LING073 - User contributions [en]

Tiwi and English/Structural transfer

2021-04-24T02:43:06Z

Dswanso1: update modes

== Pre-Evaluation ==
Perform WER, PER, and coverage tests on your short sentences corpus

== Examples ==
Add at least one example sentence for each item you implement. Show the outputs of the following modes for your translation system: tagger, biltrans, transfer, and the pair itself (abc-xyz).

== Post Evaluation ==

Perform WER, PER, and coverage tests again

[[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]] [[Category:Tiwi]] [[Category:English]]

Structural transfer

2021-04-24T02:42:39Z

Dswanso1: /* Wrapping up */ update modes

== Background ==

=== The basic idea of structural transfer in RBMT ===
The idea of structural transfer in RBMT is to deal with the order and tag differences encountered in translation between two languages

[[File:Transfer - basic idea.png|thumb|The arrows between the two tagged levels represent where structural transfer is needed. Colour coding shows [rough] correspondences.]]

=== How structural transfer works in Apertium ===
Transfer takes the output of the <code>biltrans</code> mode (bilingual translation), matches series of words based on patterns you define, and performs operations on and output those things. It allows you to change the order of words, change tags, etc.

=== Syntactic Structures and Parsing ===
{{comment|under construction}}

==== The structure of a transfer file ====
{{comment|under construction}}

==== Some things to note ====
* weighting
{{comment|under construction}}

==== Examples of implemented Apertium transfer systems ====
Some examples are available:
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/apertium-eng-spa eng-spa] (in-class): a basic example from class showing how to transfer adjective+noun from English to Spanish ("big houses → casas largas": number and gender agreement and reordering) using chunking (chunker+interchunk).
* [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng-kir/blob/master/apertium-eng-kir.kir-eng.rtx eng-kir] (apertium)
* [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-kaz-kir/blob/master/apertium-kaz-kir.kaz-kir.rtx kaz-kir] (apertium)
* br-fr
{{comment|under construction}}

==== Writing rules ====
Documentation is available...

{{comment|under construction}}

== Evaluating ==
==== Scrape a mini test corpus ====
# First make sure you have <code>scrapeTransferTests</code>. Test that running <code>scrapeTransferTests</code> gives you information on using the tool. If not, clone the [[Misc tools|tools repo]] (or <code>git pull</code> to update it, if you already have it cloned from other assignments) and run <code>sudo make</code>. Test again.
# Scrape the transferTests from your contrastive grammar page into a small parallel corpus. E.g., <code>scrapeTransferTests -p abc-xyz "Language1_and_Language2/Contrastive_Grammar"</code> will result in an <code>abc.tests.txt</code> and <code>xyz.tests.txt</code> file that contain the respective sides of any transferTests on your contrastive grammar page specified as being for abc-to-xyz translation.
# '''Add these two files to your bilingual corpus repository''' and add mention of their origin (the wiki page) to the <code>MANIFEST</code> file.

==== WER and PER ====
'''WER''' or '''[[:wikipedia:word error rate|word error rate]]''' is a measure of how different two texts are. You will want to know how different the translation your translation pair performs (the "test translation") is from the known good translation of phrases in your parallel corpus (the "reference translation").

'''PER''' ('''position-independent error rate''') is the same measurement, just not sensitive to position in a phrase. I.e., a correct translation of every word but in an entirely wrong word order will give you high (bad) WER but low (good) PER.

To test WER and PER:
# First make sure you have <code>apertium-eval-translator</code>. Test that running <code>apertium-eval-translator</code> gives you information on using the tool. If not, clone the [[Misc tools|tools repo]] (or <code>git pull</code> to update it, if you already have it cloned from [[Morphological analyser/Setup|other]] [[MorphTests2yaml|assignments]]) and run <code>make</code>.
# You need two files: one '''test translation''', and one '''reference translation'''. The reference translation is the parallel text in your corpus, e.g. <code>abc.tests.txt</code>. To get a test translation, run the source text through apertium and direct the output into a new file, e.g. <code>cat xyz.tests.txt | apertium -d . xyz-abc > xyz-abc.tests.txt</code>. You should '''add the [final] test translation to your repository'''.
# The following command should then give you WER and PER measures and some other useful numbers:
#* <code>apertium-eval-translator -r abc.tests.txt -t xyz-abc.tests.txt</code>

== The assignment ==
This assignment is early in week 13 (this semester, '''noon on Monday, May 3, 2021''').

=== Getting set up ===
# Add a page to the wiki called <code>Language1_and_Language2/Structural_transfer</code>, linking to it from the main page on the language pair.
#* Put the page in the category [[:Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]] and the categories for the two languages.
#* Perform WER, PER, and coverage tests on your short sentences corpus, and add this in to a <code>pre-evaluation</code> section.

=== Adding stems ===
# Add all the words for the transfer tests (from [[contrastive grammar|the last assignment]]) to analyse to bilingual dictionary.
#* And make sure both analysers can analyse all sentences correctly, which includes adding the words to the relevant monolingual dictionaries as necessary.

=== Write structural transfer rules ===
# Implement at least one item from your [[contrastive grammar]].
#* Each person in each group should implement at least one item for the direction that translates into the language that they have been primarily working with. The same item does not need to be used for each direction.
#* If the contrastive grammar item only involves relabelling or reordering tags within the same form, then please do at least two items.

=== Wrapping up ===
# Add to your structural transfer wiki page:
#* Add at least one example sentence for each item you implement. Show the outputs of the following modes for your translation system: tagger, biltrans, transfer, and the pair itself (abc-xyz).
#* Perform WER, PER, and coverage tests again, and add into a post-evaluation section on the wiki page.

[[Category:Assignments]]
[[Category:Structural transfer]]

Apertium-init

2021-04-07T03:19:32Z

Dswanso1: /* Bootstrapping a translation pair */

You can the '''apertium-init''' tool to create ("bootstrap") a directory for quick development of a transducer or translation pair.

== Installing apertium-init ==
If needed (note that <code>apertium-init</code> '''should already be installed on the CS lab machines'''!), download apertium-init and install it:
* <code>cd ~/ling073; git clone https://github.com/apertium/apertium-init; cd apertium-init; PREFIX=$HOME make install</code>

== Creating a language module ==
Create an hfst-based apertium language module (in your <code>~/ling073</code> directory), replacing <code>xyz</code> with the ISO code of your language in all occurrences:
* <code>apertium-init -a hfst xyz</code>
Rename the module <code>ling073-xyz</code> if you want (so that it matches what will be in github later, and any further instructions):
* <code>mv apertium-xyz ling073-xyz</code>

Notes:
* If get an error about SVN and the directory not being a working copy, then you have an old version of apertium-init.
* If something goes wrong (e.g., you make a typo), delete any directories/files that were created and try the step again.

'''For the first day assignment''', skip down to [[#Pushing to github]]

== Bootstrapping a translation pair ==
To bootstrap a translation pair whose primary function is to translate from language <code>xyz</code> to language <code>abc</code>, do the following:
# Make sure you '''have a copy of both of the language modules''' you'll need (one for each language) and that they are both '''initialised and compiled'''.
# '''Check which formalism each transducer is written in.'''
#* The transducer you've written so far in this class should be written using <code>lexd</code>. If the transducer that the module you cloned for the other language has a file like <code>apertium-abc.abc.dix</code>, then it's written using lttoolbox; if it has a file like <code>apertium-abc.abc.lexc</code>, then it's written using HFST.
# The following command will initialise the directory for the translation pair:
#* <code>apertium-init --a1 lexd --a2 hfst -t rtx --prefix ling073 xyz-abc</code>
#* The <code>--a1</code> and <code>--a2</code> arguments tell <code>apertium-init</code> what formalism your transducers are written in. You may need to say "<code>lttoolbox</code>" instead of "<code>hfst</code>" for one or more of those options. (If you are pairing with <code>apertium-eng</code> you will need <code>--a2 lttoolbox</code>.) The <code>-t</code> indicates which formalism you want to use for structural transfer.

# Create a <code>ling073-xyz-abc</code> repository in the semester's github group ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ Ling073-sp21]), set a remote origin in your repo, and push (for the last two, see [[#Push to github]] below). Make sure all members of your group have access to the repository.
# '''Initialise''' the compiler (needed once for each copy of the new directory, i.e., each member of the group will need to do it once they have a clone of the repository) with the following command:
#* <code>./autogen.sh --with-lang1=/path/to/ling073-xyz --with-lang2=/path/to/apertium-abc</code>
#* You'll need to substitute <code>/path/to/ling073-xyz</code> and <code>/path/to/apertium-abc</code> with the paths to the source-language transducer and the target-language transducers, respectively. If you have all the directories next to each other (recommended), these paths will be <code>../ling073-xyz</code> and <code>../apertium-abc</code>.
# Compile with <code>make</code> as always. Make sure each repository has been (initialised and) compiled recently first.
#* If you get an error about "<code>Empty set of final states.</code>", this just means your dictionary is empty and you need to [[lexical transfer#Add to the lexicon|add words to it]].

== Pushing to github ==
If this is a language pair you would like to push to github, do the following ideally before modifying any files or compiling the module:
# Create an ''empty'' (no files) repository named <code>ling073-xyz</code> on github.

# Make sure the repository really was created correctly by running <code>git log</code>. You should see a single commit named "initial commit".
# Set the github repository you created as the remote origin:
#* <code>git remote add origin git@github.swarthmore.edu:groupname/ling073-xyz.git</code> (replacing "groupname" and "xyz" as appropriate)
# Push the bootstrapped module to origin:
#* <code>git push --set-upstream origin master</code>
# After this you should be able to see the same files from the github web interface and in the directory. You should also be able to commit, push, pull, etc. all normally.

[[Category:Tutorials]]

Apertium-init

2021-04-07T02:27:22Z

Dswanso1: /* Bootstrapping a translation pair */

You can the '''apertium-init''' tool to create ("bootstrap") a directory for quick development of a transducer or translation pair.

== Installing apertium-init ==
If needed (note that <code>apertium-init</code> '''should already be installed on the CS lab machines'''!), download apertium-init and install it:
* <code>cd ~/ling073; git clone https://github.com/apertium/apertium-init; cd apertium-init; PREFIX=$HOME make install</code>

== Creating a language module ==
Create an hfst-based apertium language module (in your <code>~/ling073</code> directory), replacing <code>xyz</code> with the ISO code of your language in all occurrences:
* <code>apertium-init -a hfst xyz</code>
Rename the module <code>ling073-xyz</code> if you want (so that it matches what will be in github later, and any further instructions):
* <code>mv apertium-xyz ling073-xyz</code>

Notes:
* If get an error about SVN and the directory not being a working copy, then you have an old version of apertium-init.
* If something goes wrong (e.g., you make a typo), delete any directories/files that were created and try the step again.

'''For the first day assignment''', skip down to [[#Pushing to github]]

== Bootstrapping a translation pair ==
To bootstrap a translation pair whose primary function is to translate from language <code>xyz</code> to language <code>abc</code>, do the following:
# Make sure you '''have a copy of both of the language modules''' you'll need (one for each language) and that they are both '''initialised and compiled'''.
# '''Check which formalism each transducer is written in.'''
#* The transducer you've written so far in this class should be written using <code>lexd</code>. If the transducer that the module you cloned for the other language has a file like <code>apertium-abc.abc.dix</code>, then it's written using lttoolbox; if it has a file like <code>apertium-abc.abc.lexc</code>, then it's written using HFST.
# The following command will initialise the directory for the translation pair:
#* <code>apertium-init --a1 lexd --a2 hfst -t rtx --prefix ling073 xyz-abc</code>
#* The <code>-a1</code> and <code>-a2</code> arguments tell <code>apertium-init</code> what formalism your transducers are written in. You may need to say "<code>lttoolbox</code>" instead of "<code>hfst</code>" for one or more of those options. (If you are pairing with <code>apertium-eng</code> you will need <code>--a2 lttoolbox</code>.)

# Create a <code>ling073-xyz-abc</code> repository in the semester's github group ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ Ling073-sp21]), set a remote origin in your repo, and push (for the last two, see [[#Push to github]] below). Make sure all members of your group have access to the repository.
# '''Initialise''' the compiler (needed once for each copy of the new directory, i.e., each member of the group will need to do it once they have a clone of the repository) with the following command:
#* <code>./autogen.sh --with-lang1=/path/to/ling073-xyz --with-lang2=/path/to/apertium-abc</code>
#* You'll need to substitute <code>/path/to/ling073-xyz</code> and <code>/path/to/apertium-abc</code> with the paths to the source-language transducer and the target-language transducers, respectively.
# Compile with <code>make</code> as always. Make sure each repository has been (initialised and) compiled recently first.
#* If you get an error about "<code>Empty set of final states.</code>", this just means your dictionary is empty and you need to [[lexical transfer#Add to the lexicon|add words to it]].

== Pushing to github ==
If this is a language pair you would like to push to github, do the following ideally before modifying any files or compiling the module:
# Create an ''empty'' (no files) repository named <code>ling073-xyz</code> on github.

# Make sure the repository really was created correctly by running <code>git log</code>. You should see a single commit named "initial commit".
# Set the github repository you created as the remote origin:
#* <code>git remote add origin git@github.swarthmore.edu:groupname/ling073-xyz.git</code> (replacing "groupname" and "xyz" as appropriate)
# Push the bootstrapped module to origin:
#* <code>git push --set-upstream origin master</code>
# After this you should be able to see the same files from the github web interface and in the directory. You should also be able to commit, push, pull, etc. all normally.

[[Category:Tutorials]]

Apertium-init

2021-04-07T02:25:47Z

Dswanso1: /* Bootstrapping a translation pair */

You can the '''apertium-init''' tool to create ("bootstrap") a directory for quick development of a transducer or translation pair.

== Installing apertium-init ==
If needed (note that <code>apertium-init</code> '''should already be installed on the CS lab machines'''!), download apertium-init and install it:
* <code>cd ~/ling073; git clone https://github.com/apertium/apertium-init; cd apertium-init; PREFIX=$HOME make install</code>

== Creating a language module ==
Create an hfst-based apertium language module (in your <code>~/ling073</code> directory), replacing <code>xyz</code> with the ISO code of your language in all occurrences:
* <code>apertium-init -a hfst xyz</code>
Rename the module <code>ling073-xyz</code> if you want (so that it matches what will be in github later, and any further instructions):
* <code>mv apertium-xyz ling073-xyz</code>

Notes:
* If get an error about SVN and the directory not being a working copy, then you have an old version of apertium-init.
* If something goes wrong (e.g., you make a typo), delete any directories/files that were created and try the step again.

'''For the first day assignment''', skip down to [[#Pushing to github]]

== Bootstrapping a translation pair ==
To bootstrap a translation pair whose primary function is to translate from language <code>xyz</code> to language <code>abc</code>, do the following:
# Make sure you '''have a copy of both of the language modules''' you'll need (one for each language) and that they are both '''initialised and compiled'''.
# '''Check which formalism each transducer is written in.'''
#* The transducer you've written so far in this class should be written using <code>lexd</code>. If the transducer that the module you cloned for the other language has a file like <code>apertium-abc.abc.dix</code>, then it's written using lttoolbox; if it has a file like <code>apertium-abc.abc.lexc</code>, then it's written using HFST.
# The following command will initialise the directory for the translation pair:
#* <code>apertium-init -a1 lexd -a2 hfst -t rtx --prefix ling073 xyz-abc</code>
#* The <code>-a1</code> and <code>-a2</code> arguments tell <code>apertium-init</code> what formalism your transducers are written in. You may need to say "<code>lttoolbox</code>" instead of "<code>hfst</code>" for one or more of those options.

# Create a <code>ling073-xyz-abc</code> repository in the semester's github group ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ Ling073-sp21]), set a remote origin in your repo, and push (for the last two, see [[#Push to github]] below). Make sure all members of your group have access to the repository.
# '''Initialise''' the compiler (needed once for each copy of the new directory, i.e., each member of the group will need to do it once they have a clone of the repository) with the following command:
#* <code>./autogen.sh --with-lang1=/path/to/ling073-xyz --with-lang2=/path/to/apertium-abc</code>
#* You'll need to substitute <code>/path/to/ling073-xyz</code> and <code>/path/to/apertium-abc</code> with the paths to the source-language transducer and the target-language transducers, respectively.
# Compile with <code>make</code> as always. Make sure each repository has been (initialised and) compiled recently first.
#* If you get an error about "<code>Empty set of final states.</code>", this just means your dictionary is empty and you need to [[lexical transfer#Add to the lexicon|add words to it]].

== Pushing to github ==
If this is a language pair you would like to push to github, do the following ideally before modifying any files or compiling the module:
# Create an ''empty'' (no files) repository named <code>ling073-xyz</code> on github.

# Make sure the repository really was created correctly by running <code>git log</code>. You should see a single commit named "initial commit".
# Set the github repository you created as the remote origin:
#* <code>git remote add origin git@github.swarthmore.edu:groupname/ling073-xyz.git</code> (replacing "groupname" and "xyz" as appropriate)
# Push the bootstrapped module to origin:
#* <code>git push --set-upstream origin master</code>
# After this you should be able to see the same files from the github web interface and in the directory. You should also be able to commit, push, pull, etc. all normally.

[[Category:Tutorials]]

Purépecha/grammar

2021-03-18T18:08:56Z

Dswanso1: reformat BY THE POWER OF REGEX!

Purépechan Grammar

== Parts of Speech ==

=== Nouns ===

==== Singular ====

These forms take no further nominal morphology apart from the appropriate case markers, such as the objective -ni or the plural marker -cha.

wari{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} (woman)

kurú{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} (fish)

anátapu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} (tree)

==== Plural ====
Irrespective of their formation method, nouns are pluralised with the suffix -echa, -icha, or -cha (depending on the variety).

{{morphTest|wari{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wariecha}} (women)

{{morphTest|kurú{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|kurúcha}} (fishes)

{{morphTest|anátapu{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|anátapuicha}} (trees)

==== Case ====

In Purépecha, the nominative case (unmarked) is a coding property of subjects, while the suffix -ni is the case marker for objects, both in monotransitive and ditransitive constructions.

