LING073 - User contributions [en]

Kaingang/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-01T02:43:45Z

Egutier1: /* OBJ */

''kgp.annotated2.ud.conllu'' and ''kgp.annotated2.nomorph.conllu'' are the files we chose to train the parser on (not ''kgp.annotated.ud.conllu'' or ''kgp.annotated.nomorph.conllu'').

==Evaluation==
===Number of forms, UAS, LAS scores for ''kgp.annotated2.ud.conllu''===
$ udpipe --accuracy --parse kgp.withmorph.udpipe ../kgp.annotated2.ud.conllu
Loading UDPipe model: done.
Parsing from gold tokenization with gold tags - forms: 160, UAS: 70.62%, LAS: 55.00%
*Number of sentences in corpus: 18

===Number of forms, UAS, LAS scores for ''kgp.annotated2.nomorph.conllu''===
$ udpipe --accuracy --parse kgp.nomorph.udpipe ../kgp.annotated2.nomorph.conllu
Loading UDPipe model: done.
Parsing from gold tokenization with gold tags - forms: 160, UAS: 70.62%, LAS: 55.00%
*Number of sentences in corpus: 18

==Dependency==
(for each relation: a description of the relation, noting various ways it might be used in the language; and two examples of the relation from your corpus, preferably illustrating what you described.)
===Five dependency relations that we used at least twice in our annotation===
====CASE====

Kaingang uses a set of postpositions (or what our source dictionary calls "circumstance markers" in the same way that English and Portuguese uses prepositions. We connected the objects of said prepositions with their respective postpositions using the CASE.

'''Inh mỹ tóg tỹ, ĩn nĩ ve nĩ.'''

me to SUB TOP, house similar looks ASP

''To me, it looks like a house.''

In the above example, we would connect the subject and topic ''Inh'' "I/me" to its dependent postposition ''mỹ'' '''to''' with CASE dependency.

Kaingang also uses a large set of different subject and topic markers that indicate what the subject and focus of the sentence is. We connected all of the nouns with their respective subject markers using CASE.

'''Kyfé tỹ tóg, ti nĩgé gynh.'''

knife with SUB his finger cut

''(He) cut his finger with a knife'' (lit: the knife cut his finger)

In the above example, we would connect ''Kyfé'' "knife" with its respective subject marker (which always goes AFTER the subject noun phrase), in this case, tóg. (NOTE: whole phrases can function as a subject. We see this in this example because the subject of this sentence is a post-positional phrase: "with a knife").

====NSUBJ====

We used the NSUBJ relation to relate subjects to non-verbal predicates. Where Portuguese and English use a copula "to be" verb, Kaingang instead uses a particular aspect marker "vẽ".

'''"Ka fej kusũg vẽ."'''

tree flower red ASP

''"The tree's flower is red"''

In the above example, we would connect the nonverbal predicate ''kusũg'' to its NSUBJ dependent ''fej''.

'''"Inh mỹnh fi vẽ."'''

my mother her ASP

''"She is my mother"'' (lit: my mother is her)

In the above example, we would connect the nonverbal predicate ''fi'' with its NSUBJ dependent ''mỹnh''.

====ADVMOD====

Kaingang does not conjugate its verbs. Instead, Kaingang speakers use mode markers, aspect markers, and opinion markers to modify verbs, define verb aspect, and apply changes to modality, respectively.

We used ADVMOD to connect a verb to each of its individual mode, aspect, and opinion markers.

'''Rán sór inh mũ.'''

write want I do

''"I want to write"'' (lit: I am wanting to write)

Some verb indicators of mode function as would verbs in English. In this example, ''sór'' "to want" is a verb modifier (it can NOT stand alone as a verb), and is modifying ''rán'' "to write". We connect rán to its dependent sór using the ADVMOD dependency.

'''Ti ki kanhró inh nĩ ha'''

him in know I ASP now

''"I know him now."''

In the above example, the word ''ha'' "now" is an indicator of mode that modifies the verb. We connected the main verb ''kanhró'' "to know (a person)" to its dependent modifier using a ADVMOD.

====NMOD:POSS====

Kaingang expresses noun possession and ownership by juxtaposing nouns with one another. They place the possessor in front of the possessed to make a genitive phrase. We connected a possessed noun to its preceding possessor using NMOD:POSS.

'''Porko fe kãnhvy ko mũ sóg nĩ.'''

Pig lung eat seated 1ps.SUB ASP

''"I eat (while sitting) pig's lung"''

In the above example, ''fe kãnhvy'' "lung" is an object being possessed by ''porko'' "pig". Hence, "pig's lung". We connected the possessed lung to its dependent possessor via a NMOD:POSS dependency.

'''Inh pãnĩ vỹ, kaga nĩ.'''

my back TOP hurt ASP

''My back is hurting.''

In the above example, the word ''pãnĩ'' is directly behind a personal pronoun, and is therefore acting as a possessed noun possessed by the personal pronoun ''inh'' "I". We connect ''pãnĩ'' to its dependent possessor with NMOD:POSS.

====OBJ====

We used OBJ to connect nouns to their dependent direct objects. Direct objects are not marked, unlike their subject counterparts, and objects normally appear directly in front of their corresponding verb.

'''Pã’i ag vĩ pãtén ã huri.'''

authority their orders violate you already

''"You have already violated the authority's orders."''

In the above example, the word ''vĩ'' "orders, laws, edicts, words" is a direct object of the verb ''pãtén'' "violate". We connect the verb to its direct object dependent with OBJ.

'''Inh kẽj jẽnfĩ inh huri.'''

My basket finish I already/have

''"I already finished my basket"''

In this example, ''inh kẽj'' "my basket" is the direct object of ''jẽnfĩ'' "finish". We connect jẽnfĩ to its dependent direct object kẽj using OBJ.

[[Category: sp19_UD]] [[Category: Kaingang]]

Kaingang/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-01T02:43:31Z

Egutier1:

''kgp.annotated2.ud.conllu'' and ''kgp.annotated2.nomorph.conllu'' are the files we chose to train the parser on (not ''kgp.annotated.ud.conllu'' or ''kgp.annotated.nomorph.conllu'').

==Evaluation==
===Number of forms, UAS, LAS scores for ''kgp.annotated2.ud.conllu''===
$ udpipe --accuracy --parse kgp.withmorph.udpipe ../kgp.annotated2.ud.conllu
Loading UDPipe model: done.
Parsing from gold tokenization with gold tags - forms: 160, UAS: 70.62%, LAS: 55.00%
*Number of sentences in corpus: 18

===Number of forms, UAS, LAS scores for ''kgp.annotated2.nomorph.conllu''===
$ udpipe --accuracy --parse kgp.nomorph.udpipe ../kgp.annotated2.nomorph.conllu
Loading UDPipe model: done.
Parsing from gold tokenization with gold tags - forms: 160, UAS: 70.62%, LAS: 55.00%
*Number of sentences in corpus: 18

==Dependency==
(for each relation: a description of the relation, noting various ways it might be used in the language; and two examples of the relation from your corpus, preferably illustrating what you described.)
===Five dependency relations that we used at least twice in our annotation===
====CASE====

Kaingang uses a set of postpositions (or what our source dictionary calls "circumstance markers" in the same way that English and Portuguese uses prepositions. We connected the objects of said prepositions with their respective postpositions using the CASE.

'''Inh mỹ tóg tỹ, ĩn nĩ ve nĩ.'''

me to SUB TOP, house similar looks ASP

''To me, it looks like a house.''

In the above example, we would connect the subject and topic ''Inh'' "I/me" to its dependent postposition ''mỹ'' '''to''' with CASE dependency.

Kaingang also uses a large set of different subject and topic markers that indicate what the subject and focus of the sentence is. We connected all of the nouns with their respective subject markers using CASE.

'''Kyfé tỹ tóg, ti nĩgé gynh.'''

knife with SUB his finger cut

''(He) cut his finger with a knife'' (lit: the knife cut his finger)

In the above example, we would connect ''Kyfé'' "knife" with its respective subject marker (which always goes AFTER the subject noun phrase), in this case, tóg. (NOTE: whole phrases can function as a subject. We see this in this example because the subject of this sentence is a post-positional phrase: "with a knife").

====NSUBJ====

We used the NSUBJ relation to relate subjects to non-verbal predicates. Where Portuguese and English use a copula "to be" verb, Kaingang instead uses a particular aspect marker "vẽ".

'''"Ka fej kusũg vẽ."'''

tree flower red ASP

''"The tree's flower is red"''

In the above example, we would connect the nonverbal predicate ''kusũg'' to its NSUBJ dependent ''fej''.

'''"Inh mỹnh fi vẽ."'''

my mother her ASP

''"She is my mother"'' (lit: my mother is her)

In the above example, we would connect the nonverbal predicate ''fi'' with its NSUBJ dependent ''mỹnh''.

====ADVMOD====

Kaingang does not conjugate its verbs. Instead, Kaingang speakers use mode markers, aspect markers, and opinion markers to modify verbs, define verb aspect, and apply changes to modality, respectively.

We used ADVMOD to connect a verb to each of its individual mode, aspect, and opinion markers.

'''Rán sór inh mũ.'''

write want I do

''"I want to write"'' (lit: I am wanting to write)

Some verb indicators of mode function as would verbs in English. In this example, ''sór'' "to want" is a verb modifier (it can NOT stand alone as a verb), and is modifying ''rán'' "to write". We connect rán to its dependent sór using the ADVMOD dependency.

'''Ti ki kanhró inh nĩ ha'''

him in know I ASP now

''"I know him now."''

