LING073 - User contributions [en]

Lakota and English/Structural transfer

2022-05-09T07:23:40Z

Dmahaja1: /* Post Evaluation */

= Pre Evaluation =
*Statistics about input files
*Number of words in reference: 52
*Number of words in test: 0
*Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test:

= Post Evaluation =
*WER, PER, and coverage tests
Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 52
Number of words in test: 0
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test:

* Here, we implemented a rule to combine an NP and an adjective and evaluate it as an AP
* This improved our parsing but did not change our WER and PER rates
* Coverage was also unchanged from the MT final translation

[[category:Lakota]] [[category:Sp22_StructuralTransfer]]

Lakota and English/Structural transfer

2022-05-09T07:20:33Z

Dmahaja1:

= Pre Evaluation =
*Statistics about input files
*Number of words in reference: 52
*Number of words in test: 0
*Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test:

= Post Evaluation =
*WER, PER, and coverage tests
Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 52
Number of words in test: 0
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test:

* Here, we implemented a rule to combine an NP and an adjective into a chunk
* This improved our parsing but did not change our WER and PER rates

[[category:Lakota]] [[category:Sp22_StructuralTransfer]]

Lakota and English/Structural transfer

2022-05-09T07:20:12Z

Dmahaja1: /* Post Evaluation */

= Example Sentences =
= Pre Evaluation =
*Statistics about input files
*Number of words in reference: 52
*Number of words in test: 0
*Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test:

= Post Evaluation =
*WER, PER, and coverage tests
Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 52
Number of words in test: 0
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test:

* Here, we implemented a rule to combine an NP and an adjective into a chunk
* This improved our parsing but did not change our WER and PER rates

[[category:Lakota]] [[category:Sp22_StructuralTransfer]]

Lakota and English/Structural transfer

2022-05-08T01:53:28Z

Dmahaja1: /* Pre Evaluation */

Lakota/Disambiguation

2022-05-07T00:24:00Z

Dmahaja1:

==initial evaluation of ambiguity==
*before disambiguation = 1
*after disambiguation = 1

==Two Sentences for Two Possible Readings of Any Ambiguous Term==

^lé<prn><dem><sg>$ ^waŋ<det><ind>$ ^šún<n>$^./.<sent>$ (This is a dog)

^iwáčú<v><av><s_sg1>$ ^šún<n>$ ^lé<det><dem><sg>$^./.<sent>$ (I take this dog)

==final evaluation of ambiguity==
*15

https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt
[[category: Lakota]] [[category:sp22_Disambiguation]] [[category: Lakotadone]]

Lakota and English/Lexical selection

2022-05-07T00:21:45Z

Dmahaja1: /* One-to-Many Mappings */

= lkt -> eng =
== Resources ==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-eng LKT-ENG GITHUB]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-eng-corpus LKT-ENG-CORPUS GITHUB]

== One-to-Many Mappings ==

* Our first case of a one-to-many mapping involves the noun "iyohlateya":
** it means "moon of the night" when preceded by "hanye wi kin"
** it means "daylight's sun" when preceded by "anpa wi kin"
* Our second case of a one-to-many mapping is the verb "wauwelo"
** It generally is translated as "I am coming"
** When preceded by "Ociciyankinkta ca he" it means "I have come"

[[category:Sp22_LexicalSelection]] [[category:Lakota]] [[category: English]][[category:Lakotadone]]

Lakota and English/Structural transfer

2022-05-07T00:21:09Z

Dmahaja1: /* Pre Evaluation */

= Example Sentences =
= Pre Evaluation =
*Statistics about input files
*Number of words in reference: 0
*Number of words in test: 0
*Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test:

= Post Evaluation =
*WER, PER, and coverage tests

[[category:Lakota]] [[category:Sp22_StructuralTransfer]]

Lakota and English/Structural transfer

2022-05-07T00:20:48Z

Dmahaja1: /* Pre Evaluation */

= Example Sentences =
= Pre Evaluation =
Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 0
Number of words in test: 0
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test:

= Post Evaluation =
*WER, PER, and coverage tests

[[category:Lakota]] [[category:Sp22_StructuralTransfer]]

Lakota and English/Structural transfer

2022-05-07T00:20:03Z

Dmahaja1:

= Example Sentences =
= Pre Evaluation =
= Post Evaluation =
*WER, PER, and coverage tests

[[category:Lakota]] [[category:Sp22_StructuralTransfer]]

LakotaandEnglish

2022-05-07T00:15:37Z

Dmahaja1: /* Final Evaluation */

Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Lakota Lakota] and English

== External resources ==
* The [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/lkt-eng repository] for the new language pair
* Our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt Lakota] repository
* The [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-eng-corpus corpus] repository
* The [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng Apertium English] repository

== lkt -> eng Evaluation ==
*Coverage on Monolingual Transducer : 122/611 (20%)
** command: ./coverage-lt.sh ../ling073-lkt-eng-corpus/lkt.sentences.txt lkt-eng.automorf.bin

*Coverage on Bilingual Transducer : 320/2390 (13%)
** command: ./coverage-lt.sh ../ling073-lkt-corpus/lkt.corpus.basic.txt lkt-eng.automorf.bin

== Our Ten Analyzed Sentences ==
* command: echo máni | apertium -d . lkt-eng-biltrans
* analysing forms: echo mawáni k’éyaš išwíčhatíŋmA | apertium -d . lkt-morph
The original sentence,
The intended English translation,
The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode,
The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode.

1) mawatúkȟa = "I am tired"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^watúkȟa<v><sv><s_sg1>/tired<v><sv><s_sg1>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #tired

2) uŋwaŋyáŋkepi = "I look at them"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^waŋyáŋkA<v><tv><s_pl1><o_pl3>/look<v><tv><s_pl1><o_pl3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #look

3) lé ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa = "This canary is tired"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^*lé/*lé$ ^*ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa/*ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: *lé *ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa

4) Šúŋka kiŋ lé waŋyáŋkA. = "I look at the dog"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^*Šúŋka/*Šúŋka$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*lé/*lé$ ^waŋyáŋkA<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>/look<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: *Šúŋka #the *lé #look

5) Lé úta = "This is an acorn"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^*lé/*lé$ ^úta<n>/acorn<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: *lé #acorn

6) mawáni k’éyaš išwíčhatíŋmA = "I walk but they all sleep"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^máni<v><av><s_sg1>/walk<v><av><s_sg1>$ ^k’éyaš<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^*išwíčhatíŋmA/*išwíčhatíŋmA$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #walk but *išwíčhatíŋmA

7) igmú kiŋ oyúspe skelúta kiŋ masóphiye él = "The cat catches the oriole at the store."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^igmú<n>/cat<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^oyúspe<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>/catch<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>$ ^skelúta<n>/oriole<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*masóphiye/*masóphiye$ ^*él/*él$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #cat #the #catch #oriole #the *masóphiye *él

8) ičú bló waŋ = "He takes a potato."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^ičú<v>/take<v>$ ^bló<n>/potato<n>$ ^waŋ<det><ind>/a<det><ind>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #take #potato #a

9) šún kiŋ tȟaspáŋ kiŋ itȟókab yaŋké = "The dog sits in front of the apple."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^šún<n>/dog<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^tȟaspáŋ<n>/apple<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*itȟókab/*itȟókab$ ^*yaŋké/*yaŋké$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #dog #the #apple #the *itȟókab *yaŋké

10) wówapi kiŋ wíčazo kiŋ isákhib = "The book is beside the pencil."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^wówapi<n>/book<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*wíčazo/*wíčazo$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^isákhib<n>/pencil<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #book #the *wíčazo #the #pencil

= Additions =
* Expand your morphology to cover at least 5 more elements of some paradigm(s). This can be anything from additional verb or noun morphology, to adding all the forms of all the determiners (articles, demonstratives, etc.), to implementing nominal morphology on adjectives (e.g., if your language allows adjectives to be substantivised, which you'll want to add a tag for too).
* At least 3 new disambiguation rules that make the output of your tagger more accurate.
* At least 2 new transfer rules that make more of the output of your MT system closer to an acceptable target translation.

= Final Evaluation =
*Coverage on Monolingual Transducer : 162/610 (27%)
*Coverage on Bilingual Transducer : 394/2390 (16%)
[[Category: Sp22_TranslationPairs]] [[category:Lakota]] [[category:lakotadone]]

LakotaandEnglish

2022-05-07T00:13:15Z

Dmahaja1: /* lkt -> eng Evaluation */

LakotaandEnglish

2022-05-07T00:12:53Z

Dmahaja1: /* Final Evaluation */

Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Lakota Lakota] and English

== External resources ==
* The [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/lkt-eng repository] for the new language pair
* Our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt Lakota] repository
* The [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-eng-corpus corpus] repository
* The [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng Apertium English] repository

== lkt -> eng Evaluation ==
Coverage on Monolingual Transducer : 122/611 (20%)
* command: ./coverage-lt.sh ../ling073-lkt-eng-corpus/lkt.sentences.txt lkt-eng.automorf.bin

Coverage on Bilingual Transducer : 320/2390 (13%)
* command: ./coverage-lt.sh ../ling073-lkt-corpus/lkt.corpus.basic.txt lkt-eng.automorf.bin

== Our Ten Analyzed Sentences ==
* command: echo máni | apertium -d . lkt-eng-biltrans
* analysing forms: echo mawáni k’éyaš išwíčhatíŋmA | apertium -d . lkt-morph
The original sentence,
The intended English translation,
The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode,
The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode.

1) mawatúkȟa = "I am tired"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^watúkȟa<v><sv><s_sg1>/tired<v><sv><s_sg1>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #tired

2) uŋwaŋyáŋkepi = "I look at them"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^waŋyáŋkA<v><tv><s_pl1><o_pl3>/look<v><tv><s_pl1><o_pl3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #look

3) lé ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa = "This canary is tired"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^*lé/*lé$ ^*ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa/*ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: *lé *ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa

4) Šúŋka kiŋ lé waŋyáŋkA. = "I look at the dog"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^*Šúŋka/*Šúŋka$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*lé/*lé$ ^waŋyáŋkA<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>/look<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: *Šúŋka #the *lé #look

5) Lé úta = "This is an acorn"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^*lé/*lé$ ^úta<n>/acorn<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: *lé #acorn

6) mawáni k’éyaš išwíčhatíŋmA = "I walk but they all sleep"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^máni<v><av><s_sg1>/walk<v><av><s_sg1>$ ^k’éyaš<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^*išwíčhatíŋmA/*išwíčhatíŋmA$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #walk but *išwíčhatíŋmA

7) igmú kiŋ oyúspe skelúta kiŋ masóphiye él = "The cat catches the oriole at the store."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^igmú<n>/cat<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^oyúspe<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>/catch<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>$ ^skelúta<n>/oriole<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*masóphiye/*masóphiye$ ^*él/*él$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #cat #the #catch #oriole #the *masóphiye *él

8) ičú bló waŋ = "He takes a potato."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^ičú<v>/take<v>$ ^bló<n>/potato<n>$ ^waŋ<det><ind>/a<det><ind>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #take #potato #a

9) šún kiŋ tȟaspáŋ kiŋ itȟókab yaŋké = "The dog sits in front of the apple."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^šún<n>/dog<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^tȟaspáŋ<n>/apple<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*itȟókab/*itȟókab$ ^*yaŋké/*yaŋké$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #dog #the #apple #the *itȟókab *yaŋké

10) wówapi kiŋ wíčazo kiŋ isákhib = "The book is beside the pencil."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^wówapi<n>/book<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*wíčazo/*wíčazo$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^isákhib<n>/pencil<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #book #the *wíčazo #the #pencil

= Additions =
* Expand your morphology to cover at least 5 more elements of some paradigm(s). This can be anything from additional verb or noun morphology, to adding all the forms of all the determiners (articles, demonstratives, etc.), to implementing nominal morphology on adjectives (e.g., if your language allows adjectives to be substantivised, which you'll want to add a tag for too).
* At least 3 new disambiguation rules that make the output of your tagger more accurate.
* At least 2 new transfer rules that make more of the output of your MT system closer to an acceptable target translation.

= Final Evaluation =
*Coverage on Monolingual Transducer : 162/610 (27%)
*Coverage on Bilingual Transducer : 394/2390 (16%)
[[Category: Sp22_TranslationPairs]] [[category:Lakota]]

LakotaandEnglish

2022-05-07T00:11:52Z

Dmahaja1: /* Final Evaluation */

Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Lakota Lakota] and English

== External resources ==
* The [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/lkt-eng repository] for the new language pair
* Our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt Lakota] repository
* The [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-eng-corpus corpus] repository
* The [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng Apertium English] repository

== lkt -> eng Evaluation ==
Coverage on Monolingual Transducer : 122/611 (20%)
* command: ./coverage-lt.sh ../ling073-lkt-eng-corpus/lkt.sentences.txt lkt-eng.automorf.bin

Coverage on Bilingual Transducer : 320/2390 (13%)
* command: ./coverage-lt.sh ../ling073-lkt-corpus/lkt.corpus.basic.txt lkt-eng.automorf.bin

== Our Ten Analyzed Sentences ==
* command: echo máni | apertium -d . lkt-eng-biltrans
* analysing forms: echo mawáni k’éyaš išwíčhatíŋmA | apertium -d . lkt-morph
The original sentence,
The intended English translation,
The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode,
The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode.

