LING073 - User contributions [en]

Sebat Bet Gurage/Transducer

2025-05-15T19:25:27Z

Enapoli1: /* Evaluation */

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-sgw-eng Transducer Repo Link]

== Evaluation ==

=== Coverage and Ambiguity ===
* Coverage: 57 / 243 (≈ 23.5%)
* Remaining unknown forms: 186
* Ambiguity: 287 / 243 (≈ 1.18)

'''Lexicons''': 20
'''Lexicon entries''': 124
'''Patterns''': 8
'''Pattern entries''': 13

=== Top Unknown Words ===
* ^እንም: 6
* ^የኸሬ፥: 3
* ^ዳርዮስ, ^ይፍት, ^ኼታ, ^ኸማ, ^ከረ, ^አዋጅ, ^አንⷄ, ^አትቋምኒ።, ^አትመሬ።, ^ባብኼ, ^ቀዬ፤, ^ስርም: 2 each
* ^ⷘቴንየ, ^ⷅጫኸማ, ^ⷅጫማኸ, ^ᎈረᎃᎌም, ^ፍርድማኸ, ^ፍርድ: 1 each

=== Lexicon Breakdown ===
* Cases: 6
* N-Stems: 26
* Possession: 11
* V-Aspect: 7
* V-Stems: 24
* V-Negation: 1
* V-Suffix: 1
* V-PerfectAspect: 11
* Interjection-Stem: 1
* Pronoun-Stem: 3
* Adjective-Stem: 2
* Numeral: 2
* Punctuation: 23
* Anonymous lexicons: 6

== Notes ==

[[Category:Sp25_Transducers]][[Category:Sebat Bet Gurage]]

Sebat Bet Gurage/Transducer

2025-05-15T19:25:16Z

Enapoli1: /* Evaluation */

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-sgw-eng Transducer Repo Link]

== Evaluation ==
== Evaluation ==

=== Coverage and Ambiguity ===
* Coverage: 57 / 243 (≈ 23.5%)
* Remaining unknown forms: 186
* Ambiguity: 287 / 243 (≈ 1.18)

'''Lexicons''': 20
'''Lexicon entries''': 124
'''Patterns''': 8
'''Pattern entries''': 13

=== Top Unknown Words ===
* ^እንም: 6
* ^የኸሬ፥: 3
* ^ዳርዮስ, ^ይፍት, ^ኼታ, ^ኸማ, ^ከረ, ^አዋጅ, ^አንⷄ, ^አትቋምኒ።, ^አትመሬ።, ^ባብኼ, ^ቀዬ፤, ^ስርም: 2 each
* ^ⷘቴንየ, ^ⷅጫኸማ, ^ⷅጫማኸ, ^ᎈረᎃᎌም, ^ፍርድማኸ, ^ፍርድ: 1 each

=== Lexicon Breakdown ===
* Cases: 6
* N-Stems: 26
* Possession: 11
* V-Aspect: 7
* V-Stems: 24
* V-Negation: 1
* V-Suffix: 1
* V-PerfectAspect: 11
* Interjection-Stem: 1
* Pronoun-Stem: 3
* Adjective-Stem: 2
* Numeral: 2
* Punctuation: 23
* Anonymous lexicons: 6

== Notes ==

[[Category:Sp25_Transducers]][[Category:Sebat Bet Gurage]]

Sebat Bet Gurage/Transducer

2025-05-15T19:24:31Z

Enapoli1: /* Evaluation */

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-sgw-eng Transducer Repo Link]

== Evaluation ==
== Evaluation ==

The following statistics summarize the current evaluation of the morphological transducer:

* '''Lexicons''': 20
* '''Lexicon entries''': 124
* '''Patterns''': 8
* '''Pattern entries''': 13

=== Lexicon Breakdown ===
* Cases: 6
* N-Stems: 26
* Possession: 11
* V-Aspect: 7
* V-Stems: 24
* V-Negation: 1
* V-Suffix: 1
* V-PerfectAspect: 11
* Interjection-Stem: 1
* Pronoun-Stem: 3
* Adjective-Stem: 2
* Numeral: 2
* Punctuation: 23
* Anonymous lexicons: 6

=== Coverage and Ambiguity ===
* Coverage: 57 / 243 (≈ 23.5%)
* Remaining unknown forms: 186
* Ambiguity: 287 / 243 (≈ 1.18)

=== Top Unknown Words ===
* ^እንም: 6
* ^የኸሬ፥: 3
* ^ዳርዮስ, ^ይፍት, ^ኼታ, ^ኸማ, ^ከረ, ^አዋጅ, ^አንⷄ, ^አትቋምኒ።, ^አትመሬ።, ^ባብኼ, ^ቀዬ፤, ^ስርም: 2 each
* ^ⷘቴንየ, ^ⷅጫኸማ, ^ⷅጫማኸ, ^ᎈረᎃᎌም, ^ፍርድማኸ, ^ፍርድ: 1 each

== Notes ==

[[Category:Sp25_Transducers]][[Category:Sebat Bet Gurage]]