{{morphTest|ganádu{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|obj}}|ganáduni}} (cattle)

{{morphTest|kurú{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|obj}}|kurúchani}} (fish)

{{morphTest|yurhíri{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|yurhírini}} (blood)

=== Verbs ===

Purépechan is a very agglutinative language, meaning that the words in the language are made by stringing together morphemes. A large portion of the agglutination happens in the verbs. Adding suffixes to the words can help users express locative, directional, causative, voice/valency, desiderative, adverbial, third person plural object, aspect, tense, irrealis, mood, and person and number.
A few examples we:

{{morphTest|{{tag|nowiki}}kw’i{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|sub}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|kw’ixakani{{tag|/nowiki}}}}

{{morphTest|{{tag|nowiki}}kw’i{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ass}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|kw’ixakani{{tag|/nowiki}}}}

{{morphTest|eshé{{tag|v}}{{tag|pprs}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|1/2ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|eshéshakani}}

{{morphTest|jwá{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|3ind}}|jwáspti}}

==== Roots and Agents ====

The suffix-nominalising suffix, most frequently -kwa (-ka in some varieties) as in pire-kwa; -ri, the most common nominalising suffix, generally refers to an agent, as in pire-ri 'singer'.

pire{{tag|inf}} (to sing)

{{morphTest|pire{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|pirekwa}} (song)

{{morphTest|pire{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|pireri}} (singer)

==== Aspect ====

Aspect and tense markers are the same for all persons, but the indicative mood morpheme changes from -ka for the 1st and 2nd person to -ti for the 3rd person. Aspect co-occurs with tense and mood.

wanta{{tag|v}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|ass}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|poss}}wantanaxïnanti

yontki wantanaxïnanti juchari anapu

before speak language

'Before, our language was spoken.'

t’{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|sbjv}} t’iréspka

ximpóka xuchá/María t’iréspka ya

because Maria{{tag|pl}} eat already

‘ . . . because we have already eaten/Maria has already eaten.’

xanó{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|sbjv}}xanópka

t’{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sgt’ú}}/tumpí{{tag|pl}}tumpíicha

éka t’ú/tumpíicha xanó-∅-p-ka ya

when boy arrive already

‘ . . . when you had already arrived/the boys had already arrived.’

==== Irrealis ====

ni-a-ti go (He will go)

{{morphTest|ni{{tag|v}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|niati}}

ewa-a-a-ka remove ('I will remove them.')

{{morphTest|ewa{{tag|v}}{{tag|3PL.O}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|ass}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ewaaaka}}

==== Mood ====
Purépecha the verbal inflection only distinguishes the person features of the subject in the indicative mood. The indicative verbal forms must be inflected in agreement with the grammatical subject: if the subject is 1st or 2nd person, the verb is marked with -ka; if it is 3rd person, then the marker is -ti.
In contrast with the interrogative/clarificational inflection, marked with -∅ or -ki for all persons, and the subjunctive mood, marked with -ka regardless of the person of the subject.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Mood
|-
|Indicative
|nothing
|-
|Interrogative
|Ø or ki suffix
|-
|Subjunctive
|ka suffix
|}

Atá-s-Ø-ka {{tag|nowiki}}strike-prf-prs-1/2ind{{tag|/nowiki}}

{{morphTest|Atá{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}|Atáska}}

{{morphTest|Atá{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p2}}|Atáska}}

{{morphTest|Atá{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}|Atásti}}

xupá-s-Ø-ka=ni {{tag|nowiki}}wash-prf-prs-1/2ind=1sg.sbj{{tag|/nowiki}}

{{morphTest|xupá{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|p1}}|xupáskani}}

xanó-s-Ø-ka=ni arrive-prf-prs-1/2ind=1sg.sbj

{{morphTest|xanó{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|p1}}|xanóskani}}

The object suffix -a is considered a 3rd person plural marker, which, according to some authors, has a pronominal or agreement value.

==== Person and Number ====

Aspect and tense markers are the same for all persons, but the indicative mood morpheme changes from -ka for the 1st and 2nd person to -ti for the 3rd person.

eró+ka-sha-ka
eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|ind}}erókashaka
eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|ind}}erókashaka

‘I / you / we / you(pl) are waiting’

eró+ka-sha-ti
eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|ind}}erókashati

‘He/they are waiting’

If one wishes to be more specific about the subject number, a set of clitics can be optionally attached to the inflected verb:

eró+ka-sha-ka=ni
eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|s_sg1}}erókashakani
‘I am waiting’

eró+ka-sha-ka=ri
eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|s_sg2}}erókashakani
‘You are waiting’

eró+ka-sha-ti
eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|ind}}erókashati
‘He/they are waiting’

eró+ka-sha-ka=tsï
eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|s_pl2}}erókashatsï
‘You (pl) are waiting’

eró+ka-sha-ka=ksï
eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|s_pl1}}erókashaksï
‘We are waiting’

eró+ka-sha-ti=ksï
eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|s_pl3}}erókashatiksï
‘They are waiting’

=== Others ===

==== Determinants or Determiners ====

Purépecha does not have a definite determiner like English "the" or Spanish "el/los."
Among the most common demonstratives are the singular forms í 'this', inté 'that (visible to the speaker)', and imá 'that (not visible to the speaker)', as well as the corresponding plural forms ts'ï 'these', ts'ïmí 'those', and ts'ïmá 'those'.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Determiners
|-
|iámindu
|'all'
|-
|máru
|'some'
|-
|imá
|'that' (not visible to the speaker)
|-
|í
|'this'
|-
|inté
|'that' (visible to the speaker)
|-
|ts'ï
|'these'
|-
|ts'ïmí
|'those'
|-
|ts'ïmá
|'those'
|}

Examples:

í atá-s-∅-ti inté-ni

this strike{{tag|prf}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|ind}} that{{tag|obj}}

'This (one) struck that (one).'

ts'ïmá atá-s-∅-ti inté-ni

those strike{{tag|prf}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|ind}} that{{tag|obj}}

'Those struck that (one).'

ihtsï iámindu juát-icha júkska-kata jarha-h-ti

DEM.PL all hill{{tag|pl}} sow{{tag|ppl}} be{{tag|pfve}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|ind}}

‘All these hills are sown (with corn)’

ihtsï tanímu juát-icha júkska-kata jarha-h-ti

{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}} three hill{{tag|pl}} sow{{tag|ppl}} be{{tag|pfve}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|ind}}

‘These three hills are sown (with corn)’

==== Reduplication ====

Reduplication is an available but limited morphological process. Single vowel roots and some CV roots such as pá- (carry) are not reduplicated. About 70 roots never occur unreduplicated (niní-n (to ripen)). About a dozen reduplicate only the first syllable. In general, practically any root can stand either alone or reduplicated.

Three Systems:

* k'waní-k'waní-ta-n (to throw up repeatedly) -- an aspectual system
* meré-meré-hku-n (to be very brilliant) -- modal system
* p'uní-p'uní-hku-n (to blow off all over (as when dusting)) -- locative system

Examples:

* učú-učú-hku-ndi-n (to smell of fish, sex, or carrion) -- spatial suffix (oral and facial, involves smell)
* opó-opó-k-haśi (swollen (of the entire body)) -- the roots may be followed by one of six consonants and the stativizing suffix -hási ‘class, type of’, as in opó- ‘large, round’
* kwená-hku-n (to lick upward (as of fire)) -- roots are followed by intransitivizing -hku
* wá-wá-kuri-n (to be missing one’s teeth, leaves, etc.) -- reflexive theme
* arí-arí-ta-n (to give advice) -- yield a transitive theme
* yará-yará-c-ka-pa-n (to go about urinating on oneself) -- lexical/spatial suffix value of ‘bottom’
* šún-šún-á-pi-ti (very green) -- only first CV is reduplicated
* tíks-tíks-á-ni-n (to beat of fright) -- cavity/thorax spatial suffix

[[Category:Purépecha]]
[[Category:sp21_GrammarDocumentation]]

Morphological analyser

2021-03-11T19:12:34Z

Dswanso1: /* Getting set up */

== Morphological transducers ==

A morphological transducer is just a directed graph. It consists of nodes (numbered below) and arcs (with labels), with a starting node (0 below) and an ending node (16 below).

[[Image:Simple transducer.png|1000px]]

You follow the arcs that are available from your input. The only acceptable paths are ones that start from starting node and end at the ending node. You may match your input to either side of the arc's label (separated by : above), and the other side is returned as output.

In the transducer above, the left side is the form and the right side is the analysis. If you match your input to the left side (the form), then your output will be the right side (the analysis)—this is '''morphological analysis'''. Likewise, if you follow the transducer by matching your input to the right side (the analysis) and output the left side (the form), then you are performing '''morphological generation'''.

An example of a complete path is <code>w:w o:o l:l v:f e:{{tag|n}} s:{{tag|pl}}</code>. The left/form side of this spells <code>wolves</code> and the right/analysis side of this spells <code>wolf{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}</code>. Mapping between one and the other is as simple as taking one as input and following the path—by outputting the other side of each arc, you will get the other as output!

'''Question''': What are all the possible paths provided by this transducer?

== The formalism we use (lexd) ==

Transducers are pretty cool, and quite efficient... for computers. Following paths by hand is tedious, and drawing a transducer for anything more complex than the example above is torture. See the transducer below for Tuvan.

[[File:tuvan transducer.png|1000px]]

This transducer provides the combinations of about 8 case marker, 5 possessive morphemes, and the plural marker for three Tuvan nouns.

An example is <code>өг>{{archiphon|L}}{{archiphon|A}}р>{{archiphon|i}}м>{{archiphon|D}}{{archiphon|A}}н</code> mapping to <code>өг{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|px1sg}}{{tag|abl}}</code>, meaning "from my houses". The analysis side is clear to anyone familiar with tags (and knowing that "өг" means "house"). The form side is actually something that will get fixed by morphophonology, which we'll worry about later (for now: letters like <code>{{archiphon|L}}</code> can be realised in a variety of ways, and <code>></code> is used as a morpheme boundary); the actual orthographic form is <code>өглеримден</code>.

'''Question''': How can we quantify the complexity of this graph? 

Fortunately, we don't have to draw this graph by hand. We can simply define the various sections of it and link them together with a straightforward formalism called '''lexd'''. A section of a lexd file that corresponds to the graph above looks like the following:

<pre>
PATTERNS

N-Stems [ <n>: ] [ <pl>:>{L}{A}r ]? Possession? Cases

LEXICON N-Stems

өг:өг # "yurt"
аът:аът # "horse"
ном:ном # "book"

LEXICON Possession

<px1sg>:>{i}м
<px2sg>:>{i}ң
<px3sp>:>{z}{I}{n}
<px1pl>:>{i}в{I}с
<px2pl>:>{i}ң{A}р

LEXICON Cases

<nom>:
<gen>:>{N}{I}ң
<acc>:>{N}I
<dat>:>{G}{A}
<loc>:>{D}{A}
<abl>:>{D}{A}н
<all>:>{J}е
<all>:>{D}{I}в{A} # Dir/LR
</pre>

'''Questions'''
* What is <code>#</code> doing? 
* What is <code>:</code> doing? 
* What are the <code>?</code>s doing? 
* How are the lists of parts (LEXICONs) combined into a whole? 

* What is not mentioned in this code that is in the graph above? 
* Can you match sections of the graph to sections of the code? 

== Additional nuances ==

=== Phonology ===
The symbols like {{archiphon|L}} above will need to be realised as different characters in different context.

For any symbols in your language that will be realised in different ways in different environments, you'll want to set up such an "archiphoneme". Use an uppercase letter for something that just has different forms, and use a lowercase letter for something that is inserted or deleted (i.e., is sometimes realised as nothing).

For now, it will suffice to define all the ways in which each archiphoneme surfaces by making a list in your <code>twol</code> file. This essentially allows all of the options to surface, which means you will be able to analyse incorrect forms as well as correct ones. Later, when you make a generator, you'll write rules to constrain where each of the symbols can occur.

=== Defining symbols ===

You'll want to define your archiphoneme symbols in the twol file, each with all its possible outputs.

So your twol file should contain an <code>Alphabet</code> section, which lists all the characters of the alphabet, and then all the archiphonemes with all their realisations. You will also want the <code>></code> morpheme separator and some punctuation marks, all escaped. A condensed example for Tuvan follows:

<pre>
Alphabet

А Б В Г Д Е Ё Ж З И Й К Л М Н Ң О Ө П Р С Т У Ү Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я
а б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н ң о ө п р с т у ү ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я

%{A%}:а %{A%}:е
%{L%}:л %{L%}:н
%{i%}:0 %{i%}:ы %{i%}:и %{i%}:у %{i%}:ү

%.
%-

%>:0
;

</pre>

=== Starting point ===

You'll need at least one <code>PATTERNS</code> section in your lexd file. Bootstrapping a new language module per the instructions will create this for you, but don't forget that it's a thing!

=== Morphology that isn't suffixes ===

You may remember from last week that we discussed that analyses are generally in the form '''stem''' + '''POS tags''' + '''subcategory tags''' + '''function tags'''. What if some of your functional morphology occurs before the stem?

You can certainly implement that as shown above, but there's a problem: your tags will occur in the middle of the analysis. That is, instead of something like {{morphTest|do{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|rep}}{{tag|prc}}|redoing}}, you'd get something like {{morphTest|{{tag|rep}}do{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prog}}|redoing}}. This is undesirable in terms of keeping track of which of your tags are for what.

Fortunately lexd offers a trick for handling such things! You can list the left and right side of a given LEXICON in different parts of a PATTERN, and the pieces will be matched. The following is a simple example (which assumes that the "re" prefix in English should be treated as productive and inflectional, which it probably shouldn't):

<pre>
PATTERNS

Verbs

PATTERN Verbs

V-Base V-Tenses

PATTERN V-Base

V-Stems(1) [<v>:] V-Stems(2):
:V-Prefixes V-Stems(1) [<v>:] V-Stems(2): V-Prefixes:

LEXICON V-Prefixes

<rep>:re>
<rev>:un>

LEXICON V-Tenses

<prog>:>ing
<past>:>{e}d

LEXICON V-Stems(2)

do:do <tv>
write:write <tv>
</pre>

'''Questions:'''
* What are the forms output by this transducer?
* (How many forms are there?)
* What are the numbers in <code>()</code>?
* What part of the file adds the prefixes and what part of the file adds the prefix tags?
* What are the different <code>PATTERN</code> groups for?

==== another example ====
Here's a better example, showing (productive, inflectional) gender agreement on verbs in Avar.

<pre>
PATTERNS

Verbs

PATTERN Verbs

:V-Gender V-Stems(1) [<v>:] V-Stems(2): V-Tense V-Gender:

LEXICON V-Tense

<aor>:>уна

LEXICON V-Gender

<nt>:б>
<m>:в>
<f>:й>
<pl>:р>

LEXICON V-Stems(2)

бицине:иц <tv> # "говорить"
</pre>

The output analyses would be the following:

<pre>
бицине<v><tv><aor><nt>:бицуна
бицине<v><tv><aor><f>:йицуна
бицине<v><tv><aor><m>:вицуна
бицине<v><tv><aor><pl>:рицуна
</pre>

== In-class exercise ==

See [[Morphological analyser/Exercises]].

The work we did on this in class is available on Swarthmore's github at [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-eng ling073-sp21/ling073-eng].

== Evaluation ==
=== Individual forms ===
To test whether/how your analyser is analysing a form, you can run the following:
echo "form" | apertium -d /path/to/analyser/ xyz-morph
An example might be the following:
apertium-tyv$ echo өглеримден | apertium -d . tyv-morph
^өглеримден/өг<n><pl><px1sg><abl>$^./.<sent>$
You can also do it this way:
apertium-tyv$ echo өглеримден | hfst-proc tyv.automorph.hfst
This output means that for the form <code>өглеримден</code> there is one analysis: <code>өг{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|px1sg}}{{tag|abl}}</code>. A form with multiple analysis would have them separated by <code>/</code>, like the following:
^өг/өг<n><nom>/өг<n><attr>/өг<n><nom>+э<cop><aor><p3><sg>$^./.<sent>$
A form with no analyses in the transducer will just return the form with an <code>*</code> before it, like the following:
^өглеримнен/*өглеримнен$^./.<sent>$

=== See full contents of analyser ===

hfst-expand xyz.automorf.hfst

=== A long list of forms with known analyses ===
To test whether your analyser is analysing forms correctly, you can put your analyses into a <code>yaml</code> file and use <code>morph-test</code> or <code>[[apertium-quality|aq-morftest]]</code>:
morph-test -csi xyz.yaml | most
or
aq-morftest -csi xyz.yaml | most

=== Coverage over a corpus ===
To test coverage over a corpus, you can use <code>coverage-hfst</code> or <code>[[apertium-quality|aq-covtest]]</code>:
coverage-hfst xyz.corpus.basic.txt /path/to/xyz.automorf.hfst

aq-covtest xyz.corpus.basic.txt /path/to/xyz.automorf.bin

=== Generating forms ===
If you need to test how a form generates, you can do something like the following:
echo "^house<n><pl>$" | apertium -d . -f none xyz-gener
This will return all forms currently being generated, e.g. <code>houses/housees</code>

== The assignment ==
This assignment will be due on Thursday of the 5th week of class before class starts (this semester: '''8:30am on Thursday, February 21st, 2019''').

This assignment is to develop a morphological analyser that implements a good deal of the basic morphology of your language.