1) mawatúkȟa = "I am tired"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^watúkȟa<v><sv><s_sg1>/tired<v><sv><s_sg1>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #tired

2) uŋwaŋyáŋkepi = "I look at them"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^waŋyáŋkA<v><tv><s_pl1><o_pl3>/look<v><tv><s_pl1><o_pl3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #look

3) lé ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa = "This canary is tired"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^*lé/*lé$ ^*ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa/*ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: *lé *ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa

4) Šúŋka kiŋ lé waŋyáŋkA. = "I look at the dog"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^*Šúŋka/*Šúŋka$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*lé/*lé$ ^waŋyáŋkA<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>/look<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: *Šúŋka #the *lé #look

5) Lé úta = "This is an acorn"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^*lé/*lé$ ^úta<n>/acorn<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: *lé #acorn

6) mawáni k’éyaš išwíčhatíŋmA = "I walk but they all sleep"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^máni<v><av><s_sg1>/walk<v><av><s_sg1>$ ^k’éyaš<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^*išwíčhatíŋmA/*išwíčhatíŋmA$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #walk but *išwíčhatíŋmA

7) igmú kiŋ oyúspe skelúta kiŋ masóphiye él = "The cat catches the oriole at the store."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^igmú<n>/cat<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^oyúspe<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>/catch<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>$ ^skelúta<n>/oriole<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*masóphiye/*masóphiye$ ^*él/*él$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #cat #the #catch #oriole #the *masóphiye *él

8) ičú bló waŋ = "He takes a potato."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^ičú<v>/take<v>$ ^bló<n>/potato<n>$ ^waŋ<det><ind>/a<det><ind>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #take #potato #a

9) šún kiŋ tȟaspáŋ kiŋ itȟókab yaŋké = "The dog sits in front of the apple."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^šún<n>/dog<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^tȟaspáŋ<n>/apple<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*itȟókab/*itȟókab$ ^*yaŋké/*yaŋké$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #dog #the #apple #the *itȟókab *yaŋké

10) wówapi kiŋ wíčazo kiŋ isákhib = "The book is beside the pencil."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^wówapi<n>/book<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*wíčazo/*wíčazo$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^isákhib<n>/pencil<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #book #the *wíčazo #the #pencil

= Additions =
* Expand your morphology to cover at least 5 more elements of some paradigm(s). This can be anything from additional verb or noun morphology, to adding all the forms of all the determiners (articles, demonstratives, etc.), to implementing nominal morphology on adjectives (e.g., if your language allows adjectives to be substantivised, which you'll want to add a tag for too).
* At least 3 new disambiguation rules that make the output of your tagger more accurate.
* At least 2 new transfer rules that make more of the output of your MT system closer to an acceptable target translation.

= Final Evaluation =
Coverage on Monolingual Transducer : 162/610 (27%)
Coverage on Bilingual Transducer : 320/2390 (13%)
[[Category: Sp22_TranslationPairs]] [[category:Lakota]]

LakotaandEnglish

2022-05-07T00:11:10Z

Dmahaja1:

Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Lakota Lakota] and English

== External resources ==
* The [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/lkt-eng repository] for the new language pair
* Our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt Lakota] repository
* The [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-eng-corpus corpus] repository
* The [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng Apertium English] repository

== lkt -> eng Evaluation ==
Coverage on Monolingual Transducer : 122/611 (20%)
* command: ./coverage-lt.sh ../ling073-lkt-eng-corpus/lkt.sentences.txt lkt-eng.automorf.bin

Coverage on Bilingual Transducer : 320/2390 (13%)
* command: ./coverage-lt.sh ../ling073-lkt-corpus/lkt.corpus.basic.txt lkt-eng.automorf.bin

== Our Ten Analyzed Sentences ==
* command: echo máni | apertium -d . lkt-eng-biltrans
* analysing forms: echo mawáni k’éyaš išwíčhatíŋmA | apertium -d . lkt-morph
The original sentence,
The intended English translation,
The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode,
The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode.

1) mawatúkȟa = "I am tired"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^watúkȟa<v><sv><s_sg1>/tired<v><sv><s_sg1>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #tired

2) uŋwaŋyáŋkepi = "I look at them"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^waŋyáŋkA<v><tv><s_pl1><o_pl3>/look<v><tv><s_pl1><o_pl3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #look

3) lé ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa = "This canary is tired"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^*lé/*lé$ ^*ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa/*ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: *lé *ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa

4) Šúŋka kiŋ lé waŋyáŋkA. = "I look at the dog"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^*Šúŋka/*Šúŋka$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*lé/*lé$ ^waŋyáŋkA<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>/look<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: *Šúŋka #the *lé #look

5) Lé úta = "This is an acorn"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^*lé/*lé$ ^úta<n>/acorn<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: *lé #acorn

6) mawáni k’éyaš išwíčhatíŋmA = "I walk but they all sleep"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^máni<v><av><s_sg1>/walk<v><av><s_sg1>$ ^k’éyaš<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^*išwíčhatíŋmA/*išwíčhatíŋmA$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #walk but *išwíčhatíŋmA

7) igmú kiŋ oyúspe skelúta kiŋ masóphiye él = "The cat catches the oriole at the store."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^igmú<n>/cat<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^oyúspe<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>/catch<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>$ ^skelúta<n>/oriole<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*masóphiye/*masóphiye$ ^*él/*él$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #cat #the #catch #oriole #the *masóphiye *él

8) ičú bló waŋ = "He takes a potato."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^ičú<v>/take<v>$ ^bló<n>/potato<n>$ ^waŋ<det><ind>/a<det><ind>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #take #potato #a

9) šún kiŋ tȟaspáŋ kiŋ itȟókab yaŋké = "The dog sits in front of the apple."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^šún<n>/dog<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^tȟaspáŋ<n>/apple<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*itȟókab/*itȟókab$ ^*yaŋké/*yaŋké$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #dog #the #apple #the *itȟókab *yaŋké

10) wówapi kiŋ wíčazo kiŋ isákhib = "The book is beside the pencil."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^wówapi<n>/book<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*wíčazo/*wíčazo$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^isákhib<n>/pencil<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #book #the *wíčazo #the #pencil

= Additions =
* Expand your morphology to cover at least 5 more elements of some paradigm(s). This can be anything from additional verb or noun morphology, to adding all the forms of all the determiners (articles, demonstratives, etc.), to implementing nominal morphology on adjectives (e.g., if your language allows adjectives to be substantivised, which you'll want to add a tag for too).
* At least 3 new disambiguation rules that make the output of your tagger more accurate.
* At least 2 new transfer rules that make more of the output of your MT system closer to an acceptable target translation.

= Final Evaluation =
Coverage on Monolingual Transducer : 122/611 (20%)
Coverage on Bilingual Transducer : 320/2390 (13%)
[[Category: Sp22_TranslationPairs]] [[category:Lakota]]

LakotaandEnglish

2022-05-07T00:10:32Z

Dmahaja1: /* Our Ten Analyzed Sentences */

Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Lakota Lakota] and English

== External resources ==
* The [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/lkt-eng repository] for the new language pair
* Our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt Lakota] repository
* The [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-eng-corpus corpus] repository
* The [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng Apertium English] repository

== lkt -> eng Evaluation ==
Coverage on Monolingual Transducer : 122/611 (20%)
* command: ./coverage-lt.sh ../ling073-lkt-eng-corpus/lkt.sentences.txt lkt-eng.automorf.bin

Coverage on Bilingual Transducer : 320/2390 (13%)
* command: ./coverage-lt.sh ../ling073-lkt-corpus/lkt.corpus.basic.txt lkt-eng.automorf.bin

== Our Ten Analyzed Sentences ==
* command: echo máni | apertium -d . lkt-eng-biltrans
* analysing forms: echo mawáni k’éyaš išwíčhatíŋmA | apertium -d . lkt-morph
The original sentence,
The intended English translation,
The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode,
The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode.

1) mawatúkȟa = "I am tired"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^watúkȟa<v><sv><s_sg1>/tired<v><sv><s_sg1>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #tired

2) uŋwaŋyáŋkepi = "I look at them"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^waŋyáŋkA<v><tv><s_pl1><o_pl3>/look<v><tv><s_pl1><o_pl3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #look

3) lé ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa = "This canary is tired"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^*lé/*lé$ ^*ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa/*ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: *lé *ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa

4) Šúŋka kiŋ lé waŋyáŋkA. = "I look at the dog"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^*Šúŋka/*Šúŋka$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*lé/*lé$ ^waŋyáŋkA<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>/look<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: *Šúŋka #the *lé #look

5) Lé úta = "This is an acorn"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^*lé/*lé$ ^úta<n>/acorn<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: *lé #acorn

6) mawáni k’éyaš išwíčhatíŋmA = "I walk but they all sleep"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^máni<v><av><s_sg1>/walk<v><av><s_sg1>$ ^k’éyaš<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^*išwíčhatíŋmA/*išwíčhatíŋmA$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #walk but *išwíčhatíŋmA

7) igmú kiŋ oyúspe skelúta kiŋ masóphiye él = "The cat catches the oriole at the store."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^igmú<n>/cat<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^oyúspe<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>/catch<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>$ ^skelúta<n>/oriole<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*masóphiye/*masóphiye$ ^*él/*él$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #cat #the #catch #oriole #the *masóphiye *él

8) ičú bló waŋ = "He takes a potato."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^ičú<v>/take<v>$ ^bló<n>/potato<n>$ ^waŋ<det><ind>/a<det><ind>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #take #potato #a

9) šún kiŋ tȟaspáŋ kiŋ itȟókab yaŋké = "The dog sits in front of the apple."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^šún<n>/dog<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^tȟaspáŋ<n>/apple<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*itȟókab/*itȟókab$ ^*yaŋké/*yaŋké$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #dog #the #apple #the *itȟókab *yaŋké

10) wówapi kiŋ wíčazo kiŋ isákhib = "The book is beside the pencil."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^wówapi<n>/book<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*wíčazo/*wíčazo$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^isákhib<n>/pencil<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #book #the *wíčazo #the #pencil

= Additions =
* Expand your morphology to cover at least 5 more elements of some paradigm(s). This can be anything from additional verb or noun morphology, to adding all the forms of all the determiners (articles, demonstratives, etc.), to implementing nominal morphology on adjectives (e.g., if your language allows adjectives to be substantivised, which you'll want to add a tag for too).
* At least 3 new disambiguation rules that make the output of your tagger more accurate.
* At least 2 new transfer rules that make more of the output of your MT system closer to an acceptable target translation.

= Final Evaluation =

[[Category: Sp22_TranslationPairs]] [[category:Lakota]]

LakotaandEnglish

2022-05-07T00:04:25Z

Dmahaja1: /* Our Ten Analyzed Sentences */

Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Lakota Lakota] and English

== External resources ==
* The [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/lkt-eng repository] for the new language pair
* Our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt Lakota] repository
* The [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-eng-corpus corpus] repository
* The [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng Apertium English] repository

== lkt -> eng Evaluation ==
Coverage on Monolingual Transducer : 122/611 (20%)
* command: ./coverage-lt.sh ../ling073-lkt-eng-corpus/lkt.sentences.txt lkt-eng.automorf.bin

Coverage on Bilingual Transducer : 320/2390 (13%)
* command: ./coverage-lt.sh ../ling073-lkt-corpus/lkt.corpus.basic.txt lkt-eng.automorf.bin

== Our Ten Analyzed Sentences ==
* command: echo máni | apertium -d . lkt-eng-biltrans
* analysing forms: echo mawáni k’éyaš išwíčhatíŋmA | apertium -d . lkt-morph
The original sentence,
The intended English translation,
The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode,
The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode.

1) mawatúkȟa = "I am tired"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^watúkȟa<v><sv><s_sg1>/tired<v><sv><s_sg1>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #tired

2) uŋwaŋyáŋkepi = "I look at them"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^waŋyáŋkA<v><tv><s_pl1><o_pl3>/look<v><tv><s_pl1><o_pl3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #look

3) lé ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa = "This canary is tired"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^*lé/*lé$ ^*ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa/*ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: *lé *ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa

4) Šúŋka kiŋ lé waŋyáŋkA. = "I look at the dog"
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

5) Lé úta = "This is an acorn"
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

6) mawáni k’éyaš išwíčhatíŋmA = "I walk but they all sleep"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^máni<v><av><s_sg1>/walk<v><av><s_sg1>$ ^k’éyaš<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^*išwíčhatíŋmA/*išwíčhatíŋmA$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #walk but *išwíčhatíŋmA

7) igmú kiŋ oyúspe skelúta kiŋ masóphiye él = "The cat catches the oriole at the store."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^igmú<n>/cat<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^oyúspe<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>/catch<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>$ ^skelúta<n>/oriole<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*masóphiye/*masóphiye$ ^*él/*él$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #cat #the #catch #oriole #the *masóphiye *él

8) ičú bló waŋ = "He takes a potato."
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

9) šún kiŋ tȟaspáŋ kiŋ itȟókab yaŋké = "The dog sits in front of the apple."
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

10) Wówapi kiŋ wíčazo kiŋ isákhib = "The book is beside the pencil."
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

= Additions =
* Expand your morphology to cover at least 5 more elements of some paradigm(s). This can be anything from additional verb or noun morphology, to adding all the forms of all the determiners (articles, demonstratives, etc.), to implementing nominal morphology on adjectives (e.g., if your language allows adjectives to be substantivised, which you'll want to add a tag for too).
* At least 3 new disambiguation rules that make the output of your tagger more accurate.
* At least 2 new transfer rules that make more of the output of your MT system closer to an acceptable target translation.

= Final Evaluation =

[[Category: Sp22_TranslationPairs]] [[category:Lakota]]

LakotaandEnglish

2022-05-07T00:02:04Z

Dmahaja1: /* Our Ten Analyzed Sentences */

Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Lakota Lakota] and English

== External resources ==
* The [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/lkt-eng repository] for the new language pair
* Our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt Lakota] repository
* The [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-eng-corpus corpus] repository
* The [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng Apertium English] repository

== lkt -> eng Evaluation ==
Coverage on Monolingual Transducer : 122/611 (20%)
* command: ./coverage-lt.sh ../ling073-lkt-eng-corpus/lkt.sentences.txt lkt-eng.automorf.bin

Coverage on Bilingual Transducer : 320/2390 (13%)
* command: ./coverage-lt.sh ../ling073-lkt-corpus/lkt.corpus.basic.txt lkt-eng.automorf.bin

== Our Ten Analyzed Sentences ==
* command: echo máni | apertium -d . lkt-eng-biltrans
* analysing forms: echo mawáni k’éyaš išwíčhatíŋmA | apertium -d . lkt-morph
The original sentence,
The intended English translation,
The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode,
The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode.

