪an{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|alt̪o}}
|-
! 3
| {{morphTest|isken{{tag|num}}{{tag|mf}}|isken}} || {{morphTest|isken{{tag|num}}{{tag|clx}}|usko}} || {{morphTest|isken{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|iski}}
|-
! 4
| colspan="2"|{{morphTest|walt̪o{{tag|num}}{{tag|mfclx}}|walt̪o}} || {{morphTest|walt̪o{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|walt̪i}}
|-
! 5
| colspan="2"|{{morphTest|cʰund̪o{{tag|num}}{{tag|mfclx}}|cʰund̪o}} || {{morphTest|cʰund̪o{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|cʰind̪i}}
|-
! 6
| colspan="2"|{{morphTest|mišind̪o{{tag|num}}{{tag|mfclx}}|mišind̪o}} || {{morphTest|mišind̪o{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|mišind̪i}}
|-
! 7
| colspan="2"|{{morphTest|t̪ʰalo{{tag|num}}{{tag|mfclx}}|t̪ʰalo}} || {{morphTest|t̪ʰalo{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|t̪ʰale}}
|-
! 8
| colspan="2"|{{morphTest|alt̪ambo{{tag|num}}{{tag|mfclx}}|alt̪ambo}} || {{morphTest|alt̪ambo{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|alt̪ambi}}
|-
! 9
| colspan="2"|{{morphTest|hunčo{{tag|num}}{{tag|mfclx}}|hunčo}} || {{morphTest|hunčo{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|hunti}}
|-
! 10
| colspan="2"|{{morphTest|t̪oorumo{{tag|num}}{{tag|mfclx}}|t̪oorumo}} || {{morphTest|t̪oorumo{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|t̪oorimi}}
|}

(talk about above 10)

[[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]] [[Category:Grammar_documentation]]