=== Getting set up ===
# Bootstrap a transducer for your language using <code>apertium-init</code> (installed on the lab machines):
#: <code>apertium-init -a lexd --with-spellrelax --prefix=ling073 xyz</code>
# Go into the new directory (<code>cd ling073-xyz</code>), initialise the module (<code>./autogen.sh</code>), and compile it (<code>make</code>).
#* If this is successful, you should have several "modes" available; run <code>apertium -d . -l</code> to see.
#* One mode should be an <code>xyz-morph</code> mode; this is your analyser. Check it by running <code>echo "houses" | apertium -d . xyz-morph</code> , which should give you a morphological analysis of the word "houses".
# {{highlight|Integrate any comments I've provided to you on your grammar documentation page so that all of your morphTests are in good order. See the sanity checks at [[Grammar documentation#Sanity checks]] to check the main things.}}
# Augment the commented section at the top of the <code>apertium-xyz.xyz.lexd</code> file with any tags you came up with during the [[Grammar documentation]] assignment that aren't there already. Provide a symbol, and a brief comment explaining what the symbol means.
# Add ''all'' the characters of your language's orthography to the <code>Alphabet</code> section of the <code>apertium-xyz.xyz.twol</code> file. You may need to add archiphonemes later.
# Use the <code>[[morphTests2yaml]]</code> script (installed on the lab machines) to create a yaml test file in a subdirectory called <code>tests/</code>. Commit this file to the git repo. (You can remove blank sections if you like, and if they appear in the file.) There should be at least 50 tests in this file—make sure you have enough.
# Create a new ''empty'' repo (that is, don't check the README option) in [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ the course's GitHub organisation] with the name <code>ling073-xyz</code> (with your language's code in place of <code>xyz</code>). Then add the SSH link as a remote origin in your initialised module and push the module to the GitHub repo:
#: <code>git remote add origin git@github.swarthmore.edu:Ling073-sp21/ling073-xyz.git</code>
#: <code>git push --set-upstream origin master</code>

=== The hard stuff ===
# '''Build your morphological transducer''', adding all of the stems from your Grammar documentation assignment, categorised correctly, so that '''at least half of your tests pass'''. You'll need to build up the morphotactics too.
#* If too many of your grammar points are too hard to implement at this point (e.g., require some rules to change some characters to other characters), then you can skip one or two of them and instead add more "easy" forms to your transducer.
#* Alternatively "hard-code" some forms, but add a comment in the lexd file near the relevant forms indicating that they need further work, and mention it on the wiki page (see below).
#* Also don't forget to clean up your grammar page. Don't forget to rerun the scraping script to get a fresh version of the tests file. If you're happy with your grammar page and don't expect to change it much, feel free to "clean up" your tests file manually.
# '''Create a page on the wiki''' <code>Language/Transducer</code> that links to the code and has Evaluation and Notes sections.
#* In the Notes section, say what tests still don't work and why.
#* Add the page to the category [[:Category:Sp21_Transducers]].

=== Evaluation ===
When you've finished getting half of your tests to pass.

Evaluate coverage on your corpus and add the one of the most frequent unanalysed words:
# Use <code>coverage-hfst</code> or <code>[[apertium-quality|aq-covtest]]</code> (as above) to see how many forms in your basic corpus are analysed, and what the top unknown forms are.
#* Make note of the coverage at this point
# Make a new <code>yaml</code> file in your tests directory with the top unanalysed words, and name it something like <code>commonwords.yaml</code>. For the analysis side, just put an {{tag|unk}} tag (for "unknown") after each form. Don't forget to commit this to your git repository.
# Figure out what the analyses of '''at least three''' of these words should be, using the resources you have available (grammar books, etc.), and update the analysis side of your yaml file accordingly.
# Add '''at least one''' of these analyses to your transducer so that the test passes.
# Rerun <code>coverage-hfst</code> <code>aq-covtest</code> to see by how much your coverage improved.
#* Add a note to the notes section of the additional top word(s) you added, and the resulting change in coverage (e.g., «by adding "{{morphTest|and{{tag|cnjcoo}}|and}}" to the transducer, coverage went from 9.76% to 12.32%»)

In the Evaluation section on the wiki page, add the following:
* Total number of stems in the transducer. You can use the following method, or count the stems manually.
*: <code>lexd -x apertium-xyz.xyz.lexd > /dev/null</code> (then add the counts for the relevant individual lexicons)
* Current coverage over your combined corpus
* The current list of top unknown words returned by <code>aq-covtest</code>
* Number of tests that pass in each yaml file
** The main yaml file should have at least half of the tests passing
** The commonwords.yaml file should have at least 1 passing test

=== Housekeeping ===
# Add yourself to the <code>AUTHORS</code> file.
# Make sure the <code>COPYING</code> file contains an open-source license to your liking (default should be [https://www.gnu.org/licenses/quick-guide-gplv3.html GPL3]).
# Add links to the transducer repo and wiki page to the list of resources you developed for your language on the language's page on this wiki.

=== Sanity checks before submitting ===
# Did you commit ''just'' the initial files created by bootstrap ''before'' you initialised or compiled the module? If not, start over with bootstrapping, being sure copy over any files you've changed. Or use [[Removing binaries from transducer repo|this method]].
# Did you commit your updates to <code>lexd</code> and <code>twol</code> files? And the <code>yaml</code> test files?
# Do you have at least 50 tests in the main tests file? Do at least half of them pass a morph-test?
# Did you add everything asked for to the wiki page (evaluation, etc.) and your repo (e.g., both yaml files).
# If you have trouble analysing or compiling, are all your tags and symbols (full alphabet) defined in your twol file?

[[Category:Assignments]]
[[Category:Tutorials]]
[[Category:Activities]]

Central Kurdish

2021-02-23T02:18:22Z

Dswanso1: /* Corpora */

[[Category: sp21_ResourceDocumentation]] [[Category: Central Kurdish]]

Below is a list of resources relevant to the Sorani Kurdish language. Resources are categorized according to type of content. I own italicized resources in PDF format. I have also flagged resources I have not yet obtained.

== Computational Resources ==

* .txt lists of words, word-level digrams, and character-level trigrams

* [https://www.branah.com/kurdish Keyboard Layout]: seems to be the most common layout

* Latin-based keyboard layout that I own on my computer
{{comment|: does this mean that it came with your OS or that it's a custom one you (or someone else?) created? -Jonathan}}
{{comment|: Someone else created it, I think Unikurd is its name, I cannot find a link to it but it is on my computer.}}

* [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.10278.pdf Rule-based Kurdish Text Transliteration System]: Latin-Arabic orthography conversion

* [https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.13087 Kurdish Speech to Text]: early attempt to develop speech recognition for Sorani Kurdish

* [https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.06041 Towards Machine Translation for the Kurdish Language]: Sorani machine translation model

== Dictionaries ==

* [https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Sorani/sorani_3_vocabulary.pdf Sorani Vocabulary]: vocab list with Latin script transliterations, by Harvard

* [https://www.thekurdishdictionary.com/en The Kurdish Dictionary]: translates to and from any combination of ckb/kur/eng via query

* ''Dictionary of Scientific Terms'': includes Sorani definitions of terms like "atom"

* ''Diccionaire Fondamental Kurde-Français-Sorani'': French-Sorani dict with phrases & alphabet

== Grammatical Descriptions ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani_grammar Sorani Grammar]: high-level description of important grammatical properties of Sorani

* [https://ia600901.us.archive.org/13/items/KurdishBasicCourseDialectOfSulaimaniaIraq/Kurdish%20Basic%20Course%20(Dialect%20of%20Sulaimania,%20Iraq)_text.pdf Kurdish Basic Course]: has helpful chapters on grammar and word lists

* [https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Sorani/sorani_1_grammar.pdf A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings]: extensive descriptions of Sorani grammar

== Scientific Works ==

* [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1809.10763.pdf Building a Lemmatizer and a Spell-Checker for Sorani Kurdish]: includes background on Sorani morphology

* [https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/kurdish.pdf Kurdish Romanization Table]: potentially useful information on Sorani alphabet and orthography

* [https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1208.pdf Kurdish Interdialect Machine Translation]: suggests a method for Kurmanji-Sorani machine translation

* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261379031_Building_a_Test_Collection_for_Sorani_Kurdish Building a Test Collection for Sorani Kurdish]: outlines a Test Collection project + list of affixes

== Corpora ==

* [http://www.language-archives.org/language/ckb OLAC Resources] (how do I access these?)
{{comment|: Try clicking the links on that page and then looking for "Identifier (URI)" - Daniel}}

=== Books & Encyclopediae ===

* [https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%BE%DB%8E%DA%A9 Sorani Wikipedia]: many articles averaging a few paragraphs in length

* [https://www.bible.com/bible/503/GEN.1.KSS Sorani Bible]: one of a few different versions of the Bible

* [https://www.jw.org/ckb/ JW Website]: few dozen entries accompanied by voice narration

* [https://www.hawlergov.org/app/ Hawler Gov]: various entries on the Kurdish capital

* ''شازاده چکۆله'': Sorani version of ''The Little Prince'', by Aso Abdullah

=== News Sites ===

This is an aggregation of news sites, all written in Sorani, that contain written media on the order of ~300 words per article, though long-form works of journalism can also be found.

* [https://www.awene.com/detail?article=44481 Awene]

* [https://www.knnc.net/Details.aspx?jimare=35292 KNN]

* [https://nrttv.com/News.aspx?id=40606&MapID=3 NRT]

* [https://www.rudaw.net/ Rudaw]

* [https://www.xendan.org/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=40b26372944f5b2f5030a42ce2e242824802bf7f-1613677479-0-AdIOUD4PpqZJRxo5UoABrk12U7vL-b-MImh9McpzkptoSp9XEfaSUWZ8CMCghXsnze0cZ_uNou_nz_-dlrtYGSZedfD70albLiukFs_f9mQpfQ4eZtm6GftmTY4oPlVII7xBMhGVVlZdd-y4EqXa0jcXmmvumK-YPYb-72mOZe6Qmfr-Jz_fHbzlznT-kWYV93t-VPAMTzKTp_HzaVf5G3b7dkBX2EpBV302Z28AIubfw293-cWCuVQUOn8cewTE01fknrRdM3p8-m32G7wy1YleNKq-6OR8CuMBYzJ2jxvBmniY9NYxlQ-AUlApfeHigQ Xendan]

=== Blog Pages ===

Long-form posts that exceed ~1000 words can be found here. Each link goes to a specific person's blog archive, containing anywhere between 10-100 articles.

* [https://sites.google.com/site/abasshiwan2/ Abas Shiwan] (with Latin script transliterations)

* [http://ala-hooshiar.blogspot.com/ Ala Hooshiar]

* [http://amjad-shakely.blogspot.com/ Amjad Shakely]

Category:English

2019-04-16T23:29:54Z

Dswanso1: Created page with "Category:Languages"

[[Category:Languages]]

Kaingang/Disambiguation

2019-04-09T22:30:41Z

Dswanso1: category tag

Kaingang/Grammar

2019-02-17T03:29:30Z

Dswanso1: category tag

== Singular and Plural ==
Many nouns don't have a distinction between singular and plural. Plural isn't simply denoted by adding a marker, so plural forms are treated as separate words.

Plural in a verb indicates the action is done multiple times.
*If it is a transitive verb, the action is repeated because the object is plural (object plurality will only be shown in the verb).

** {{morphTest|rĩnh{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|rĩnh}} (''to carry many things'')
** {{morphTest|rĩnh{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|rĩnh tĩ}} (''(a person) carrying many things'')
** {{morphTest|rĩnh{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|rĩnh mũ}} (''(many people) carrying many things'')

*If it is an intransitive verb, the action is either done by many agents or by the same agent many times.

** {{morphTest|te{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|sg}}| te}} (''to carry something'')
** {{morphTest|te{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|sg}}| te tĩ}} (''(a person) carrying something'')
** {{morphTest|te{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|sg}}|te mũ}} (''(many people) carrying something'')

If an action is done by a group, even if there are many objects or many agents, the singular form of the verb can be used. The plural/singular of nouns can be specified by the use of demonstrative pronouns in the plural/singular form.

[Dicionário PT-KG, p162]

== Conjunctions ==
There are some conjunctions that introduce sentences and or follow phrases, like the circumstance markers. The opinion markers hã and ge are used with certain circumstance markers to create other conjunctions.

<hã> means ''similar,'' and it's used in many conjunction phrases.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Common Conjunctions
|-
| ge ra || ''as so, even so''
|-
| hã jé || ''for this end''
|-
| hã kato || ''instead of this''
|-
| hã kỹ || ''because of this''
|-
| hã ra || ''but, on the contrary of''
|-
| hã ri || ''similar to''
|-
| hã to || ''instead of''
|-
| hã tugrĩn || ''because of this, for that''
|-
| hã tỹ || ''because of this, for that''
|-
| jarĩnmỹ || ''although''
|-
| jãvo || ''but, on the contrary of''
|-
| jo || ''but''
|-
| kỹ || ''therefore, for this end''
|-
| mũ ra || ''as so, even so''
|-
| mỹr’ || ''meanwhile''
|}

[Dicionário PT-KG, p155-156]

== Interjections ==
Interjections are replies to questions or simply exclamatory words.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| he || ''I agree''
|-
| hẽ’ || ''Darn it''
|-
| hỹ || ''That's true''
|-
| kunĩg || ''Come!''
|-
| kuri || ''Hurry!''
|-
| kunĩg || ''Go!''
|-
| mẽ’ || ''Really?''
|-
| mũ jé ha || ''Let's go''
|-
| nejé || ''I disagree''
|-
| se || ''Push!''
|-
| té || ''Catch!''
|-
| tón ra! || ''Go ahead!''
|-
| vãrỹ || ''Scoundrel!''
|-
| vó || ''Isn't it?/It isn't'' (?)
|}

[Dicionário PT-KG, p160]

== Pronouns ==
There are personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and interrogative pronouns.
=== Personal Pronouns ===
Personal pronouns work as a subject, object, ergative, and possessive.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Subject
|-
! Person !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| 1 || inh || ẽ
|-
| 2 || ã|| ãjag
|-
| 3m || ti || ag
|-
| 3f || fi || fag
|}

'''Examples:'''

* Genderable nouns receive "suffixes" for pluralization and gender.
** {{morphTest|Kanhgag{{tag|n}}{{tag|nf}}{{tag|sg}}|Kanhgag ti}} ''"Indigenous (male)"''
** {{morphTest|Kanhgag{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|Kanhgag fi}} ''"Indigenous woman"''
** {{morphTest|Kanhgag{{tag|n}}{{tag|nf}}{{tag|pl}}|Kanhgag ag}} ''"Indigenous men"''
** {{morphTest|Kanhgag{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}|Kanhgag fag}} ''"Indigenous women"''
* Some irregulars such as <mynh> ''"mother"'' when pluralized mean something completely different.
** {{morphTest|mynh{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}|mynh fag}} ''"parents"''

=== Reflexive Pronouns ===
There are two reflexive pronouns that function as an object or possessive, but not as a subject or ergative.
{|class="wikitable"
! Kaingang !! type !! English
|-
| jagnẽ || object, possessive pronoun: reciprocal || ''one another''
|-
| vẽnh || object pronoun: reflexive || ''of himself/of herself''
|-
|}

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Anaphoric (leftwards reference) || Exophoric close || Exophoric far
|-
| ẽn || tag ''(this)'' || tã ''(that)'' (followed by circumstantial indicator)
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Combinations
|-
| tag ti ''this, this one'' || tag ag ''these ones''
|-
|tag fi ''this one'' (feminine) || tag fag ''these ones, this couple'' (feminine)
|-
|-
|ẽn ti ''that, that one'' || ẽn ag ''those ones''
|-
|ẽn fi ''that one'' (feminine) || ẽn fag ''those ones, that couple'' (feminine)
|}

*Morphology of these combinations:

** {{morphTest|tag{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|nf}}{{tag|sg}}| tag}}
** {{morphTest|tag{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|nf}}{{tag|sg}}| tag ti}}
** {{morphTest|tag{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|tag fi }}
** {{morphTest|tag{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|nf}}{{tag|pl}}|tag ag}}
** {{morphTest|tag{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}|tag fag}}

** {{morphTest|ẽn{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|nf}}{{tag|sg}}| ẽn}}
** {{morphTest|ẽn ti{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|nf}}{{tag|sg}}| ẽn ti}}
** {{morphTest|ẽn{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|ẽn fi }}
** {{morphTest|ẽn{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|nf}}{{tag|pl}}|ẽn ag}}
** {{morphTest|ẽn{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}|ẽn fag}}

=== Interrogative Pronouns ===

{|class="wikitable"

|-
! Who || What || Which
|-
| ū || ne || hẽ
|-
|}

Ex. 1: '''Ū ne?''' ''who is it?''

Ex. 2: '''Ne ne?''' ''what is it?''

[Pronoun document, 378-379]

=== Relative Pronouns ===
There's a relative pronoun that is used to begin a relative construction that is a noun construction. <ūn> means "''he who/she who''," as in the phrase "''she who dares''."

=== Indefinite Pronouns ===
'''-ũ''': ''Indefinite marker

There are two indefinite pronouns: <ũ> meaning ''somebody'', and <vẽnh> meaning ''of somebody''.