Sebat Bet Gurage/Grammar

2025-03-27T21:54:22Z

Enapoli1: /* Verbs */

Sebat Bet Gurage/Grammar

2025-03-22T18:23:05Z

Enapoli1: /* Equative Verbs */

Sebat Bet Gurage/Grammar

2025-03-22T17:35:24Z

Enapoli1: /* Equative Verbs */

Sebat Bet Gurage/Grammar

2025-02-27T16:53:59Z

Enapoli1: /* Verbs */

== Parts of Speech ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tag
! Part of Speech
! Example
|-
| {{tag|n}}
| Noun
| {{morphTest| ንቭረት{{tag|n}}| ንቭረት}}
|-
| {{tag|prn}}
| Pronoun
| {{morphTest| እያ{{tag|prn}}| እያ}}
|-
| {{tag|v}}
| Verb
| {{morphTest|ከፈተ{{tag|v}}|ከፈተ}}
|-
| {{tag|adj}}
| Adjective
| {{morphTest|እርስየ{{tag|adj}}|እርስየ}}
|-
| {{tag|adv}}
| Adverb
| {{morphTest|ኸማ{{tag|adv}}|ኸማ}}
|-
| {{tag|post}}
| Postposition
| {{morphTest|ከፈተራም{{tag|v}}{{tag|post}}|ከፈተራም}}
|-
| {{tag|inj}}
| Interjection
| {{morphTest|ወግ{{tag|inj}}|ወግ}}
|-
| {{tag|pre}}
| Preposition
| {{morphTest|በቤት{{tag|pre}}{{tag|n}}|በቤት}}
|-
| {{tag|cn}}
| Conjunction
| {{morphTest|ባንኸሬ{{tag|cn}}|ባንኸሬ}}
|}

== Prefixes ==
{{comment|i may combine this one; i want to talk about prefixes and their multiple purposes}}
=== «የ» ===
The prefix «የ» attached to a noun{{tag|n}} marks accusative case, genitive case, allative case and benefactive case of the sentence.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! case name !! ~meaning !! tag
|-
! accusative
| definite direct object || {{tag|acc}}
|-
! genitive
| possessor || {{tag|gen}}
|-
! allative
| direction || {{tag|all}}
|-
! benefactive
| "for" || {{tag|ben}}
|-
! manner
| "from" || {{tag|man}}
|}

* {{morphTest|መናኒ{{tag|ben}}{{tag|n}}|የመናኒ}}
* {{morphTest|ቭራ{{tag|acc}}{{tag|n}}|የቭራ}}

==== Relative Clauses ====
Verbs forming a relative clause have a different form depending on the aspect. Relative clause verbs in the continuous form are the same, expect for the requirement of the governing noun (or a definite article) to be in the same sentence. In the Pluperfect/Past continuous form, የ is attached to ነፐረ- instead. In the equative form, የ attaches to perfect form ኸረም for past events, ነፐረም for present events, and continuous form ኸረም for future events.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Aspect!! Independent Clause !! Relative Clause !! Form
|-
! Perfect
| ኧርች ችኧነም || '''የ'''ቸነ ኧርች ||የ___-ም
|-
! Continuous
| በዄት ሳት ትቸን || በዄት ሳት ትቸን '''ገረድ''' ||____+}
|-
! Pluperfect/Past continuous
| || ቸነም የረፐረ ምስ||የ ነፐረ-ም
|-
! Equative
| ዝኽ ዴንⷛ ተማሪ ባነቦ || ተማሪ '''የረፐሮ''' ዴንⷛ||የ+ኸረ-ም
|}

=== «በ» ===
{{comment|locative case, real condition, essive, manner}}

== Aspects ==

=== Perfect Aspect ===

* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኹም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኸም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናⷕም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናችም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናነም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኹም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኽማም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በነቮም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|perf}}|በነማም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|impers}}{{tag|perf}}|ᎄነናችም}}

=== Continuous Aspect ===

* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cont}}|ኧቨራ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cont}}|ትቨራ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cont}}|ትቨየ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cont}}|ይቨራ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cont}}|ትቨራ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|ንቨራነ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cont}}|ትቨሮ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cont}}|ትቨራማ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cont}}|ይቨሮ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|cont}}|ይቨራማ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|impers}}{{tag|cont}}|ይወረ}}

''Past Continuous ''

Past Continuous is the continuous form followed by ባነ.

=== Jussive Aspect ===

* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|jus}}|ንብራ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|jus}}|ብራ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|jus}}|ብየ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|jus}}|የብራ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|jus}}|ትብራ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|jus}}|ንብራነ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|jus}}|ብሮ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|jus}}|ብረማ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|jus}}|የብሮ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|jus}}|የብራማ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|impers}}{{tag|jus}}|የውረ}}

=== Negation ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Negation!! Affirmative !! Negative !! Form
|-
! Perfect
| በናኹም || አንበናኹ ||አን___-ም
|-
! Continuous
| ትቨራ || አትቨራ ||አ____
|-
! Jussive
| ብራ || አትብራ ||አት_____
|}

==Verbs ==

=== Converbs ===

There are two converbs: the t(ተ)-converb and the m (መ)-converb.The t-converb, is formed by suffixing -t to a stem identical to the 2nd singular feminine imperative.

* {{morphTest|ንክስ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|conv}}|ንክቭተኸ}}
* {{morphTest|ፍርኸ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|conv}}|ፍረኸያተኸ}}
* {{morphTest|ስቭር{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|conv}}|ሲቪተኸ}}
* {{morphTest|ንቅኢም {{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|ንቅኢምተኸ}}
* {{morphTest|ሲዲድ {{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|ሲዥዥተኸ}}
* {{morphTest|ንቅኢቅ{{tag|v}}{{tag|impers}}{{tag|perf}}| ንቅኢ’ይቅ’ይተኸ}}

=== Equative Verbs ===
Equative verbs are irregular verbs that express identity or equivalence (similar to "to be" in English), showing existence or classification, with distinct affirmative and negative conjugations. Found in both past and present tenses.