In the above example, the word ''ha'' "now" is an indicator of mode that modifies the verb. We connected the main verb ''kanhró'' "to know (a person)" to its dependent modifier using a ADVMOD.

====NMOD:POSS====

Kaingang expresses noun possession and ownership by juxtaposing nouns with one another. They place the possessor in front of the possessed to make a genitive phrase. We connected a possessed noun to its preceding possessor using NMOD:POSS.

'''Porko fe kãnhvy ko mũ sóg nĩ.'''

Pig lung eat seated 1ps.SUB ASP

''"I eat (while sitting) pig's lung"''

In the above example, ''fe kãnhvy'' "lung" is an object being possessed by ''porko'' "pig". Hence, "pig's lung". We connected the possessed lung to its dependent possessor via a NMOD:POSS dependency.

'''Inh pãnĩ vỹ, kaga nĩ.'''

my back TOP hurt ASP

''My back is hurting.''

In the above example, the word ''pãnĩ'' is directly behind a personal pronoun, and is therefore acting as a possessed noun possessed by the personal pronoun ''inh'' "I". We connect ''pãnĩ'' to its dependent possessor with NMOD:POSS.

====OBJ====

We used OBJ to connect nouns to their dependent direct objects. Direct objects are not marked, unlike their subject counterparts, and objects normally appear directly in front of their corresponding verb.

Pã’i ag vĩ pãtén ã huri.

authority their orders violate you already

''"You have already violated the authority's orders."''

In the above example, the word ''vĩ'' "orders, laws, edicts, words" is a direct object of the verb ''pãtén'' "violate". We connect the verb to its direct object dependent with OBJ.

'''Inh kẽj jẽnfĩ inh huri.'''

My basket finish I already/have

''"I already finished my basket"''

In this example, ''inh kẽj'' "my basket" is the direct object of ''jẽnfĩ'' "finish". We connect jẽnfĩ to its dependent direct object kẽj using OBJ.

[[Category: sp19_UD]] [[Category: Kaingang]]

Kaingang/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-01T02:34:25Z

Egutier1: /* OBJ */

''kgp.annotated2.ud.conllu'' and ''kgp.annotated2.nomorph.conllu'' are the files we chose to train the parser on (not ''kgp.annotated.ud.conllu'' or ''kgp.annotated.nomorph.conllu'').

==Evaluation==
===Number of forms, UAS, LAS scores for ''kgp.annotated2.ud.conllu''===
$ udpipe --accuracy --parse kgp.withmorph.udpipe ../kgp.annotated2.ud.conllu
Loading UDPipe model: done.
Parsing from gold tokenization with gold tags - forms: 160, UAS: 70.62%, LAS: 55.00%
*Number of sentences in corpus: 18

===Number of forms, UAS, LAS scores for ''kgp.annotated2.nomorph.conllu''===
$ udpipe --accuracy --parse kgp.nomorph.udpipe ../kgp.annotated2.nomorph.conllu
Loading UDPipe model: done.
Parsing from gold tokenization with gold tags - forms: 160, UAS: 70.62%, LAS: 55.00%
*Number of sentences in corpus: 18

==Dependency==
(for each relation: a description of the relation, noting various ways it might be used in the language; and two examples of the relation from your corpus, preferably illustrating what you described.)
===Five dependency relations that we used at least twice in our annotation===
====CASE====

Kaingang uses a set of postpositions (or what our source dictionary calls "circumstance markers" in the same way that English and Portuguese uses prepositions. We connected the objects of said prepositions with their respective postpositions using the CASE.

'''Inh mỹ tóg tỹ, ĩn nĩ ve nĩ.'''

me to SUB TOP, house similar looks ASP

''To me, it looks like a house.''

In the above example, we would connect the subject and topic ''Inh'' "I/me" to its dependent postposition ''mỹ'' '''to''' with CASE dependency.

Kaingang also uses a large set of different subject and topic markers that indicate what the subject and focus of the sentence is. We connected all of the nouns with their respective subject markers using CASE.

'''Kyfé tỹ tóg, ti nĩgé gynh.'''

knife with SUB his finger cut

''(He) cut his finger with a knife'' (lit: the knife cut his finger)

In the above example, we would connect ''Kyfé'' "knife" with its respective subject marker (which always goes AFTER the subject noun phrase), in this case, tóg. (NOTE: whole phrases can function as a subject. We see this in this example because the subject of this sentence is a post-positional phrase: "with a knife").

====NSUBJ====

We used the NSUBJ relation to relate subjects to non-verbal predicates. Where Portuguese and English use a copula "to be" verb, Kaingang instead uses a particular aspect marker "vẽ".

'''"Ka fej kusũg vẽ."'''

tree flower red ASP

''"The tree's flower is red"''

In the above example, we would connect the nonverbal predicate ''kusũg'' to its NSUBJ dependent ''fej''.

'''"Inh mỹnh fi vẽ."'''

my mother her ASP

''"She is my mother"'' (lit: my mother is her)

In the above example, we would connect the nonverbal predicate ''fi'' with its NSUBJ dependent ''mỹnh''.

====ADVMOD====

Kaingang does not conjugate its verbs. Instead, Kaingang speakers use mode markers, aspect markers, and opinion markers to modify verbs, define verb aspect, and apply changes to modality, respectively.

We used ADVMOD to connect a verb to each of its individual mode, aspect, and opinion markers.

'''Rán sór inh mũ.'''

write want I do

''"I want to write"'' (lit: I am wanting to write)

Some verb indicators of mode function as would verbs in English. In this example, ''sór'' "to want" is a verb modifier (it can NOT stand alone as a verb), and is modifying ''rán'' "to write". We connect rán to its dependent sór using the ADVMOD dependency.

'''Ti ki kanhró inh nĩ ha'''

him in know I ASP now

''"I know him now."''

In the above example, the word ''ha'' "now" is an indicator of mode that modifies the verb. We connected the main verb ''kanhró'' "to know (a person)" to its dependent modifier using a ADVMOD.

====NMOD:POSS====

Kaingang expresses noun possession and ownership by juxtaposing nouns with one another. They place the possessor in front of the possessed to make a genitive phrase. We connected a possessed noun to its preceding possessor using NMOD:POSS.

'''Porko fe kãnhvy ko mũ sóg nĩ.'''

Pig lung eat seated 1ps.SUB ASP

''"I eat (while sitting) pig's lung"''

In the above example, ''fe kãnhvy'' "lung" is an object being possessed by ''porko'' "pig". Hence, "pig's lung". We connected the possessed lung to its dependent possessor via a NMOD:POSS dependency.

'''Inh pãnĩ vỹ, kaga nĩ.'''

my back TOP hurt ASP

''My back is hurting.''

In the above example, the word ''pãnĩ'' is directly behind a personal pronoun, and is therefore acting as a possessed noun possessed by the personal pronoun ''inh'' "I". We connect ''pãnĩ'' to its dependent possessor with NMOD:POSS.

====OBJ====

We used OBJ to connect nouns to their dependent direct objects. Direct objects are not marked, unlike their subject counterparts, and objects normally appear directly in front of their corresponding verb.

Pã’i ag vð pãtén ã huri.

authority their orders violate you already

''"You have already violated the leader's orders."''

[[Category: sp19_UD]] [[Category: Kaingang]]

Kaingang/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-01T02:28:54Z

Egutier1: /* NMOD:POSS */

Kaingang/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-01T02:28:35Z

Egutier1:

Kaingang/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-01T02:16:47Z

Egutier1: /* NMOD:POSS */

''kgp.annotated2.ud.conllu'' and ''kgp.annotated2.nomorph.conllu'' are the files we chose to train the parser on (not ''kgp.annotated.ud.conllu'' or ''kgp.annotated.nomorph.conllu'').

==Evaluation==
===Number of forms, UAS, LAS scores for ''kgp.annotated2.ud.conllu''===
$ udpipe --accuracy --parse kgp.withmorph.udpipe ../kgp.annotated2.ud.conllu
Loading UDPipe model: done.
Parsing from gold tokenization with gold tags - forms: 160, UAS: 70.62%, LAS: 55.00%
*Number of sentences in corpus: 18

===Number of forms, UAS, LAS scores for ''kgp.annotated2.nomorph.conllu''===
$ udpipe --accuracy --parse kgp.nomorph.udpipe ../kgp.annotated2.nomorph.conllu
Loading UDPipe model: done.
Parsing from gold tokenization with gold tags - forms: 160, UAS: 70.62%, LAS: 55.00%
*Number of sentences in corpus: 18

==Dependency==
(for each relation: a description of the relation, noting various ways it might be used in the language; and two examples of the relation from your corpus, preferably illustrating what you described.)
===Five dependency relations that we used at least twice in our annotation===
====CASE====

Kaingang uses a set of postpositions (or what our source dictionary calls "circumstance markers" in the same way that English and Portuguese uses prepositions. We connected the objects of said prepositions with their respective postpositions using the CASE.

'''Inh mỹ tóg tỹ, ĩn nĩ ve nĩ.'''

me to SUB TOP, house similar looks ASP

''To me, it looks like a house.''

In the above example, we would connect the subject and topic ''Inh'' "I/me" to its dependent postposition ''mỹ'' '''to''' with CASE dependency.

Kaingang also uses a large set of different subject and topic markers that indicate what the subject and focus of the sentence is. We connected all of the nouns with their respective subject markers using CASE.

'''Kyfé tỹ tóg, ti nĩgé gynh.'''

knife with SUB his finger cut

''(He) cut his finger with a knife'' (lit: the knife cut his finger)

In the above example, we would connect ''Kyfé'' "knife" with its respective subject marker (which always goes AFTER the subject noun phrase), in this case, tóg. (NOTE: whole phrases can function as a subject. We see this in this example because the subject of this sentence is a post-positional phrase: "with a knife").