[Dicionário PT-KG, p160-162]

== Nouns ==

*There are nouns that are independent of other nouns and nouns that depend on either a noun from the first group or a pronoun. For example,
**<ĩn> or ''house'', is independent
**<jãnkã> or ''door'', is dependent on
***a noun such as <ĩn>: <ĩn jãnkã> or ''house door''
***a pronoun such as <ti>: <ti jãnkã> or ''his door''
*Words usually identified as adjectives can be found in the second group.
** <mág>: ''big''
** <ĩn mág>: ''big house''
** <ũn mág>: ''someone big''

* Nouns take on different morphology based on whether they are agents, subjects, or objects. These markers appear at the end of the noun phrase:
** kẽnkẽr ''"parrot"''
** {{morphTest|kẽnkẽr{{tag|n}}{{tag| nom}}|kẽnkẽr vỹ}} ''"the parrot"''
** {{morphTest|kẽnkẽr{{tag|n}}{{tag|agent}}|kẽnkẽr tỹ}} ''"the parrot"''
** {{morphTest|kẽnkẽr{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|kẽnkẽr tỹ}} ''"the parrot"'' (Only applies if object is fronted from its usual location directly antecedent to the verb)

* Kaingang doesn't mark definite nouns. However, Kaingang has an (optional, but to reduce ambiguity we will always add it) indefinite marker.
** jynhkén ''"lizard"''
** {{morphTest|jynhkén{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}|jynhkén}} ''"the/a lizard"''
** {{morphTest|jynhkén{{tag|n}}{{tag|indef}}|jynhkén ũ}} ''"a lizard"''

*Kaingang nouns can all take genitive markers that are conjugated for number, person, and gender (in the third person)
** mynh ''"mother"''
*** {{morphTest|mynh{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}}|inh mynh}} ''"my mother"''
*** {{morphTest|mynh{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2sg}}|ẽg mynh}} ''"your mother"''
*** {{morphTest|mynh{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}|ti mynh}} ''"his mother"''
*** {{morphTest|mynh{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1pl}}|fi mynh}} ''"her mother"''
*** {{morphTest|mynh{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1plnf}}|ãjag mynh}} ''"our mother"''
*** {{morphTest|mynh{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1plf}}|ãjag mynh}} ''"you all's mother"''
*** {{morphTest|mynh{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3plnf}}|ag mynh}} ''"their mother"''
*** {{morphTest|mynh{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3spf}}|fag mynh}} ''"their (f.) mother"''

== Verbs ==

*Verbs come in one of three classes: intransitive, transitive, and semi-transative. Semi-transitive verbs can only take objects with the help of a post-position.
**{{morphTest|fyn{{tag|v}}{{tag|bas}}{{tag|tv}}|fyn}} ''"to divide"''
**{{morphTest|ẽkrénh{{tag|v}}{{tag|bas}}{{tag|iv}}|ẽkrénh}} ''"to marry"''
**{{morphTest|jé prẽr{{tag|v}}{{tag|bas}}{tag|sv}}|jé prẽr}} ''"to call (ã)"''

*Certain verbs have different forms that require minute changing of the base verb. Not all verbs have different forms at all. Among the verbs that do have different forms, not all of them contain a distinct spelling for all the different forms. These forms exist independent of the transitivity of the verb. What form a verb takes depends on where the verb is located within the sentence. No categorization defaults to basic?[Dic KG-PT 163]
** fãn ''"to harvest corn"''
*** {{morphTest|fãn{{tag|v}}{{tag|bas}}|fãn}}
*** {{morphTest|fãn{{tag|v}}{{tag|v1}}|fã}}
*** {{morphTest|fãn{{tag|v}}{{tag|v2}}|fa}}
*** {{morphTest|fãn{{tag|v}}{{tag|v3}}|fãg}}
** rĩnh ''"to carry (pl.)"''
*** {{morphTest|rĩnh{{tag|v}}{{tag|bas}}|rĩnh}}
*** {{morphTest|rĩnh{{tag|v}}{{tag|v1}}|rĩ}}
*** {{morphTest|rĩnh{{tag|v}}{{tag|v2}}|rĩnh}}
*** {{morphTest|rĩnh{{tag|v}}{{tag|v3}}|rĩg}}

The verb can then be followed by three more markers:
*'''Modality Markers'''
** sór ''"to want"''
**ẽgfãn ''"harvest corn"''
*** {{morphTest|ēgfãn{{tag|v}}{{tag|int}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|bas}}{{tag|vaux}}|ēgfãn sór}} ''"want to harvest corn"''
** vĩ ''"to talk"''
*** {{morphTest|vĩ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|bas}}{{tag|want}}|vĩ sór}} ''"want to talk"''
** kanãn ''"to smooth"''
*** {{morphTest|kanãn{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|bas}}{{tag|want}}| kanãn sór}} ''"want to smooth"''

*'''Aspect Markers'''
**tĩ ''(habitual marker)''
**a'a'ke ''"to vomit"''
***{{morphTest|a'a'ke{{tag|v}}{{tag|bas}}{{tag|int}}{{tag|hab}}|a'a'ke tĩ }} ''"to vomit repeatedly"''
**nĩ ''(continuous marker)''
**rãnhrãj''"to work"''
***{{morphTest|rãnhrãj{{tag|v}}{{tag|bas}}{{tag|int}}{{tag|con}}|rãnhrãj nĩ }} ''"to have work"''

== Vocatives ==
Used to get someone's attention.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|já || 'ladies!'
|-
|jỹ || 'lady!'
|-
|pá || 'aunt!' or 'mother-in-law!'
|-
|vá || 'men!'
|-
|vỹ || 'man!'
|-
|}

Or any expression used with <-’>, such as <kakrã’>, which means ''uncle''!

[Dicionário PT-KG, p164-165]

== Markers ==
=== Modality Markers ===
A modality marker modifies verbs or nouns when it follows them.
==== Follows only verbs (Adverb) ====

{|class="wikitable"
|-
|e || "a lot"
|-
|kónãn || "breaking/getting messed up/rotting"
|-
|kren || "almost"
|-
|mãn || "again"
|-
|rén || "lastly"
|-
|sór || "to want"
|-
|tãvĩn || "focus, assertive"
|-
|vãnh || "to not want"
|-
|vén || "first of all"
|}

====Follows verbs, nouns, and other modality markers ====
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|gy || "difficult"
|-
|ja || "finished"
|-
|jãvãnh || "to not know"
|-
|mé || "to like"
|-
|mẽ || "a lot/fast"
|-
|pẽ || "true (focus, assertive)"
|-
|tãvĩ || "focus, assertive"
|-
|tũ || "no"
|-
|ve || "to appear as"
|}

=== Aspect Markers ===
Aspect markers end a sentece, but can be followed by certain opinion markers.
==== Perfective Aspect Markers ====
There are perfective aspect markers that occur with the <v3> form of verbs that have this perfective form (groups 1 and 6). When the verbs don't have <v3>, the basic form is used.

They occur in the constructed sentences according to the nominative-accusative standard used in narration, description, and in the texts of procedures. They indicate an action from a global point-of-view. They differentiate an action for being done while standing, while sitting, while lying down, or while walking, by one person or many.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Perfective ("realis")
|-
|jẽ || standing
|-
|jẽgtĩ || habitually standing
|-
|jẽ nĩ || in the situation of standing
|-
|mũ || doing
|-
|mũgtĩ || habitually doing
|-
|mũ nĩ || in the situation of doing
|-
|nĩ || seated; in the situation of
|-
|nĩgtĩ || habitually in the situation of
|-
|nĩ nĩ || in the situation of sitting
|-
|nỹ || lying down
|-
|nỹgtĩ || habitually lying down
|-
|nỹ nĩ || in the situation of lying down
|}

*Here, {{tag|mar}} denotes a marker, {{tag|hab}} denotes "habitually," and {{tag|sit}} denotes "in the situation of."
** {{morphTest|jẽ{{tag|mar}}|jẽ}}
** {{morphTest|jẽ{{tag|mar}}{{tag|hab}}|jẽgtĩ}}
** {{morphTest|jẽ{{tag|mar}}{{tag|sit}}|jẽ nĩ}}

If a verb is put together with the aspect marker <vẽ>, it becomes perfective "irrealis":
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Perfective ("irrealis")
|-
|jẽ vẽ || ''(he/she) was supposed to be standing, but didn't''
|-
|nĩ vẽ || ''it was supposed to be/to happen, but didn't''
|-
|tĩ vẽ || ''it was supposed to happen habitually, but didn't''
|-
|}

=== Grammatical Mood/Opinion Markers ===
Opinion markers express the attitude of the speaker about the transmitted information. They may occur in many different places in the sentence.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Kaingang !! Approximate Meaning
|-
| inhhã || ‘only, focus marker’
|-
| ge || ‘thus’
|-
| gé || ‘as well’
|-
| ha || ’emphatic now’
|-
| hã || ‘emphatic focus, assertive’
|-
| hẽ || ‘don't do!’
|-
| hẽ’ || ‘it can't be done!’
|-
| hur || ‘already’
|-
| huri || ‘already’
|-
| hỹn || ‘probably’
|-
| hỹn || ‘where?’
|-
| ker || ‘continued habitually, does not stop happening’
|-
| kur || ‘fast,quickly, hurriedly’
|-
| mỹr || ‘it's true, truthfully’
|-
| nẽji || ‘as I have heard, it is said’
|-
| sir || ‘thus, important information’
|-
| -' || ‘doubtedly, emphatic focus marker, assertive’
|}[Diccionario PT-KG, p159]

=== Noun Markers ===

Subject markers are used to define the topic or subject of a given sentence. They typically follow the subject in a sentence.

They follow nouns, pronouns, or noun phrases when used as the subject. They are pospositions. When they occur, the subject is emphasized and precedes the verb (in many cases, it starts the sentence).

Only <tóg>, following a pronoun, can follow the verb in the sentence and doesn't emphasize the subject. <tóg> is also the only one that can occur with the third person singular and that can combine with other subject markers.

Another particular case is <tỹ>, used to indicate ergative and also with a topicalized constituent (?). In both cases, the constituent is the first one in the sentence.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Kaingang !! Approximate Meaning
|-
| jé || ''subject expects/anticipates the action, speaker desires the action''
|-
| mỹ || ''subject of a yes-no question''
|-
| ne || ''subject is origin of the action''
|-
| né || ''agent has feelings?'' (only in third-person)''
|-
| nỹ || ''subject is topic and contrasted with vỹ, subject shift/change''
|-
| pijé || ''subject does not do the action''
|-
| tóg || ''subject is agent''
|-
| tỹ || ''agent is ergative; topic marker''
|-
| vé || ''this subject does bad things''
|-
| vỹ || ''subject is topic''
|}

[Dicionario PT-KG 159-160]

[[Category: Kaingang]]
[[Category: Grammar documentation]]

Category:Dhivehi

2019-02-06T00:23:14Z

Dswanso1: Created page with "Category:Languages"

[[Category:Languages]]

Dhivehi/Keyboard

2019-02-06T00:21:43Z

Dswanso1: typo

==Existing Resources ==

There are existing keyboard layouts for Windows, Android, iOS, and Linux.

The phonetic Dhivehi keyboard layout is available in:
#[https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/globalization/keyboards/kbddiv1.html Windows]
#[http://ibbbe.blogspot.com/2014/04/how-to-setup-dhivehi-keyboard-for.html Android]
#[https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/dhivehi-keyboard-for-ios-8/id943540647?mt=8&ign-mpt=uo%3D8 iOS]
#Linux: IBUS with m17n module
#[http://loderi.com/divehi-virtual-keyboard-online A Neat Visual of the Phonetic Keyboard (see picture below)]
[[File:Dv-phon.png]]

Besides the widely available phonetic keyboard, Windows also has a [https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/globalization/keyboards/kbddiv2.html Dhivehi typewriter keyboard layout]. The difference between the phonetic and the typewriter keyboard layout is that the phonetic keyboard maps the Dhivehi alphabet phonetically to the English alphabet. For example, <Big><kbd> b </kbd></Big> would get mapped to <Big><kbd> ބ </kbd></Big>, which is the [b] sound. Since there are 24 consonants and 10 vowels, the standard American keyboard fits relatively well with the Dhivehi alphabet. The vowels are just [i], [e], [a], [o], [u] with their corresponding long vowel, so it's very intuitive to inexperienced Dhivehi speakers to map to the corresponding letter keys on the keyboard. The typewriter keyboard is organized very differently, with most of the vowels on the left side of the keyboard and the consonants on the right side of the keyboard. The punctuation symbols are on the <kbd>shift</kbd> level of the vowels. Based on the Dhivehi language and its writing system, we think the typewriter keyboard layout is more intuitive to native Dhivehi speakers. We will explain more in the Justification below.

==Dhivehi Typewriter Layout==

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|`|~}} {{kbdkey|1|!}} {{kbdkey|2|@}} {{kbdkey|3|#}} {{kbdkey|4|$}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|^}} {{kbdkey|7|&}} {{kbdkey|8|*}} {{kbdkey|9|(}} {{kbdkey|0|)}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}

{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|ޫ{{green|◌}}|×|}} {{kbdkey|ޮ{{green|◌}}|'}} {{kbdkey|ާ{{green|◌}}|“}} {{kbdkey|ީ{{green|◌}}|/}} {{kbdkey|ޭ{{green|◌}}|:}} {{kbdkey|ގ|ޤ}} {{kbdkey|ރ|ޜ}} {{kbdkey|މ|ޣ}} {{kbdkey|ތ|ޙ}} {{kbdkey|ހ|ޙ}} {{kbdkey|ލ|÷}} {{kbdkey|[|{ }} {{kbdkey|]|} }} }}

{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|ި{{green|◌}}|<}} {{kbdkey|ު{{green|◌}}|>}} {{kbdkey|ް{{green|◌}}|.}} {{kbdkey|ަ|،}} {{kbdkey|ެ{{green|◌}}|"}} {{kbdkey|ވ|ޥ}} {{kbdkey|އ|ޢ}} {{kbdkey|ނ|ޘ}} {{kbdkey|ކ|ޚ}} {{kbdkey|ފ|ޡ|;}} {{kbdkey|ﷲ|؛}} }}

{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|ޒ|ޖ}} {{kbdkey|ޑ|ޕ}} {{kbdkey|ސ|ޏ}} {{kbdkey|ޔ|ޗ}} {{kbdkey|ޅ|ޟ}} {{kbdkey|ދ|ޛ}} {{kbdkey|ބ|ޝ}} {{kbdkey|ށ|\|,}} {{kbdkey|ޓ|ޞ}} {{kbdkey|ޯ{{green|◌}}|؟}} }}

==Justification==

We based our implementation of the Typewriter keyboard layout on the [https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/globalization/keyboards/kbddiv2.html Window's Dhivehi Typewriter Layout] and [https://www.branah.com/dhivehi Branah.com]'s implementation. The two are the same in-terms of character placement (excluding Alt-keys), but the resolution of the visual of the Windows' layout made it hard to make-out characters.

We decided to implement the Dhivehi Typewriter keyboard layout because there is no existing typewriter layout available in Linux and that the community likely uses this keyboard. We noticed that the Typewriter keyboard differs from the Phonetic keyboard in vowel and consonant placement. It seems as though the Typewriter keyboard places the vowels and punctuation marks on the left side of the keyboard with the consonants on the right. In the [https://ia800503.us.archive.org/11/items/rosettaproject_div_ortho-1/rosettaproject_div_ortho-1.pdf Dhivehi language system], words are typically constructed with "CV" chunks, which are formed with vowels as diacritics modifying consonants. Even when using vowels independently, there is a special character called "alifu" that acts as a placeholder for the consonant of the "CV" chunk. In addition, the language is read from right to left, which explains why the consonants are on the right and the vowels on the left. Thus, the placement of the consonants and the vowels fits well with the Dhivehi language structure. Therefore, we believe that the typewriter keyboard layout is a more ergonomic and more popular keyboard layout among the Dhivehi-speaking community.

We have only two <Big><kbd> Alt </kbd></Big> characters, and they are the semi-colon and the comma. We mapped these to the same keys on our standard US-keyboard layout because these keys are not used in Dhivehi. However, they might be useful to speakers of other languages, so we decided to keep them on the keyboard.

==Installation==
For Linux:
# Install IBus and the m17n module. Open terminal and type the following:
#: <code>sudo apt-get install ibus-m17n</code>
# Enable IBus as your default input method. Type the following in the terminal:
#: <code>im-config -n ibus</code>
# Run: <code>xfwm4 --replace && xfce4-panel -r &</code>
#:- If you don't see a language icon on the panel of your home screen, right click the edge of the panel. Click "Add new items" and add "notification area."
# Go back to the terminal and create this directory:
#: <code> mkdir ~/.m17n.d/</code>
# Go to the [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-keyboard Git Repository for Dhivehi Keyboard] and download <code>dv-typewriter.mim</code>. Put this file in the <code>~/.m17n.d/</code> directory.
# Add Dhivehi Keyboard in IBus:
#:- Right click the faint blue "en" and click "Restart."
#:- Right click the faint blue "en" again and go to "Preferences."
#:- Navigate to "Input Method." Press "Add" and then "..."
#:- Find Dhivehi and add "dv-typewriter"
#To switch between different input methods, right click the "en" on the panel of your home screen and select the keyboard you desire.

==License==

This keyboard is licensed with a GNU General Public License v3.0.

[[Category:Keyboard layouts]] [[Category:Dhivehi]]

Dhivehi/Keyboard

2019-02-06T00:21:14Z

Dswanso1: add language category

User:Dswanso1/Final project

2018-05-11T18:29:34Z

Dswanso1: Created page with "I made UD-Annotatrix able to deal with punctuation automatically when a user presses "p". The code can be found [https://github.com/jonorthwash/ud-annotatrix/pull/284 here] an..."

I made UD-Annotatrix able to deal with punctuation automatically when a user presses "p". The code can be found [https://github.com/jonorthwash/ud-annotatrix/pull/284 here] and a live version can be found [http://mr-martian.github.io/ud-annotatrix/index.html here].

[[File:Dswanso1_final_project_poster.png|800px]]

Todo:
* Occasionally pressing the key to do punctuation also does other things

[[Category:sp18_FinalProjects]]

File:Dswanso1 final project poster.png

2018-05-11T18:21:11Z

Dswanso1:

File:Dswanso1 final project poster.pdf

2018-05-11T18:14:24Z

Dswanso1:

Berik/Universal Dependencies

2018-05-01T15:31:14Z

Dswanso1: Created page with "== Evaluation == {| class="wikitable" |- ! ! Training Data ! Training Data nonmorph ! Other Data ! Other Data nonmorph |- | UAS |- | LAS |- | Forms |- | Sentences |} == Depe..."

== Evaluation ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Training Data
! Training Data nonmorph
! Other Data
! Other Data nonmorph
|-
| UAS
|-
| LAS
|-
| Forms
|-
| Sentences
|}

== Dependency Relations ==

=== amod ===

=== case ===

=== nsubj ===

[[Category:sp18_UD]]

Berik and English

2018-04-24T21:03:24Z

Dswanso1: /* Final Numbers */

Resources for machine translation between [[Berik]] and English.

= bkl -> eng evaluation =

Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 55

Number of words in test: 40

Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 15

Percentage of unknown words: 37.50 %

-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 54

Word error rate (WER): 98.18 %

Number of position-independent correct words: 1

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 98.18 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 55

Word Error Rate (WER): 100.00 %

Number of position-independent correct words: 0

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100.00 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 1

Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 6.67 %

= Final Evaluation =
=== Initial Precision & Recall ===
* Precision: 100.00000%
* Recall: 78.03738%

=== Adding Stems ===

136 stems were added.

=== Disambiguation ===

4 new disam rules were added to deal with "ane" which can be "and" or "many".

=== Structural Transfer ===
* Added articles in copular phrases.
** "Ai taneyan."
** "I am not child." -> "I am not a child."
* Added rules for positive copular phrases.
** "Je bwernabar namwer."
** "He sick now." -> "He is sick now."
* Added verbs and tense marking.
** "Gwirmir wini as damtafa."
** "Tomorrow woman #prpers #see." -> "Tomorrow woman #prpers will see."
* Added prepositions for instrumental case.
** "Je twena ginem tana."
** "He pig #arrow #kill." -> "He pig killed with an arrow."
* Corrected word order of instransitive clauses with instrumentals.
** "Korano atem difnant."
** "chief #canoe #come." -> "chief came with a canoe."