'''Past Tense'''

''Affirmative''

* {{morphTest|ባናኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናኹ}}
* {{morphTest|ባናኽ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናኽ}}
* {{morphTest|ባናኽየ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናኽየ}}
* {{morphTest|ባና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ባና}}
* {{morphTest|ባናች{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናች}}
* {{morphTest|ባናና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናና}}
* {{morphTest|ባናኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናኹ}}
* {{morphTest|ባናኽማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናኽማ}}
* {{morphTest|ባናቾ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናቾ}}
* {{morphTest|ባናማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናማ}}

''Negative''
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኹ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኽ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኽ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኽየ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኽየ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኣ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኣ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኣች{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኣች}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓና{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓና}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኹ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኽማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኽማ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኣቾ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኣቾ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኣማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኣማ}}

'''Present Tense'''

In the present tense, the affirmative equative verb appears as a suffix rather than a standalone word, attaching directly to the subject .

''Affirmative''

* {{morphTest|-ንኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|-ንኹ}}
* {{morphTest|-ንኽ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|-ንኽ}}
* {{morphTest|-ንኽየ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|-ንኽየ}}
* {{morphTest|-ኡ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|-ኡ}}
* {{morphTest|-ንታ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|-ንታ}}
* {{morphTest|-እንዳ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|-እንዳ}}
* {{morphTest|-ንኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|-ንኹ}}
* {{morphTest|-ንኽማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|-ንኽማ}}
* {{morphTest|-ሮ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|-ሮ}}
* {{morphTest|-ራማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|-ራማ}}

''Negatitive''

* {{morphTest|አንአርኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኹ}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኽ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኽ}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኽየ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኽየ}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኣ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኣ}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኣች{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኣች}}
* {{morphTest|አንአና{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአና}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኹ}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኽማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኽማ}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኣሮ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኣሮ}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኣራማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኣራማ}}

[[Category:sp25_GrammarDocumentation]]
[[Category:Sebat_Bet_Gurage]]

Sebat Bet Gurage/Grammar

2025-02-27T16:42:23Z

Enapoli1: /* Parts of Speech */

== Parts of Speech ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tag
! Part of Speech
! Example
|-
| {{tag|n}}
| Noun
| {{morphTest| ንቭረት{{tag|n}}| ንቭረት}}
|-
| {{tag|prn}}
| Pronoun
| {{morphTest| እያ{{tag|prn}}| እያ}}
|-
| {{tag|v}}
| Verb
| {{morphTest|ከፈተ{{tag|v}}|ከፈተ}}
|-
| {{tag|adj}}
| Adjective
| {{morphTest|እርስየ{{tag|adj}}|እርስየ}}
|-
| {{tag|adv}}
| Adverb
| {{morphTest|ኸማ{{tag|adv}}|ኸማ}}
|-
| {{tag|post}}
| Postposition
| {{morphTest|ከፈተራም{{tag|v}}{{tag|post}}|ከፈተራም}}
|-
| {{tag|inj}}
| Interjection
| {{morphTest|ወግ{{tag|inj}}|ወግ}}
|-
| {{tag|pre}}
| Preposition
| {{morphTest|በቤት{{tag|pre}}{{tag|n}}|በቤት}}
|-
| {{tag|cn}}
| Conjunction
| {{morphTest|ባንኸሬ{{tag|cn}}|ባንኸሬ}}
|}

== Prefixes ==
{{comment|i may combine this one; i want to talk about prefixes and their multiple purposes}}
=== «የ» ===
The prefix «የ» attached to a noun{{tag|n}} marks accusative case, genitive case, allative case and benefactive case of the sentence.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! case name !! ~meaning !! tag
|-
! accusative
| definite direct object || {{tag|acc}}
|-
! genitive
| possessor || {{tag|gen}}
|-
! allative
| direction || {{tag|all}}
|-
! benefactive
| "for" || {{tag|ben}}
|-
! manner
| "from" || {{tag|man}}
|}

* {{morphTest|መናኒ{{tag|ben}}{{tag|n}}|የመናኒ}}
* {{morphTest|ቭራ{{tag|acc}}{{tag|n}}|የቭራ}}

==== Relative Clauses ====
Verbs forming a relative clause have a different form depending on the aspect. Relative clause verbs in the continuous form are the same, expect for the requirement of the governing noun (or a definite article) to be in the same sentence. In the Pluperfect/Past continuous form, የ is attached to ነፐረ- instead. In the equative form, የ attaches to perfect form ኸረም for past events, ነፐረም for present events, and continuous form ኸረም for future events.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Aspect!! Independent Clause !! Relative Clause !! Form
|-
! Perfect
| ኧርች ችኧነም || '''የ'''ቸነ ኧርች ||የ___-ም
|-
! Continuous
| በዄት ሳት ትቸን || በዄት ሳት ትቸን '''ገረድ''' ||____+}
|-
! Pluperfect/Past continuous
| || ቸነም የረፐረ ምስ||የ ነፐረ-ም
|-
! Equative
| ዝኽ ዴንⷛ ተማሪ ባነቦ || ተማሪ '''የረፐሮ''' ዴንⷛ||የ+ኸረ-ም
|}

=== «በ» ===
{{comment|locative case, real condition, essive, manner}}

== Aspects ==

=== Perfect Aspect ===

* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኹም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኸም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናⷕም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናችም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናነም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኹም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኽማም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በነቮም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|perf}}|በነማም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|impers}}{{tag|perf}}|ᎄነናችም}}

=== Continuous Aspect ===

* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cont}}|ኧቨራ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cont}}|ትቨራ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cont}}|ትቨየ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cont}}|ይቨራ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cont}}|ትቨራ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|ንቨራነ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cont}}|ትቨሮ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cont}}|ትቨራማ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cont}}|ይቨሮ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|cont}}|ይቨራማ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|impers}}{{tag|cont}}|ይወረ}}

''Past Continuous ''

Past Continuous is the continuous form followed by ባነ.