====NSUBJ====

We used the NSUBJ relation to relate subjects to non-verbal predicates. Where Portuguese and English use a copula "to be" verb, Kaingang instead uses a particular aspect marker "vẽ".

'''"Ka fej kusũg vẽ."'''

tree flower red ASP

''"The tree's flower is red"''

In the above example, we would connect the nonverbal predicate ''kusũg'' to its NSUBJ dependent ''fej''.

'''"Inh mỹnh fi vẽ."'''

my mother her ASP

''"She is my mother"'' (lit: my mother is her)

In the above example, we would connect the nonverbal predicate ''fi'' with its NSUBJ dependent ''mỹnh''.

====ADVMOD====

Kaingang does not conjugate its verbs. Instead, Kaingang speakers use mode markers, aspect markers, and opinion markers to modify verbs, define verb aspect, and apply changes to modality, respectively.

We used ADVMOD to connect a verb to each of its individual mode, aspect, and opinion markers.

'''Rán sór inh mũ.'''

write want I do

''"I want to write"'' (lit: I am wanting to write)

Some verb indicators of mode function as would verbs in English. In this example, ''sór'' "to want" is a verb modifier (it can NOT stand alone as a verb), and is modifying ''rán'' "to write". We connect rán to its dependent sór using the ADVMOD dependency.

'''Ti ki kanhró inh nĩ ha'''

him in know I ASP now

''"I know him now."''

In the above example, the word ''ha'' "now" is an indicator of mode that modifies the verb. We connected the main verb ''kanhró'' "to know (a person)" to its dependent modifier using a ADVMOD.

====NMOD:POSS====

Kaingang expresses noun possession and ownership by juxtaposing nouns with one another. They place the possessor in front of the possessed to make a genitive phrase. We connected a possessed noun to its preceding possessor using NMOD:POSS.

Porko fe kãnhvy ko mæ sóg nð

====OBJ====

We used OBJ to connect nouns to their dependent direct objects. Direct objects are not marked, unlike their subject counterparts, and objects normally appear directly in front of their corresponding verb.

[[Category: sp19_UD]] [[Category: Kaingang]]

Kaingang/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-01T02:14:12Z

Egutier1:

''kgp.annotated2.ud.conllu'' and ''kgp.annotated2.nomorph.conllu'' are the files we chose to train the parser on (not ''kgp.annotated.ud.conllu'' or ''kgp.annotated.nomorph.conllu'').

==Evaluation==
===Number of forms, UAS, LAS scores for ''kgp.annotated2.ud.conllu''===
$ udpipe --accuracy --parse kgp.withmorph.udpipe ../kgp.annotated2.ud.conllu
Loading UDPipe model: done.
Parsing from gold tokenization with gold tags - forms: 160, UAS: 70.62%, LAS: 55.00%
*Number of sentences in corpus: 18

===Number of forms, UAS, LAS scores for ''kgp.annotated2.nomorph.conllu''===
$ udpipe --accuracy --parse kgp.nomorph.udpipe ../kgp.annotated2.nomorph.conllu
Loading UDPipe model: done.
Parsing from gold tokenization with gold tags - forms: 160, UAS: 70.62%, LAS: 55.00%
*Number of sentences in corpus: 18

==Dependency==
(for each relation: a description of the relation, noting various ways it might be used in the language; and two examples of the relation from your corpus, preferably illustrating what you described.)
===Five dependency relations that we used at least twice in our annotation===
====CASE====

Kaingang uses a set of postpositions (or what our source dictionary calls "circumstance markers" in the same way that English and Portuguese uses prepositions. We connected the objects of said prepositions with their respective postpositions using the CASE.

'''Inh mỹ tóg tỹ, ĩn nĩ ve nĩ.'''

me to SUB TOP, house similar looks ASP

''To me, it looks like a house.''

In the above example, we would connect the subject and topic ''Inh'' "I/me" to its dependent postposition ''mỹ'' '''to''' with CASE dependency.

Kaingang also uses a large set of different subject and topic markers that indicate what the subject and focus of the sentence is. We connected all of the nouns with their respective subject markers using CASE.

'''Kyfé tỹ tóg, ti nĩgé gynh.'''

knife with SUB his finger cut

''(He) cut his finger with a knife'' (lit: the knife cut his finger)

In the above example, we would connect ''Kyfé'' "knife" with its respective subject marker (which always goes AFTER the subject noun phrase), in this case, tóg. (NOTE: whole phrases can function as a subject. We see this in this example because the subject of this sentence is a post-positional phrase: "with a knife").

====NSUBJ====

We used the NSUBJ relation to relate subjects to non-verbal predicates. Where Portuguese and English use a copula "to be" verb, Kaingang instead uses a particular aspect marker "vẽ".

'''"Ka fej kusũg vẽ."'''

tree flower red ASP

''"The tree's flower is red"''

In the above example, we would connect the nonverbal predicate ''kusũg'' to its NSUBJ dependent ''fej''.

'''"Inh mỹnh fi vẽ."'''

my mother her ASP

''"She is my mother"'' (lit: my mother is her)

In the above example, we would connect the nonverbal predicate ''fi'' with its NSUBJ dependent ''mỹnh''.

====ADVMOD====

Kaingang does not conjugate its verbs. Instead, Kaingang speakers use mode markers, aspect markers, and opinion markers to modify verbs, define verb aspect, and apply changes to modality, respectively.

We used ADVMOD to connect a verb to each of its individual mode, aspect, and opinion markers.

'''Rán sór inh mũ.'''

write want I do

''"I want to write"'' (lit: I am wanting to write)

Some verb indicators of mode function as would verbs in English. In this example, ''sór'' "to want" is a verb modifier (it can NOT stand alone as a verb), and is modifying ''rán'' "to write". We connect rán to its dependent sór using the ADVMOD dependency.

'''Ti ki kanhró inh nĩ ha'''

him in know I ASP now

''"I know him now."''

In the above example, the word ''ha'' "now" is an indicator of mode that modifies the verb. We connected the main verb ''kanhró'' "to know (a person)" to its dependent modifier using a ADVMOD.

====NMOD:POSS====

Kaingang expresses noun possession and ownership by juxtaposing nouns with one another. They place the possessor in front of the possessed to make a genitive phrase. We connected a possessed noun to its preceding possessor using NMOD:POSS.

====OBJ====

We used OBJ to connect nouns to their dependent direct objects. Direct objects are not marked, unlike their subject counterparts, and objects normally appear directly in front of their corresponding verb.

[[Category: sp19_UD]] [[Category: Kaingang]]

Kaingang/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-01T01:54:12Z

Egutier1: /* ADVMOD */

Kaingang/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-01T01:49:18Z

Egutier1: /* Dependency */

Kaingang/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-01T01:48:55Z

Egutier1:

Kaingang/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-01T01:17:29Z

Egutier1: /* CASE */

Kaingang/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-01T01:14:07Z

Egutier1: /* OBJ */

Kaingang/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-01T01:13:39Z

Egutier1: /* NMOD:POSS */

Kaingang/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-01T01:10:55Z

Egutier1: /* ADVMOD */

Kaingang/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-01T01:08:13Z

Egutier1: /* CASE */

Kaingang/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-01T00:59:18Z

Egutier1: /* Dependency */

Kaingang/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-01T00:58:41Z

Egutier1: /* Dependency */

Kaingang/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-01T00:43:40Z

Egutier1: /* nsubj */

Kaingang/Universal Dependencies

2019-04-23T13:33:35Z

Egutier1: Created page with "==Evaluation== ==Dependency== Category: sp19_UD"

==Evaluation==

==Dependency==

[[Category: sp19_UD]]

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-16T23:57:41Z

Egutier1:

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh mré nĩ fi vỹ tỹ, inh kafã fi nĩ.|Minha esposa é minha companheira.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}} mré{{tag|n}} nĩ{{tag|asp}} fi{{tag|prn}} vỹ{{tag|su}} tỹ{{tag|ex}},{{tag|cm}} inh{{tag|prn}} kafã{{tag|n}} fi{{tag|prn}} nĩ<asp>.{{tag|sent}}|Minha{{tag|prn}} esposa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} é{{tag|vblex}} minha{{tag|prn}} companheira{{tag|n}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''"My wife is my companion."''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Nũgnũj ti nĩ, ã kur ti.|A sua roupa está dobrada.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Nũgnũj{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|pl}} ti{{tag|prn}} nĩ{{tag|asp}},{{tag|cm}} ã{{tag|prn}} kur{{tag|n}} ti{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}|A{{tag|det}} sua{{tag|prn}} {{tag|det}} {{tag|3p}} {{tag|f}} roupa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} está{{tag|vblex}} dobrada{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''"Your clothes are folded"''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh kósin tỹ ẽgno vỹ, inh mỹ tũg.|Meu filho caçula morreu.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}} kósin{{tag|n}} tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}} ẽgno{{tag|n}} vỹ{{tag|su}}{{tag|top}}, inh{{tag|prn}} mỹ{{tag|post}} tũg{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}.{{tag|sent}}|Meu{{tag|prn}} filho{{tag|n}}{{tag|masc}} caçula{{tag|adj}} morreu{{tag|vblex}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''"My youngest son died"''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|São Paulo vỹ, rã jur ja tá nĩ.|São Paulo fica no leste.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|São Paulo{{tag|n}} vỹ{{tag|su}}, rã jur ja tá{{tag|cir}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|São Paulo{{tag|n}} fica{{tag|v}} n{{tag|pr}}0{{tag|det}} leste{{tag|n}} .{{tag|sent}}}}

''"Sao Paulo is eastwards"''

'''3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Téj ki tóg, ti panh kãfór nĩ, kyrũ ti.|O moço é mais alto que o pai dele.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Téj{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|sg}} ki{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|su}}, {{tag|cm}} ti{{tag|prn}} panh{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} kãfór{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} nĩ{{tag|asp}},{{tag|cm}} kyrũ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ti{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}|O{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}} moço{{tag|n}} é{{tag|vblex}} mais alto{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}} que o{{tag|det}} pai{{tag|n}} d{{tag|pr}}ele{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''"The child is taller than their father."''