=== Final Numbers ===
* Precision: 65.88785%
* Recall: 88.67925%
* Large Corpus
** Word count: 365010
** Coverage: 55.34%
* Stems in transducer: 400

[[Category:Sp17_TranslationPairs]]

Berik and English

2018-04-24T20:54:22Z

Dswanso1: /* Final Numbers */

Berik and English

2018-04-24T20:50:27Z

Dswanso1: /* Disambiguation */

Resources for machine translation between [[Berik]] and English.

= bkl -> eng evaluation =

Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 55

Number of words in test: 40

Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 15

Percentage of unknown words: 37.50 %

-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 54

Word error rate (WER): 98.18 %

Number of position-independent correct words: 1

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 98.18 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 55

Word Error Rate (WER): 100.00 %

Number of position-independent correct words: 0

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100.00 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 1

Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 6.67 %

= Final Evaluation =
=== Initial Precision & Recall ===
* Precision: 100.00000%
* Recall: 78.03738%

=== Adding Stems ===

136 stems were added.

=== Disambiguation ===

4 new disam rules were added to deal with "ane" which can be "and" or "many".

=== Structural Transfer ===
* Added articles in copular phrases.
** "Ai taneyan."
** "I am not child." -> "I am not a child."
* Added rules for positive copular phrases.
** "Je bwernabar namwer."
** "He sick now." -> "He is sick now."
* Added verbs and tense marking.
** "Gwirmir wini as damtafa."
** "Tomorrow woman #prpers #see." -> "Tomorrow woman #prpers will see."
* Added prepositions for instrumental case.
** "Je twena ginem tana."
** "He pig #arrow #kill." -> "He pig killed with an arrow."
* Corrected word order of instransitive clauses with instrumentals.
** "Korano atem difnant."
** "chief #canoe #come." -> "chief came with a canoe."

=== Final Numbers ===
Will go here later!

[[Category:Sp17_TranslationPairs]]

Berik and English

2018-04-24T20:46:30Z

Dswanso1: /* Final Evaluation */

Resources for machine translation between [[Berik]] and English.

= bkl -> eng evaluation =

Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 55

Number of words in test: 40

Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 15

Percentage of unknown words: 37.50 %

-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 54

Word error rate (WER): 98.18 %

Number of position-independent correct words: 1

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 98.18 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 55

Word Error Rate (WER): 100.00 %

Number of position-independent correct words: 0

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100.00 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 1

Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 6.67 %

= Final Evaluation =
=== Initial Precision & Recall ===
* Precision: 100.00000%
* Recall: 78.03738%

=== Adding Stems ===

136 stems were added.

=== Disambiguation ===

4 new disam rules (examples should go here)

=== Structural Transfer ===
* Added articles in copular phrases.
** "Ai taneyan."
** "I am not child." -> "I am not a child."
* Added rules for positive copular phrases.
** "Je bwernabar namwer."
** "He sick now." -> "He is sick now."
* Added verbs and tense marking.
** "Gwirmir wini as damtafa."
** "Tomorrow woman #prpers #see." -> "Tomorrow woman #prpers will see."
* Added prepositions for instrumental case.
** "Je twena ginem tana."
** "He pig #arrow #kill." -> "He pig killed with an arrow."
* Corrected word order of instransitive clauses with instrumentals.
** "Korano atem difnant."
** "chief #canoe #come." -> "chief came with a canoe."

=== Final Numbers ===
Will go here later!

[[Category:Sp17_TranslationPairs]]

Berik and English

2018-04-22T16:59:20Z

Dswanso1: /* Structural Transfer */

Resources for machine translation between [[Berik]] and English.

= bkl -> eng evaluation =

Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 55

Number of words in test: 40

Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 15

Percentage of unknown words: 37.50 %

-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 54

Word error rate (WER): 98.18 %

Number of position-independent correct words: 1

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 98.18 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 55

Word Error Rate (WER): 100.00 %

Number of position-independent correct words: 0

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100.00 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 1

Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 6.67 %

= Final Evaluation =
=== Initial Precision & Recall ===
* Precision: 100.00000%
* Recall: 78.03738%

=== Adding Stems ===

=== (other improvements) ===

=== Structural Transfer ===
* Added articles in copular phrases.
** "Ai taneyan."
** "I am not child." -> "I am not a child."
* Added rules for positive copular phrases.
** "Je bwernabar namwer."
** "He sick now." -> "He is sick now."
* Added verbs and tense marking.
** "Gwirmir wini as damtafa."
** "Tomorrow woman #prpers #see." -> "Tomorrow woman #prpers will see."
* Added prepositions for instrumental case.
** "Je twena ginem tana."
** "He pig #arrow #kill." -> "He pig killed with an arrow."
* Corrected word order of instransitive clauses with instrumentals.
** "Korano atem difnant."
** "chief #canoe #come." -> "chief came with a canoe."

=== Final Numbers ===
Will go here later!

[[Category:Sp17_TranslationPairs]]

Berik and English

2018-04-19T16:28:31Z

Dswanso1: /* Structural Transfer */

Resources for machine translation between [[Berik]] and English.

= bkl -> eng evaluation =

Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 55

Number of words in test: 40

Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 15

Percentage of unknown words: 37.50 %

-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 54

Word error rate (WER): 98.18 %

Number of position-independent correct words: 1

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 98.18 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 55

Word Error Rate (WER): 100.00 %

Number of position-independent correct words: 0

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100.00 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 1

Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 6.67 %

= Final Evaluation =
=== Initial Precision & Recall ===
* Precision: 100.00000%
* Recall: 78.03738%

=== Adding Stems ===

=== (other improvements) ===

=== Structural Transfer ===
* Added articles in copular phrases.
** "Ai taneyan."
** "I am not child." -> "I am not a child."
* Added rules for positive copular phrases.
** "Je bwernabar namwer."
** "He sick now." -> "He is sick now."

=== Final Numbers ===
Will go here later!

[[Category:Sp17_TranslationPairs]]

Berik and English

2018-04-19T15:44:01Z

Dswanso1:

Berik and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-12T15:58:41Z

Dswanso1:

=== Pre-Evaluation ===
* Edit distance: 61
* Word Error Rate (WER): 89.71 %
* Number of position-independent correct words: 8
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 88.24 %

=== Copulas ===

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai taneyan.|I am not a child.}} ("I am not a child.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} child{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==== Ai taneyan. ====

<pre>echo "Ai taneyan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl bkl-tagger
^Ai<prn><subj>$ ^tane<n>+yan<neg>$^..<sent>$</pre>

<pre>echo "Ai taneyan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl-eng bkl-eng-biltrans
^Ai<prn><subj>/Prpers<prn><p1><mf><sg><subj>$ ^tane<n>/child<n>$ ^yan<neg>/not<adv>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</pre>

<pre>echo "Ai taneyan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl-eng bkl-eng-chunker

apertium-transfer: Rule 6 Ai<prn><subj>/Prpers<prn><p1><mf><sg><subj>

apertium-transfer: Rule 3 tane<n>/child<n>

apertium-transfer: Rule 4 yan<neg>/not<adv>

apertium-transfer: Rule 1 .<sent>/.<sent>

apertium-transfer: Rule 1 .<sent>/.<sent>
^prn<PRN><p1><sg>{^Prpers<prn><p1><mf><sg><subj>$}$ ^n<SN><sg>{^child<n><2>$}$ ^neg<NEG>{^not<adv>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$</pre>

<pre>echo "Ai taneyan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl-eng bkl-eng-interchunk

apertium-interchunk: Rule 2 prn<PRN><p1><sg>{^Prpers<prn><p1><mf><sg><subj>$} n<SN><sg>{^child<n><2>$} neg<NEG>{^not<adv>$}
^prn<PRN><p1><sg>{^Prpers<prn><p1><mf><sg><subj>$}$ ^be<V><p1><sg>{^be<vbser><pres><2><3>$}$ ^neg<NEG>{^not<adv>$}$ ^n<SN><sg>{^child<n><2>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$</pre>

<pre>echo "Ai taneyan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl-eng bkl-eng-postchunk
^Prpers<prn><p1><mf><sg><subj>$ ^be<vbser><pres><p1><sg>$ ^not<adv>$ ^child<n><sg>$^.<sent>$^.<sent>$</pre>

<pre>echo "Ai taneyan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl-eng bkl-eng
I am not child.</pre>

==== Je namwer bwernabaryan. ====

<pre>coconut[ling073-bkl-eng]$ echo "Je namwer bwernabaryan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl bkl-tagger
^Je<prn><subj>$ ^namwer<adv>$ ^bwernabar<n>+yan<neg>$^..<sent>$</pre>

<pre>coconut[ling073-bkl-eng]$ echo "Je namwer bwernabaryan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl-eng bkl-eng-biltrans
^Je<prn><subj>/Prpers<prn><p3><m><sg><subj>/Prpers<prn><p3><f><sg><subj>/Prpers<prn><p3><nt><sg><subj>$ ^namwer<adv>/now<adv>$ ^bwernabar<n>/sickness<n>/sick<adj>$ ^yan<neg>/not<adv>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</pre>

<pre>coconut[ling073-bkl-eng]$ echo "Je namwer bwernabaryan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl-eng bkl-eng-chunker

apertium-transfer: Rule 6 Je<prn><subj>/Prpers<prn><p3><m><sg><subj>/Prpers<prn><p3><f><sg><subj>/Prpers<prn><p3><nt><sg><subj>

apertium-transfer: Rule 5 namwer<adv>/now<adv>

apertium-transfer: Rule 3 bwernabar<n>/sick<adj>

apertium-transfer: Rule 4 yan<neg>/not<adv>

apertium-transfer: Rule 1 .<sent>/.<sent>

apertium-transfer: Rule 1 .<sent>/.<sent>
^prn<PRN><p3><sg>{^Prpers<prn><p3><m><sg><subj>$}$ ^adv<ADV>{^now<adv>$}$ ^n<SA><sg>{^sick<adj><sint>$}$ ^neg<NEG>{^not<adv>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$</pre>

<pre>coconut[ling073-bkl-eng]$ echo "Je namwer bwernabaryan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl-eng bkl-eng-interchunk

apertium-interchunk: Rule 1 prn<PRN><p3><sg>{^Prpers<prn><p3><m><sg><subj>$} adv<ADV>{^now<adv>$} n<SA><sg>{^sick<adj><sint>$} neg<NEG>{^not<adv>$}
^prn<PRN><p3><sg>{^Prpers<prn><p3><m><sg><subj>$}$ ^be<V><p3><sg>{^be<vbser><pres><2><3>$}$ ^neg<NEG>{^not<adv>$}$ ^n<SA><sg>{^sick<adj><sint>$}$ ^adv<ADV>{^now<adv>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$</pre>

<pre>coconut[ling073-bkl-eng]$ echo "Je namwer bwernabaryan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl-eng bkl-eng-postchunk
^Prpers<prn><p3><m><sg><subj>$ ^be<vbser><pres><p3><sg>$ ^not<adv>$ ^sick<adj><sint>$ ^now<adv>$^.<sent>$^.<sent>$</pre>

<pre>coconut[ling073-bkl-eng]$ echo "Je namwer bwernabaryan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl-eng bkl-eng
He is not sick now.</pre>

=== Post-Evaluation ===

* Edit distance: 52
* Word Error Rate (WER): 76.47 %
* Number of position-independent correct words: 18
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 73.53 %

[[Category:Sp18_StructuralTransfer]]

Berik and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-10T17:25:19Z

Dswanso1: Created page with "=== Pre-Evaluation === * Edit distance: 61 * Word Error Rate (WER): 89.71 % * Number of position-independent correct words: 8 * Position-independent word error rate (PER): 88...."

Berik and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-27T16:38:42Z

Dswanso1: /* Word Order */

=== Word Order ===
* English is SVO, Berik is SOV.


* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Petrus je onap sofwa.|Peter goes to the jungle.}} ("Peter goes to the jungle.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|Petrus{{tag|n}} je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} onap{{tag|n}} sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|Peter{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} to{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} jungle{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Gwirmir wini as damtafa.|Tomorrow the woman will see me.}} ("Tomorrow the woman will see me.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|gwirmir{{tag|temp}} wini{{tag|n}} ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|acc}} damtafa{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|light}}|tomorrow{{tag|adv}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} woman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Niko am saftena.|Niko hit me.}} ("Niko hit me.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|Niko{{tag|n}} ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|acc}} saftena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|Niko{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} hit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Fi ap golbili.|Give the salt to me.}} ("Give the salt to me.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|fi{{tag|n}} ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dat}} golbili{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|light}}|give{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|imp}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} salt{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} to{{tag|pr}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Copulas ===
* English has copulas, Berik doesn't.
* Negative copulas are "copula adverb" in English, in Berik it's a negative suffix on the object.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai taneyan.|I am not a child.}} ("I am not a child.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} child{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je namwer bwernabaryan.|He is not sick now.}} ("He is not sick now.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} namwer{{tag|temp}} bwernabar{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} sick{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} now{{tag|adv}}}}


=== Lists ===
* In Berik, lists do not include a conjunction to follow the penultimate element, instead use comitative on last element.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai, Daud, Sekati, Piterfar twensar.|David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.}} ("David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} Daud{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Sekati{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Piter{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} twensar{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|David{{tag|np}}{{tag|cog}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Scotty{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Peter{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} together{{tag|adv}}}}



=== Tools and definiteness ===

* Berik has a separate case for tools, English uses prepositions.
* Berik does not mark definiteness.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Korano atem difnant.|The chief came with a canoe.}} ("The chief came with a canoe.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} at{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} difna{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} chief{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} come{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} canoe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je twena ginem tana.|He killed the pig with an arrow.}} ("He killed the pig with an arrow.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} tana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|light}}{{tag|pst}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} kill{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} arrow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Plurality and subject repetition ===

* Berik nouns do not mark plurality.
* A noun phrase in Berik with multiple modifiers will be split by the verb and/or a repetition of the subject. {{inlineComment|I don't get this...}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai twena anesus ai damtabili unggunfena setetina.|I see many large black pigs.}} ("I see many large black pigs.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} ane{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}} ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} damtabili{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}} unggunfena{{tag|adj}} setetina{{tag|adj}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} many{{tag|det}}{{tag|qnt}}{{tag|pl}} large{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} black{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

[[Category:Sp18_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Berik and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-27T16:26:43Z

Dswanso1: /* Word Order */

=== Word Order ===
* English is SVO, Berik is SOV.


* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Petrus je onap sofwa.|Peter goes to the jungle.}} ("Peter goes to the jungle.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|Petrus{{tag|n}} je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} onap{{tag|n}} sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|Peter{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} to{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} jungle{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Gwirmir wini as damtafa.|Tomorrow the woman will see me.}} ("Tomorrow the woman will see me.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|gwirmir{{tag|temp}} wini{{tag|n}} ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|acc}} damtafa{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|light}}|tomorrow{{tag|adv}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} woman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Niko am saftena.|Niko hit me.}} ("Niko hit me.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|Niko{{tag|n}} ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|acc}} saftena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|Niko{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} hit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Copulas ===
* English has copulas, Berik doesn't.
* Negative copulas are "copula adverb" in English, in Berik it's a negative suffix on the object.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai taneyan.|I am not a child.}} ("I am not a child.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} child{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je namwer bwernabaryan.|He is not sick now.}} ("He is not sick now.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} namwer{{tag|temp}} bwernabar{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} sick{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} now{{tag|adv}}}}


=== Lists ===
* In Berik, lists do not include a conjunction to follow the penultimate element, instead use comitative on last element.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai, Daud, Sekati, Piterfar twensar.|David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.}} ("David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} Daud{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Sekati{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Piter{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} twensar{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|David{{tag|np}}{{tag|cog}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Scotty{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Peter{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} together{{tag|adv}}}}



=== Tools and definiteness ===

* Berik has a separate case for tools, English uses prepositions.
* Berik does not mark definiteness.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Korano atem difnant.|The chief came with a canoe.}} ("The chief came with a canoe.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} at{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} difna{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} chief{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} come{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} canoe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je twena ginem tana.|He killed the pig with an arrow.}} ("He killed the pig with an arrow.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} tana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|light}}{{tag|pst}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} kill{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} arrow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Plurality and subject repetition ===

* Berik nouns do not mark plurality.
* A noun phrase in Berik with multiple modifiers will be split by the verb and/or a repetition of the subject. {{inlineComment|I don't get this...}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai twena anesus ai damtabili unggunfena setetina.|I see many large black pigs.}} ("I see many large black pigs.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} ane{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}} ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} damtabili{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}} unggunfena{{tag|adj}} setetina{{tag|adj}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} many{{tag|det}}{{tag|qnt}}{{tag|pl}} large{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} black{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

[[Category:Sp18_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Berik and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-27T16:17:08Z

Dswanso1:

=== Word Order ===
* English is SVO, Berik is SOV.


* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Petrus je onap sofwa.|Peter goes to the jungle.}} ("Peter goes to the jungle.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|Petrus{{tag|n}} je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} onap{{tag|n}} sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|Peter{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} to{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} jungle{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Copulas ===
* English has copulas, Berik doesn't.
* Negative copulas are "copula adverb" in English, in Berik it's a negative suffix on the object.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai taneyan.|I am not a child.}} ("I am not a child.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} child{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je namwer bwernabaryan.|He is not sick now.}} ("He is not sick now.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} namwer{{tag|temp}} bwernabar{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} sick{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} now{{tag|adv}}}}


=== Lists ===
* In Berik, lists do not include a conjunction to follow the penultimate element, instead use comitative on last element.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai, Daud, Sekati, Piterfar twensar.|David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.}} ("David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} Daud{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Sekati{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Piter{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} twensar{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|David{{tag|np}}{{tag|cog}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Scotty{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Peter{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} together{{tag|adv}}}}



=== Tools and definiteness ===

* Berik has a separate case for tools, English uses prepositions.
* Berik does not mark definiteness.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Korano atem difnant.|The chief came with a canoe.}} ("The chief came with a canoe.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} at{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} difna{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} chief{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} come{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} canoe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je twena ginem tana.|He killed the pig with an arrow.}} ("He killed the pig with an arrow.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} tana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|light}}{{tag|pst}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} kill{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} arrow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Plurality and subject repetition ===

* Berik nouns do not mark plurality.
* A noun phrase in Berik with multiple modifiers will be split by the verb and/or a repetition of the subject. {{inlineComment|I don't get this...}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai twena anesus ai damtabili unggunfena setetina.|I see many large black pigs.}} ("I see many large black pigs.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} ane{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}} ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} damtabili{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}} unggunfena{{tag|adj}} setetina{{tag|adj}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} many{{tag|det}}{{tag|qnt}}{{tag|pl}} large{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} black{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

[[Category:Sp18_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Berik and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-27T16:16:11Z

Dswanso1:

=== Word Order ===
* English is SVO, Berik is SOV.


* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Petrus je onap sofwa.|Peter goes to the jungle.|Petrus{{tag|n}} je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} onap{{tag|n}} sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|Peter{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} to{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} jungle{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Copulas ===
* English has copulas, Berik doesn't.
* Negative copulas are "copula adverb" in English, in Berik it's a negative suffix on the object.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai taneyan.|I am not a child.}} ("I am not a child.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} child{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je namwer bwernabaryan.|He is not sick now.}} ("He is not sick now.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} namwer{{tag|temp}} bwernabar{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} sick{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} now{{tag|adv}}}}


=== Lists ===
* In Berik, lists do not include a conjunction to follow the penultimate element, instead use comitative on last element.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai, Daud, Sekati, Piterfar twensar.|David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.}} ("David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} Daud{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Sekati{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Piter{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} twensar{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|David{{tag|np}}{{tag|cog}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Scotty{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Peter{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} together{{tag|adv}}}}



=== Tools and definiteness ===

* Berik has a separate case for tools, English uses prepositions.
* Berik does not mark definiteness.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Korano atem difnant.|The chief came with a canoe.}} ("The chief came with a canoe.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} at{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} difna{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} chief{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} come{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} canoe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je twena ginem tana.|He killed the pig with an arrow.}} ("He killed the pig with an arrow.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} tana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|light}}{{tag|pst}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} kill{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} arrow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Plurality and subject repetition ===

* Berik nouns do not mark plurality.
* A noun phrase in Berik with multiple modifiers will be split by the verb and/or a repetition of the subject. {{inlineComment|I don't get this...}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai twena anesus ai damtabili unggunfena setetina.|I see many large black pigs.}} ("I see many large black pigs.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} ane{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}} ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} damtabili{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}} unggunfena{{tag|adj}} setetina{{tag|adj}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} many{{tag|det}}{{tag|qnt}}{{tag|pl}} large{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} black{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

[[Category:Sp18_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Berik and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-22T15:37:20Z

Dswanso1: /* Nouns */

=== Word Order ===
* English is SVO, Berik is SOV.
=== Copulas ===
* English has copulas, Berik doesn't.
* Negative copulas are "copula adverb" in English, in Berik it's a negative suffix on the object.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai taneyan.|I am not a child.}} ("I am not a child.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} child{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je namwer bwernabaryan.|He is not sick now.}} ("He is not sick now.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} namwer{{tag|temp}} bwernabar{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} sick{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} now{{tag|adv}}}}

=== Lists ===
* In Berik, first person pronouns come first in lists, in English last.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai, Daud, Sekati, Piterfar twensar.|David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.}} ("David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} Daud{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Sekati{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Piter{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} twensar{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|David{{tag|np}}{{tag|cog}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Scotty{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Peter{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} together{{tag|adv}}}}

=== Tools and definiteness ===

* Berik has a separate case for tools, English uses prepositions.
* Berik does not mark definiteness.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Korano atem difnant.|The chief came with a canoe.}} ("The chief came with a canoe.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} at{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} difna{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} chief{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} come{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} canoe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je twena ginem tana.|He killed the pig with an arrow.}} ("He killed the pig with an arrow.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} tana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|light}}{{tag|pst}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} kill{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} arrow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Plurality and subject repetition ===

* Berik nouns do not mark plurality.
* A noun phrase in Berik with multiple modifiers will be split by the verb and/or a repetition of the subject.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai twena anesus ai damtabili unggunfena setetina.|I see many large black pigs.}} ("I see many large black pigs.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} ane{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}} ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} damtabili{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}} unggunfena{{tag|adj}} setetina{{tag|adj}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} many{{tag|det}}{{tag|qnt}}{{tag|pl}} large{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} black{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

[[Category:Sp18_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Berik and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-22T15:36:59Z

Dswanso1: /* eng-bkl tests */

=== Word Order ===
* English is SVO, Berik is SOV.
=== Copulas ===
* English has copulas, Berik doesn't.
* Negative copulas are "copula adverb" in English, in Berik it's a negative suffix on the object.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai taneyan.|I am not a child.}} ("I am not a child.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} child{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je namwer bwernabaryan.|He is not sick now.}} ("He is not sick now.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} namwer{{tag|temp}} bwernabar{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} sick{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} now{{tag|adv}}}}

=== Lists ===
* In Berik, first person pronouns come first in lists, in English last.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai, Daud, Sekati, Piterfar twensar.|David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.}} ("David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} Daud{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Sekati{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Piter{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} twensar{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|David{{tag|np}}{{tag|cog}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Scotty{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Peter{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} together{{tag|adv}}}}

== Nouns ==

=== Tools and definiteness ===

* Berik has a separate case for tools, English uses prepositions.
* Berik does not mark definiteness.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Korano atem difnant.|The chief came with a canoe.}} ("The chief came with a canoe.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} at{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} difna{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} chief{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} come{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} canoe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je twena ginem tana.|He killed the pig with an arrow.}} ("He killed the pig with an arrow.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} tana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|light}}{{tag|pst}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} kill{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} arrow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Plurality and subject repetition ===

* Berik nouns do not mark plurality.
* A noun phrase in Berik with multiple modifiers will be split by the verb and/or a repetition of the subject.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai twena anesus ai damtabili unggunfena setetina.|I see many large black pigs.}} ("I see many large black pigs.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} ane{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}} ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} damtabili{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}} unggunfena{{tag|adj}} setetina{{tag|adj}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} many{{tag|det}}{{tag|qnt}}{{tag|pl}} large{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} black{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

[[Category:Sp18_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Berik and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-22T15:36:31Z

Dswanso1: /* bkl-eng tests */

=== Word Order ===
* English is SVO, Berik is SOV.
=== Copulas ===
* English has copulas, Berik doesn't.
* Negative copulas are "copula adverb" in English, in Berik it's a negative suffix on the object.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai taneyan.|I am not a child.}} ("I am not a child.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} child{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je namwer bwernabaryan.|He is not sick now.}} ("He is not sick now.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} namwer{{tag|temp}} bwernabar{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} sick{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} now{{tag|adv}}}}

=== Lists ===
* In Berik, first person pronouns come first in lists, in English last.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai, Daud, Sekati, Piterfar twensar.|David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.}} ("David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} Daud{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Sekati{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Piter{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} twensar{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|David{{tag|np}}{{tag|cog}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Scotty{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Peter{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} together{{tag|adv}}}}

== Nouns ==

* Berik has a separate case for tools, English uses prepositions.
* Berik does not mark definiteness.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Korano atem difnant.|The chief came with a canoe.}} ("The chief came with a canoe.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} at{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} difna{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} chief{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} come{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} canoe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je twena ginem tana.|He killed the pig with an arrow.}} ("He killed the pig with an arrow.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} tana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|light}}{{tag|pst}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} kill{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} arrow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* Berik nouns do not mark plurality.
* A noun phrase in Berik with multiple modifiers will be split by the verb and/or a repetition of the subject.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai twena anesus ai damtabili unggunfena setetina.|I see many large black pigs.}} ("I see many large black pigs.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} ane{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}} ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} damtabili{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}} unggunfena{{tag|adj}} setetina{{tag|adj}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} many{{tag|det}}{{tag|qnt}}{{tag|pl}} large{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} black{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

== eng-bkl tests ==

[[Category:Sp18_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Berik and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-22T15:32:41Z

Dswanso1:

== bkl-eng tests ==

* English has copulas, Berik doesn't.
* Negative copulas are "copula adverb" in English, in Berik it's a negative suffix on the object.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai taneyan.|I am not a child.}} ("I am not a child.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} child{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je namwer bwernabaryan.|He is not sick now.}} ("He is not sick now.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} namwer{{tag|temp}} bwernabar{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} sick{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} now{{tag|adv}}}}

* English is SVO, Berik is SOV.
* In Berik, first person pronouns come first in lists, in English last.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai, Daud, Sekati, Piterfar twensar.|David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.}} ("David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} Daud{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Sekati{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Piter{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} twensar{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|David{{tag|np}}{{tag|cog}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Scotty{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Peter{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} together{{tag|adv}}}}

== Nouns ==

* Berik has a separate case for tools, English uses prepositions.
* Berik does not mark definiteness.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Korano atem difnant.|The chief came with a canoe.}} ("The chief came with a canoe.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} at{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} difna{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} chief{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} come{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} canoe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je twena ginem tana.|He killed the pig with an arrow.}} ("He killed the pig with an arrow.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} tana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|light}}{{tag|pst}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} kill{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} arrow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* Berik nouns do not mark plurality.
* A noun phrase in Berik with multiple modifiers will be split by the verb and/or a repetition of the subject.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai twena anesus ai damtabili unggunfena setetina.|I see many large black pigs.}} ("I see many large black pigs.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} ane{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}} ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} damtabili{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}} unggunfena{{tag|adj}} setetina{{tag|adj}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} many{{tag|det}}{{tag|qnt}}{{tag|pl}} large{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} black{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

== eng-bkl tests ==

[[Category:Sp18_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Berik and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-22T15:28:46Z

Dswanso1:

== bkl-eng tests ==

* English has copulas, Berik doesn't.
* Negative copulas are "copula adverb" in English, in Berik it's a negative suffix on the object.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai taneyan.|I am not a child.}} ("I am not a child.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} child{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je namwer bwernabaryan.|He is not sick now.}} ("He is not sick now.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} namwer{{tag|temp}} bwernabar{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} sick{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} now{{tag|adv}}}}

* English is SVO, Berik is SOV.
* Berik has a separate case for tools, English uses prepositions.
* Berik does not mark definiteness.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Korano atem difnant.|The chief came with a canoe.}} ("The chief came with a canoe.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} at{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} difna{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} chief{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} come{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} canoe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je twena ginem tana.|He killed the pig with an arrow.}} ("He killed the pig with an arrow.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} tana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|light}}{{tag|pst}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} kill{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} arrow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* Berik nouns do not mark plurality.
* A noun phrase in Berik with multiple modifiers will be split by the verb and/or a repetition of the subject.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai twena anesus ai damtabili unggunfena setetina.|I see many large black pigs.}} ("I see many large black pigs.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} ane{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}} ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} damtabili{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}} unggunfena{{tag|adj}} setetina{{tag|adj}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} many{{tag|det}}{{tag|qnt}}{{tag|pl}} large{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} black{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* In Berik, first person pronouns come first in lists, in English last.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai, Daud, Sekati, Piterfar twensar.|David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.}} ("David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} Daud{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Sekati{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Piter{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} twensar{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|David{{tag|np}}{{tag|cog}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Scotty{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Peter{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} together{{tag|adv}}}}

== eng-bkl tests ==

[[Category:Sp18_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Berik and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-20T16:37:27Z

Dswanso1: /* bkl-eng tests */

== bkl-eng tests ==

* English has copulas, Berik doesn't.
* Negative copulas are "copula adverb" in English, in Berik it's a negative suffix on the object.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai taneyan.|I am not a child.}} ("I am not a child.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} child{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je namwer bwernabaryan.|He is not sick now.}} ("He is not sick now.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} namwer{{tag|temp}} bwernabar{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} sick{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} now{{tag|adv}}}}

* English is SVO, Berik is SOV.
* Berik has a separate case for tools, English uses prepositions.
* Berik does not mark definiteness.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Korano atem difnant.|The chief came with a canoe.}} ("The chief came with a canoe.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} at{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} difna{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} chief{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} come{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} canoe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je twena ginem tana.|He killed the pig with an arrow.}} ("He killed the pig with an arrow.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} tana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|light}}{{tag|pst}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} kill{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} arrow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* Berik nouns do not mark plurality.
* A noun phrase in Berik with multiple modifiers will be split by the verb and/or a repetition of the subject.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai twena anesus ai damtabili unggunfena setetina.|I see many large black pigs.}} ("I see many large black pigs.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} ane{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}} ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} damtabili{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}} unggunfena{{tag|adj}} setetina{{tag|adj}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} many{{tag|det}}{{tag|qnt}}{{tag|pl}} large{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} black{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* In Berik, first person pronouns come first in lists, in English last.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai, Daud, Sekati, Piterfar twensar.|David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.}} ("David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} Daud{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Sekati{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Piter{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} twensar{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|David{{tag|np}}{{tag|cog}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Scotty{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Peter{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} together{{tag|adv}}}}

== eng-bkl tests ==

[[Category:Sp17_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Berik and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-20T16:30:53Z

Dswanso1: /* bkl-eng tests */

== bkl-eng tests ==

* English has copulas, Berik doesn't.
* Negative copulas are "copula adverb" in English, in Berik it's a negative suffix on the object.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai taneyan.|I am not a child.}} ("I am not a child.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} child{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je namwer bwernabaryan.|He is not sick now.}} ("He is not sick now.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} namwer{{tag|temp}} bwernabar{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} sick{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} now{{tag|adv}}}}

* English is SVO, Berik is SOV.
* Berik has a separate case for tools, English uses prepositions.
* Berik does not mark definiteness.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Korano atem difnant.|The chief came with a canoe.}} ("The chief came with a canoe.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} at{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} difna{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} chief{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} come{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} canoe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je twena ginem tana.|He killed the pig with an arrow.}} ("He killed the pig with an arrow.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} tana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|light}}{{tag|pst}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} kill{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} arrow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* Berik nouns do not mark plurality.
* A noun phrase in Berik with multiple modifiers will be split by the verb and/or a repetition of the subject.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai twena anesus ai damtabili unggunfena setetina.|I see many large black pigs.}} ("I see many large black pigs.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc} ane{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}} ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} damtabili{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}} unggunfena{{tag|adj}} setetina{{tag|adj}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} many{{tag|det}}{{tag|qnt}}{{tag|pl}} large{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} black{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

== eng-bkl tests ==

[[Category:Sp17_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Berik and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-20T16:20:06Z

Dswanso1: /* bkl-eng tests */

Berik and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-20T15:45:12Z

Dswanso1: Created page with "== bkl-eng tests == == eng-bkl tests == Category:Sp17_ContrastiveGrammars"

== bkl-eng tests ==

== eng-bkl tests ==

[[Category:Sp17_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Berik and English

2018-03-20T15:43:35Z

Dswanso1: Created page with "Resources for machine translation between Berik and English. Category:Sp17_TranslationPairs"

Resources for machine translation between [[Berik]] and English.

[[Category:Sp17_TranslationPairs]]

Berik

2018-03-20T15:43:26Z

Dswanso1: /* Developed Resources */

From Ethnologue [https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bkl]: Code: bkl, Pop: 1200, Status: population declining, Script: Latin, Location: Indonesia.
Based on a skim of the grammar sketch [http://papuaweb.org/dlib/irian/16.pdf] it looks largely agglutinating with some fusional tendencies (jila ~ jalbili, nasona ~ nasbawena verb conjugation).

= Developed Resources =

=== Keyboard ===

[[Berik/Keyboard]]

Repository [https://github.swarthmore.edu/jspring1/ling073-bkl-keyboard]

=== Morphology Documentation ===

[[Berik/Grammar]]

=== Machine Translation ===

[[Berik_and_English]]

= External Resources =

Wikipedia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berik_language]

Language Archives (collection of resources) [http://www.language-archives.org/language/bkl]

SIL [https://www.sil.org/resources/search/language/bkl] (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)

Daniel knows the people who did the Bible translation.

=== Computational ===

None found (likely none to find).

=== Dictionaries ===

* Swadesh list: [https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_bkl_swadesh-1] (CC BY 3.0)

* Lexicon: [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/37551] (requested from ILL) (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)

* Lexicon: http://transnewguinea.org/language/berik ~500 words, (CC BY 4.0)

* Collections: [http://glottolog.org/resource/reference/id/42038] and [http://glottolog.org/resource/reference/id/139265] these seem likely to be redundant with the other lists, given that they may well have been compiled from those lists. (not requested yet)

=== Scientific and Grammatical ===

* A Grammatical Sketch of Berik [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/37537] (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)

* A Preliminary Berik Phonology [http://papuaweb.org/dlib/irian/4-1.PDF] (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)

* Preliminary analysis of Berik clause and clause root types [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/37700] (requested from ILL, Daniel has PDF) (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)

* Some counting systems of Irian Jaya [http://papuaweb.org/dlib/irian/6-3.PDF] (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)

* In Pursuit of Discourse Particles [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/4618] (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) (requested from ILL, Daniel has PDF)

* Berik Pronouns [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/37493] (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) (requested from ILL, Daniel has PDF)

* The Berik Particle 'ga' [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/37509] - about a discourse particle (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) (requested from ILL, Daniel has PDF)

{{comment|Are you guys sure about all these CC licenses? I was having trouble identifying at least a few of them as such. Also, consider using bulleted lists and [http://www.swarthmore.edu/ linking to text] -JNW}}

{{comment|The [https://www.sil.org/resources/language-culture-archives/catalog_faq SIL website] says that their materials are available under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 - [[User:Dswanso1|Dswanso1]] ([[User talk:Dswanso1|talk]]) 10:25, 30 January 2018 (EST)}}

=== Corpora ===

Bible [http://listen.bible.is/BKLLAI/Matt/1] (all rights reserved? maybe try contacting SIL or the Westrums?)

SIL lists some phrasebooks, do we want to try to get these? If so, see also [http://glottolog.org/resource/reference/id/146618]

[[Category:sp18_ResourceDocumentation]]
[[Category:Berik]]

Berik/Transducer

2018-03-06T00:56:19Z

Dswanso1: update numbers

Code: [https://github.swarthmore.edu/jspring1/ling073-bkl https://github.swarthmore.edu/jspring1/ling073-bkl]

== Evaluation ==

* Current corpus coverage: 44.80%
* Number of stems: 112
** Does not include pronouns (4?) and verbs (3?)
* Top unknown words:
** aa (64)
** jeta (42)
** ge (31)
** taterisi (11)
** aane (11)
** jebe (9)
** bosna (9)
** anes (9)
** asal (8)
** asala (8)
** Aamai (8)
** temawer (8)
** Jepga (8)
** aaiserem (8)
** enggame (7)
** Taterisi (7)
** Sanbagiri (6)
* Analyzer tests passing: 92/118 (77.97%)
* Generator tests passing: 92/136 (67.65%)
* Corpus tests passing: 14/33 (42.42%)

== Notes ==

Initial corpus coverage was 21.98%.