1) mawatúkȟa = "I am tired"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^watúkȟa<v><sv><s_sg1>/tired<v><sv><s_sg1>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #tired

2) uŋwaŋyáŋkepi = "I look at them"
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

3) lé ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa = "This canary is tired"
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

4) Šúŋka kiŋ lé waŋyáŋkA. = "I look at the dog"
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

5) Lé úta = "This is an acorn"
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

6) mawáni k’éyaš išwíčhatíŋmA = "I walk but they all sleep"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^máni<v><av><s_sg1>/walk<v><av><s_sg1>$ ^k’éyaš<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^*išwíčhatíŋmA/*išwíčhatíŋmA$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #walk but *išwíčhatíŋmA

7) igmú kiŋ oyúspe skelúta kiŋ masóphiye él = "The cat catches the oriole at the store."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^igmú<n>/cat<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^oyúspe<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>/catch<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>$ ^skelúta<n>/oriole<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*masóphiye/*masóphiye$ ^*él/*él$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #cat #the #catch #oriole #the *masóphiye *él

8) ičú bló waŋ = "He takes a potato."
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

9) šún kiŋ tȟaspáŋ kiŋ itȟókab yaŋké = "The dog sits in front of the apple."
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

10) Wówapi kiŋ wíčazo kiŋ isákhib = "The book is beside the pencil."
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

= Additions =
* Expand your morphology to cover at least 5 more elements of some paradigm(s). This can be anything from additional verb or noun morphology, to adding all the forms of all the determiners (articles, demonstratives, etc.), to implementing nominal morphology on adjectives (e.g., if your language allows adjectives to be substantivised, which you'll want to add a tag for too).
* At least 3 new disambiguation rules that make the output of your tagger more accurate.
* At least 2 new transfer rules that make more of the output of your MT system closer to an acceptable target translation.

= Final Evaluation =

[[Category: Sp22_TranslationPairs]] [[category:Lakota]]

LakotaandEnglish

2022-05-06T23:59:26Z

Dmahaja1: /* Our Ten Analyzed Sentences */

Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Lakota Lakota] and English

== External resources ==
* The [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/lkt-eng repository] for the new language pair
* Our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt Lakota] repository
* The [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-eng-corpus corpus] repository
* The [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng Apertium English] repository

== lkt -> eng Evaluation ==
Coverage on Monolingual Transducer : 122/611 (20%)
* command: ./coverage-lt.sh ../ling073-lkt-eng-corpus/lkt.sentences.txt lkt-eng.automorf.bin

Coverage on Bilingual Transducer : 320/2390 (13%)
* command: ./coverage-lt.sh ../ling073-lkt-corpus/lkt.corpus.basic.txt lkt-eng.automorf.bin

== Our Ten Analyzed Sentences ==
* command: echo máni | apertium -d . lkt-eng-biltrans
* analysing forms: echo mawáni k’éyaš išwíčhatíŋmA | apertium -d . lkt-morph
The original sentence,
The intended English translation,
The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode,
The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode.

1) mawatúkȟa = "I am tired"
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

2) uŋwaŋyáŋkepi = "I look at them"
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

3) lé ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa = "This canary is tired"
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

4) Šúŋka kiŋ lé waŋyáŋkA. = "I look at the dog"
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

5) Lé úta = "This is an acorn"
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

6) mawáni k’éyaš išwíčhatíŋmA = "I walk but they all sleep"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^máni<v><av><s_sg1>/walk<v><av><s_sg1>$ ^k’éyaš<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^*išwíčhatíŋmA/*išwíčhatíŋmA$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #walk but *išwíčhatíŋmA

7) igmú kiŋ oyúspe skelúta kiŋ masóphiye él = "The cat catches the oriole at the store."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^igmú<n>/cat<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^oyúspe<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>/catch<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>$ ^skelúta<n>/oriole<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*masóphiye/*masóphiye$ ^*él/*él$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #cat #the #catch #oriole #the *masóphiye *él

8) ičú bló waŋ = "He takes a potato."
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

9) šún kiŋ tȟaspáŋ kiŋ itȟókab yaŋké = "The dog sits in front of the apple."
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

10) Wówapi kiŋ wíčazo kiŋ isákhib = "The book is beside the pencil."
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

= Additions =
* Expand your morphology to cover at least 5 more elements of some paradigm(s). This can be anything from additional verb or noun morphology, to adding all the forms of all the determiners (articles, demonstratives, etc.), to implementing nominal morphology on adjectives (e.g., if your language allows adjectives to be substantivised, which you'll want to add a tag for too).
* At least 3 new disambiguation rules that make the output of your tagger more accurate.
* At least 2 new transfer rules that make more of the output of your MT system closer to an acceptable target translation.

= Final Evaluation =

[[Category: Sp22_TranslationPairs]] [[category:Lakota]]

LakotaandEnglish

2022-05-06T23:59:07Z

Dmahaja1: /* sec2 */

Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Lakota Lakota] and English

== External resources ==
* The [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/lkt-eng repository] for the new language pair
* Our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt Lakota] repository
* The [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-eng-corpus corpus] repository
* The [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng Apertium English] repository

== lkt -> eng Evaluation ==
Coverage on Monolingual Transducer : 122/611 (20%)
* command: ./coverage-lt.sh ../ling073-lkt-eng-corpus/lkt.sentences.txt lkt-eng.automorf.bin

Coverage on Bilingual Transducer : 320/2390 (13%)
* command: ./coverage-lt.sh ../ling073-lkt-corpus/lkt.corpus.basic.txt lkt-eng.automorf.bin

== Our Ten Analyzed Sentences ==
* command: echo máni | apertium -d . lkt-eng-biltrans
* analysing forms: echo mawáni k’éyaš išwíčhatíŋmA | apertium -d . lkt-morph
The original sentence,
The intended English translation,
The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode,
The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode.

=== sec1 ===
1) mawatúkȟa = "I am tired"
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

2) uŋwaŋyáŋkepi = "I look at them"
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

3) lé ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa = "This canary is tired"
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

4) Šúŋka kiŋ lé waŋyáŋkA. = "I look at the dog"
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

5) Lé úta = "This is an acorn"
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

===sec2===

6) mawáni k’éyaš išwíčhatíŋmA = "I walk but they all sleep"
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^máni<v><av><s_sg1>/walk<v><av><s_sg1>$ ^k’éyaš<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$ ^*išwíčhatíŋmA/*išwíčhatíŋmA$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #walk but *išwíčhatíŋmA

7) igmú kiŋ oyúspe skelúta kiŋ masóphiye él = "The cat catches the oriole at the store."
*Output of Lexical Transfer: ^igmú<n>/cat<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^oyúspe<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>/catch<v><tv><s_sg3><o_sg3>$ ^skelúta<n>/oriole<n>$ ^kiŋ<det><def>/the<det><def>$ ^*masóphiye/*masóphiye$ ^*él/*él$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Output of Full Translation: #cat #the #catch #oriole #the *masóphiye *él

8) ičú bló waŋ = "He takes a potato."
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

9) šún kiŋ tȟaspáŋ kiŋ itȟókab yaŋké = "The dog sits in front of the apple."
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

10) Wówapi kiŋ wíčazo kiŋ isákhib = "The book is beside the pencil."
*Output of Lexical Transfer:
*Output of Full Translation:

= Additions =
* Expand your morphology to cover at least 5 more elements of some paradigm(s). This can be anything from additional verb or noun morphology, to adding all the forms of all the determiners (articles, demonstratives, etc.), to implementing nominal morphology on adjectives (e.g., if your language allows adjectives to be substantivised, which you'll want to add a tag for too).
* At least 3 new disambiguation rules that make the output of your tagger more accurate.
* At least 2 new transfer rules that make more of the output of your MT system closer to an acceptable target translation.

= Final Evaluation =

[[Category: Sp22_TranslationPairs]] [[category:Lakota]]

LakotaandEnglish

2022-05-06T23:47:40Z

Dmahaja1:

LakotaandEnglish

2022-05-06T16:40:36Z

Dmahaja1: /* Our Ten Analyzed Sentences */

Lakota/Transducer

2022-05-06T16:17:47Z

Dmahaja1:

[[category: Sp22_Transducers]] [[category: Lakota]] [[category: lakotadone]]
== Links to Code ==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt, Link to GitHub repository]

== Analyser Evaluation ==
Coverage (pre commonwords):727 / 2446 (~0.2972)

Counts:
* Lexicons: 9
* Lexicon entries: 83
* Patterns: 2
* Pattern entries: 8
Counts for individual lexicons:
* NounRoot: 23
* Punctuation: 22
* VerbRoot: 19
* Conjunction: 4
* Article: 2
* Demonstrative: 2
* Numeral: 10
* All anonymous lexicons: 1

Given that one of the most common unanalysed words was 'Jesus' due to the presence of a Bible translation in the corpus, by declaring it to be a noun we were able to increase coverage by 1%.

== Generator Evaluation ==
initial evaluation of morphological generation:

*Passing and Failing Test:
**Total passes: 33
**Total fails: 48
**Total:81

*Number of twol rules added:
**0 twol rules added

*coverage test on corpora:
**32%

*number of passes and fails for the generation test:

final evaluation of morphological generation:

*Passing and Failing Test:

*Number of twol rules added:

*coverage test on corpora:

to go to tests file:

cd /home/dmahaja1/ling73-s22/ling073-lkt/tests

to run tests:

morph-test -cl lkt.yaml

== Notes ==
coverage : coverage-hfst lkt.corpus.basic.txt /home/dmahaja1/ling73-s22/ling073-lkt/lkt.automorf.hfst
(run this in the corpus directory)

echo:
echo igmú | apertium -d /home/dmahaja1/ling73-s22/ling073-lkt/ lkt-morph

Lakota/Keyboard

2022-05-06T16:17:20Z

Dmahaja1:

== Existing Resources ==

[https://lakhota.org/desktop-software/ Lakota Language Consortium desktop software]
* This is a software bundle for Windows and OS which includes a keyboard layout and fonts bundle

[https://apps.apple.com/us/app/lakota-keyboard-mobile/id972130229 Lakota Language Consortium Mobile Software]
* This is a mobile app for iOS
* Poorly reviewed

[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.lakota.android.lakotakeyboard&hl=en_US&gl=US LLC Mobile Software]
* This is a mobile app for Android
* Mixed reviews

=== Sample of Existing Keyboard ===
[[File: EXAMPLE.JPG]]
*from Lakota Language Consortium

== Our Keyboard Layout Design ==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-keyboard GitHub repository of keyboard design]

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|`|~||{{green|◌̃}}}} {{kbdkey|!|%}} {{kbdkey|?|@}} {{kbdkey|/|#}} {{kbdkey|á|Á}} {{kbdkey|é|É}} {{kbdkey|í|Í}} {{kbdkey|ó|Ó}} {{kbdkey|ú|Ú}} {{kbdkey|(|^}} {{kbdkey|)|*}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|ǧ|Ǧ}} {{kbdkey|w|W}} {{kbdkey|e|E}} {{kbdkey|š |Š}} {{kbdkey|t|T}} {{kbdkey|y|Y}} {{kbdkey|u|U}} {{kbdkey|i|I}} {{kbdkey|o|O}} {{kbdkey|p|P}} {{kbdkey|[|{}} {{kbdkey|]|} }} {{kbdkey|\|{{!}}}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|a|A}} {{kbdkey|s|S}} {{kbdkey|d|D}} {{kbdkey|ŋ|Ŋ }} {{kbdkey|g|G}} {{kbdkey|h|H}} {{kbdkey|ȟ|Ȟ}} {{kbdkey|k|K}} {{kbdkey|l|L}} {{kbdkey|;|:}} {{kbdkey|'|"|{{green|◌́}}|{{green|◌̈}}}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|z|Z}} {{kbdkey|ž|Ž}} {{kbdkey|č|Č}} {{kbdkey|v|V}} {{kbdkey|b|B}} {{kbdkey|n|N}} {{kbdkey|m|M}} {{kbdkey|,|<}} {{kbdkey|.|>}} {{kbdkey|add stress to vowel}} }}

== Justification ==

We modelled our keyboard layout off the Lakota Learning Consortium's keyboard (shown above) and incorporated feedback from an App Store [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/lakota-keyboard-mobile/id972130229 review] of it as well as our observations of the use of characters and punctuation within our corpus. We maintained the LLC keyboard's layout of alphabetic characters, given that we know most Lakota speakers are bilingual and fluent in English and we liked that it was close to the layout of the American English keyboard while also replacing unnecessary characters with those used in the Lakota orthography. The LLC keyboard included a '''deadkey''' which adds stress to vowels, and we opted to keep that as well, and moved the characters "?" and "/", which were originally where the deadkey is, to the top numeric row. We also changed the positioning of the numeric characters based on use of punctuation and assumption of a numpad. The LLC keyboard excluded the exclamation mark as well as the ampersand, along with a few other characters we thought would be useful, so we replaced the numbers 1, 2, 3, 9 and 0 with punctuation instead - the retention of only five numbers seemed arbitrary, at any rate. We chose lowercase punctuation marks based on frequency of use, and made sure to include all the punctuation marks one would need to use when typing both formally and informally, and included an apostrophe as an '''alphabetic character'''.

[[category: sp22_KeyboardLayouts]] [[category: Lakota]] [[category: lakotadone]]

Lakota/Grammar

2022-05-06T16:17:11Z

Dmahaja1:

This is a general documentation of Lakota Grammar.

Sources include [http://www.fa-kuan.de/LAKSTRUCT.HTML Lakota Basic Structures], the Wikipedia on the Lakota language [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota_language#Grammar Wikipedia] and David V Kaufmann's Lakota Grammar Handbook.

== Parts of Speech ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns {{tag|n}} in Lakota appear in {{tag|subj}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|v}} order.