=== Jussive Aspect ===

* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|jus}}|ንብራ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|jus}}|ብራ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|jus}}|ብየ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|jus}}|የብራ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|jus}}|ትብራ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|jus}}|ንብራነ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|jus}}|ብሮ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|jus}}|ብረማ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|jus}}|የብሮ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|jus}}|የብራማ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|impers}}{{tag|jus}}|የውረ}}

=== Negation ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Negation!! Affirmative !! Negative !! Form
|-
! Perfect
| በናኹም || አንበናኹ ||አን___-ም
|-
! Continuous
| ትቨራ || አትቨራ ||አ____
|-
! Jussive
| ብራ || አትብራ ||አት_____
|}

==Verbs ==

=== Converbs ===

There are two converbs: the t(ተ)-converb and the m (መ)-converb.The t-converb, is formed by suffixing -t to a stem identical to the 2nd singular feminine imperative, which exhibits palatalization of a stem consonant.

* {{morphTest|ንክስ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|conv}}|ንክቭተኸ}}
* {{morphTest|ፍርኸ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|conv}}|ፍረኸያተኸ}}
* {{morphTest|ስቭር{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|conv}}|ሲቪተኸ}}
* {{morphTest|ንቅኢም {{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|ንቅኢምተኸ}}
* {{morphTest|ሲዲድ {{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|ሲዥዥተኸ}}
* {{morphTest|ንቅኢቅ{{tag|v}}{{tag|impers}}{{tag|perf}}| ንቅኢ’ይቅ’ይተኸ}}

=== Equative Verbs ===
Equative verbs are irregular verbs that express identity or equivalence (similar to "to be" in English), showing existence or classification, with distinct affirmative and negative conjugations. Found in both past and present tenses.

'''Past Tense'''

''Affirmative''

* {{morphTest|ባናኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናኹ}}
* {{morphTest|ባናኽ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናኽ}}
* {{morphTest|ባናኽየ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናኽየ}}
* {{morphTest|ባና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ባና}}
* {{morphTest|ባናች{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናች}}
* {{morphTest|ባናና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናና}}
* {{morphTest|ባናኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናኹ}}
* {{morphTest|ባናኽማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናኽማ}}
* {{morphTest|ባናቾ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናቾ}}
* {{morphTest|ባናማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናማ}}

''Negative''
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኹ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኽ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኽ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኽየ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኽየ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኣ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኣ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኣች{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኣች}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓና{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓና}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኹ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኽማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኽማ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኣቾ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኣቾ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኣማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኣማ}}

'''Present Tense'''

In the present tense, the affirmative equative verb appears as a suffix rather than a standalone word, attaching directly to the subject .

''Affirmative''

* {{morphTest|-ንኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|-ንኹ}}
* {{morphTest|-ንኽ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|-ንኽ}}
* {{morphTest|-ንኽየ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|-ንኽየ}}
* {{morphTest|-ኡ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|-ኡ}}
* {{morphTest|-ንታ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|-ንታ}}
* {{morphTest|-እንዳ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|-እንዳ}}
* {{morphTest|-ንኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|-ንኹ}}
* {{morphTest|-ንኽማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|-ንኽማ}}
* {{morphTest|-ሮ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|-ሮ}}
* {{morphTest|-ራማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|-ራማ}}

''Negatitive''

* {{morphTest|አንአርኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኹ}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኽ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኽ}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኽየ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኽየ}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኣ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኣ}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኣች{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኣች}}
* {{morphTest|አንአና{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአና}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኹ}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኽማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኽማ}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኣሮ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኣሮ}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኣራማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኣራማ}}

[[Category:sp25_GrammarDocumentation]]
[[Category:Sebat_Bet_Gurage]]

Sebat Bet Gurage/Grammar

2025-02-25T06:17:10Z

Enapoli1:

== Parts of Speech ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tag
! Part of Speech
! Example
|-
| {{tag|n}}
| Noun
| {{morphTest| ንቭረት{{tag|n}}| ንቭረት}}
|-
| {{tag|prn}}
| Pronoun
| {{morphTest| እያ{{tag|prn}}| እያ}}
|-
| {{tag|v}}
| Verb
| {{morphTest|ከፈተ{{tag|v}}|ከፈተ}}
|-
| {{tag|vaux}}
| Auxiliary Verb
| {{morphTest| ባነ{{tag|vaux}}|ባነ}}
|-
| {{tag|adj}}
| Adjective
| {{morphTest|እርስየ{{tag|adj}}|እርስየ}}
|-
| {{tag|adv}}
| Adverb
| {{morphTest|ኸማ{{tag|adv}}|ኸማ}}
|-
| {{tag|post}}
| Postposition
| {{morphTest|ከፈተራም{{tag|v}}{{tag|post}}|ከፈተራም}}
|-
| {{tag|inj}}
| Interjection
| {{morphTest|ወግ{{tag|inj}}|ወግ}}
|-
| {{tag|pre}}
| Preposition
| {{morphTest|በቤት{{tag|pre}}{{tag|n}}|በቤት}}
|-
| {{tag|cn}}
| Conjunction
| {{morphTest|ባንኸሬ{{tag|cn}}|ባንኸሬ}}
|}