Coverage was raised to 34.65% by adding
* {{morphTest|jamere{{tag|locl}}|jamere}}
* {{morphTest|Yesus{{tag|n}}|Yesus}}
* {{morphTest|Yusuf{{tag|n}}|Yusuf}}
* {{morphTest|Maria{{tag|n}}|Maria}}
* {{morphTest|Daud{{tag|n}}|Daud}}
* {{morphTest|angtane{{tag|n}}|angtane}}
* {{morphTest|raja{{tag|n}}|raja}}
* {{morphTest|taman{{tag|n}}|taman}}
* {{morphTest|kapka{{tag|adj}}|kapka}}
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|imp}}|se}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|jemna}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}|jam}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}+wer{{tag|post}}|jewer}}
* {{morphTest|gam{{tag|part}}|gam}}

Adding "jei" as a form of "je" raised coverage to 42.84%.
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}|jei}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|part}}|jeiserem}}

=== Certain tests still do not work ===

Distance
* {{morphTest|disultena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dst}}|disultetna}}
* {{morphTest|gwerana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dst}}|gwerantetna}}

Gender
* {{morphTest|sarbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|sarbili}}
* {{morphTest|eyebana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|eyebili}}
* {{morphTest|gwebana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|gwebili}}
* {{morphTest|gerbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|golbili}}
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|domola}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|sofola}}

Number
* {{morphTest|jila{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge jila}}
* {{morphTest|sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge sofwa}}
* {{morphTest|nasona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge nasona}}
* {{morphTest|fina{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge fina}}
* {{morphTest|jila{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge jalbili}}
* {{morphTest|sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge sofwabili}}
* {{morphTest|nasona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge nasbawena}}
* {{morphTest|fina{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge fibili}}

These tests do not work since we did not get around to implementing them, and were not common enough in our corpus to warrant implementing, compared to other more common forms.

[[Category:Sp18_Transducers]]

Berik/Grammar

2018-03-03T13:21:54Z

Dswanso1: /* To Give */

== Classes ==

The [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/37537 Grammatical Sketch] lists the uninflectable closed classes as:
* Response words ("yes", "no", "don't want") {{tag|resp}}
* Pseudo-Imperatives ("come", "watch out", but not related to the verbs) {{tag|psimp}}
* Exclamatory words ("(amazement)", "(pity)") {{tag|ij}}
* Interrogatives ("what", "who", "why") {{tag|itg}}
* Numerals (only "1", "2", "3", "4") {{tag|num}}
* Manner Adverbs ("also", "again", "already") {{tag|adv}}{{tag|man}}
* Temporals ("today", "yesterday", "tomorrow") {{tag|temp}}
* Locationals ("middle of", "on", "behind", it's unclear how these relate to prepositions) {{tag|locl}}
* Conjunctions ("and", "or", "then") {{tag|conj}}

The inflectable classes are:
* Nouns (below) {{tag|n}}
* Verbs (below) {{tag|v}}
* Pronouns (there should perhaps be a distinction between subject and non-subject pronouns) {{tag|prn}}
* Modifiers (adjectives, with regular derivation to adverbs) {{tag|adj}}

== Modifiers ==

Adjectives take the suffix « -sus » as an intensifier.

* {{morphTest|berbere{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}}|berberesus}}
* {{morphTest|bukona{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}}|bukonasus}}
* {{morphTest|kekelna{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}}|kekelnasus}}
* {{morphTest|bijua{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}}|bijuasus}}
* {{morphTest|ane{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}}|anesus}}
* {{morphTest|baabeta{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}}|baabetasus}}

Double intensification is marked with additional full reduplication of the root.

Adjectives are made into adverbs with the suffixes «-fer» and «-ber».

* {{morphTest|waakena{{tag|adj}}{{tag|advl}}|waakenfer}}
* {{morphTest|bastantoiya{{tag|adj}}{{tag|advl}}|bastantoifer}}
* {{morphTest|bijua{{tag|adj}}{{tag|advl}}|bijuaber}}

Adjectives are negated by the suffix «-yan».

* {{morphTest|unggwandusa{{tag|adj}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|unggwandusayan}}
* {{morphTest|samem{{tag|adj}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|samemyan}}

== Pronouns ==

Direct object pronouns take «-s» or «-m» (apparently in free variation).

* {{morphTest|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|acc}}|as}}
* {{morphTest|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|acc}}|am}}

The dative case is marked with «-p».

* {{morphTest|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dat}}|ap}}

The reflexive form of direct object pronouns is formed with the suffix «-nan».

* {{morphTest|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|ref}}|anan}}

The comitative is «-bar».

* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|com}}|jebar}}

Pronoun can attach to the negative word «-yan».

* {{morphTest|ai{{tag|prn}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|aiyan}}

Demonstratives are identical to 1st and 3rd person personal pronouns, and can take the suffix «-serem» to indicate "this one in particular".

* {{morphTest|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|part}}|aiserem}}

== Nouns ==

Nouns occurring as the subject of a sentence typically receive the suffix «-na». However, not every noun receives this inflection.

Consider the following examples where subjects receive the suffix «-na»
* {{morphTest|bangge{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}}|banggena}}

Locational suffixes « -ap » "towards" and « -wer » "away from" occur on nouns.

* {{morphTest|jina{{tag|n}}+ap{{tag|post}}|jinap}}
* {{morphTest|jina{{tag|n}}+wer{{tag|post}}|jinawer}}

When the direction irrelevant, either may be used.

* {{morphTest|sita{{tag|n}}+ap{{tag|post}}|sitap}}
* {{morphTest|sita{{tag|n}}+wer{{tag|post}}|sitawer}}

The suffix « -yan » sometimes occurs on nouns in non-transitive clauses and is used to negate the clause.

* {{morphTest|tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|taneyan}}
* {{morphTest|bwernabar{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|bwernabaryan}}

The suffix « -em » occurs on nouns as an instrument.

* {{morphTest|at{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}}|atem}}
* {{morphTest|gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}}|ginem}}
{{comment|Something's wrong here. Either do gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} ↔ ginem or gin{{tag|n}}>+em{{tag|post}} ↔ ginem.}}

The suffix « -far » (sometimes « -bar ») occurs on nouns as comitative.

* {{morphTest|uwa{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}}|uwafar}}
* {{morphTest|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}}|Koranofar}}
{{comment|Same here}}

The suffix « -bara » indicates a special form of accompanying relationship between a noun and a pronoun. It carries the meaning 'to have,' as in "I have a daughter.'

* {{morphTest|yafontoi{{tag|n}}{{tag|relational}}|yafontoibara}}
* {{morphTest|gwora{{tag|n}}{{tag|relational}}|gworabara}}
{{comment|Same here}}

The suffix « -mana » occurs on nouns as a possessor.

* {{morphTest|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}|Koranomana}}
* {{morphTest|uwa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}|uwamana}}
{{comment|Same here}}

If the possessor precedes the item it possesses, the suffix « -em » is used instead.

* {{morphTest|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}|Koranoem}}
{{comment|Same here}}

== Verbs ==
{{comment|It looks like you have enough data to get a good idea of what's going on. And you really need to figure it out.}}

=== Number ===
Intransitive verbs agree with the subject for dual number by adding the pluralizer word «ge» before the verb.
* {{morphTest|jila{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge jila}}
* {{morphTest|sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge sofwa}}
* {{morphTest|nasona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge nasona}}
* {{morphTest|fina{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge fina}}

For plurals 4 examples are given, but the pattern isn't clear.
* {{morphTest|jila{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge jalbili}}
* {{morphTest|sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge sofwabili}}
* {{morphTest|nasona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge nasbawena}}
* {{morphTest|fina{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge fibili}}

Transitive verbs mark the number of the object.

In dual, the ending appears to be «-sona» for verbs ending in «-(b)ana», which is sometimes accompanied by a vowel change in the stem. There is not enough data to find a pattern for other types of verbs.
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|domsona}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|sofsona}}
* {{morphTest|nasbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|nasona}}
* {{morphTest|telbese{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|telmisi}}
* {{morphTest|wirusu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|wirsosa}}

Plural is again difficult to make out.
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|damtabili}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|saftabana}}
* {{morphTest|nasbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|nasbabili}}
* {{morphTest|telbese{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|telbebesi}}
* {{morphTest|wirusu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|wirtababisi}}

=== Gender ===
Many verbs agree with the gender of the object. Some these have a regular suffix alteration between «-bana» and «-bili».
* {{morphTest|sarbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|sarbili}}
* {{morphTest|eyebana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|eyebili}}
* {{morphTest|gwebana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|gwebili}}

Others undergo stem changes. Some of these are very similar to the suffix alteration.
* {{morphTest|gerbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|golbili}}

Whereas others (those ending in «-tana», it seems) change the first syllable and change the suffix to «-ola».
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|domola}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|sofola}}

=== Distance ===
When the action takes place far away, the infix «-tet-» is inserted before the final syllable. If the verb ends in «-tena» the result is «-tetna», otherwise the «n» is doubled and «-tet-» is inserted between them.
* {{morphTest|disultena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dst}}|disultetna}}
* {{morphTest|gwerana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dst}}|gwerantetna}}

=== To Give ===
Since verbs are really messy and the grammar documentation is minimal, here's conjugations to "to give", for which the dictionary lists the root as "gubana" or "gobali", for the male and female versions, respectively. Forms are given for both genders in past, present, and future tenses, for singular, dual and plural object number, and with both sunlight and darkness forms.

* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|gulbana}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|gulbanant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|gulbasa}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|gulbafant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|fut}}|gulbafa}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|terbene}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|terbenent}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|terbese}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|terbefent}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|fut}}|terbefe}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|kitobana}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|kitulbanant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|kitobasa}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|kitulbafant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|fut}}|kitobafo}}

And the feminine:
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|gobili}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|golbilint}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|gobisi}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|golbifint}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|fut}}|golbifi}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|terbili}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|terbilint}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|terbese}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|terbefint}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|fut}}|terbifi}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|kitobili}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|kitulbilint}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|kitobisi}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|kitulbifint}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|fut}}|kitulbifi}}
{{comment|shouldn't these have the same lemma, and {{tag|m}} and {{tag|f}} tags?}}

=== To Tie ===
The dictionary documents "to tie up" as "fwirna."

* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|fwirena}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|fwiresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|faarena}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|faaresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|taferebili}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|taferebisi}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|fwirenant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|fwirenant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|faarefant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|faarenant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|taferebilint}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|taferebifint}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|light}}|fwirena}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|dark}}|fwiresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|light}}|faarefa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|dark}}|faaresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|light}}|taferebifi}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|dark}}|taferebisi}}

=== To Place ===
The dictionary documents 'gwarantena' as 'to place'

* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|low}}|gwerantena}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|high}}|gweransona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|low}}|tosontona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|high}}|tosonsona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|low}}|bununtona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|high}}|bununsona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|low}}|gwerantetfa}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|high}}|gweranswetna}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|low}}|tosontetfa}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|high}}|tosonswetna}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|low}}|bununtetfa}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|high}}|bununswetna}}

[[Category:Grammar_documentation]]
[[Category:Berik]]

Berik/Transducer

2018-03-01T16:44:03Z

Dswanso1:

Code: [https://github.swarthmore.edu/jspring1/ling073-bkl https://github.swarthmore.edu/jspring1/ling073-bkl]

== Evaluation ==

* Current corpus coverage: 42.84%
* Number of stems: 112
** Does not include pronouns (4?) and verbs (3?)
* Top unknown words:
** aa (64)
** jeta (42)
** ge (31)
** taterisi (11)
** aane (11)
** jebe (9)
** bosna (9)
** anes (9)
** asal (8)
** asala (8)
** Aamai (8)
** temawer (8)
** Jepga (8)
** aaiserem (8)
** enggame (7)
** Taterisi (7)
** Sanbagiri (6)
* Analyzer tests passing: 85/117 (72.65%)
* Generator tests passing: 85/152 (55.92%)
* Corpus tests passing: 14/33 (42.42%)

== Notes ==

Initial corpus coverage was 21.98%.

Coverage was raised to 34.65% by adding
* {{morphTest|jamere{{tag|locl}}|jamere}}
* {{morphTest|Yesus{{tag|n}}|Yesus}}
* {{morphTest|Yusuf{{tag|n}}|Yusuf}}
* {{morphTest|Maria{{tag|n}}|Maria}}
* {{morphTest|Daud{{tag|n}}|Daud}}
* {{morphTest|angtane{{tag|n}}|angtane}}
* {{morphTest|raja{{tag|n}}|raja}}
* {{morphTest|taman{{tag|n}}|taman}}
* {{morphTest|kapka{{tag|adj}}|kapka}}
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|imp}}|se}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|jemna}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}|jam}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}+wer{{tag|post}}|jewer}}
* {{morphTest|gam{{tag|part}}|gam}}

Adding "jei" as a form of "je" raised coverage to 42.84%.
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}|jei}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|part}}|jeiserem}}

Berik/Transducer

2018-03-01T16:18:13Z

Dswanso1: /* Evaluation */

Code: [https://github.swarthmore.edu/jspring1/ling073-bkl https://github.swarthmore.edu/jspring1/ling073-bkl]

== Evaluation ==

* Current corpus coverage: 34.65%
* Number of stems: 112
** Does not include pronouns (4?) and verbs (3?)
* Top unknown words:
** jei (84)
** aa (64)
** jeta (42)
** jeiserem (36)
** Jei (35)
** ge (31)
** taterisi (11)
** aane (11)
** jebe (9)
** bosna (9)
** anes (9)
** asal (8)
** asala (8)
** Aamai (8)
** temawer (8)
** Jepga (8)
** aaiserem (8)
** enggame (7)
** Taterisi (7)
** Sanbagiri (6)
* Analyzer tests passing: 85/117 (72.65%)
* Generator tests passing: 85/152 (55.92%)
* Corpus tests passing: 14/33 (42.42%)

== Notes ==

Initial corpus coverage was 21.98%.

Coverage was raised to 34.65% by adding
* {{morphTest|jamere{{tag|locl}}|jamere}}
* {{morphTest|Yesus{{tag|n}}|Yesus}}
* {{morphTest|Yusuf{{tag|n}}|Yusuf}}
* {{morphTest|Maria{{tag|n}}|Maria}}
* {{morphTest|Daud{{tag|n}}|Daud}}
* {{morphTest|angtane{{tag|n}}|angtane}}
* {{morphTest|raja{{tag|n}}|raja}}
* {{morphTest|taman{{tag|n}}|taman}}
* {{morphTest|kapka{{tag|adj}}|kapka}}
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|imp}}|se}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|jemna}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}|jam}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}+wer{{tag|post}}|jewer}}
* {{morphTest|gam{{tag|part}}|gam}}

Berik/Transducer

2018-03-01T16:14:30Z

Dswanso1:

Code: [https://github.swarthmore.edu/jspring1/ling073-bkl https://github.swarthmore.edu/jspring1/ling073-bkl]

== Evaluation ==

* Current corpus coverage: 34.65%
* Number of stems: UNKNOWN
* Top unknown words:
** jei (84)
** aa (64)
** jeta (42)
** jeiserem (36)
** Jei (35)
** ge (31)
** taterisi (11)
** aane (11)
** jebe (9)
** bosna (9)
** anes (9)
** asal (8)
** asala (8)
** Aamai (8)
** temawer (8)
** Jepga (8)
** aaiserem (8)
** enggame (7)
** Taterisi (7)
** Sanbagiri (6)
* Analyzer tests passing: 85/117 (72.65%)
* Generator tests passing: 85/152 (55.92%)
* Corpus tests passing: 14/33 (42.42%)

== Notes ==

Initial corpus coverage was 21.98%.

Coverage was raised to 34.65% by adding
* {{morphTest|jamere{{tag|locl}}|jamere}}
* {{morphTest|Yesus{{tag|n}}|Yesus}}
* {{morphTest|Yusuf{{tag|n}}|Yusuf}}
* {{morphTest|Maria{{tag|n}}|Maria}}
* {{morphTest|Daud{{tag|n}}|Daud}}
* {{morphTest|angtane{{tag|n}}|angtane}}
* {{morphTest|raja{{tag|n}}|raja}}
* {{morphTest|taman{{tag|n}}|taman}}
* {{morphTest|kapka{{tag|adj}}|kapka}}
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|imp}}|se}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|jemna}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}|jam}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}+wer{{tag|post}}|jewer}}
* {{morphTest|gam{{tag|part}}|gam}}

Berik/Transducer

2018-02-27T17:44:30Z

Dswanso1: Created page with "Code: [https://github.swarthmore.edu/jspring1/ling073-bkl https://github.swarthmore.edu/jspring1/ling073-bkl] == Evaluation == * Current corpus coverage: 34.65% * Number of..."

Code: [https://github.swarthmore.edu/jspring1/ling073-bkl https://github.swarthmore.edu/jspring1/ling073-bkl]

== Evaluation ==

* Current corpus coverage: 34.65%
* Number of stems: UNKNOWN
* Top unknown words: TODO
* Analyzer tests passing: 85
* Generator tests passing: 85
* Corpus tests passing: UNKNOWN

== Notes ==

Initial corpus coverage was 21.98%.

Coverage was raised to 34.65% by adding {{morphTest|jamere{{tag|locl}}|jamere}},
{{morphTest|Yesus{{tag|n}}|Yesus}},
{{morphTest|Yusuf{{tag|n}}|Yusuf}},
{{morphTest|Maria{{tag|n}}|Maria}},
{{morphTest|Daud{{tag|n}}|Daud}},
{{morphTest|angtane{{tag|n}}|angtane}},
{{morphTest|raja{{tag|n}}|raja}},
{{morphTest|taman{{tag|n}}|taman}},
{{morphTest|kapka{{tag|adj}}|kapka}},
{{morphTest|se{{tag|imp}}|se}},
{{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|jemna}},
{{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}|jam}},
{{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}+wer{{tag|post}}|jewer}},
{{morphTest|gam{{tag|part}}|gam}}.