* {{morphTest|pȟasù{{tag|n}}|pȟasù}} (nose)
* {{morphTest|tȟahù{{tag|n}}|tȟahù}} (neck)
* {{morphTest|pȟanȟté{{tag|n}}|pȟanȟté}} (forehead)
* {{morphTest|igmú{{tag|n}}|igmú}} (cat)
* {{morphTest|šún{{tag|n}}|šún}} (dog)
* {{morphTest|maká{{tag|n}}|maká}} (skunk)
* {{morphTest|čhuŋwíyapehe{{tag|n}}|čhuŋwíyapehe}} (grapes)
* {{morphTest|tȟaspáŋ{{tag|n}}|tȟaspáŋ}} (apple)
* {{morphTest|zíškopela{{tag|n}}|zíškopela}} (banana)
* {{morphTest|wažúšteča{{tag|n}}|wažúšteča}} (strawberry)
* {{morphTest|bló{{tag|n}}|bló}} (potato)
* {{morphTest|pšíŋ{{tag|n}}|pšíŋ}} (onion)
* {{morphTest|wanúŋ{{tag|n}}|wanúŋ}} (accident)
* {{morphTest|wóyazaŋ{{tag|n}}|wóyazaŋ}} (pain)
* {{morphTest|úta{{tag|n}}|úta}} (acorn)
* {{morphTest|ziŋtkázi{{tag|n}}|ziŋtkázi}} (canary)
* {{morphTest|mniwáŋca{{tag|n}}|mniwáŋca}} (ocean)
* {{morphTest|waŋyéca{{tag|n}}|waŋyéca}} (firefly)
* {{morphTest|magáju{{tag|n}}|magáju}} (rain)
* {{morphTest|skelúta{{tag|n}}|skelúta}} (oriole)
* {{morphTest|míla{{tag|n}}|míla}} (knife)
* {{morphTest|waskúyeca{{tag|n}}|waskúyeca}} (jam)
* {{morphTest|wówapi{{tag|n}}|wówapi}} (book)
* {{morphTest|isákhib{{tag|n}}|isákhib}} (pencil)

=== Verbs ===
Verbs {{tag|v}} are an essential part of the Lakota language in that they are the only part of speech necessary in forming a sentence. There are 3 types of verbs: Active {{tag|av}}, Stative {{tag|sv}}, and Transitive {{tag|tv}}. Present tense verbs {{tag|pres}}.

* {{morphTest|šíčA{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|inf}}|šíčA}} (to be bad)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|inf}}|máni}} (to walk)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|inf}}|waŋyáŋkA}} (to look at)

=== Adverbs ===
* Adjectives do not seem to exist per se; the syntactical structure is better described as "topic and comment."
* Adverbs, however, do not seem to be strictly defined and have wide applications. There are two types of adverbs: primitive and derived, but there is no specific place for the adverb in the sentence, thought it will often precede verb.

=== Postpositions ===
Lakota uses postpositions {{tag|post}} rather than prepositions; they work in a similar way to English prepositions though they follow their noun complement. Adpositions occur after the head {{tag|n}}.

* {{morphTest|él{{tag|post}}|él}} (at)
* {{morphTest|akáŋl{{tag|post}}|akáŋl}} (on)
* {{morphTest|oȟláthe{{tag|post}}|oȟláthe}} (under)
* {{morphTest|isákhib{{tag|post}}|isákhib}} (beside)
* {{morphTest|itȟókab{{tag|post}}|itȟókab}} (in front of)

=== Conjunctions ===
* {{morphTest|čhaŋké{{tag|cnjcoo}}|čhaŋké}} (and)
* {{morphTest|yuŋkȟáŋ{{tag|cnjcoo}}|yuŋkȟáŋ}} (and)
* {{morphTest|k’éyaš{{tag|cnjcoo}}|k’éyaš}} (but)
* {{morphTest|na{{tag|cnjcoo}}|na}} (joins nouns/phrases)

=== Articles ===

The definite article "kiŋ"{{tag|def}} is used to denote "the", while the indefinite article "waŋ"{{tag|ind}} is used in cases where "a" would be used in English.

* {{morphTest|kiŋ{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}|kiŋ}} (the)
* {{morphTest|waŋ{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}|waŋ}} (a)

=== Demonstratives ===
There are nine demonstratives {{tag|dem}} in Lakota, and they can function as either determiners {{tag|det}} or pronouns {{tag|prn}}. They are dependent on plurality and distance from speakers and listeners.

* {{morphTest|lé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}|lé}} (this)
* {{morphTest|lé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}|lená}} (these)
* {{morphTest|lé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|du}}|lenáos}} (these)
* {{morphTest|ká{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}|ká}} (that)
* {{morphTest|ká{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}|kaná}} (those)
* {{morphTest|ká{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|du}}|kanáos}} (those)
* {{morphTest|hé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}|hé}} (this)
* {{morphTest|hé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}|hená}} (these)
* {{morphTest|hé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|du}}|henáos}} (these)

= Verb Conjugations =
Below are example conjugations of active {{tag|av}}, stative {{tag|sv}}, and transitive {{tag|tv}} verbs.

=== Infinitive Verbs ===
Here, verbs are unchanged from the lemma when they are in infinitive form {{tag|inf}}.

* {{morphTest|ištíŋmA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|ištíŋmA}} (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|íyotakA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|íyotakA}} (to sit down)
* {{morphTest|čhéyA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|čhéyA}} (to cry)
* {{morphTest|ípuzA{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|inf}}|ípuzA}} (to be thirsty)
* {{morphTest|heyÁ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|inf}}|heyÁ}} (to say that)
* {{morphTest|lol'iȟ'aŋ{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|lol'iȟ'aŋ}} (to cook)
* {{morphTest|íŋyaŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|íŋyaŋkA}} (to run)
* {{morphTest|škátA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|škátA}} (to play)
* {{morphTest|ičháǧA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|ičháǧA}} (to grow)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|inf}}|watúkȟa}} (to be tired)
* {{morphTest|k'ú{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|inf}}|k'ú}} (to give to)
* {{morphTest|ičú{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|ičú}} (to take)
* {{morphTest|oyúspe{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|inf}}|oyúspe}} (to catch)
*{{morphTest|yaŋkÁ{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|yaŋkÁ}} (to sit) //remove??

=== Active and Stative Verbs ===

Active verbs are conjugated based on subject. They can be first, second, or third person, and singular, dual, or plural.

* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_sg1}}|mawáni}} (I walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_sg2}}|mayáni}} (you walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_sg3}}|máni}} (they walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_du1}}|uŋmáni}} (we two walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_pl1}}|uŋmánipi}} (we all walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_pl2}}|mayánipi}} (you all walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_pl3}}|mánipi}} (they all walk)

Stative verbs are conjugated based on subject. They can be first, second, or third person, and singular, dual, or plural.

* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_sg1}}|mawatúkȟa}} (I am tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_sg2}}|niwatúkȟa}} (you are tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_sg3}}|watúkȟa}} (they are tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_du1}}|uŋwatúkȟa}} (we two are tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_pl1}}|uŋwatúkȟapi}} (we are tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_pl2}}|niwatúkȟapi}} (you all are tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_pl3}}|watúkȟapi}} (they all are tired)

=== Transitive ===
Transitive verbs are conjugated based on object. They can be first, second, or third person, and singular, dual, or plural.

* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_sg1}}{{tag|o_sg3}}|mawaŋyáŋkA}} (I look at it)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_sg2}}{{tag|o_sg3}}|niwaŋyáŋkA}} (you look at it)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_sg3}}{{tag|o_sg3}}|waŋyáŋkA}} (they look at it)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_pl3}}|uŋwaŋyáŋkepi}} (I look at them)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_pl3}}|niwaŋyáŋkepi}} (you look at them)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_pl3}}{{tag|o_pl3}}|waŋwíčhayaŋkA}} (they look at them)

=== Use of Postpositions ===
*Wówapi kiŋ wáglutapi kiŋ '''akáŋl'''{{tag|post}} yaŋké. The book is sitting '''on''' the table.
*Wóžuha kiŋ oyúŋke kiŋ '''oȟláthe'''{{tag|post}} yaŋké. The bag is sitting '''under''' the bed.
*Šiyútakaŋ kiŋ akáŋwowapi kiŋ '''isákhib'''{{tag|post}} yaŋké. The laptop is sitting '''beside''' the desk.
*Wíčazo kiŋ oákaŋke kiŋ '''itȟókab'''{{tag|post}} yaŋké. The pencil is sitting '''in front of''' the chair.
*Mas'óphiye '''él''' {{tag|post}}. '''At''' the store

[[category:sp22_GrammarDocumentation]] [[category: Lakota]] [[category: lakotadone]]

Lakota and English/Contrastive Grammar

2022-05-06T16:16:45Z

Dmahaja1:

= Ten Sentences =
*mawatúkȟa = "I am tired"
*uŋwaŋyáŋkepi = "I look at them"
*lé ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa = "This canary is tired"
*Šúŋka kiŋ lé waŋyáŋkA. = "I look at the dog"
*Lé úta = "This is an acorn"
*mawáni k’éyaš išwíčhatíŋmA = "I walk but they all sleep"
*igmú kiŋ oyúspe skelúta kiŋ mas'óphiye él = "The cat catches the oriole at the store."
*ičú bló waŋ = "He takes a potato."
*šún kiŋ tȟaspáŋ kiŋ itȟókab yaŋké = "The dog sits in front of the apple."
*Wówapi kiŋ wíčazo kiŋ isákhib = "The book is beside the pencil."

= Tagged Sentences =

* {{morphTest|mawatúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|s_sg1}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}} am{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} tired{{tag|adj}}}}
* {{morphTest|uŋwaŋyáŋkepi{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|s_sg1}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}} look{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} at{{tag|pr}} them{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prn}}}}
* {{morphTest|lé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} ziŋtkáziwatúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|s_sg1}}|This{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}} canary{{tag|n}} is{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}} tired{{tag|adj}}}}
* {{morphTest|Šúŋka{{tag|n}} kiŋ{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} lé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|s_sg1}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}} look{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} at{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}} dog{{tag|n}}}}
* {{morphTest|lé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} úta{{tag|n}}|This{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}} an{{tag|det}} acorn{{tag|n}}}}
* {{morphTest|mawáni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|s_sg1}} k’éyaš{{tag|cnjcoo}} išwíčhatíŋmA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|s_pl3}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}} walk{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} but{{tag|cnjcoo}} they{{tag|prn}} all{{tag|prn}} sleep{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|pres}}}}
* {{morphTest|ičú{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|s_sg3}} bló{{tag|n}} waŋ{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}|He{{tag|prn}} takes{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|pres}} a{{tag|det}} potato{{tag|n}}}}
* {{morphTest|wówapi{{tag|n}} kiŋ{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} wíčazo{{tag|post}} kiŋ{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} isákhib{{tag|n}}|The{{tag|det}} book{{tag|n}} is{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}} beside{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}} pencil{{tag|n}}}}
* {{morphTest|igmú{{tag|n}} kiŋ{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} oyúspe{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} skelúta{{tag|n}} kiŋ{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} mas'óphiye{{tag|n}} él{{tag|post}}|The{{tag|det}} cat{{tag|n}} catches{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}} the{{tag|det}} oriole{{tag|n}} at{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}} store{{tag|n}}}}
* {{morphTest|šún{{tag|n}} kiŋ{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} tȟaspáŋ{{tag|n}} kiŋ{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} itȟókab{{tag|post}} yaŋké{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|p3}}|The{{tag|det}} dog{{tag|n}} sits{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}} in{{tag|pr}} front{{tag|n}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}} apple{{tag|n}}}}

[[category:sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[category:Lakota]] [[category:English]] [[category: lakotadone]]

Category:Lakotadone

2022-05-06T16:16:20Z

Dmahaja1: Created page with "Completed work for compling lakota"

Completed work for compling lakota

Lakota/Final Presentation

2022-05-06T16:15:56Z

Dmahaja1:

Here, we aim to answer the question: '''how can we adapt Latinated keyboards for Suggested Lakota Orthography?''' We will do so by developing a number of keyboard resources for Lakota across different operating systems, and expanding on our work on a Lakota keyboard [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Lakota/Keyboard here]

= Background =
== Orthography ==

* While there are several existing orthographies of Lakota, we found the most popular to be Suggested Lakota Orthography (SLO)
* This is the most widely used both virtually and across textbooks and language learning resources
* The 32 characters utilised in this orthography are as follows:
** A Á B C Č D E É G Ǧ H Ȟ I Í K L M N Ŋ O Ó P S Š T U Ú V W Y Z Ž
** a á b c č d e é g ǧ h ȟ i í k l m n ŋ o ó p s š t u ú v w y z ž
* There is one special character 'Ŋ'
* Some vowels are stressed, and some consonants have diacritics
* It differs from the English alphabet in that "F", "J", "Q", "R", and "X" are omitted

== Demand ==
* There has been an increased move to digital access and digitisation across Lakota communities
* Lakota language learning methods and classes have gone virtual and expanded through the pandemic
* Language learners have also turned to online [https://m.facebook.com/groups/366294590118289?bac=MTYwNTE0Nzc5OTozNDYzNzI1NDg3MDQxODM1OjM0NjM3MjU0ODcwNDE4MzUsMCwwOjIwOkt3PT0%3D&multi_permalinks&_rdr forums] on [https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fgroups%2Flakotalanguage Facebook]to practice and communicate in Lakota
* This necessitates a working and accessible Lakota keyboard

= Design =
== Inspiration ==
* We found an existing keyboard developed by the Lakota Language Consortium (LLC) [https://lakhota.org/desktop-software/ here]
* This keyboard seems to be the most popular SLO typing resource available, and has been adapted across operating systems for both PCs and smartphones
* We used this layout as a reference but made changes based on character frequency and online reviews

== Our Layout ==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-keyboard, GitHub repository of keyboard design]

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|`|~||{{green|◌̃}}}} {{kbdkey|!|%}} {{kbdkey|?|@}} {{kbdkey|/|#}} {{kbdkey|á|Á}} {{kbdkey|é|É}} {{kbdkey|í|Í}} {{kbdkey|ó|Ó}} {{kbdkey|ú|Ú}} {{kbdkey|(|^}} {{kbdkey|)|*}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|ǧ|Ǧ}} {{kbdkey|w|W}} {{kbdkey|e|E}} {{kbdkey|š |Š}} {{kbdkey|t|T}} {{kbdkey|y|Y}} {{kbdkey|u|U}} {{kbdkey|i|I}} {{kbdkey|o|O}} {{kbdkey|p|P}} {{kbdkey|[|{}} {{kbdkey|]|} }} {{kbdkey|\|{{!}}}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|a|A}} {{kbdkey|s|S}} {{kbdkey|d|D}} {{kbdkey|ŋ|Ŋ }} {{kbdkey|g|G}} {{kbdkey|h|H}} {{kbdkey|ȟ|Ȟ}} {{kbdkey|k|K}} {{kbdkey|l|L}} {{kbdkey|;|:}} {{kbdkey|'|"|{{green|◌́}}|{{green|◌̈}}}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|z|Z}} {{kbdkey|ž|Ž}} {{kbdkey|č|Č}} {{kbdkey|v|V}} {{kbdkey|b|B}} {{kbdkey|n|N}} {{kbdkey|m|M}} {{kbdkey|,|<}} {{kbdkey|.|>}} {{kbdkey|Add stress to vowel}} }}