== Prefixes ==
{{comment|i may combine this one; i want to talk about prefixes and their multiple purposes}}
=== «የ» ===
The prefix «የ» attached to a noun{{tag|n}} marks accusative case, genitive case, allative case and benefactive case of the sentence.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! case name !! ~meaning !! tag
|-
! accusative
| definite direct object || {{tag|acc}}
|-
! genitive
| possessor || {{tag|gen}}
|-
! allative
| direction || {{tag|all}}
|-
! benefactive
| "for" || {{tag|ben}}
|-
! manner
| "from" || {{tag|man}}
|}

* {{morphTest|መናኒ{{tag|ben}}{{tag|n}}|የመናኒ}}
* {{morphTest|ቭራ{{tag|acc}}{{tag|n}}|የቭራ}}

==== Relative Clauses ====
Verbs forming a relative clause have a different form depending on the aspect.
{{comment|expand on the structure of each form, especially past continuous}}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Aspect!! Independent Clause !! Relative Clause !! Form
|-
! Perfect
| ኧርች ችኧነም || '''የ'''ቸነ ኧርች ||የ___-ም
|-
! Continuous
| በዄት ሳት ትቸን || በዄት ሳት ትቸን '''ገረድ''' ||____+}
|-
! Pluperfect/Past continuous
| || ቸነም የረፐረ ምስ||የ ነፐረ-ም
|-
! Equative
| ዝኽ ዴንⷛ ተማሪ ባነቦ || ተማሪ '''የረፐሮ''' ዴንⷛ||የ+ኸረ-ም
|}

=== «በ» ===
{{comment|locative case, real condition, essive, manner}}

== Aspects ==

=== Perfect Aspect ===

* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኹም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኸም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናⷕም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናችም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናነም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኹም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኽማም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በነቮም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|perf}}|በነማም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|impers}}{{tag|perf}}|ᎄነናችም}}

=== Continuous Aspect ===

* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cont}}|ኧቨራ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cont}}|ትቨራ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cont}}|ትቨየ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cont}}|ይቨራ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cont}}|ትቨራ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|ንቨራነ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cont}}|ትቨሮ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cont}}|ትቨራማ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cont}}|ይቨሮ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|cont}}|ይቨራማ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|impers}}{{tag|cont}}|ይወረ}}

=== Jussive Aspect ===

* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|jus}}|ንብራ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|jus}}|ብራ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|jus}}|ብየ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|jus}}|የብራ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|jus}}|ትብራ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|jus}}|ንብራነ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|jus}}|ብሮ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|jus}}|ብረማ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|jus}}|የብሮ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|jus}}|የብራማ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|impers}}{{tag|jus}}|የውረ}}

=== Negation ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Negation!! Affirmative !! Negative !! Form
|-
! Perfect
| በናኹም || አንበናኹ ||አን___-ም
|-
! Continuous
| ትቨራ || አትቨራ ||አ____
|-
! Jussive
| ብራ || አትብራ ||አት_____
|}

==Verbs ==

=== Converbs ===

There are two converbs: the t(ተ)-converb and the m (መ)-converb.The t-converb, is formed by suffixing -t to a stem identical to the 2nd singular feminine imperative, which exhibits palatalization of a stem consonant.

* {{morphTest|ንክስ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|conv}}|ንክቭተኸ}}
* {{morphTest|ፍርኸ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|conv}}|ፍረኸያተኸ}}
* {{morphTest|ስቭር{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|conv}}|ሲቪተኸ}}
* {{morphTest|ንቅኢም {{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|ንቅኢምተኸ}}
* {{morphTest|ሲዲድ {{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|ሲዥዥተኸ}}
* {{morphTest|ንቅኢቅ{{tag|v}}{{tag|impers}}{{tag|perf}}| ንቅኢ’ይቅ’ይተኸ}}

=== Equative Verbs ===
Equative verbs are irregular verbs that express identity or equivalence (similar to "to be" in English), showing existence or classification, with distinct affirmative and negative conjugations. Found in both past and present tenses.

'''Past Tense'''

''Affirmative''

* {{morphTest|ባናኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናኹ}}
* {{morphTest|ባናኽ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናኽ}}
* {{morphTest|ባናኽየ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናኽየ}}
* {{morphTest|ባና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ባና}}
* {{morphTest|ባናች{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናች}}
* {{morphTest|ባናና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናና}}
* {{morphTest|ባናኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናኹ}}
* {{morphTest|ባናኽማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናኽማ}}
* {{morphTest|ባናቾ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናቾ}}
* {{morphTest|ባናማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናማ}}

''Negative''
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኹ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኽ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኽ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኽየ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኽየ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኣ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኣ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኣች{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኣች}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓና{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓና}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኹ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኽማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኽማ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኣቾ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኣቾ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኣማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኣማ}}

'''Present Tense'''

In the present tense, the affirmative equative verb appears as a suffix rather than a standalone word, attaching directly to the subject .