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Tỹ ti ã jãmré nĩ.|É seu cunhado.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Tỹ{{tag|ex}} ti{{tag|prn}} ã{{tag|prn}} jãmré{{tag|n}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|É{{tag|v}} seu{{tag|prn}} cunhado{{tag|n}}.{tag|sent}}}}

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh mỹ tóg tỹ ũn há nĩ ve nĩ.|Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1p}}{{tag|sg}} mỹ{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|subj}} tỹ{tag|ex}} ũn{{tag|prn}} há{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} nĩ ve{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tenho{{tag|vblex}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}} impressão{{tag|n}} que{{tag|prn}} ele{{tag|prn}} é{{tag|vblex}} bom{{tag|adj}} .{{tag|sent}}}}

''"I have the impression that he is good"''

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Nĩ ra, ẽprã.|Senta, no chão!}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Nĩ{{tag|v}} ra{{tag|asp}} ,{{tag|cm}} ẽprã{{tag|cir}}| Senta{{tag|vblex}},{{tag|cm}} n{{tag|pr}}o{{tag|det}} chão{{tag|n}} !{{tag|sent}}}}

''Sit on the floor!''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Ẽg jagfy tóg ter, Jesus.|Por nós morreu Jesus.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Ẽg{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} jagfy{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|subj}} ter{{tag|v}},{{tag|cm}} Jesus{{tag|n}}|Por{{tag|pr}} nós{{tag|prn}} morreu{{tag|vblex}} Jesus{{tag|n}} .{{tag|sent}}}}

''"Jesus died for us."''
[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-16T23:57:22Z

Egutier1:

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh mré nĩ fi vỹ tỹ, inh kafã fi nĩ.|Minha esposa é minha companheira.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}} mré{{tag|n}} nĩ{{tag|asp}} fi{{tag|prn}} vỹ{{tag|su}} tỹ{{tag|ex}},{{tag|cm}} inh{{tag|prn}} kafã{{tag|n}} fi{{tag|prn}} nĩ<asp>.{{tag|sent}}|Minha{{tag|prn}} esposa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} é{{tag|vblex}} minha{{tag|prn}} companheira{{tag|n}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''"My wife is my companion."''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Nũgnũj ti nĩ, ã kur ti.|A sua roupa está dobrada.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Nũgnũj{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|pl}} ti{{tag|prn}} nĩ{{tag|asp}},{{tag|cm}} ã{{tag|prn}} kur{{tag|n}} ti{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}|A{{tag|det}} sua{{tag|prn}} {{tag|det}} {{tag|3p}} {{tag|f}} roupa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} está{{tag|vblex}} dobrada{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''"Your clothes are folded"''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh kósin tỹ ẽgno vỹ, inh mỹ tũg.|Meu filho caçula morreu.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}} kósin{{tag|n}} tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}} ẽgno{{tag|n}} vỹ{{tag|su}}{{tag|top}}, inh{{tag|prn}} mỹ{{tag|post}} tũg{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}.{{tag|sent}}|Meu{{tag|prn}} filho{{tag|n}}{{tag|masc}} caçula{{tag|adj}} morreu{{tag|vblex}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''"My youngest son died"''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|São Paulo vỹ, rã jur ja tá nĩ.|São Paulo fica no leste.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|São Paulo{{tag|n}} vỹ{{tag|su}}, rã jur ja tá{{tag|cir}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|São Paulo{{tag|n}} fica{{tag|v}} n{{tag|pr}}0{{tag|det}} leste{{tag|n}} .{{tag|sent}}}}

''"Sao Paulo is eastwards"''

'''3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Téj ki tóg, ti panh kãfór nĩ, kyrũ ti.|O moço é mais alto que o pai dele.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Téj{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|sg}} ki{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|su}}, {{tag|cm}} ti{{tag|prn}} panh{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} kãfór{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} nĩ{{tag|asp}},{{tag|cm}} kyrũ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ti{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}|O{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}} moço{{tag|n}} é{{tag|vblex}} mais alto{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}} que o{{tag|det}} pai{{tag|n}} d{{tag|pr}}ele{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''"The child is taller than their father."''

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Tỹ ti ã jãmré nĩ.|É seu cunhado.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Tỹ{{tag|ex}} ti{{tag|prn}} ã{{tag|prn}} jãmré{{tag|n}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|É{{tag|v}} seu{{tag|prn}} cunhado{{tag|n}}.{tag|sent}}}}

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh mỹ tóg tỹ ũn há nĩ ve nĩ.|Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1p}}{{tag|sg}} mỹ{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|subj}} tỹ{tag|ex}} ũn{{tag|prn}} há{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} nĩ ve{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tenho{{tag|vblex}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}} impressão{{tag|n}} que{{tag|prn}} ele{{tag|prn}} é{{tag|vblex}} bom{{tag|adj}} .{{tag|sent}}}}

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Nĩ ra, ẽprã.|Senta, no chão!}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Nĩ{{tag|v}} ra{{tag|asp}} ,{{tag|cm}} ẽprã{{tag|cir}}| Senta{{tag|vblex}},{{tag|cm}} n{{tag|pr}}o{{tag|det}} chão{{tag|n}} !{{tag|sent}}}}

''Sit on the floor!''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Ẽg jagfy tóg ter, Jesus.|Por nós morreu Jesus.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Ẽg{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} jagfy{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|subj}} ter{{tag|v}},{{tag|cm}} Jesus{{tag|n}}|Por{{tag|pr}} nós{{tag|prn}} morreu{{tag|vblex}} Jesus{{tag|n}} .{{tag|sent}}}}

''"Jesus died for us."''
[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-16T23:57:05Z

Egutier1:

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh mré nĩ fi vỹ tỹ, inh kafã fi nĩ.|Minha esposa é minha companheira.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}} mré{{tag|n}} nĩ{{tag|asp}} fi{{tag|prn}} vỹ{{tag|su}} tỹ{{tag|ex}},{{tag|cm}} inh{{tag|prn}} kafã{{tag|n}} fi{{tag|prn}} nĩ<asp>.{{tag|sent}}|Minha{{tag|prn}} esposa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} é{{tag|vblex}} minha{{tag|prn}} companheira{{tag|n}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''"My wife is my companion."''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Nũgnũj ti nĩ, ã kur ti.|A sua roupa está dobrada.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Nũgnũj{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|pl}} ti{{tag|prn}} nĩ{{tag|asp}},{{tag|cm}} ã{{tag|prn}} kur{{tag|n}} ti{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}|A{{tag|det}} sua{{tag|prn}} {{tag|det}} {{tag|3p}} {{tag|f}} roupa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} está{{tag|vblex}} dobrada{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''"Your clothes are folded"''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh kósin tỹ ẽgno vỹ, inh mỹ tũg.|Meu filho caçula morreu.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}} kósin{{tag|n}} tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}} ẽgno{{tag|n}} vỹ{{tag|su}}{{tag|top}}, inh{{tag|prn}} mỹ{{tag|post}} tũg{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}.{{tag|sent}}|Meu{{tag|prn}} filho{{tag|n}}{{tag|masc}} caçula{{tag|adj}} morreu{{tag|vblex}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''"My youngest son died"''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|São Paulo vỹ, rã jur ja tá nĩ.|São Paulo fica no leste.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|São Paulo{{tag|n}} vỹ{{tag|su}}, rã jur ja tá{{tag|cir}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|São Paulo{{tag|n}} fica{{tag|v}} n{{tag|pr}}0{{tag|det}} leste{{tag|n}} .{{tag|sent}}}}

''"Sao Paulo is eastwards"''

'''3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Téj ki tóg, ti panh kãfór nĩ, kyrũ ti.|O moço é mais alto que o pai dele.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Téj{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|sg}} ki{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|su}}, {{tag|cm}} ti{{tag|prn}} panh{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} kãfór{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} nĩ{{tag|asp}},{{tag|cm}} kyrũ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ti{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}|O{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}} moço{{tag|n}} é{{tag|vblex}} mais alto{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}} que o{{tag|det}} pai{{tag|n}} d{{tag|pr}}ele{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''The child is taller than their father.''