== Rationale ==

* This design is adapted from the LLC's above keyboard design
* We incorporated feedback from a negative App Store [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/lakota-keyboard-mobile/id972130229 review]
* We also made changes based on our observations from the use and frequency of certain characters and punctuation within our corpus
* Given that most Lakota speakers are bilingual, we maintained the LLC's layout of alphabetic characters as it is similar to the American English keyboard layout and only replaces unnecessary characters with the additional characters from SLO
* We opted to keep the LLC's '''deadkey''' which added stress to vowels
* The main changes we made were to the top numeric row, where we made changes based on frequency of punctuation usage and the assumption of a numpad
* The LLC keyboard retained only 5 arbitrary numbers, and we opted to exclude them altogether
* We moved the characters "?" and "/" from their original positions by the deadkey to the top row
* The LLC keyboard excluded the "!" and "&" characters along with others we found to have high usage frequencies, so we opted to include them on the top row
* We chose the case of the punctuation marks based on usage frequency and included all necessary punctuation for formal and informal communication

== Adaptations ==
* We adapted the original keyboard layout design to be usable across Windows and OSX operating systems
* We believe this will make the layouts more accessible to a wider range of individuals and devices

== Tools ==
* We utilised iBus m17 layouts for our preliminary keyboard and adapted the Italian layout to fit our design and orthography
* To expand to the entire keyboard suite we utilised Keyman software and layout templates

= Challenges =
== Design ==
* Here, we wrested with the idea of numeral placement and keystroke efficiency
* We were unsure as to whether or not to retain the placement of the numbers and punctuation as per the American English keyboard
* We ultimately omitted the numbers altogether and assumed numpads for desktops and a separate number keyboard for smartphones
* We did so in the interest of keystroke efficiency, as accented vowels occurred more frequently than numerals in our corpora

== Sensitivity ==
* We created this suite in response to community feedback and reviews of existing resources in hope that it would resolve some minor UX issues in existing resources
* However, we want to be careful not to discount or undermine existing community-created resources such as those provided by the LLC
* We are open to feedback and happy to adapt and improve our suite to better fit the needs of the community

== Digital ==
* We ran into some trouble adapting our iBus layout to Keyman but ultimately managed to work things out

= References =
* Admin, Tlc. “Desktop Software.” The Lakota Language Consortium, 3 Mar. 2022, lakhota.org/desktop-software.
* App Store. “‎Lakota Keyboard - Mobile.” App Store, 14 Mar. 2015, apps.apple.com/us/app/lakota-keyboard-mobile/id972130229.
* “Lak̇ot̄a Keyboard.” Keyman, keyman.com/keyboards/fv_lakota. Accessed 5 May 2022.

[[category: Lakota]] [[category: lakotadone]]

Lakota/Midterm Overview

2022-05-06T16:15:44Z

Dmahaja1:

= Quick Facts =

* Where it’s spoken: North and South Dakota
* Size of the community that uses it: approx. 5000
* Any prominent languages it might be related to: other varieties of Sioux, Dakota
* Orthography: Suggested Lakota Orthography (SLO)
* ISO: lkt

= Orthography =

* Primarily agglutinative
* S-O-V order
* Postpositional
* Possible for a grammatically correct sentence to exist with only a verb
* Men and women’s speech differ through the use of eight enclitics
* There are two paradigms for verb inflection: (1) set of morphemes indicates the person and number of the subject of active verbs and (2) set of morphemes agrees with the object of transitive action verbs or the subject of stative verbs.

= Phonological / Orthographic =

* Stress markers
* 5 oral vowels /i e a o u/ , 3 nasal vowels /ĩ ã ũ/
* Orthographically, nasal vowels are written with a following ⟨ƞ⟩, ⟨ŋ⟩, or ⟨n⟩
* Several orthographies as well as ad hoc spelling are used to write the Lakota language, with varying perspectives on whether standardization should be implemented

= Evaluation =
* Our transducer currently has an extremely low accuracy due to complications in grammar analysis and use of postpositions
* This was one of our main challenges; detailed more below

= Challenges =

* The orthography was inconsistent across and even within corpora, so we had trouble standardising our keyboard and developing a corpus for testing; the language has been purposefully unstandardised which made it difficult for us to decide on an orthography and find corresponding corpora.
** In 2002, Rosebud Cultural Studies teacher Randy Emery argued that standardization of the language could cause problems "because the language is utilized diversely. If standardization is determined to be the approach... then the question is whose version will be adopted? This will cause dissent and politics to become a factor in the process."
* Ad hoc spelling made it difficult to standardize grammar
* The agglutinative morphology of the language made grammar analysis difficult, and in building our morphological analyser we found it difficult to isolate parts of speech and matching inputs to outputs
** The ad hoc spelling compounds this issue as the transducer works with specific spellings and cases, making it difficult to translate its usage across corpora
* We especially found the use of postpositions in Lakota difficult to work with and incorporate into our analyser, as they are contextually dependent and we were unable to isolate them as parts of speech or analyse them separate from their occurrence in sentences
* Community members have been particularly wary of the SLO ["Standard Lakota Orthography"], which appears to be developed by outsiders who are not fluent speakers and would require considerable study for a fluent speaker to use

[[category: Lakota]] [[category: lakotadone]]

LakotaandEnglish

2022-05-06T15:50:11Z

Dmahaja1: /* Our Ten Analyzed Sentences */

Lakota and English/Structural transfer

2022-05-06T15:28:35Z

Dmahaja1:

= Example Sentences =
= Post Evaluation =

[[category:Lakota]] [[category:Sp22_StructuralTransfer]]

Lakota and English/Structural transfer

2022-05-06T15:27:56Z

Dmahaja1: Created page with " category:Lakota category:Sp22_StructuralTransfer"

[[category:Lakota]] [[category:Sp22_StructuralTransfer]]

LakotaandEnglish

2022-05-06T15:11:29Z

Dmahaja1: /* lkt -> eng Evaluation */

LakotaandEnglish

2022-05-05T23:45:50Z

Dmahaja1: /* Additions */

Lakota/Grammar

2022-05-05T23:39:23Z

Dmahaja1:

Lakota/Grammar

2022-05-05T23:38:32Z

Dmahaja1: /* Use of Postpositions */

This is a general documentation of Lakota Grammar.

Sources include [http://www.fa-kuan.de/LAKSTRUCT.HTML Lakota Basic Structures], the Wikipedia on the Lakota language [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota_language#Grammar Wikipedia] and David V Kaufmann's Lakota Grammar Handbook.

category tags for what type of verb and tense
lemmas on other side

3 types of verbs only do infinitives

and then do conjugation of verbs in separate section

plurals and other category

== Parts of Speech ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns {{tag|n}} in Lakota appear in {{tag|subj}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|v}} order.

* {{morphTest|pȟasù{{tag|n}}|pȟasù}} (nose)
* {{morphTest|tȟahù{{tag|n}}|tȟahù}} (neck)
* {{morphTest|pȟanȟté{{tag|n}}|pȟanȟté}} (forehead)
* {{morphTest|igmú{{tag|n}}|igmú}} (cat)
* {{morphTest|šún{{tag|n}}|šún}} (dog)
* {{morphTest|maká{{tag|n}}|maká}} (skunk)
* {{morphTest|čhuŋwíyapehe{{tag|n}}|čhuŋwíyapehe}} (grapes)
* {{morphTest|tȟaspáŋ{{tag|n}}|tȟaspáŋ}} (apple)
* {{morphTest|zíškopela{{tag|n}}|zíškopela}} (banana)
* {{morphTest|wažúšteča{{tag|n}}|wažúšteča}} (strawberry)
* {{morphTest|bló{{tag|n}}|bló}} (potato)
* {{morphTest|pšíŋ{{tag|n}}|pšíŋ}} (onion)
* {{morphTest|wanúŋ{{tag|n}}|wanúŋ}} (accident)
* {{morphTest|wóyazaŋ{{tag|n}}|wóyazaŋ}} (pain)
* {{morphTest|úta{{tag|n}}|úta}} (acorn)
* {{morphTest|ziŋtkázi{{tag|n}}|ziŋtkázi}} (canary)
* {{morphTest|mniwáŋca{{tag|n}}|mniwáŋca}} (ocean)
* {{morphTest|waŋyéca{{tag|n}}|waŋyéca}} (firefly)
* {{morphTest|magáju{{tag|n}}|magáju}} (rain)
* {{morphTest|skelúta{{tag|n}}|skelúta}} (oriole)
* {{morphTest|míla{{tag|n}}|míla}} (knife)
* {{morphTest|waskúyeca{{tag|n}}|waskúyeca}} (jam)
* {{morphTest|wówapi{{tag|n}}|wówapi}} (book)
* {{morphTest|isákhib{{tag|n}}|isákhib}} (pencil)

=== Verbs ===
Verbs {{tag|v}} are an essential part of the Lakota language in that they are the only part of speech necessary in forming a sentence. There are 3 types of verbs: Active {{tag|av}}, Stative {{tag|sv}}, and Transitive {{tag|tv}}. Present tense verbs {{tag|pres}}.

* {{morphTest|šíčA{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|inf}}|šíčA}} (to be bad)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|inf}}|máni}} (to walk)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|inf}}|waŋyáŋkA}} (to look at)

=== Adverbs ===
* Adjectives do not seem to exist per se; the syntactical structure is better described as "topic and comment."
* Adverbs, however, do not seem to be strictly defined and have wide applications. There are two types of adverbs: primitive and derived, but there is no specific place for the adverb in the sentence, thought it will often precede verb.

=== Postpositions ===
Lakota uses postpositions {{tag|post}} rather than prepositions; they work in a similar way to English prepositions though they follow their noun complement. Adpositions occur after the head {{tag|n}}.

* {{morphTest|él{{tag|post}}|él}} (at)
* {{morphTest|akáŋl{{tag|post}}|akáŋl}} (on)
* {{morphTest|oȟláthe{{tag|post}}|oȟláthe}} (under)
* {{morphTest|isákhib{{tag|post}}|isákhib}} (beside)
* {{morphTest|itȟókab{{tag|post}}|itȟókab}} (in front of)

=== Conjunctions ===
* {{morphTest|čhaŋké{{tag|cnjcoo}}|čhaŋké}} (and)
* {{morphTest|yuŋkȟáŋ{{tag|cnjcoo}}|yuŋkȟáŋ}} (and)
* {{morphTest|k’éyaš{{tag|cnjcoo}}|k’éyaš}} (but)
* {{morphTest|na{{tag|cnjcoo}}|na}} (joins nouns/phrases)

=== Articles ===

The definite article "kiŋ"{{tag|def}} is used to denote "the", while the indefinite article "waŋ"{{tag|ind}} is used in cases where "a" would be used in English.

* {{morphTest|kiŋ{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}|kiŋ}} (the)
* {{morphTest|waŋ{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}|waŋ}} (a)

=== Demonstratives ===
There are nine demonstratives {{tag|dem}} in Lakota, and they can function as either determiners {{tag|det}} or pronouns {{tag|prn}}. They are dependent on plurality and distance from speakers and listeners.

* {{morphTest|lé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}|lé}} (this)
* {{morphTest|lé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}|lená}} (these)
* {{morphTest|lé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|du}}|lenáos}} (these)
* {{morphTest|ká{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}|ká}} (that)
* {{morphTest|ká{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}|kaná}} (those)
* {{morphTest|ká{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|du}}|kanáos}} (those)
* {{morphTest|hé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}|hé}} (this)
* {{morphTest|hé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}|hená}} (these)
* {{morphTest|hé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|du}}|henáos}} (these)

= Verb Conjugations =
Below are example conjugations of active {{tag|av}}, stative {{tag|sv}}, and transitive {{tag|tv}} verbs.

=== Infinitive Verbs ===
Here, verbs are unchanged from the lemma when they are in infinitive form {{tag|inf}}.

* {{morphTest|ištíŋmA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|ištíŋmA}} (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|íyotakA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|íyotakA}} (to sit down)
* {{morphTest|čhéyA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|čhéyA}} (to cry)
* {{morphTest|ípuzA{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|inf}}|ípuzA}} (to be thirsty)
* {{morphTest|heyÁ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|inf}}|heyÁ}} (to say that)
* {{morphTest|lol'iȟ'aŋ{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|lol'iȟ'aŋ}} (to cook)
* {{morphTest|íŋyaŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|íŋyaŋkA}} (to run)
* {{morphTest|škátA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|škátA}} (to play)
* {{morphTest|ičháǧA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|ičháǧA}} (to grow)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|inf}}|watúkȟa}} (to be tired)
* {{morphTest|k'ú{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|inf}}|k'ú}} (to give to)
* {{morphTest|ičú{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|ičú}} (to take)
* {{morphTest|oyúspe{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|inf}}|oyúspe}} (to catch)
*{{morphTest|yaŋkÁ{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|yaŋkÁ}} (to sit) //remove??

=== Active and Stative Verbs ===

Active verbs are conjugated based on subject. They can be first, second, or third person, and singular, dual, or plural.

* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_sg1}}|mawáni}} (I walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_sg2}}|mayáni}} (you walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_sg3}}|máni}} (they walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_du1}}|uŋmáni}} (we two walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_pl1}}|uŋmánipi}} (we all walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_pl2}}|mayánipi}} (you all walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_pl3}}|mánipi}} (they all walk)

Stative verbs are conjugated based on subject. They can be first, second, or third person, and singular, dual, or plural.

* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_sg1}}|mawatúkȟa}} (I am tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_sg2}}|niwatúkȟa}} (you are tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_sg3}}|watúkȟa}} (they are tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_du1}}|uŋwatúkȟa}} (we two are tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_pl1}}|uŋwatúkȟapi}} (we are tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_pl2}}|niwatúkȟapi}} (you all are tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_pl3}}|watúkȟapi}} (they all are tired)

=== Transitive ===
Transitive verbs are conjugated based on object. They can be first, second, or third person, and singular, dual, or plural.

* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_sg1}}{{tag|o_sg3}}|mawaŋyáŋkA}} (I look at it)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_sg2}}{{tag|o_sg3}}|niwaŋyáŋkA}} (you look at it)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_sg3}}{{tag|o_sg3}}|waŋyáŋkA}} (they look at it)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_pl3}}|uŋwaŋyáŋkepi}} (I look at them)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_pl3}}|niwaŋyáŋkepi}} (you look at them)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_pl3}}{{tag|o_pl3}}|waŋwíčhayaŋkA}} (they look at them)

=== Use of Postpositions ===
*Wówapi kiŋ wáglutapi kiŋ '''akáŋl'''{{tag|post}} yaŋké. The book is sitting '''on''' the table.
*Wóžuha kiŋ oyúŋke kiŋ '''oȟláthe'''{{tag|post}} yaŋké. The bag is sitting '''under''' the bed.
*Šiyútakaŋ kiŋ akáŋwowapi kiŋ '''isákhib'''{{tag|post}} yaŋké. The laptop is sitting '''beside''' the desk.
*Wíčazo kiŋ oákaŋke kiŋ '''itȟókab'''{{tag|post}} yaŋké. The pencil is sitting '''in front of''' the chair.
*Mas'óphiye '''él''' {{tag|post}}. '''At''' the store

[[category:sp22_GrammarDocumentation]] [[category: Lakota]]

Lakota/Grammar

2022-05-05T23:38:15Z

Dmahaja1: /* Use of Postpositions */

This is a general documentation of Lakota Grammar.

Sources include [http://www.fa-kuan.de/LAKSTRUCT.HTML Lakota Basic Structures], the Wikipedia on the Lakota language [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota_language#Grammar Wikipedia] and David V Kaufmann's Lakota Grammar Handbook.

category tags for what type of verb and tense
lemmas on other side

3 types of verbs only do infinitives

and then do conjugation of verbs in separate section

plurals and other category

== Parts of Speech ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns {{tag|n}} in Lakota appear in {{tag|subj}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|v}} order.

* {{morphTest|pȟasù{{tag|n}}|pȟasù}} (nose)
* {{morphTest|tȟahù{{tag|n}}|tȟahù}} (neck)
* {{morphTest|pȟanȟté{{tag|n}}|pȟanȟté}} (forehead)
* {{morphTest|igmú{{tag|n}}|igmú}} (cat)
* {{morphTest|šún{{tag|n}}|šún}} (dog)
* {{morphTest|maká{{tag|n}}|maká}} (skunk)
* {{morphTest|čhuŋwíyapehe{{tag|n}}|čhuŋwíyapehe}} (grapes)
* {{morphTest|tȟaspáŋ{{tag|n}}|tȟaspáŋ}} (apple)
* {{morphTest|zíškopela{{tag|n}}|zíškopela}} (banana)
* {{morphTest|wažúšteča{{tag|n}}|wažúšteča}} (strawberry)
* {{morphTest|bló{{tag|n}}|bló}} (potato)
* {{morphTest|pšíŋ{{tag|n}}|pšíŋ}} (onion)
* {{morphTest|wanúŋ{{tag|n}}|wanúŋ}} (accident)
* {{morphTest|wóyazaŋ{{tag|n}}|wóyazaŋ}} (pain)
* {{morphTest|úta{{tag|n}}|úta}} (acorn)
* {{morphTest|ziŋtkázi{{tag|n}}|ziŋtkázi}} (canary)
* {{morphTest|mniwáŋca{{tag|n}}|mniwáŋca}} (ocean)
* {{morphTest|waŋyéca{{tag|n}}|waŋyéca}} (firefly)
* {{morphTest|magáju{{tag|n}}|magáju}} (rain)
* {{morphTest|skelúta{{tag|n}}|skelúta}} (oriole)
* {{morphTest|míla{{tag|n}}|míla}} (knife)
* {{morphTest|waskúyeca{{tag|n}}|waskúyeca}} (jam)
* {{morphTest|wówapi{{tag|n}}|wówapi}} (book)
* {{morphTest|isákhib{{tag|n}}|isákhib}} (pencil)

=== Verbs ===
Verbs {{tag|v}} are an essential part of the Lakota language in that they are the only part of speech necessary in forming a sentence. There are 3 types of verbs: Active {{tag|av}}, Stative {{tag|sv}}, and Transitive {{tag|tv}}. Present tense verbs {{tag|pres}}.

* {{morphTest|šíčA{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|inf}}|šíčA}} (to be bad)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|inf}}|máni}} (to walk)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|inf}}|waŋyáŋkA}} (to look at)

=== Adverbs ===
* Adjectives do not seem to exist per se; the syntactical structure is better described as "topic and comment."
* Adverbs, however, do not seem to be strictly defined and have wide applications. There are two types of adverbs: primitive and derived, but there is no specific place for the adverb in the sentence, thought it will often precede verb.

=== Postpositions ===
Lakota uses postpositions {{tag|post}} rather than prepositions; they work in a similar way to English prepositions though they follow their noun complement. Adpositions occur after the head {{tag|n}}.

* {{morphTest|él{{tag|post}}|él}} (at)
* {{morphTest|akáŋl{{tag|post}}|akáŋl}} (on)
* {{morphTest|oȟláthe{{tag|post}}|oȟláthe}} (under)
* {{morphTest|isákhib{{tag|post}}|isákhib}} (beside)
* {{morphTest|itȟókab{{tag|post}}|itȟókab}} (in front of)

=== Conjunctions ===
* {{morphTest|čhaŋké{{tag|cnjcoo}}|čhaŋké}} (and)
* {{morphTest|yuŋkȟáŋ{{tag|cnjcoo}}|yuŋkȟáŋ}} (and)
* {{morphTest|k’éyaš{{tag|cnjcoo}}|k’éyaš}} (but)
* {{morphTest|na{{tag|cnjcoo}}|na}} (joins nouns/phrases)

=== Articles ===

The definite article "kiŋ"{{tag|def}} is used to denote "the", while the indefinite article "waŋ"{{tag|ind}} is used in cases where "a" would be used in English.

* {{morphTest|kiŋ{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}|kiŋ}} (the)
* {{morphTest|waŋ{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}|waŋ}} (a)

=== Demonstratives ===
There are nine demonstratives {{tag|dem}} in Lakota, and they can function as either determiners {{tag|det}} or pronouns {{tag|prn}}. They are dependent on plurality and distance from speakers and listeners.

* {{morphTest|lé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}|lé}} (this)
* {{morphTest|lé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}|lená}} (these)
* {{morphTest|lé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|du}}|lenáos}} (these)
* {{morphTest|ká{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}|ká}} (that)
* {{morphTest|ká{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}|kaná}} (those)
* {{morphTest|ká{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|du}}|kanáos}} (those)
* {{morphTest|hé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}|hé}} (this)
* {{morphTest|hé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}|hená}} (these)
* {{morphTest|hé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|du}}|henáos}} (these)

= Verb Conjugations =
Below are example conjugations of active {{tag|av}}, stative {{tag|sv}}, and transitive {{tag|tv}} verbs.

=== Infinitive Verbs ===
Here, verbs are unchanged from the lemma when they are in infinitive form {{tag|inf}}.

* {{morphTest|ištíŋmA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|ištíŋmA}} (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|íyotakA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|íyotakA}} (to sit down)
* {{morphTest|čhéyA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|čhéyA}} (to cry)
* {{morphTest|ípuzA{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|inf}}|ípuzA}} (to be thirsty)
* {{morphTest|heyÁ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|inf}}|heyÁ}} (to say that)
* {{morphTest|lol'iȟ'aŋ{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|lol'iȟ'aŋ}} (to cook)
* {{morphTest|íŋyaŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|íŋyaŋkA}} (to run)
* {{morphTest|škátA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|škátA}} (to play)
* {{morphTest|ičháǧA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|ičháǧA}} (to grow)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|inf}}|watúkȟa}} (to be tired)
* {{morphTest|k'ú{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|inf}}|k'ú}} (to give to)
* {{morphTest|ičú{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|ičú}} (to take)
* {{morphTest|oyúspe{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|inf}}|oyúspe}} (to catch)
*{{morphTest|yaŋkÁ{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|yaŋkÁ}} (to sit) //remove??

=== Active and Stative Verbs ===

Active verbs are conjugated based on subject. They can be first, second, or third person, and singular, dual, or plural.

* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_sg1}}|mawáni}} (I walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_sg2}}|mayáni}} (you walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_sg3}}|máni}} (they walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_du1}}|uŋmáni}} (we two walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_pl1}}|uŋmánipi}} (we all walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_pl2}}|mayánipi}} (you all walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_pl3}}|mánipi}} (they all walk)

Stative verbs are conjugated based on subject. They can be first, second, or third person, and singular, dual, or plural.

* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_sg1}}|mawatúkȟa}} (I am tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_sg2}}|niwatúkȟa}} (you are tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_sg3}}|watúkȟa}} (they are tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_du1}}|uŋwatúkȟa}} (we two are tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_pl1}}|uŋwatúkȟapi}} (we are tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_pl2}}|niwatúkȟapi}} (you all are tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_pl3}}|watúkȟapi}} (they all are tired)

=== Transitive ===
Transitive verbs are conjugated based on object. They can be first, second, or third person, and singular, dual, or plural.

* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_sg1}}{{tag|o_sg3}}|mawaŋyáŋkA}} (I look at it)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_sg2}}{{tag|o_sg3}}|niwaŋyáŋkA}} (you look at it)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_sg3}}{{tag|o_sg3}}|waŋyáŋkA}} (they look at it)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_pl3}}|uŋwaŋyáŋkepi}} (I look at them)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_pl3}}|niwaŋyáŋkepi}} (you look at them)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_pl3}}{{tag|o_pl3}}|waŋwíčhayaŋkA}} (they look at them)

=== Use of Postpositions ===
*Wówapi kiŋ wáglutapi kiŋ '''akáŋl'''{{tag|post}} yaŋké. The book is sitting '''on''' the table.
*Wóžuha kiŋ oyúŋke kiŋ '''oȟláthe'''{{tag|post}} yaŋké. The bag is sitting '''under''' the bed.
*Šiyútakaŋ kiŋ akáŋwowapi kiŋ '''isákhib'''{{tag|post}} yaŋké. The laptop is sitting '''beside''' the desk.
*Wíčazo kiŋ oákaŋke kiŋ '''itȟókab'''{{tag|post}} yaŋké. The pencil is sitting '''in front of''' the chair.
* mas'óphiye '''él''' {{tag|post}}. '''At''' the store

[[category:sp22_GrammarDocumentation]] [[category: Lakota]]

Lakota/Grammar

2022-05-05T23:36:48Z

Dmahaja1: /* Transitive */

This is a general documentation of Lakota Grammar.

Sources include [http://www.fa-kuan.de/LAKSTRUCT.HTML Lakota Basic Structures], the Wikipedia on the Lakota language [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota_language#Grammar Wikipedia] and David V Kaufmann's Lakota Grammar Handbook.

category tags for what type of verb and tense
lemmas on other side

3 types of verbs only do infinitives

and then do conjugation of verbs in separate section

plurals and other category

== Parts of Speech ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns {{tag|n}} in Lakota appear in {{tag|subj}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|v}} order.

* {{morphTest|pȟasù{{tag|n}}|pȟasù}} (nose)
* {{morphTest|tȟahù{{tag|n}}|tȟahù}} (neck)
* {{morphTest|pȟanȟté{{tag|n}}|pȟanȟté}} (forehead)
* {{morphTest|igmú{{tag|n}}|igmú}} (cat)
* {{morphTest|šún{{tag|n}}|šún}} (dog)
* {{morphTest|maká{{tag|n}}|maká}} (skunk)
* {{morphTest|čhuŋwíyapehe{{tag|n}}|čhuŋwíyapehe}} (grapes)
* {{morphTest|tȟaspáŋ{{tag|n}}|tȟaspáŋ}} (apple)
* {{morphTest|zíškopela{{tag|n}}|zíškopela}} (banana)
* {{morphTest|wažúšteča{{tag|n}}|wažúšteča}} (strawberry)
* {{morphTest|bló{{tag|n}}|bló}} (potato)
* {{morphTest|pšíŋ{{tag|n}}|pšíŋ}} (onion)
* {{morphTest|wanúŋ{{tag|n}}|wanúŋ}} (accident)
* {{morphTest|wóyazaŋ{{tag|n}}|wóyazaŋ}} (pain)
* {{morphTest|úta{{tag|n}}|úta}} (acorn)
* {{morphTest|ziŋtkázi{{tag|n}}|ziŋtkázi}} (canary)
* {{morphTest|mniwáŋca{{tag|n}}|mniwáŋca}} (ocean)
* {{morphTest|waŋyéca{{tag|n}}|waŋyéca}} (firefly)
* {{morphTest|magáju{{tag|n}}|magáju}} (rain)
* {{morphTest|skelúta{{tag|n}}|skelúta}} (oriole)
* {{morphTest|míla{{tag|n}}|míla}} (knife)
* {{morphTest|waskúyeca{{tag|n}}|waskúyeca}} (jam)
* {{morphTest|wówapi{{tag|n}}|wówapi}} (book)
* {{morphTest|isákhib{{tag|n}}|isákhib}} (pencil)

=== Verbs ===
Verbs {{tag|v}} are an essential part of the Lakota language in that they are the only part of speech necessary in forming a sentence. There are 3 types of verbs: Active {{tag|av}}, Stative {{tag|sv}}, and Transitive {{tag|tv}}. Present tense verbs {{tag|pres}}.

* {{morphTest|šíčA{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|inf}}|šíčA}} (to be bad)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|inf}}|máni}} (to walk)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|inf}}|waŋyáŋkA}} (to look at)

=== Adverbs ===
* Adjectives do not seem to exist per se; the syntactical structure is better described as "topic and comment."
* Adverbs, however, do not seem to be strictly defined and have wide applications. There are two types of adverbs: primitive and derived, but there is no specific place for the adverb in the sentence, thought it will often precede verb.

=== Postpositions ===
Lakota uses postpositions {{tag|post}} rather than prepositions; they work in a similar way to English prepositions though they follow their noun complement. Adpositions occur after the head {{tag|n}}.