''Affirmative''

* {{morphTest|-ንኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|-ንኹ}}
* {{morphTest|-ንኽ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|-ንኽ}}
* {{morphTest|-ንኽየ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|-ንኽየ}}
* {{morphTest|-ኡ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|-ኡ}}
* {{morphTest|-ንታ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|-ንታ}}
* {{morphTest|-እንዳ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|-እንዳ}}
* {{morphTest|-ንኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|-ንኹ}}
* {{morphTest|-ንኽማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|-ንኽማ}}
* {{morphTest|-ሮ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|-ሮ}}
* {{morphTest|-ራማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|-ራማ}}

''Negatitive''

* {{morphTest|አንአርኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኹ}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኽ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኽ}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኽየ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኽየ}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኣ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኣ}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኣች{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኣች}}
* {{morphTest|አንአና{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአና}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኹ}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኽማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኽማ}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኣሮ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኣሮ}}
* {{morphTest|አንአርኣራማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|አንአርኣራማ}}

Sebat Bet Gurage/Grammar

2025-02-25T06:04:53Z

Enapoli1: /* Verbs */

== Parts of Speech ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tag
! Part of Speech
! Example
|-
| {{tag|n}}
| Noun
| {{morphTest| ንቭረት{{tag|n}}| ንቭረት}}
|-
| {{tag|prn}}
| Pronoun
| {{morphTest| እያ{{tag|prn}}| እያ}}
|-
| {{tag|v}}
| Verb
| {{morphTest|ከፈተ{{tag|v}}|ከፈተ}}
|-
| {{tag|vaux}}
| Auxiliary Verb
| {{morphTest| ባነ{{tag|vaux}}|ባነ}}
|-
| {{tag|adj}}
| Adjective
| {{morphTest|እርስየ{{tag|adj}}|እርስየ}}
|-
| {{tag|adv}}
| Adverb
| {{morphTest|ኸማ{{tag|adv}}|ኸማ}}
|-
| {{tag|post}}
| Postposition
| {{morphTest|ከፈተራም{{tag|v}}{{tag|post}}|ከፈተራም}}
|-
| {{tag|inj}}
| Interjection
| {{morphTest|ወግ{{tag|inj}}|ወግ}}
|-
| {{tag|pre}}
| Preposition
| {{morphTest|በቤት{{tag|pre}}{{tag|n}}|በቤት}}
|-
| {{tag|cn}}
| Conjunction
| {{morphTest|ባንኸሬ{{tag|cn}}|ባንኸሬ}}
|}

== Prefixes ==
{{comment|i may combine this one; i want to talk about prefixes and their multiple purposes}}
=== «የ» ===
The prefix «የ» attached to a noun{{tag|n}} marks accusative case, genitive case, allative case and benefactive case of the sentence.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! case name !! ~meaning !! tag
|-
! accusative
| definite direct object || {{tag|acc}}
|-
! genitive
| possessor || {{tag|gen}}
|-
! allative
| direction || {{tag|all}}
|-
! benefactive
| "for" || {{tag|ben}}
|-
! manner
| "from" || {{tag|man}}
|}

* {{morphTest|መናኒ{{tag|ben}}{{tag|n}}|የመናኒ}}
* {{morphTest|ቭራ{{tag|acc}}{{tag|n}}|የቭራ}}

==== Relative Clauses ====
Verbs forming a relative clause have a different form depending on the aspect.
{{comment|expand on the structure of each form, especially past continuous}}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Aspect!! Independent Clause !! Relative Clause !! Form
|-
! Perfect
| ኧርች ችኧነም || '''የ'''ቸነ ኧርች ||የ___-ም
|-
! Continuous
| በዄት ሳት ትቸን || በዄት ሳት ትቸን '''ገረድ''' ||____+}
|-
! Pluperfect/Past continuous
| || ቸነም የረፐረ ምስ||የ ነፐረ-ም
|-
! Equative
| ዝኽ ዴንⷛ ተማሪ ባነቦ || ተማሪ '''የረፐሮ''' ዴንⷛ||የ+ኸረ-ም
|}

=== «በ» ===
{{comment|locative case, real condition, essive, manner}}

== Aspects ==

=== Perfect Aspect ===

* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኹም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኸም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናⷕም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናችም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናነም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኹም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኽማም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በነቮም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|perf}}|በነማም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|impers}}{{tag|perf}}|ᎄነናችም}}

=== Continuous Aspect ===

* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cont}}|ኧቨራ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cont}}|ትቨራ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cont}}|ትቨየ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cont}}|ይቨራ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cont}}|ትቨራ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|ንቨራነ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cont}}|ትቨሮ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cont}}|ትቨራማ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cont}}|ይቨሮ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|cont}}|ይቨራማ}}
* {{morphTest|ቨራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|impers}}{{tag|cont}}|ይወረ}}

=== Jussive Aspect ===

* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|jus}}|ንብራ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|jus}}|ብራ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|jus}}|ብየ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|jus}}|የብራ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|jus}}|ትብራ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|jus}}|ንብራነ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|jus}}|ብሮ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|jus}}|ብረማ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|jus}}|የብሮ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|jus}}|የብራማ}}
* {{morphTest|ብራ{{tag|v}}{{tag|impers}}{{tag|jus}}|የውረ}}

=== Negation ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Negation!! Affirmative !! Negative !! Form
|-
! Perfect
| በናኹም || አንበናኹ ||አን___-ም
|-
! Continuous
| ትቨራ || አትቨራ ||አ____
|-
! Jussive
| ብራ || አትብራ ||አት_____
|}

==Verbs ==

=== Converbs ===

There are two converbs: the t(ተ)-converb and the m (መ)-converb.The t-converb, is formed by suffixing -t to a stem identical to the 2nd singular feminine imperative, which exhibits palatalization of a stem consonant.