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Tỹ ti ã jãmré nĩ.|É seu cunhado.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Tỹ{{tag|ex}} ti{{tag|prn}} ã{{tag|prn}} jãmré{{tag|n}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|É{{tag|v}} seu{{tag|prn}} cunhado{{tag|n}}.{tag|sent}}}}

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh mỹ tóg tỹ ũn há nĩ ve nĩ.|Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1p}}{{tag|sg}} mỹ{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|subj}} tỹ{tag|ex}} ũn{{tag|prn}} há{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} nĩ ve{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tenho{{tag|vblex}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}} impressão{{tag|n}} que{{tag|prn}} ele{{tag|prn}} é{{tag|vblex}} bom{{tag|adj}} .{{tag|sent}}}}

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Nĩ ra, ẽprã.|Senta, no chão!}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Nĩ{{tag|v}} ra{{tag|asp}} ,{{tag|cm}} ẽprã{{tag|cir}}| Senta{{tag|vblex}},{{tag|cm}} n{{tag|pr}}o{{tag|det}} chão{{tag|n}} !{{tag|sent}}}}

''Sit on the floor!''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Ẽg jagfy tóg ter, Jesus.|Por nós morreu Jesus.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Ẽg{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} jagfy{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|subj}} ter{{tag|v}},{{tag|cm}} Jesus{{tag|n}}|Por{{tag|pr}} nós{{tag|prn}} morreu{{tag|vblex}} Jesus{{tag|n}} .{{tag|sent}}}}

''"Jesus died for us."''
[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-16T23:56:53Z

Egutier1:

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh mré nĩ fi vỹ tỹ, inh kafã fi nĩ.|Minha esposa é minha companheira.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}} mré{{tag|n}} nĩ{{tag|asp}} fi{{tag|prn}} vỹ{{tag|su}} tỹ{{tag|ex}},{{tag|cm}} inh{{tag|prn}} kafã{{tag|n}} fi{{tag|prn}} nĩ<asp>.{{tag|sent}}|Minha{{tag|prn}} esposa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} é{{tag|vblex}} minha{{tag|prn}} companheira{{tag|n}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''"My wife is my companion."''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Nũgnũj ti nĩ, ã kur ti.|A sua roupa está dobrada.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Nũgnũj{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|pl}} ti{{tag|prn}} nĩ{{tag|asp}},{{tag|cm}} ã{{tag|prn}} kur{{tag|n}} ti{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}|A{{tag|det}} sua{{tag|prn}} {{tag|det}} {{tag|3p}} {{tag|f}} roupa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} está{{tag|vblex}} dobrada{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''"Your clothes are folded"''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh kósin tỹ ẽgno vỹ, inh mỹ tũg.|Meu filho caçula morreu.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}} kósin{{tag|n}} tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}} ẽgno{{tag|n}} vỹ{{tag|su}}{{tag|top}}, inh{{tag|prn}} mỹ{{tag|post}} tũg{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}.{{tag|sent}}|Meu{{tag|prn}} filho{{tag|n}}{{tag|masc}} caçula{{tag|adj}} morreu{{tag|vblex}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''"My youngest son died"''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|São Paulo vỹ, rã jur ja tá nĩ.|São Paulo fica no leste.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|São Paulo{{tag|n}} vỹ{{tag|su}}, rã jur ja tá{{tag|cir}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|São Paulo{{tag|n}} fica{{tag|v}} n{{tag|pr}}0{{tag|det}} leste{{tag|n}} .{{tag|sent}}}}

''"Sao Paulo is eastwards"''

'''3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Téj ki tóg, ti panh kãfór nĩ, kyrũ ti.|O moço é mais alto que o pai dele.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Téj{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|sg}} ki{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|su}}, {{tag|cm}} ti{{tag|prn}} panh{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} kãfór{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} nĩ{{tag|asp}},{{tag|cm}} kyrũ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ti{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}|O{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}} moço{{tag|n}} é{{tag|vblex}} mais alto{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}} que o{{tag|det}} pai{{tag|n}} d{{tag|pr}}ele{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''The child is taller than their father.''

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Tỹ ti ã jãmré nĩ.|É seu cunhado.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Tỹ{{tag|ex}} ti{{tag|prn}} ã{{tag|prn}} jãmré{{tag|n}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|É{{tag|v}} seu{{tag|prn}} cunhado{{tag|n}}.{tag|sent}}}}

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh mỹ tóg tỹ ũn há nĩ ve nĩ.|Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1p}}{{tag|sg}} mỹ{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|subj}} tỹ{tag|ex}} ũn{{tag|prn}} há{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} nĩ ve{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tenho{{tag|vblex}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}} impressão{{tag|n}} que{{tag|prn}} ele{{tag|prn}} é{{tag|vblex}} bom{{tag|adj}} .{{tag|sent}}}}

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Nĩ ra, ẽprã.|Senta, no chão!}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Nĩ{{tag|v}} ra{{tag|asp}} ,{{tag|cm}} ẽprã{{tag|cir}}| Senta{{tag|vblex}},{{tag|cm}} n{{tag|pr}}o{{tag|det}} chão{{tag|n}} !{{tag|sent}}}}

''Sit on the floor!''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Ẽg jagfy tóg ter, Jesus.|Por nós morreu Jesus.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Ẽg{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} jagfy{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|subj}} ter{{tag|v}},{{tag|cm}} Jesus{{tag|n}}|Por{{tag|pr}} nós{{tag|prn}} morreu{{tag|vblex}} Jesus{{tag|n}} .{{tag|sent}}}}

''"Jesus died for us."''
[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-16T23:56:06Z

Egutier1:

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh mré nĩ fi vỹ tỹ, inh kafã fi nĩ.|Minha esposa é minha companheira.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}} mré{{tag|n}} nĩ{{tag|asp}} fi{{tag|prn}} vỹ{{tag|su}} tỹ{{tag|ex}},{{tag|cm}} inh{{tag|prn}} kafã{{tag|n}} fi{{tag|prn}} nĩ<asp>.{{tag|sent}}|Minha{{tag|prn}} esposa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} é{{tag|vblex}} minha{{tag|prn}} companheira{{tag|n}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''"My wife is my companion."''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Nũgnũj ti nĩ, ã kur ti.|A sua roupa está dobrada.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Nũgnũj{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|pl}} ti{{tag|prn}} nĩ{{tag|asp}},{{tag|cm}} ã{{tag|prn}} kur{{tag|n}} ti{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}|A{{tag|det}} sua{{tag|prn}} {{tag|det}} {{tag|3p}} {{tag|f}} roupa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} está{{tag|vblex}} dobrada{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''"Your clothes are folded"''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh kósin tỹ ẽgno vỹ, inh mỹ tũg.|Meu filho caçula morreu.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}} kósin{{tag|n}} tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}} ẽgno{{tag|n}} vỹ{{tag|su}}{{tag|top}}, inh{{tag|prn}} mỹ{{tag|post}} tũg{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}.{{tag|sent}}|Meu{{tag|prn}} filho{{tag|n}}{{tag|masc}} caçula{{tag|adj}} morreu{{tag|vblex}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''"My youngest son died"''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|São Paulo vỹ, rã jur ja tá nĩ.|São Paulo fica no leste.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|São Paulo{{tag|n}} vỹ{{tag|su}}, rã jur ja tá{{tag|cir}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|São Paulo{{tag|n}} fica{{tag|v}} n{{tag|pr}}0{{tag|det}} leste{{tag|n}} .{{tag|sent}}}}

''"Sao Paulo is eastwards"''

'''3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Téj ki tóg, ti panh kãfór nĩ, kyrũ ti.|O moço é mais alto que o pai dele.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Téj{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|sg}} ki{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|su}}, {{tag|cm}} ti{{tag|prn}} panh{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} kãfór{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} nĩ{{tag|asp}},{{tag|cm}} kyrũ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ti{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}|O{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}} moço{{tag|n}} é{{tag|vblex}} mais alto{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}} que o{{tag|det}} pai{{tag|n}} d{{tag|pr}}ele{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Tỹ ti ã jãmré nĩ.|É seu cunhado.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Tỹ{{tag|ex}} ti{{tag|prn}} ã{{tag|prn}} jãmré{{tag|n}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|É{{tag|v}} seu{{tag|prn}} cunhado{{tag|n}}.{tag|sent}}}}

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh mỹ tóg tỹ ũn há nĩ ve nĩ.|Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1p}}{{tag|sg}} mỹ{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|subj}} tỹ{tag|ex}} ũn{{tag|prn}} há{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} nĩ ve{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tenho{{tag|vblex}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}} impressão{{tag|n}} que{{tag|prn}} ele{{tag|prn}} é{{tag|vblex}} bom{{tag|adj}} .{{tag|sent}}}}

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Nĩ ra, ẽprã.|Senta, no chão!}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Nĩ{{tag|v}} ra{{tag|asp}} ,{{tag|cm}} ẽprã{{tag|cir}}| Senta{{tag|vblex}},{{tag|cm}} n{{tag|pr}}o{{tag|det}} chão{{tag|n}} !{{tag|sent}}}}

''Sit on the floor!''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Ẽg jagfy tóg ter, Jesus.|Por nós morreu Jesus.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Ẽg{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} jagfy{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|subj}} ter{{tag|v}},{{tag|cm}} Jesus{{tag|n}}|Por{{tag|pr}} nós{{tag|prn}} morreu{{tag|vblex}} Jesus{{tag|n}} .{{tag|sent}}}}

''"Jesus died for us."''
[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-16T23:55:44Z

Egutier1:

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh mré nĩ fi vỹ tỹ, inh kafã fi nĩ.|Minha esposa é minha companheira.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}} mré{{tag|n}} nĩ{{tag|asp}} fi{{tag|prn}} vỹ{{tag|su}} tỹ{{tag|ex}},{{tag|cm}} inh{{tag|prn}} kafã{{tag|n}} fi{{tag|prn}} nĩ<asp>.{{tag|sent}}|Minha{{tag|prn}} esposa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} é{{tag|vblex}} minha{{tag|prn}} companheira{{tag|n}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''"My wife is my companion."''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Nũgnũj ti nĩ, ã kur ti.|A sua roupa está dobrada.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Nũgnũj{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|pl}} ti{{tag|prn}} nĩ{{tag|asp}},{{tag|cm}} ã{{tag|prn}} kur{{tag|n}} ti{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}|A{{tag|det}} sua{{tag|prn}} {{tag|det}} {{tag|3p}} {{tag|f}} roupa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} está{{tag|vblex}} dobrada{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''"Your clothes are folded"''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh kósin tỹ ẽgno vỹ, inh mỹ tũg.|Meu filho caçula morreu.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}} kósin{{tag|n}} tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}} ẽgno{{tag|n}} vỹ{{tag|su}}{{tag|top}}, inh{{tag|prn}} mỹ{{tag|post}} tũg{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}.{{tag|sent}}|Meu{{tag|prn}} filho{{tag|n}}{{tag|masc}} caçula{{tag|adj}} morreu{{tag|vblex}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''"My youngest son died"''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|São Paulo vỹ, rã jur ja tá nĩ.|São Paulo fica no leste.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|São Paulo{{tag|n}} vỹ{{tag|su}}, rã jur ja tá{{tag|cir}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|São Paulo{{tag|n}} fica{{tag|v}} n{{tag|pr}}0{{tag|det}} leste{{tag|n}}
{{tag|sent}}}}