* {{morphTest|él{{tag|post}}|él}} (at)
* {{morphTest|akáŋl{{tag|post}}|akáŋl}} (on)
* {{morphTest|oȟláthe{{tag|post}}|oȟláthe}} (under)
* {{morphTest|isákhib{{tag|post}}|isákhib}} (beside)
* {{morphTest|itȟókab{{tag|post}}|itȟókab}} (in front of)

=== Conjunctions ===
* {{morphTest|čhaŋké{{tag|cnjcoo}}|čhaŋké}} (and)
* {{morphTest|yuŋkȟáŋ{{tag|cnjcoo}}|yuŋkȟáŋ}} (and)
* {{morphTest|k’éyaš{{tag|cnjcoo}}|k’éyaš}} (but)
* {{morphTest|na{{tag|cnjcoo}}|na}} (joins nouns/phrases)

=== Articles ===

The definite article "kiŋ"{{tag|def}} is used to denote "the", while the indefinite article "waŋ"{{tag|ind}} is used in cases where "a" would be used in English.

* {{morphTest|kiŋ{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}|kiŋ}} (the)
* {{morphTest|waŋ{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}|waŋ}} (a)

=== Demonstratives ===
There are nine demonstratives {{tag|dem}} in Lakota, and they can function as either determiners {{tag|det}} or pronouns {{tag|prn}}. They are dependent on plurality and distance from speakers and listeners.

* {{morphTest|lé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}|lé}} (this)
* {{morphTest|lé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}|lená}} (these)
* {{morphTest|lé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|du}}|lenáos}} (these)
* {{morphTest|ká{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}|ká}} (that)
* {{morphTest|ká{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}|kaná}} (those)
* {{morphTest|ká{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|du}}|kanáos}} (those)
* {{morphTest|hé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}|hé}} (this)
* {{morphTest|hé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}|hená}} (these)
* {{morphTest|hé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|du}}|henáos}} (these)

= Verb Conjugations =
Below are example conjugations of active {{tag|av}}, stative {{tag|sv}}, and transitive {{tag|tv}} verbs.

=== Infinitive Verbs ===
Here, verbs are unchanged from the lemma when they are in infinitive form {{tag|inf}}.

* {{morphTest|ištíŋmA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|ištíŋmA}} (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|íyotakA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|íyotakA}} (to sit down)
* {{morphTest|čhéyA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|čhéyA}} (to cry)
* {{morphTest|ípuzA{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|inf}}|ípuzA}} (to be thirsty)
* {{morphTest|heyÁ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|inf}}|heyÁ}} (to say that)
* {{morphTest|lol'iȟ'aŋ{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|lol'iȟ'aŋ}} (to cook)
* {{morphTest|íŋyaŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|íŋyaŋkA}} (to run)
* {{morphTest|škátA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|škátA}} (to play)
* {{morphTest|ičháǧA{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|ičháǧA}} (to grow)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|inf}}|watúkȟa}} (to be tired)
* {{morphTest|k'ú{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|inf}}|k'ú}} (to give to)
* {{morphTest|ičú{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|ičú}} (to take)
* {{morphTest|oyúspe{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|inf}}|oyúspe}} (to catch)
*{{morphTest|yaŋkÁ{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|inf}}|yaŋkÁ}} (to sit) //remove??

=== Active and Stative Verbs ===

Active verbs are conjugated based on subject. They can be first, second, or third person, and singular, dual, or plural.

* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_sg1}}|mawáni}} (I walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_sg2}}|mayáni}} (you walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_sg3}}|máni}} (they walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_du1}}|uŋmáni}} (we two walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_pl1}}|uŋmánipi}} (we all walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_pl2}}|mayánipi}} (you all walk)
* {{morphTest|máni{{tag|v}}{{tag|av}}{{tag|s_pl3}}|mánipi}} (they all walk)

Stative verbs are conjugated based on subject. They can be first, second, or third person, and singular, dual, or plural.

* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_sg1}}|mawatúkȟa}} (I am tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_sg2}}|niwatúkȟa}} (you are tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_sg3}}|watúkȟa}} (they are tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_du1}}|uŋwatúkȟa}} (we two are tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_pl1}}|uŋwatúkȟapi}} (we are tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_pl2}}|niwatúkȟapi}} (you all are tired)
* {{morphTest|watúkȟa{{tag|v}}{{tag|sv}}{{tag|s_pl3}}|watúkȟapi}} (they all are tired)

=== Transitive ===
Transitive verbs are conjugated based on object. They can be first, second, or third person, and singular, dual, or plural.

* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_sg1}}{{tag|o_sg3}}|mawaŋyáŋkA}} (I look at it)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_sg2}}{{tag|o_sg3}}|niwaŋyáŋkA}} (you look at it)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_sg3}}{{tag|o_sg3}}|waŋyáŋkA}} (they look at it)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_pl3}}|uŋwaŋyáŋkepi}} (I look at them)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_pl3}}|niwaŋyáŋkepi}} (you look at them)
* {{morphTest|waŋyáŋkA{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|s_pl3}}{{tag|o_pl3}}|waŋwíčhayaŋkA}} (they look at them)

=== Use of Postpositions ===
*{{morphTest|mas'óphiye{{tag|n}} (store)|mas'óphiye él}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|post}} (at the store)
** {{inlineComment|Here the translation should not be in the morphTest, and the postposition should not have a {{tag|n}} tag. Try making separate morphTests for the noun and the postposition. -JNW}}
*Wówapi kiŋ wáglutapi kiŋ '''akáŋl'''{{tag|post}} yaŋké. The book is sitting '''on''' the table.
*Wóžuha kiŋ oyúŋke kiŋ '''oȟláthe'''{{tag|post}} yaŋké. The bag is sitting '''under''' the bed.
*Šiyútakaŋ kiŋ akáŋwowapi kiŋ '''isákhib'''{{tag|post}} yaŋké. The laptop is sitting '''beside''' the desk.
*Wíčazo kiŋ oákaŋke kiŋ '''itȟókab'''{{tag|post}} yaŋké. The pencil is sitting '''in front of''' the chair.

[[category:sp22_GrammarDocumentation]] [[category: Lakota]]

LakotaandEnglish

2022-05-05T23:33:29Z

Dmahaja1:

LakotaandEnglish

2022-05-05T23:23:21Z

Dmahaja1:

Lakota and English/Lexical selection

2022-05-05T23:21:16Z

Dmahaja1: /* One-to-Many Mappings */

Lakota/Final Presentation

2022-05-05T03:57:52Z

Dmahaja1:

Lakota/Final Presentation

2022-05-05T03:51:04Z

Dmahaja1: /* Challenges */

Lakota/Final Presentation

2022-05-05T03:30:10Z

Dmahaja1:

Lakota/Final Presentation

2022-05-05T03:29:59Z

Dmahaja1: /* Challenges */

Here, we aim to answer the question: '''how can we adapt Latinated keyboards for Suggested Lakota Orthography?''' We will do so by developing a number of keyboard resources for Lakota across different operating systems, and expanding on our work on a Lakota keyboard [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Lakota/Keyboard here]

= Background =
== Orthography ==

* While there are several existing orthographies of Lakota, we found the most popular to be Suggested Lakota Orthography (SLO)
* This is the most widely used both virtually and across textbooks and language learning resources
* The 32 characters utilised in this orthography are as follows:
** A Á B C Č D E É G Ǧ H Ȟ I Í K L M N Ŋ O Ó P S Š T U Ú V W Y Z Ž
** a á b c č d e é g ǧ h ȟ i í k l m n ŋ o ó p s š t u ú v w y z ž
* There is one special character 'Ŋ'
* Some vowels are stressed, and some consonants have diacritics
* It differs from the English alphabet in that "F", "J", "Q", "R", and "X" are omitted

== Demand ==
* There has been an increased move to digital access and digitisation across Lakota communities
* Lakota language learning methods and classes have gone virtual and expanded through the pandemic
* Language learners have also turned to online [https://m.facebook.com/groups/366294590118289?bac=MTYwNTE0Nzc5OTozNDYzNzI1NDg3MDQxODM1OjM0NjM3MjU0ODcwNDE4MzUsMCwwOjIwOkt3PT0%3D&multi_permalinks&_rdr forums] on [https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fgroups%2Flakotalanguage Facebook]to practice and communicate in Lakota
* This necessitates a working and accessible Lakota keyboard

= Design =
== Inspiration ==
* We found an existing keyboard developed by the Lakota Language Consortium (LLC) [https://lakhota.org/desktop-software/ here]
* This keyboard seems to be the most popular SLO typing resource available, and has been adapted across operating systems for both PCs and smartphones
* We used this layout as a reference but made changes based on character frequency and online reviews

== Our Layout ==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-keyboard, GitHub repository of keyboard design]

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|`|~||{{green|◌̃}}}} {{kbdkey|!|%}} {{kbdkey|?|@}} {{kbdkey|/|#}} {{kbdkey|á|Á}} {{kbdkey|é|É}} {{kbdkey|í|Í}} {{kbdkey|ó|Ó}} {{kbdkey|ú|Ú}} {{kbdkey|(|^}} {{kbdkey|)|*}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|ǧ|Ǧ}} {{kbdkey|w|W}} {{kbdkey|e|E}} {{kbdkey|š |Š}} {{kbdkey|t|T}} {{kbdkey|y|Y}} {{kbdkey|u|U}} {{kbdkey|i|I}} {{kbdkey|o|O}} {{kbdkey|p|P}} {{kbdkey|[|{}} {{kbdkey|]|} }} {{kbdkey|\|{{!}}}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|a|A}} {{kbdkey|s|S}} {{kbdkey|d|D}} {{kbdkey|ŋ|Ŋ }} {{kbdkey|g|G}} {{kbdkey|h|H}} {{kbdkey|ȟ|Ȟ}} {{kbdkey|k|K}} {{kbdkey|l|L}} {{kbdkey|;|:}} {{kbdkey|'|"|{{green|◌́}}|{{green|◌̈}}}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|z|Z}} {{kbdkey|ž|Ž}} {{kbdkey|č|Č}} {{kbdkey|v|V}} {{kbdkey|b|B}} {{kbdkey|n|N}} {{kbdkey|m|M}} {{kbdkey|,|<}} {{kbdkey|.|>}} {{kbdkey|Add stress to vowel}} }}

== Rationale ==

* This design is adapted from the LLC's above keyboard design
* We incorporated feedback from a negative App Store [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/lakota-keyboard-mobile/id972130229 review]
* We also made changes based on our observations from the use and frequency of certain characters and punctuation within our corpus
* Given that most Lakota speakers are bilingual, we maintained the LLC's layout of alphabetic characters as it is similar to the American English keyboard layout and only replaces unnecessary characters with the additional characters from SLO
* We opted to keep the LLC's '''deadkey''' which added stress to vowels
* The main changes we made were to the top numeric row, where we made changes based on frequency of punctuation usage and the assumption of a numpad
* The LLC keyboard retained only 5 arbitrary numbers, and we opted to exclude them altogether
* We moved the characters "?" and "/" from their original positions by the deadkey to the top row
* The LLC keyboard excluded the "!" and "&" characters along with others we found to have high usage frequencies, so we opted to include them on the top row
* We chose the case of the punctuation marks based on usage frequency and included all necessary punctuation for formal and informal communication

== Adaptations ==
* We adapted the original keyboard layout design to be usable across Windows and OSX operating systems
* We believe this will make the layouts more accessible to a wider range of individuals and devices

== Tools ==
* We utilised iBus m17 layouts for our preliminary keyboard and adapted the Italian layout to fit our design and orthography
* To expand to the entire keyboard suite we utilised Keyman software and layout templates

= Challenges =
== Design ==
* Here, we wrested with the idea of numeral placement and keystroke efficiency
* We were unsure as to whether or not to retain the placement of the numbers and punctuation as per the American English keyboard
* We ultimately omitted the numbers altogether and assumed numpads for desktops and a separate number keyboard for smartphones
* We did so in the interest of keystroke efficiency, as accented vowels occurred more frequently than numerals in our corpora

== Coding ==
== Sensitivity ==

= Conclusion =

[[category: Lakota]]

Lakota/Final Presentation

2022-05-05T03:21:06Z

Dmahaja1: /* Challenges */

Here, we aim to answer the question: '''how can we adapt Latinated keyboards for Suggested Lakota Orthography?''' We will do so by developing a number of keyboard resources for Lakota across different operating systems, and expanding on our work on a Lakota keyboard [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Lakota/Keyboard here]

= Background =
== Orthography ==

* While there are several existing orthographies of Lakota, we found the most popular to be Suggested Lakota Orthography (SLO)
* This is the most widely used both virtually and across textbooks and language learning resources
* The 32 characters utilised in this orthography are as follows:
** A Á B C Č D E É G Ǧ H Ȟ I Í K L M N Ŋ O Ó P S Š T U Ú V W Y Z Ž
** a á b c č d e é g ǧ h ȟ i í k l m n ŋ o ó p s š t u ú v w y z ž
* There is one special character 'Ŋ'
* Some vowels are stressed, and some consonants have diacritics
* It differs from the English alphabet in that "F", "J", "Q", "R", and "X" are omitted

== Demand ==
* There has been an increased move to digital access and digitisation across Lakota communities
* Lakota language learning methods and classes have gone virtual and expanded through the pandemic
* Language learners have also turned to online [https://m.facebook.com/groups/366294590118289?bac=MTYwNTE0Nzc5OTozNDYzNzI1NDg3MDQxODM1OjM0NjM3MjU0ODcwNDE4MzUsMCwwOjIwOkt3PT0%3D&multi_permalinks&_rdr forums] on [https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fgroups%2Flakotalanguage Facebook]to practice and communicate in Lakota
* This necessitates a working and accessible Lakota keyboard

= Design =
== Inspiration ==
* We found an existing keyboard developed by the Lakota Language Consortium (LLC) [https://lakhota.org/desktop-software/ here]
* This keyboard seems to be the most popular SLO typing resource available, and has been adapted across operating systems for both PCs and smartphones
* We used this layout as a reference but made changes based on character frequency and online reviews

== Our Layout ==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-keyboard, GitHub repository of keyboard design]