* {{morphTest|ንክስ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|conv}}|ንክቭተኸ}}
* {{morphTest|ፍርኸ{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|conv}}|ፍረኸያተኸ}}
* {{morphTest|ስቭር{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|conv}}|ሲቪተኸ}}
* {{morphTest|ንቅኢም {{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|ንቅኢምተኸ}}
* {{morphTest|ሲዲድ {{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|ሲዥዥተኸ}}
* {{morphTest|ንቅኢቅ{{tag|v}}{{tag|impers}}{{tag|perf}}| ንቅኢ’ይቅ’ይተኸ}}

=== Equative Verbs ===
Equative verbs are irregular verbs that express identity or equivalence (similar to "to be" in English), showing existence or classification, with distinct affirmative and negative conjugations. Found in both past and present tenses.

* {{morphTest|ባናኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናኹ}}
* {{morphTest|ባናኽ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናኽ}}
* {{morphTest|ባናኽየ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናኽየ}}
* {{morphTest|ባና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ባና}}
* {{morphTest|ባናች{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናች}}
* {{morphTest|ባናና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናና}}
* {{morphTest|ባናኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናኹ}}
* {{morphTest|ባናኽማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናኽማ}}
* {{morphTest|ባናቾ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናቾ}}
* {{morphTest|ባናማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ባናማ}}

* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኹ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኽ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኽ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኽየ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኽየ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኣ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኣ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኣች{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኣች}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓና{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓና}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኹ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኹ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኽማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኽማ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኣቾ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኣቾ}}
* {{morphTest|ኣንአፓርኣማ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|eq}}|ኣንአፓርኣማ}}

Sebat Bet Gurage/Grammar

2025-02-25T05:10:57Z

Enapoli1: /* Converbs */

Sebat Bet Gurage/Grammar

2025-02-25T05:03:42Z

Enapoli1: /* Verbs */

Sebat Bet Gurage/Grammar

2025-02-25T01:46:14Z

Enapoli1: /* Converbs */

Sebat Bet Gurage/Grammar

2025-02-25T01:32:04Z

Enapoli1: /* Converbs */

Sebat Bet Gurage/Grammar

2025-02-25T01:05:48Z

Enapoli1:

Sebat Bet Gurage/Grammar

2025-02-25T01:05:12Z

Enapoli1:

Sebat Bet Gurage/Grammar

2025-02-24T03:18:53Z

Enapoli1: /* Parts of Speech */

Sebat Bet Gurage/Grammar

2025-02-24T03:10:12Z

Enapoli1:

== Parts of Speech ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tag
! Part of Speech
! Example
|-
| {{tag|n}}
| Noun
| {{morphTest|家{{tag|n}}|家}}
|-
| {{tag|prn}}
| Pronoun
| {{morphTest|我{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|我}}
|-
| {{tag|v}}
| Verb
| {{morphTest|ከፈተ{{tag|v}}|ከፈተ}}
|-
| {{tag|vaux}}
| Auxiliary Verb
| {{morphTest|要{{tag|vaux}}|要}}
|-
| {{tag|adj}}
| Adjective
| {{morphTest|እርስየ{{tag|adj}}|እርስየ}}
|-
| {{tag|adv}}
| Adverb
| {{morphTest|ኸማ{{tag|adv}}|ኸማ}}
|-
| {{tag|post}}
| Postposition
| {{morphTest|ከፈተራም{{tag|v}}{{tag|post}}|ከፈተራም}}
|-
| {{tag|inj}}
| Interjection
| {{morphTest|ወግ{{tag|inj}}|ወግ}}
|-
| {{tag|pre}}
| Preposition
| {{morphTest|በቤት{{tag|pre}}{{tag|n}}|በቤት}}
|-
| {{tag|cn}}
| Conjunction
| {{morphTest|ባንኸሬ{{tag|cn}}|ባንኸሬ}}
|}

== Prefixes ==
{{comment|i may combine this one; i want to talk about prefixes and their multiple purposes}}
=== «የ» ===
The prefix «የ» attached to a noun{{tag|n}} marks accusative case, genitive case, allative case and benefactive case of the sentence.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! case name !! ~meaning !! tag
|-
! accusative
| definite direct object || {{tag|acc}}
|-
! genitive
| possessor || {{tag|gen}}
|-
! allative
| direction || {{tag|all}}
|-
! benefactive
| "for" || {{tag|ben}}
|-
! manner
| "from" || {{tag|man}}
|}

* {{morphTest|መናኒ{{tag|ben}}{{tag|n}}|የመናኒ}}
* {{morphTest|ቭራ{{tag|acc}}{{tag|n}}|የቭራ}}

==== Relative Clauses ====
Verbs forming a relative clause have a different form depending on the aspect.
{{comment|expand on the structure of each form, especially past continuous}}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Aspect!! Independent Clause !! Relative Clause !! Form
|-
! Perfect
| ኧርች ችኧነም || '''የ'''ቸነ ኧርች ||የ___-ም
|-
! Continuous
| በዄት ሳት ትቸን || በዄት ሳት ትቸን '''ገረድ''' ||____+}
|-
! Pluperfect/Past continuous
| || ቸነም የረፐረ ምስ||የ ነፐረ-ም
|-
! Equative
| ዝኽ ዴንⷛ ተማሪ ባነቦ || ተማሪ '''የረፐሮ''' ዴንⷛ||የ+ኸረ-ም
|}