''"Sao Paulo is eastwards"''

'''3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Téj ki tóg, ti panh kãfór nĩ, kyrũ ti.|O moço é mais alto que o pai dele.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Téj{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|sg}} ki{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|su}}, {{tag|cm}} ti{{tag|prn}} panh{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} kãfór{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} nĩ{{tag|asp}},{{tag|cm}} kyrũ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ti{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}|O{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}} moço{{tag|n}} é{{tag|vblex}} mais alto{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}} que o{{tag|det}} pai{{tag|n}} d{{tag|pr}}ele{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Tỹ ti ã jãmré nĩ.|É seu cunhado.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Tỹ{{tag|ex}} ti{{tag|prn}} ã{{tag|prn}} jãmré{{tag|n}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|É{{tag|v}} seu{{tag|prn}} cunhado{{tag|n}}.{tag|sent}}}}

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh mỹ tóg tỹ ũn há nĩ ve nĩ.|Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1p}}{{tag|sg}} mỹ{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|subj}} tỹ{tag|ex}} ũn{{tag|prn}} há{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} nĩ ve{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tenho{{tag|vblex}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}} impressão{{tag|n}} que{{tag|prn}} ele{{tag|prn}} é{{tag|vblex}} bom{{tag|adj}} .{{tag|sent}}}}

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Nĩ ra, ẽprã.|Senta, no chão!}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Nĩ{{tag|v}} ra{{tag|asp}} ,{{tag|cm}} ẽprã{{tag|cir}}| Senta{{tag|vblex}},{{tag|cm}} n{{tag|pr}}o{{tag|det}} chão{{tag|n}} !{{tag|sent}}}}

''Sit on the floor!''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Ẽg jagfy tóg ter, Jesus.|Por nós morreu Jesus.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Ẽg{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} jagfy{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|subj}} ter{{tag|v}},{{tag|cm}} Jesus{{tag|n}}|Por{{tag|pr}} nós{{tag|prn}} morreu{{tag|vblex}} Jesus{{tag|n}} .{{tag|sent}}}}

''"Jesus died for us."''
[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-16T23:54:31Z

Egutier1:

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh mré nĩ fi vỹ tỹ, inh kafã fi nĩ.|Minha esposa é minha companheira.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}} mré{{tag|n}} nĩ{{tag|asp}} fi{{tag|prn}} vỹ{{tag|su}} tỹ{{tag|ex}},{{tag|cm}} inh{{tag|prn}} kafã{{tag|n}} fi{{tag|prn}} nĩ<asp>.{{tag|sent}}|Minha{{tag|prn}} esposa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} é{{tag|vblex}} minha{{tag|prn}} companheira{{tag|n}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''"My wife is my companion."''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Nũgnũj ti nĩ, ã kur ti.|A sua roupa está dobrada.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Nũgnũj{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|pl}} ti{{tag|prn}} nĩ{{tag|asp}},{{tag|cm}} ã{{tag|prn}} kur{{tag|n}} ti{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}|A{{tag|det}} sua{{tag|prn}} {{tag|det}} {{tag|3p}} {{tag|f}} roupa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} está{{tag|vblex}} dobrada{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

''"Your clothes are folded"''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh kósin tỹ ẽgno vỹ, inh mỹ tũg.|Meu filho caçula morreu.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}} kósin{{tag|n}} tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}} ẽgno{{tag|n}} vỹ{{tag|su}}{{tag|top}}, inh{{tag|prn}} mỹ{{tag|post}} tũg{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}.{{tag|sent}}|Meu{{tag|prn}} filho{{tag|n}}{{tag|masc}} caçula{{tag|adj}} morreu{{tag|vblex}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|São Paulo vỹ, rã jur ja tá nĩ.|São Paulo fica no leste.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|São Paulo{{tag|n}} vỹ{{tag|su}}, rã jur ja tá{{tag|cir}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|São Paulo{{tag|n}} fica{{tag|v}} n{{tag|pr}}0{{tag|det}} leste{{tag|n}}
{{tag|sent}}}}

São Paulo<n> vỹ<subj>, rã jur ja tá<cir> nĩ<asp>.

São Paulo<n> fica<v> n<pr>o<det> leste<n>

''"Sao Paulo is eastwards"''

'''3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Téj ki tóg, ti panh kãfór nĩ, kyrũ ti.|O moço é mais alto que o pai dele.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Téj{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|sg}} ki{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|su}}, {{tag|cm}} ti{{tag|prn}} panh{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} kãfór{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} nĩ{{tag|asp}},{{tag|cm}} kyrũ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ti{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}|O{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}} moço{{tag|n}} é{{tag|vblex}} mais alto{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}} que o{{tag|det}} pai{{tag|n}} d{{tag|pr}}ele{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

maior{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}

Téj<n><dep><sg> ki<cir> tóg<subj>, ti<prn> panh<n><dep> kãfór<n><dep> nĩ<asp>, kyrũ<n><sg> ti<prn>.

O<det><m> moço<n> é<v> mais alto<adj> que o<det> pai<n> d<pr>ele<prn>.

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Tỹ ti ã jãmré nĩ.|É seu cunhado.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Tỹ{{tag|ex}} ti{{tag|prn}} ã{{tag|prn}} jãmré{{tag|n}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|É{{tag|v}} seu{{tag|prn}} cunhado{{tag|n}}.{tag|sent}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado<n>.

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh mỹ tóg tỹ ũn há nĩ ve nĩ.|Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1p}}{{tag|sg}} mỹ{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|subj}} tỹ{tag|ex}} ũn{{tag|prn}} há{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} nĩ ve{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tenho{{tag|vblex}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}} impressão{{tag|n}} que{{tag|prn}} ele{{tag|prn}} é{{tag|vblex}} bom{{tag|adj}} .{{tag|sent}}}}

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Nĩ ra, ẽprã.|Senta, no chão!}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Nĩ{{tag|v}} ra{{tag|asp}} ,{{tag|cm}} ẽprã{{tag|cir}}| Senta{{tag|vblex}},{{tag|cm}} n{{tag|pr}}o{{tag|det}} chão{{tag|n}} !{{tag|sent}}}}

''Sit on the floor!''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Ẽg jagfy tóg ter, Jesus.|Por nós morreu Jesus.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Ẽg{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} jagfy{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|subj}} ter{{tag|v}},{{tag|cm}} Jesus{{tag|n}}|Por{{tag|pr}} nós{{tag|prn}} morreu{{tag|vblex}} Jesus{{tag|n}} .{{tag|sent}}}}

''"Jesus died for us."''
[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Kaingang and Portuguese/Structural transfer

2019-04-16T23:48:02Z

Egutier1: Blanked the page

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-16T22:59:18Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh mré nĩ fi vỹ tỹ, inh kafã fi nĩ.|Minha esposa é minha companheira.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}} mré{{tag|n}} nĩ{{tag|asp}} fi{{tag|prn}} vỹ{{tag|su}} tỹ{{tag|ex}}, inh{{tag|prn}} kafã{{tag|n}} fi{{tag|prn}} nĩ<asp>.{{tag|sent}}|Minha{{tag|prn}} esposa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} é{{tag|vblex}} minha{{tag|prn}} companheira{{tag|n}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>.

''"My wife is my companion."''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|kur|roupa}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|kur{{tag|n}}|roupa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}}

Nũgnũj<n><dep><pl> ti<prn> nĩ<asp>, ã<prn> kur<n> ti<prn>.

A<det> sua<prn><det><3p><f> roupa<n><f> está<v><3p><sg> dobrada<adj><f>

''"Your clothes are folded"''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|tỹ|meu}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}{{tag|m}}}}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|vỹ|o}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|vỹ{{tag|subj}}|o{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}}}}

São Paulo<n> vỹ<subj>, rã jur ja tá<cir> nĩ<asp>.

São Paulo<n> fica<v> n<pr>o<det> leste<n>

''"Sao Paulo is eastwards"''

'''3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|kãfór|maior}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|kãfór{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}|maior{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}}}

Téj<n><dep><sg> ki<cir> tóg<subj>, ti<prn> panh<n><dep> kãfór<n><dep> nĩ<asp>, kyrũ<n><sg> ti<prn>.

O<det><m> moço<n> é<v> mais alto<adj> que o<det> pai<n> d<pr>ele<prn>.

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|nĩ|é}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|nĩ|é}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Inh<prn> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ<ex> ũn<prn><rel> há<n><dep> nĩ-ve<v><iv> nĩ<asp>.

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|ẽprã|em}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|ẽprã{{tag|cir}}|em{{tag|pr}}}}

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<pr>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit on the floor!''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|jagfy|por}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|jagfy{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|pr}}}}

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<pr> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-16T13:39:56Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|kafã|companheira}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>

''"My wife is my companion."''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|kur|roupa}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|kur{{tag|n}}|roupa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}}

Nũgnũj<n><dep><pl> ti<prn> nĩ<asp>, ã<prn> kur<n> ti<prn>.