Berik/Grammar

2018-02-27T17:10:43Z

Dswanso1: /* To Place */ reorder tags

== Classes ==

The [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/37537 Grammatical Sketch] lists the uninflectable closed classes as:
* Response words ("yes", "no", "don't want") {{tag|resp}}
* Pseudo-Imperatives ("come", "watch out", but not related to the verbs) {{tag|psimp}}
* Exclamatory words ("(amazement)", "(pity)") {{tag|ij}}
* Interrogatives ("what", "who", "why") {{tag|itg}}
* Numerals (only "1", "2", "3", "4") {{tag|num}}
* Manner Adverbs ("also", "again", "already") {{tag|adv}}{{tag|man}}
* Temporals ("today", "yesterday", "tomorrow") {{tag|temp}}
* Locationals ("middle of", "on", "behind", it's unclear how these relate to prepositions) {{tag|locl}}
* Conjunctions ("and", "or", "then") {{tag|conj}}

The inflectable classes are:
* Nouns (below) {{tag|n}}
* Verbs (below) {{tag|v}}
* Pronouns (there should perhaps be a distinction between subject and non-subject pronouns) {{tag|prn}}
* Modifiers (adjectives, with regular derivation to adverbs) {{tag|adj}}

== Modifiers ==

Adjectives take the suffix « -sus » as an intensifier.

* {{morphTest|berbere{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}}|berberesus}}
* {{morphTest|bukona{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}}|bukonasus}}
* {{morphTest|kekelna{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}}|kekelnasus}}
* {{morphTest|bijua{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}}|bijuasus}}
* {{morphTest|ane{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}}|anesus}}
* {{morphTest|baabeta{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}}|baabetasus}}

Double intensification is marked with additional full reduplication of the root.

Adjectives are made into adverbs with the suffixes «-fer» and «-ber».

* {{morphTest|waakena{{tag|adj}}{{tag|advl}}|waakenfer}}
* {{morphTest|bastantoiya{{tag|adj}}{{tag|advl}}|bastantoifer}}
* {{morphTest|bijua{{tag|adj}}{{tag|advl}}|bijuaber}}

Adjectives are negated by the suffix «-yan».

* {{morphTest|unggwandusa{{tag|adj}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|unggwandusayan}}
* {{morphTest|samem{{tag|adj}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|samemyan}}

== Pronouns ==

Direct object pronouns take «-s» or «-m» (apparently in free variation).

* {{morphTest|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|acc}}|as}}
* {{morphTest|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|acc}}|am}}

The dative case is marked with «-p».

* {{morphTest|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dat}}|ap}}

The reflexive form of direct object pronouns is formed with the suffix «-nan».

* {{morphTest|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|ref}}|anan}}

The comitative is «-bar».

* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|com}}|jebar}}

Pronoun can attach to the negative word «-yan».

* {{morphTest|ai{{tag|prn}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|aiyan}}

Demonstratives are identical to 1st and 3rd person personal pronouns, and can take the suffix «-serem» to indicate "this one in particular".

* {{morphTest|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|part}}|aiserem}}

== Nouns ==

Nouns occurring as the subject of a sentence typically receive the suffix «-na». However, not every noun receives this inflection.

Consider the following examples where subjects receive the suffix «-na»
* {{morphTest|bangge{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}}|banggena}}

Locational suffixes « -ap » "towards" and « -wer » "away from" occur on nouns.

* {{morphTest|jina{{tag|n}}+ap{{tag|post}}|jinap}}
* {{morphTest|jina{{tag|n}}+wer{{tag|post}}|jinawer}}

When the direction irrelevant, either may be used.

* {{morphTest|sita{{tag|n}}+ap{{tag|post}}|sitap}}
* {{morphTest|sita{{tag|n}}+wer{{tag|post}}|sitawer}}

The suffix « -yan » sometimes occurs on nouns in non-transitive clauses and is used to negate the clause.

* {{morphTest|tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|taneyan}}
* {{morphTest|bwernabar{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|bwernabaryan}}

The suffix « -em » occurs on nouns as an instrument.

* {{morphTest|at{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}}|atem}}
* {{morphTest|gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}}|ginem}}
{{comment|Something's wrong here. Either do gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} ↔ ginem or gin{{tag|n}}>+em{{tag|post}} ↔ ginem.}}

The suffix « -far » (sometimes « -bar ») occurs on nouns as comitative.

* {{morphTest|uwa{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}}|uwafar}}
* {{morphTest|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}}|Koranofar}}
{{comment|Same here}}

The suffix « -bara » indicates a special form of accompanying relationship between a noun and a pronoun. It carries the meaning 'to have,' as in "I have a daughter.'

* {{morphTest|yafontoi{{tag|n}}{{tag|relational}}|yafontoibara}}
* {{morphTest|gwora{{tag|n}}{{tag|relational}}|gworabara}}
{{comment|Same here}}

The suffix « -mana » occurs on nouns as a possessor.

* {{morphTest|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}|Koranomana}}
* {{morphTest|uwa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}|uwamana}}
{{comment|Same here}}

If the possessor precedes the item it possesses, the suffix « -em » is used instead.

* {{morphTest|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}|Koranoem}}
{{comment|Same here}}

== Verbs ==
{{comment|It looks like you have enough data to get a good idea of what's going on. And you really need to figure it out.}}

=== Number ===
Intransitive verbs agree with the subject for dual number by adding the pluralizer word «ge» before the verb.
* {{morphTest|jila{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge jila}}
* {{morphTest|sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge sofwa}}
* {{morphTest|nasona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge nasona}}
* {{morphTest|fina{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge fina}}

For plurals 4 examples are given, but the pattern isn't clear.
* {{morphTest|jila{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge jalbili}}
* {{morphTest|sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge sofwabili}}
* {{morphTest|nasona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge nasbawena}}
* {{morphTest|fina{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge fibili}}

Transitive verbs mark the number of the object.

In dual, the ending appears to be «-sona» for verbs ending in «-(b)ana», which is sometimes accompanied by a vowel change in the stem. There is not enough data to find a pattern for other types of verbs.
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|domsona}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|sofsona}}
* {{morphTest|nasbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|nasona}}
* {{morphTest|telbese{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|telmisi}}
* {{morphTest|wirusu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|wirsosa}}

Plural is again difficult to make out.
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|damtabili}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|saftabana}}
* {{morphTest|nasbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|nasbabili}}
* {{morphTest|telbese{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|telbebesi}}
* {{morphTest|wirusu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|wirtababisi}}

=== Gender ===
Many verbs agree with the gender of the object. Some these have a regular suffix alteration between «-bana» and «-bili».
* {{morphTest|sarbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|sarbili}}
* {{morphTest|eyebana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|eyebili}}
* {{morphTest|gwebana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|gwebili}}

Others undergo stem changes. Some of these are very similar to the suffix alteration.
* {{morphTest|gerbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|golbili}}

Whereas others (those ending in «-tana», it seems) change the first syllable and change the suffix to «-ola».
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|domola}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|sofola}}

=== Distance ===
When the action takes place far away, the infix «-tet-» is inserted before the final syllable. If the verb ends in «-tena» the result is «-tetna», otherwise the «n» is doubled and «-tet-» is inserted between them.
* {{morphTest|disultena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dst}}|disultetna}}
* {{morphTest|gwerana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dst}}|gwerantetna}}

=== To Give ===
Since verbs are really messy and the grammar documentation is minimal, here's conjugations to "to give", for which the dictionary lists the root as "gubana" or "gobali", for the male and female versions, respectively. Forms are given for both genders in past, present, and future tenses, for singular, dual and plural object number, and with both sunlight and darkness forms.

* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|gulbana}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|gulbanant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|gulbasa}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|gulbafant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|fut}}|gubafa}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|terbene}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|terbenent}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|terbese}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|terbefent}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|fut}}|terbefe}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|kitobana}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|kitulbanant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|kitobasa}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|kitulbafant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|fut}}|kitobafo}}

And the feminine:
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|gobili}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|golbilint}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|gobisi}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|golbifint}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|fut}}|golbifi}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|terbili}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|terbilint}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|terbese}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|terbefint}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|fut}}|terbifi}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|kitobili}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|kitulbilint}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|kitobisi}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|kitulbifint}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|fut}}|kitulbifi}}
{{comment|shouldn't these have the same lemma, and {{tag|m}} and {{tag|f}} tags?}}

=== To Tie ===
The dictionary documents "to tie up" as "fwirna."

* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|fwirena}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|fwiresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|faarena}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|faaresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|taferebili}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|taferebisi}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|fwirenant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|fwirenant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|faarefant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|faarenant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|taferebilint}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|taferebifint}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|light}}|fwirena}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|dark}}|fwiresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|light}}|faarefa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|dark}}|faaresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|light}}|taferebifi}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|dark}}|taferebisi}}

=== To Place ===
The dictionary documents 'gwarantena' as 'to place'

* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|low}}|gwerantena}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|high}}|gweransona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|low}}|tosontona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|high}}|tosonsona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|low}}|bununtona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|high}}|bununsona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|low}}|gwerantetfa}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|high}}|gweranswetna}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|low}}|tosontetfa}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|high}}|tosonswetna}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|low}}|bununtetfa}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|high}}|bununswetna}}

[[Category:Grammar_documentation]]
[[Category:Berik]]

Berik/Grammar

2018-02-27T16:10:28Z

Dswanso1: /* To Tie */ reorder tags

== Classes ==

The [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/37537 Grammatical Sketch] lists the uninflectable closed classes as:
* Response words ("yes", "no", "don't want") {{tag|resp}}
* Pseudo-Imperatives ("come", "watch out", but not related to the verbs) {{tag|psimp}}
* Exclamatory words ("(amazement)", "(pity)") {{tag|ij}}
* Interrogatives ("what", "who", "why") {{tag|itg}}
* Numerals (only "1", "2", "3", "4") {{tag|num}}
* Manner Adverbs ("also", "again", "already") {{tag|adv}}{{tag|man}}
* Temporals ("today", "yesterday", "tomorrow") {{tag|temp}}
* Locationals ("middle of", "on", "behind", it's unclear how these relate to prepositions) {{tag|locl}}
* Conjunctions ("and", "or", "then") {{tag|conj}}

The inflectable classes are:
* Nouns (below) {{tag|n}}
* Verbs (below) {{tag|v}}
* Pronouns (there should perhaps be a distinction between subject and non-subject pronouns) {{tag|prn}}
* Modifiers (adjectives, with regular derivation to adverbs) {{tag|adj}}

== Modifiers ==

Adjectives take the suffix « -sus » as an intensifier.

* {{morphTest|berbere{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}}|berberesus}}
* {{morphTest|bukona{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}}|bukonasus}}
* {{morphTest|kekelna{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}}|kekelnasus}}
* {{morphTest|bijua{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}}|bijuasus}}
* {{morphTest|ane{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}}|anesus}}
* {{morphTest|baabeta{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}}|baabetasus}}

Double intensification is marked with additional full reduplication of the root.

Adjectives are made into adverbs with the suffixes «-fer» and «-ber».

* {{morphTest|waakena{{tag|adj}}{{tag|advl}}|waakenfer}}
* {{morphTest|bastantoiya{{tag|adj}}{{tag|advl}}|bastantoifer}}
* {{morphTest|bijua{{tag|adj}}{{tag|advl}}|bijuaber}}

Adjectives are negated by the suffix «-yan».

* {{morphTest|unggwandusa{{tag|adj}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|unggwandusayan}}
* {{morphTest|samem{{tag|adj}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|samemyan}}

== Pronouns ==

Direct object pronouns take «-s» or «-m» (apparently in free variation).

* {{morphTest|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|acc}}|as}}
* {{morphTest|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|acc}}|am}}

The dative case is marked with «-p».

* {{morphTest|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dat}}|ap}}

The reflexive form of direct object pronouns is formed with the suffix «-nan».

* {{morphTest|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|ref}}|anan}}

The comitative is «-bar».

* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|com}}|jebar}}

Pronoun can attach to the negative word «-yan».

* {{morphTest|ai{{tag|prn}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|aiyan}}

Demonstratives are identical to 1st and 3rd person personal pronouns, and can take the suffix «-serem» to indicate "this one in particular".

* {{morphTest|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|part}}|aiserem}}

== Nouns ==

Nouns occurring as the subject of a sentence typically receive the suffix «-na». However, not every noun receives this inflection.

Consider the following examples where subjects receive the suffix «-na»
* {{morphTest|bangge{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}}|banggena}}

Locational suffixes « -ap » "towards" and « -wer » "away from" occur on nouns.

* {{morphTest|jina{{tag|n}}+ap{{tag|post}}|jinap}}
* {{morphTest|jina{{tag|n}}+wer{{tag|post}}|jinawer}}

When the direction irrelevant, either may be used.

* {{morphTest|sita{{tag|n}}+ap{{tag|post}}|sitap}}
* {{morphTest|sita{{tag|n}}+wer{{tag|post}}|sitawer}}

The suffix « -yan » sometimes occurs on nouns in non-transitive clauses and is used to negate the clause.

* {{morphTest|tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|taneyan}}
* {{morphTest|bwernabar{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|bwernabaryan}}

The suffix « -em » occurs on nouns as an instrument.

* {{morphTest|at{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}}|atem}}
* {{morphTest|gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}}|ginem}}
{{comment|Something's wrong here. Either do gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} ↔ ginem or gin{{tag|n}}>+em{{tag|post}} ↔ ginem.}}

The suffix « -far » (sometimes « -bar ») occurs on nouns as comitative.

* {{morphTest|uwa{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}}|uwafar}}
* {{morphTest|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}}|Koranofar}}
{{comment|Same here}}

The suffix « -bara » indicates a special form of accompanying relationship between a noun and a pronoun. It carries the meaning 'to have,' as in "I have a daughter.'

* {{morphTest|yafontoi{{tag|n}}{{tag|relational}}|yafontoibara}}
* {{morphTest|gwora{{tag|n}}{{tag|relational}}|gworabara}}
{{comment|Same here}}

The suffix « -mana » occurs on nouns as a possessor.

* {{morphTest|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}|Koranomana}}
* {{morphTest|uwa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}|uwamana}}
{{comment|Same here}}

If the possessor precedes the item it possesses, the suffix « -em » is used instead.

* {{morphTest|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}|Koranoem}}
{{comment|Same here}}

== Verbs ==
{{comment|It looks like you have enough data to get a good idea of what's going on. And you really need to figure it out.}}

=== Number ===
Intransitive verbs agree with the subject for dual number by adding the pluralizer word «ge» before the verb.
* {{morphTest|jila{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge jila}}
* {{morphTest|sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge sofwa}}
* {{morphTest|nasona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge nasona}}
* {{morphTest|fina{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge fina}}

For plurals 4 examples are given, but the pattern isn't clear.
* {{morphTest|jila{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge jalbili}}
* {{morphTest|sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge sofwabili}}
* {{morphTest|nasona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge nasbawena}}
* {{morphTest|fina{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge fibili}}

Transitive verbs mark the number of the object.

In dual, the ending appears to be «-sona» for verbs ending in «-(b)ana», which is sometimes accompanied by a vowel change in the stem. There is not enough data to find a pattern for other types of verbs.
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|domsona}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|sofsona}}
* {{morphTest|nasbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|nasona}}
* {{morphTest|telbese{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|telmisi}}
* {{morphTest|wirusu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|wirsosa}}

Plural is again difficult to make out.
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|damtabili}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|saftabana}}
* {{morphTest|nasbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|nasbabili}}
* {{morphTest|telbese{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|telbebesi}}
* {{morphTest|wirusu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|wirtababisi}}

=== Gender ===
Many verbs agree with the gender of the object. Some these have a regular suffix alteration between «-bana» and «-bili».
* {{morphTest|sarbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|sarbili}}
* {{morphTest|eyebana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|eyebili}}
* {{morphTest|gwebana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|gwebili}}

Others undergo stem changes. Some of these are very similar to the suffix alteration.
* {{morphTest|gerbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|golbili}}

Whereas others (those ending in «-tana», it seems) change the first syllable and change the suffix to «-ola».
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|domola}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|sofola}}

=== Distance ===
When the action takes place far away, the infix «-tet-» is inserted before the final syllable. If the verb ends in «-tena» the result is «-tetna», otherwise the «n» is doubled and «-tet-» is inserted between them.
* {{morphTest|disultena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dst}}|disultetna}}
* {{morphTest|gwerana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dst}}|gwerantetna}}

=== To Give ===
Since verbs are really messy and the grammar documentation is minimal, here's conjugations to "to give", for which the dictionary lists the root as "gubana" or "gobali", for the male and female versions, respectively. Forms are given for both genders in past, present, and future tenses, for singular, dual and plural object number, and with both sunlight and darkness forms.

* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|gulbana}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|gulbanant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|gulbasa}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|gulbafant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|fut}}|gubafa}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|terbene}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|terbenent}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|terbese}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|terbefent}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|fut}}|terbefe}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|kitobana}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|kitulbanant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|kitobasa}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|kitulbafant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|fut}}|kitobafo}}

And the feminine:
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|gobili}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|golbilint}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|gobisi}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|golbifint}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|fut}}|golbifi}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|terbili}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|terbilint}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|terbese}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|terbefint}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|fut}}|terbifi}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|kitobili}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|kitulbilint}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|kitobisi}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|kitulbifint}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|fut}}|kitulbifi}}
{{comment|shouldn't these have the same lemma, and {{tag|m}} and {{tag|f}} tags?}}

=== To Tie ===
The dictionary documents "to tie up" as "fwirna."

* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|fwirena}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|fwiresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|faarena}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|faaresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|taferebili}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dark}}|taferebisi}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|fwirenant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|fwirenant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|faarefant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|faarenant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|taferebilint}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|dark}}|taferebifint}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|light}}|fwirena}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|dark}}|fwiresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|light}}|faarefa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|dark}}|faaresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|light}}|taferebifi}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|dark}}|taferebisi}}

=== To Place ===
The dictionary documents 'gwarantena' as 'to place'

* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|low}}|gwerantena}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|high}}|gweransona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|low}}|tosontona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|high}}|tosonsona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|low}}|bununtona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|high}}|bununsona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|low}}|gwerantetfa}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|high}}|gweranswetna}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|low}}|tosontetfa}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|high}}|tosonswetna}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|low}}|bununtetfa}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|high}}|bununswetna}}

[[Category:Grammar_documentation]]
[[Category:Berik]]