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|`|~||{{green|◌̃}}}} {{kbdkey|!|%}} {{kbdkey|?|@}} {{kbdkey|/|#}} {{kbdkey|á|Á}} {{kbdkey|é|É}} {{kbdkey|í|Í}} {{kbdkey|ó|Ó}} {{kbdkey|ú|Ú}} {{kbdkey|(|^}} {{kbdkey|)|*}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|ǧ|Ǧ}} {{kbdkey|w|W}} {{kbdkey|e|E}} {{kbdkey|š |Š}} {{kbdkey|t|T}} {{kbdkey|y|Y}} {{kbdkey|u|U}} {{kbdkey|i|I}} {{kbdkey|o|O}} {{kbdkey|p|P}} {{kbdkey|[|{}} {{kbdkey|]|} }} {{kbdkey|\|{{!}}}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|a|A}} {{kbdkey|s|S}} {{kbdkey|d|D}} {{kbdkey|ŋ|Ŋ }} {{kbdkey|g|G}} {{kbdkey|h|H}} {{kbdkey|ȟ|Ȟ}} {{kbdkey|k|K}} {{kbdkey|l|L}} {{kbdkey|;|:}} {{kbdkey|'|"|{{green|◌́}}|{{green|◌̈}}}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|z|Z}} {{kbdkey|ž|Ž}} {{kbdkey|č|Č}} {{kbdkey|v|V}} {{kbdkey|b|B}} {{kbdkey|n|N}} {{kbdkey|m|M}} {{kbdkey|,|<}} {{kbdkey|.|>}} {{kbdkey|Add stress to vowel}} }}

== Rationale ==

* This design is adapted from the LLC's above keyboard design
* We incorporated feedback from a negative App Store [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/lakota-keyboard-mobile/id972130229 review]
* We also made changes based on our observations from the use and frequency of certain characters and punctuation within our corpus
* Given that most Lakota speakers are bilingual, we maintained the LLC's layout of alphabetic characters as it is similar to the American English keyboard layout and only replaces unnecessary characters with the additional characters from SLO
* We opted to keep the LLC's '''deadkey''' which added stress to vowels
* The main changes we made were to the top numeric row, where we made changes based on frequency of punctuation usage and the assumption of a numpad
* The LLC keyboard retained only 5 arbitrary numbers, and we opted to exclude them altogether
* We moved the characters "?" and "/" from their original positions by the deadkey to the top row
* The LLC keyboard excluded the "!" and "&" characters along with others we found to have high usage frequencies, so we opted to include them on the top row
* We chose the case of the punctuation marks based on usage frequency and included all necessary punctuation for formal and informal communication

== Adaptations ==
* We adapted the original keyboard layout design to be usable across Windows and OSX operating systems
* We believe this will make the layouts more accessible to a wider range of individuals and devices

== Tools ==
* We utilised iBus m17 layouts for our preliminary keyboard and adapted the Italian layout to fit our design and orthography
* To expand to the entire keyboard suite we utilised Keyman software and layout templates

= Challenges =
== Design ==
== Coding ==
== Sensitivity ==

= Conclusion =

[[category: Lakota]]

Lakota/Final Presentation

2022-05-05T03:20:04Z

Dmahaja1: /* Design */

Here, we aim to answer the question: '''how can we adapt Latinated keyboards for Suggested Lakota Orthography?''' We will do so by developing a number of keyboard resources for Lakota across different operating systems, and expanding on our work on a Lakota keyboard [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Lakota/Keyboard here]

= Background =
== Orthography ==

* While there are several existing orthographies of Lakota, we found the most popular to be Suggested Lakota Orthography (SLO)
* This is the most widely used both virtually and across textbooks and language learning resources
* The 32 characters utilised in this orthography are as follows:
** A Á B C Č D E É G Ǧ H Ȟ I Í K L M N Ŋ O Ó P S Š T U Ú V W Y Z Ž
** a á b c č d e é g ǧ h ȟ i í k l m n ŋ o ó p s š t u ú v w y z ž
* There is one special character 'Ŋ'
* Some vowels are stressed, and some consonants have diacritics
* It differs from the English alphabet in that "F", "J", "Q", "R", and "X" are omitted

== Demand ==
* There has been an increased move to digital access and digitisation across Lakota communities
* Lakota language learning methods and classes have gone virtual and expanded through the pandemic
* Language learners have also turned to online [https://m.facebook.com/groups/366294590118289?bac=MTYwNTE0Nzc5OTozNDYzNzI1NDg3MDQxODM1OjM0NjM3MjU0ODcwNDE4MzUsMCwwOjIwOkt3PT0%3D&multi_permalinks&_rdr forums] on [https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fgroups%2Flakotalanguage Facebook]to practice and communicate in Lakota
* This necessitates a working and accessible Lakota keyboard

= Design =
== Inspiration ==
* We found an existing keyboard developed by the Lakota Language Consortium (LLC) [https://lakhota.org/desktop-software/ here]
* This keyboard seems to be the most popular SLO typing resource available, and has been adapted across operating systems for both PCs and smartphones
* We used this layout as a reference but made changes based on character frequency and online reviews

== Our Layout ==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-keyboard, GitHub repository of keyboard design]

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|`|~||{{green|◌̃}}}} {{kbdkey|!|%}} {{kbdkey|?|@}} {{kbdkey|/|#}} {{kbdkey|á|Á}} {{kbdkey|é|É}} {{kbdkey|í|Í}} {{kbdkey|ó|Ó}} {{kbdkey|ú|Ú}} {{kbdkey|(|^}} {{kbdkey|)|*}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|ǧ|Ǧ}} {{kbdkey|w|W}} {{kbdkey|e|E}} {{kbdkey|š |Š}} {{kbdkey|t|T}} {{kbdkey|y|Y}} {{kbdkey|u|U}} {{kbdkey|i|I}} {{kbdkey|o|O}} {{kbdkey|p|P}} {{kbdkey|[|{}} {{kbdkey|]|} }} {{kbdkey|\|{{!}}}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|a|A}} {{kbdkey|s|S}} {{kbdkey|d|D}} {{kbdkey|ŋ|Ŋ }} {{kbdkey|g|G}} {{kbdkey|h|H}} {{kbdkey|ȟ|Ȟ}} {{kbdkey|k|K}} {{kbdkey|l|L}} {{kbdkey|;|:}} {{kbdkey|'|"|{{green|◌́}}|{{green|◌̈}}}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|z|Z}} {{kbdkey|ž|Ž}} {{kbdkey|č|Č}} {{kbdkey|v|V}} {{kbdkey|b|B}} {{kbdkey|n|N}} {{kbdkey|m|M}} {{kbdkey|,|<}} {{kbdkey|.|>}} {{kbdkey|Add stress to vowel}} }}

== Rationale ==

* This design is adapted from the LLC's above keyboard design
* We incorporated feedback from a negative App Store [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/lakota-keyboard-mobile/id972130229 review]
* We also made changes based on our observations from the use and frequency of certain characters and punctuation within our corpus
* Given that most Lakota speakers are bilingual, we maintained the LLC's layout of alphabetic characters as it is similar to the American English keyboard layout and only replaces unnecessary characters with the additional characters from SLO
* We opted to keep the LLC's '''deadkey''' which added stress to vowels
* The main changes we made were to the top numeric row, where we made changes based on frequency of punctuation usage and the assumption of a numpad
* The LLC keyboard retained only 5 arbitrary numbers, and we opted to exclude them altogether
* We moved the characters "?" and "/" from their original positions by the deadkey to the top row
* The LLC keyboard excluded the "!" and "&" characters along with others we found to have high usage frequencies, so we opted to include them on the top row
* We chose the case of the punctuation marks based on usage frequency and included all necessary punctuation for formal and informal communication

== Adaptations ==
* We adapted the original keyboard layout design to be usable across Windows and OSX operating systems
* We believe this will make the layouts more accessible to a wider range of individuals and devices

== Tools ==
* We utilised iBus m17 layouts for our preliminary keyboard and adapted the Italian layout to fit our design and orthography
* To expand to the entire keyboard suite we utilised Keyman software and layout templates

= Challenges =
== Design ==
== Coding ==
== Cultural Considerations ==
= Conclusion =

[[category: Lakota]]

Lakota/Final Presentation

2022-05-05T02:35:47Z

Dmahaja1: /* Inspiration */

Here, we aim to answer the question: '''how can we adapt Latinated keyboards for Suggested Lakota Orthography?''' We will do so by developing a number of keyboard resources for Lakota across different operating systems, and expanding on our work on a Lakota keyboard [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Lakota/Keyboard here]

= Background =
== Orthography ==

* While there are several existing orthographies of Lakota, we found the most popular to be Suggested Lakota Orthography (SLO)
* This is the most widely used both virtually and across textbooks and language learning resources
* The 32 characters utilised in this orthography are as follows:
** A Á B C Č D E É G Ǧ H Ȟ I Í K L M N Ŋ O Ó P S Š T U Ú V W Y Z Ž
** a á b c č d e é g ǧ h ȟ i í k l m n ŋ o ó p s š t u ú v w y z ž
* There is one special character 'Ŋ'
* Some vowels are stressed, and some consonants have diacritics
* It differs from the English alphabet in that "F", "J", "Q", "R", and "X" are omitted

== Demand ==
* There has been an increased move to digital access and digitisation across Lakota communities
* Lakota language learning methods and classes have gone virtual and expanded through the pandemic
* Language learners have also turned to online [https://m.facebook.com/groups/366294590118289?bac=MTYwNTE0Nzc5OTozNDYzNzI1NDg3MDQxODM1OjM0NjM3MjU0ODcwNDE4MzUsMCwwOjIwOkt3PT0%3D&multi_permalinks&_rdr forums] on [https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fgroups%2Flakotalanguage Facebook]to practice and communicate in Lakota
* This necessitates a working and accessible Lakota keyboard

= Design =
== Inspiration ==
* We found an existing keyboard developed by the Lakota Language Consortium (LLC) [https://lakhota.org/desktop-software/ here]
* This keyboard seems to be the most popular SLO typing resource available, and has been adapted across operating systems for both PCs and smartphones
* We used this layout as a reference but made changes based on character frequency and online reviews

== Our Layout ==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-keyboard, GitHub repository of keyboard design]

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|`|~||{{green|◌̃}}}} {{kbdkey|!|%}} {{kbdkey|?|@}} {{kbdkey|/|#}} {{kbdkey|á|Á}} {{kbdkey|é|É}} {{kbdkey|í|Í}} {{kbdkey|ó|Ó}} {{kbdkey|ú|Ú}} {{kbdkey|(|^}} {{kbdkey|)|*}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|ǧ|Ǧ}} {{kbdkey|w|W}} {{kbdkey|e|E}} {{kbdkey|š |Š}} {{kbdkey|t|T}} {{kbdkey|y|Y}} {{kbdkey|u|U}} {{kbdkey|i|I}} {{kbdkey|o|O}} {{kbdkey|p|P}} {{kbdkey|[|{}} {{kbdkey|]|} }} {{kbdkey|\|{{!}}}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|a|A}} {{kbdkey|s|S}} {{kbdkey|d|D}} {{kbdkey|ŋ|Ŋ }} {{kbdkey|g|G}} {{kbdkey|h|H}} {{kbdkey|ȟ|Ȟ}} {{kbdkey|k|K}} {{kbdkey|l|L}} {{kbdkey|;|:}} {{kbdkey|'|"|{{green|◌́}}|{{green|◌̈}}}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|z|Z}} {{kbdkey|ž|Ž}} {{kbdkey|č|Č}} {{kbdkey|v|V}} {{kbdkey|b|B}} {{kbdkey|n|N}} {{kbdkey|m|M}} {{kbdkey|,|<}} {{kbdkey|.|>}} {{kbdkey|Add stress to vowel}} }}

== Rationale ==

* This design is adapted from the LLC's above keyboard design
* We incorporated feedback from a negative App Store [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/lakota-keyboard-mobile/id972130229 review]
* We also made changes based on our observations from the use and frequency of certain characters and punctuation within our corpus
* Given that most Lakota speakers are bilingual, we maintained the LLC's layout of alphabetic characters as it is similar to the American English keyboard layout and only replaces unnecessary characters with the additional characters from SLO
* We opted to keep the LLC's '''deadkey''' which added stress to vowels
* The main changes we made were to the top numeric row, where we made changes based on frequency of punctuation usage and the assumption of a numpad
* The LLC keyboard retained only 5 arbitrary numbers, and we opted to exclude them altogether
* We moved the characters "?" and "/" from their original positions by the deadkey to the top row
* The LLC keyboard excluded the "!" and "&" characters along with others we found to have high usage frequencies, so we opted to include them on the top row
* We chose the case of the punctuation marks based on usage frequency and included all necessary punctuation for formal and informal communication

== Adaptations ==
* We adapted the original keyboard layout design to be usable across Windows and OSX operating systems
* We believe this will make the layouts more accessible to a wider range of individuals

= Challenges =
== Design ==
== Coding ==
== Cultural Considerations ==
= Conclusion =

[[category: Lakota]]

Lakota and English/Lexical selection

2022-05-04T21:52:00Z

Dmahaja1:

= lkt -> eng =
== Resources ==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-eng LKT-ENG GITHUB]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-eng-corpus LKT-ENG-CORPUS GITHUB]

== One-to-Many Mappings ==

* Our first case of a one-to-many mapping involves the noun "iyohlateya":
** it means "moon of the night" when preceded by "hanye wi kin"
** it means "daylight's sun" when preceded by "anpa wi kin"
* Our second case of a one-to-many mapping is

[[category:Sp22_LexicalSelection]] [[category:Lakota]] [[category: English]]

Lakota and English/Lexical selection

2022-05-04T21:51:49Z

Dmahaja1: /* lkt -> eng */

= lkt -> eng =
== Resources ==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-eng LKT-ENG GITHUB]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-eng-corpus LKT-ENG-CORPUS GITHUB]

== One-to-Many Mappings ==

* Our first case of a one-to-many mapping involves the noun "iyohlateya":
** it means "moon of the night" when preceded by "hanye wi kin"
** it means "daylight's sun" when preceded by "anpa wi kin"
* Our second case of a one-to-many mapping is

= lkt -> eng Evaluation =
xx

[[category:Sp22_LexicalSelection]] [[category:Lakota]] [[category: English]]

Lakota and English/Lexical selection

2022-05-04T21:50:56Z

Dmahaja1: /* lkt -> eng */

= lkt -> eng =

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-eng LKT-ENG GITHUB]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-lkt-eng-corpus LKT-ENG-CORPUS GITHUB]

* our first case of a one-to-many mapping involves the noun "iyohlateya"
** it means "moon of the night" when preceded by "hanye wi kin"
** it means "daylight's sun" when preceded by "anpa wi kin"

= lkt -> eng Evaluation =
xx

[[category:Sp22_LexicalSelection]] [[category:Lakota]] [[category: English]]