A<det> sua<prn><det><3p><f> roupa<n><f> está<v><3p><sg> dobrada<adj><f>

''"Your clothes are folded"''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|tỹ|meu}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}{{tag|m}}}}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|vỹ|o}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|vỹ{{tag|subj}}|o{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}}}}

São Paulo<n> vỹ<subj>, rã jur ja tá<cir> nĩ<asp>.

São Paulo<n> fica<v> n<pr>o<det> leste<n>

''"Sao Paulo is eastwards"''

'''3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|kãfór|maior}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|kãfór{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}|maior{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}}}

Téj<n><dep><sg> ki<cir> tóg<subj>, ti<prn> panh<n><dep> kãfór<n><dep> nĩ<asp>, kyrũ<n><sg> ti<prn>.

O<det><m> moço<n> é<v> mais alto<adj> que o<det> pai<n> d<pr>ele<prn>.

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|nĩ|é}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|nĩ|é}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Inh<prn> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ<ex> ũn<prn><rel> há<n><dep> nĩ-ve<v><iv> nĩ<asp>.

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|ẽprã|em}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|ẽprã{{tag|cir}}|em{{tag|pr}}}}

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<pr>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit on the floor!''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|jagfy|por}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|jagfy{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|pr}}}}

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<pr> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-16T13:36:44Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|kafã|companheira}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>

''"My wife is my companion."''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|kur|roupa}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|kur{{tag|n}}|roupa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}}

Nũgnũj<n><dep><pl> ti<prn> nĩ<asp>, ã<prn> kur<n> ti<prn>.

A<det> sua<prn><det><3p><f> roupa<n><f> está<v><3p><sg> dobrada<adj><f>

''"Your clothes are folded"''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|tỹ|meu}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}{{tag|m}}}}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|vỹ|o}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|vỹ{{tag|subj}}|o{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}}}}

São Paulo<n> vỹ<subj>, rã jur ja tá<cir> nĩ<asp>.

São Paulo<n> fica<v> n<pr>o<det> leste<n>

''"Sao Paulo is eastwards"''

'''3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|kãfór|maior}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|kãfór{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}|maior{{tag|adj}}}}

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|kafã|companheira}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|kafã{{tag|n}}|maior{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}}}

Téj<n><dep><sg> ki<cir> tóg<subj>, ti<prn> panh<n><dep> kãfór<n><dep> nĩ<asp>, kyrũ<n><sg> ti<prn>.

O<det><m> moço<n> é<v> mais alto<adj> que o<det> pai<n> d<pr>ele<prn>.

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

*{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Inh<prn> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ<ex> ũn<prn><rel> há<n><dep> nĩ-ve<v><iv> nĩ<asp>.

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã|por}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã{{tag|cir}}|em{{tag|pr}}}}

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<pr>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit on the floor!''

*{{transferTest|kgp|pt|jagfy|por}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|jagfy{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|pr}}}}

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<pr> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-16T13:34:28Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|kafã|companheira}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>

''"My wife is my companion."''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|kur|roupa}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|kur{{tag|n}}|roupa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}}

Nũgnũj<n><dep><pl> ti<prn> nĩ<asp>, ã<prn> kur<n> ti<prn>.

A<det> sua<prn><det><3p><f> roupa<n><f> está<v><3p><sg> dobrada<adj><f>

''"Your clothes are folded"''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|tỹ|meu}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}{{tag|m}}}}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|vỹ|o}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|vỹ{{tag|subj}}|o{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}}}}

São Paulo<n> vỹ<subj>, rã jur ja tá<cir> nĩ<asp>.

São Paulo<n> fica<v> n<prep>o<det> leste<n>

''"Sao Paulo is eastwards"''

'''3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|por|kãfór|maior}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|kãfór{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}|maior{{tag|adj}}}}

Téj<n><dep><sg> ki<cir> tóg<subj>, ti<prn> panh<n><dep> kãfór<n><dep> nĩ<asp>, kyrũ<n><sg> ti<prn>.

O<det><m> moço<n> é<v> mais alto<adj> que o<det> pai<n> d<prep>ele<prn>.

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

*{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Inh<prn> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ<ex> ũn<prn><rel> há<n><dep> nĩ-ve<v><iv> nĩ<asp>.

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

*{{transferTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã|por}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã{{tag|cir}}|em{{tag|prep}}}}

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<prep>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit on the floor!''

*{{transferTest|kgp|pt|jagfy|por}}
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|jagfy{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|prep}}}}

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<prep> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-16T12:49:23Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kafã|companheira}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>

''"My wife is my companion."''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kur|roupa}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kur{{tag|n}}|roupa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Nũgnũj<n><dep><pl> ti<prn> nĩ<asp>, ã<prn> kur<n> ti<prn>.

A<det> sua<prn><det><3p><f> roupa<n><f> está<v><3p><sg> dobrada<adj><f>

''"Your clothes are folded"''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|tỹ|o}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|vỹ|o}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}|o{{tag|prn}}}}

São Paulo<n> vỹ<subj>, rã jur ja tá<cir> nĩ<asp>.

São Paulo<n> fica<v> n<prep>o<det> leste<n>

''"Sao Paulo is eastwards"''

'''3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kãfór|maior}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kãfór{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}|maior{{tag|adj}}}}

Téj<n><dep><sg> ki<cir> tóg<subj>, ti<prn> panh<n><dep> kãfór<n><dep> nĩ<asp>, kyrũ<n><sg> ti<prn>.

O<det><m> moço<n> é<v> mais alto<adj> que o<det> pai<n> d<prep>ele<prn>.

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Inh<prn> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ<ex> ũn<prn><rel> há<n><dep> nĩ-ve<v><iv> nĩ<asp>.

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã{{tag|cir}}|em{{tag|prep}}}}

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<prep>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit on the floor!''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|jagfy|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|jagfy{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|prep}}}}

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<prep> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-16T12:48:37Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kafã|companheira}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>

''"My wife is my companion."''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kur|roupa}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kur{{tag|n}}|roupa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Nũgnũj<n><dep><pl> ti<prn> nĩ<asp>, ã<prn> kur<n> ti<prn>.

A<det> sua<prn><det><3p><f> roupa<n><f> está<v><3p><sg> dobrada<adj><f>

''"Your clothes are folded"''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|tỹ|==can be several ptg words}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|vỹ|o}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}|o{{tag|prn}}}}

São Paulo<n> vỹ<subj>, rã jur ja tá<cir> nĩ<asp>.

São Paulo<n> fica<v> n<prep>o<det> leste<n>

''"Sao Paulo is eastwards"''

'''3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kãfór|maior}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kãfór{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}|maior{{tag|adj}}}}

Téj<n><dep><sg> ki<cir> tóg<subj>, ti<prn> panh<n><dep> kãfór<n><dep> nĩ<asp>, kyrũ<n><sg> ti<prn>.

O<det><m> moço<n> é<v> mais alto<adj> que o<det> pai<n> d<prep>ele<prn>.

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Inh<prn> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ<ex> ũn<prn><rel> há<n><dep> nĩ-ve<v><iv> nĩ<asp>.

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã{{tag|cir}}|em{{tag|prep}}}}

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<prep>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit on the floor!''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|jagfy|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|jagfy{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|prep}}}}

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<prep> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-11T13:26:18Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kafã|companheira}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>

''"My wife is my companion."''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kur|roupa}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kur{{tag|n}}|roupa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Nũgnũj<n><dep><pl> ti<prn> nĩ<asp>, ã<prn> kur<n> ti<prn>.

A<det> sua<prn><det><3p><f> roupa<n><f> está<v><3p><sg> dobrada<adj><f>

''"Your clothes are folded"''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|tỹ|==can be several ptg words}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|vỹ|o}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}|o{{tag|prn}}}}

São Paulo<n> vỹ<subj>, rã jur ja tá<cir> nĩ<asp>.

São Paulo<n> fica<v> n<prep>o<det> leste<n>

''"Sao Paulo is eastwards"''

'''3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kãfór|maior}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kãfór{{tag|n}}{{tag|sub}}|maior{{tag|adj}}}}

Téj<n><dep><sg> ki<cir> tóg<subj>, ti<prn> panh<n><dep> kãfór<n><dep> nĩ<asp>, kyrũ<n><sg> ti<prn>.

O<det><m> moço<n> é<v> mais alto<adj> que o<det> pai<n> d<prep>ele<prn>.

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Inh<prn> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ<ex> ũn<prn><rel> há<n><dep> nĩ-ve<v><iv> nĩ<asp>.

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã{{tag|cir}}|em{{tag|prep}}}}

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<prep>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit on the floor!''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|jagfy|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|jagfy{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|prep}}}}

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<prep> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-09T17:42:37Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kafã|companheira}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>

''"My wife is my companion."''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kur|roupa}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kur{{tag|n}}|roupa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Nũgnũj<n><dep><pl> ti<prn> nĩ<asp>, ã<prn> kur<n> ti<prn>.

A<det> sua<prn><det><3p><f> roupa<n><f> está<v><3p><sg> dobrada<adj><f>

''"Your clothes are folded"''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|tỹ|==can be several ptg words}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|vỹ|o}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}|o{{tag|prn}}}}

São Paulo<n> vỹ<subj>, rã jur ja tá<cir> nĩ<asp>.

São Paulo<n> fica<v> n<prep>o<det> leste<n>

''"Sao Paulo is eastwards"''

'''3) Tense is expressed in the verb in Portuguese, and not in Kaingang.'''

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Inh<prn> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ<ex> ũn<prn><rel> há<n><dep> nĩ-ve<v><iv> nĩ<asp>.

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã{{tag|cir}}|em{{tag|prep}}}}

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<prep>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit on the floor!''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|jagfy|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|jagfy{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|prep}}}}

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<prep> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-09T17:36:19Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kafã|companheira}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>

''"My wife is my companion."''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kafã|companheira}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Nũgnũj ti nĩ, ã kur ti.

A<det> sua<prn><det><3p><f> roupa<n> está<v><3p><sg> dobrada<adj><f>

''"Your clothes are folded"''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|tỹ|==can be several ptg words}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|vỹ|o}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}|o{{tag|prn}}}}

São Paulo<n> vỹ<subj>, rã jur ja tá<cir> nĩ<asp>.

São Paulo<n> fica<v> n<prep>o<det> leste<n>

''"Sao Paulo is eastwards"''

'''3) Tense is expressed in the verb in Portuguese, and not in Kaingang.'''

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Inh<prn> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ<ex> ũn<prn><rel> há<n><dep> nĩ-ve<v><iv> nĩ<asp>.

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã{{tag|cir}}|em{{tag|prep}}}}

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<prep>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit on the floor!''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|jagfy|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|jagfy{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|prep}}}}

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<prep> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-09T17:31:16Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kafã|companheira}}

::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>

''"My wife is my companion."''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|tỹ|==can be several ptg words}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|vỹ|o}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}|o{{tag|prn}}}}

São Paulo<n> vỹ<subj>, rã jur ja tá<cir> nĩ<asp>.

São Paulo<n> fica<v> n<prep>o<det> leste<n>

''"Sao Paulo is eastwards"''

'''3) Tense is expressed in the verb in Portuguese, and not in Kaingang.'''

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Inh<prn> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ<ex> ũn<prn><rel> há<n><dep> nĩ-ve<v><iv> nĩ<asp>.

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã{{tag|cir}}|em{{tag|prep}}}}

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<prep>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit on the floor!''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|jagfy|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|jagfy{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|prep}}}}

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<prep> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-09T17:31:05Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kafã|companheira}}

::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>

''"My wife is my companion."''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|tỹ|==can be several ptg words}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|vỹ|o}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}|o{{tag|prn}}}}

São Paulo<n> vỹ<subj>, rã jur ja tá<cir> nĩ<asp>.

São Paulo<n> fica<v> n<prep>o<det> leste<n>

''"Sao Paulo is eastwards"''

'''3) Tense is expressed in the verb in Portuguese, and not in Kaingang.'''

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Inh<prn> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ<ex> ũn<prn><rel> há<n><dep> nĩ-ve<v><iv> nĩ<asp>.

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã{{tag|cir}}|em{{tag|prep}}}}

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<prep>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit on the floor!''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|jagfy|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|jagfy{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|prep}}}}

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<prep> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-09T17:24:17Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kafã|companheira}}

::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>

''"My wife is my companion."''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|tỹ|==can be several ptg words}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|tỹ|==can be several ptg words}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}}}

São Paulo vỹ, rã jur ja tá nĩ.

"Sao Paulo is eastwards"

'''3) Tense is expressed in the verb in Portuguese, and not in Kaingang.'''

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Inh<prn> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ<ex> ũn<prn><rel> há<n><dep> nĩ-ve<v><iv> nĩ<asp>.

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã{{tag|cir}}|em{{tag|prep}}}}

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<prep>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit on the floor!''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|jagfy|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|jagfy{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|prep}}}}

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<prep> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-09T16:28:24Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kafã|companheira}}

::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>

''"My wife is my companion."''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|tỹ|==can be several ptg words}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

'''3) Tense is expressed in the verb in Portuguese, and not in Kaingang.'''

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existance-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Inh<prn> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ<ex> ũn<prn> há<n><dep> nĩ-ve<v><iv> nĩ<asp>.

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã{{tag|cir}}|em{{tag|prep}}}}

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<prep>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit on the floor!''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|jagfy|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|jagfy{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|prep}}}}

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<prep> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-09T16:27:09Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kafã|companheira}}

::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>

''"My wife is my companion."''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|tỹ|==can be several ptg words}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

'''3) Tense is expressed in the verb in Portuguese, and not in Kaingang.'''

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existance-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Inh<prn> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ<ex> ũn<prn> há<n><dep> nĩ-ve<v><iv> nĩ<asp>.

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã{{tag|cir}}|em{{tag|prep}}}}

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<prep>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit on the floor!''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|jagfy|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|jagfy{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|prep}}}}

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<prep> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-09T16:15:35Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kafã|companheira}}

::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>

''"My wife is my companion."''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|tỹ|==can be several ptg words}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

'''3) Tense is expressed in the verb in Portuguese, and not in Kaingang.'''

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existance-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

Inh mỹ tóg tỹ øn há nĩ ve nĩ.

‘para mi (cir.) ele(s.tóg) tÿ(ind.ex.) parece bom(predicado) é(ind.a.)

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã{{tag|cir}}|em{{tag|prep}}}}

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<prep>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit on the floor!''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|jagfy|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|jagfy{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|prep}}}}

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<prep> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-09T16:14:52Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kafã|companheira}}

::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>

''"My wife is my companion."''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|tỹ|==can be several ptg words}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

'''3) Tense is expressed in the verb in Portuguese, and not in Kaingang.'''

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existance-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

Inh mỹ tóg tỹ øn há nĩ ve nĩ.

‘para mi (cir.) ele(s.tóg) tÿ(ind.ex.) parece bom(predicado) é(ind.a.)

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|prep}}}}

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<prep>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit on the floor!''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|jagfy|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|jagfy{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|prep}}}}

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<prep> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-09T13:49:16Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kafã|companheira}}

::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>

''"My wife is my companion."''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|tỹ|==can be several ptg words}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

'''3) Tense is expressed in the verb in Portuguese, and not in Kaingang.'''

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existance-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

Inh mỹ tóg tỹ øn há nĩ ve nĩ.

‘para mi (cir.) ele(s.tóg) tÿ(ind.ex.) parece bom(predicado) é(ind.a.)

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|prep}}}}

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<prep>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit in the chair!''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|jagfy|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|jagfy{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|prep}}}}

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<prep> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-09T13:48:45Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kafã|companheira}}

::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>

''"My wife is my companion."''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|tỹ|==can be several ptg words}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

'''3) Tense is expressed in the verb in Portuguese, and not in Kaingang.'''

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existance-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

Inh mỹ tóg tỹ øn há nĩ ve nĩ.

‘para mi (cir.) ele(s.tóg) tÿ(ind.ex.) parece bom(predicado) é(ind.a.)

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|jagfy|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|prep}}}}

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<prep>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit in the chair!''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|jagfy|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|jagfy{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|prep}}}}

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<prep> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-09T13:44:15Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kafã|companheira}}

::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>

''"My wife is my companion."''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|tỹ|==can be several ptg words}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

'''3) Tense is expressed in the verb in Portuguese, and not in Kaingang.'''

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existance-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

Inh mỹ tóg tỹ øn há nĩ ve nĩ.

‘para mi (cir.) ele(s.tóg) tÿ(ind.ex.) parece bom(predicado) é(ind.a.)

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<cir>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<prep>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit in the chair!''\

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|jagfy|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|jagfy{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|prep}}}}

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<prep> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-09T13:44:01Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kafã|companheira}}

::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>

''"My wife is my companion."''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|tỹ|==can be several ptg words}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

'''3) Tense is expressed in the verb in Portuguese, and not in Kaingang.'''

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existance-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

Inh mỹ tóg tỹ øn há nĩ ve nĩ.

‘para mi (cir.) ele(s.tóg) tÿ(ind.ex.) parece bom(predicado) é(ind.a.)

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<cir>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<prep>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit in the chair!''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|jagfy|por}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|jagfy{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|prep}}}}

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<prep> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-09T13:42:32Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|kafã|companheira}}

::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>

''"My wife is my companion."''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|tỹ|==can be several ptg words}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

'''3) Tense is expressed in the verb in Portuguese, and not in Kaingang.'''

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existance-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

Inh mỹ tóg tỹ øn há nĩ ve nĩ.

‘para mi (cir.) ele(s.tóg) tÿ(ind.ex.) parece bom(predicado) é(ind.a.)

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<cir>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<prep>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit in the chair!''

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<prep> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-09T13:41:49Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|eng|kafã|companheira}}

::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>

''"My wife is my companion."''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|eng|tỹ|==can be several ptg words}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

'''3) Tense is expressed in the verb in Portuguese, and not in Kaingang.'''

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existance-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|eng|nĩ|é}}

{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}}

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

Inh mỹ tóg tỹ øn há nĩ ve nĩ.

‘para mi (cir.) ele(s.tóg) tÿ(ind.ex.) parece bom(predicado) é(ind.a.)

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<cir>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<prep>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit in the chair!''

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<prep> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-09T12:44:14Z

Egutier1:

[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|eng|kafã|companheira}}

::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>

''"My wife is my companion."''

'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.'''

{{transferTest|kgp|eng|tỹ|==can be several ptg words}}

::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

''"My youngest son died"''

'''3) Tense is expressed in the verb in Portuguese, and not in Kaingang.'''

'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existance-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.'''

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<aspect>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

''"He is his brother-in-law."''

Inh mỹ tóg tỹ øn há nĩ ve nĩ.

‘para mi (cir.) ele(s.tóg) tÿ(ind.ex.) parece bom(predicado) é(ind.a.)

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"

'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.'''

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<cir>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<prep>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

''Sit in the chair!''

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<prep> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

''"Jesus died for us."''

ex of form : *{{transferTest|che|eng|Ас|I}}
::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|ас{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|erg}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|subj}}}}