=== «በ» ===
{{comment|locative case, real condition, essive, manner}}

== Aspects ==

=== Perfect Aspect ===

* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኹም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኸም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናⷕም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናችም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናነም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኹም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኽማም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በነቮም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|perf}}|በነማም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|impers}}{{tag|perf}}|ᎄነናችም}}

=== Continuous Aspect ===

* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኹም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኸም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናⷕም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናችም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናነም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኹም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኽማም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በነቮም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|perf}}|በነማም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|impers}}{{tag|perf}}|ᎄነናችም}}

Sebat Bet Gurage/Grammar

2025-02-24T03:07:24Z

Enapoli1:

== Parts of Speech==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tag
! Part of Speech
! Example
|-
| {{tag|n}}
| Noun
| {{morphTest|家{{tag|n}}|家}}
|-
| {{tag|prn}}
| Pronoun
| {{morphTest|我{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|我}}
|-
| {{tag|v}}
| Verb
| {{morphTest|ከፈተ{{tag|v}}|ከፈተ}}
|-
| {{tag|vaux}}
| Auxiliary Verb
| {{morphTest|要{{tag|vaux}}|要}}
|-
| {{tag|adj}}
| Adjective
| {{morphTest| እርስየ{{tag|adj}}| እርስየ}
|-
| {{tag|adv}}
| Adverb
| {{morphTest| ኸማ{{tag|adv}}ኸማ}}
|-
| {{tag|post}}
| Postposition
| {{morphTest| ከፈተራ ም{{tag|v}}{{tag|post}} ከፈተራም}}
|-
| {{tag|inj}}
| Interjections
| {{morphTest| ወግ {tag|inj}}ወግ}}
|-
| {{tag|pre}}
| Preposition
| {{morphTest| በቤት{{tag|pre}}{{tag|n}}በቤት}}
|-
| {{tag|cn}}
| Conjunction
| {{morphTest|ባንኸሬ{{tag|cnj\}}|ባንኸሬ}}
|}
== Prefixes ==
{{comment|i may combine this one; i want to talk about prefixes and their multiple purposes}}
=== «የ» ===
The prefix «የ» attached to a noun{{tag|n}} marks accusative case, genitive case, allative case and benefactive case of the sentence.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! case name !! ~meaning !! tag
|-
! accusative
| definite direct object || {{tag|acc}}
|-
! genitive
| possessor || {{tag|gen}}
|-
! allative
| direction || {{tag|all}}
|-
! benefactive
| "for" || {{tag|ben}}
|-
! manner
| "from" || {{tag|man}}
|}

* {{morphTest|መናኒ{{tag|ben}}{{tag|n}}|የመናኒ}}
* {{morphTest|ቭራ{{tag|acc}}{{tag|n}}|የቭራ}}

==== Relative Clauses ====
Verbs forming a relative clause have a different form depending on the aspect.
{{comment|expand on the structure of each form, especially past continuous}}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Aspect!! Independent Clause !! Relative Clause !! Form
|-
! Perfect
| ኧርች ችኧነም || '''የ'''ቸነ ኧርች ||የ___-ም
|-
! Continuous
| በዄት ሳት ትቸን || በዄት ሳት ትቸን '''ገረድ''' ||____+}
|-
! Pluperfect/Past continuous
| || ቸነም የረፐረ ምስ||የ ነፐረ-ም
|-
! Equative
| ዝኽ ዴንⷛ ተማሪ ባነቦ || ተማሪ '''የረፐሮ''' ዴንⷛ||የ+ኸረ-ም
|}

=== «በ» ===
{{comment|locative case, real condition, essive, manner}}

== Aspects ==

=== Perfect Aspect ===

* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኹም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኸም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናⷕም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናችም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናነም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኹም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኽማም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በነቮም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|perf}}|በነማም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|impers}}{{tag|perf}}|ᎄነናችም}}

=== Continuous Aspect ===

* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኹም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኸም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናⷕም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}|በናችም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናነም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኹም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በናኽማም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|perf}}|በነቮም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|perf}}|በነማም}}
* {{morphTest|ቨና{{tag|v}}{{tag|impers}}{{tag|perf}}|ᎄነናችም}}

User:Enapoli1/Language selection

2025-01-28T16:05:52Z

Enapoli1: /* Belizean Creole */

== Preferred Pair ==

Since I am majoring in Computer Science I’d like to work with someone who is good with linguistics !

== Three Languages that I would like to work on ==

1. Sebat Bet Gurage
2. Belizean Creole
3. Nauru

== Sebat Bet Gurage ==

Sebat Bet Gurage is a language spoken by about 2.5 million people in Southwest Ethiopia. The phrase " Sebat Bet" directly translates into seven houses and references the number of variants of this language. The most researched variant of the Sebat Bet Gurage language is Chaha. Chaha is primarily a fusional language due to its reliance on root-and-pattern morphology and the fusion of multiple grammatical categories into single affixes. It's SOV and uses Devoicing and "gemination". It uses the ge'ez script like most other Ethio-Semetic languages. Unfortunately I can't find written text on this language so it would be quite difficult to work on.

Sources: https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sgw/ , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaha_language

== Belizean Creole ==

Belizean Creole is a language spoken by approximately 150,000 people in Belize.It uses a Subject-Verb-Object order (SVO),There are no morphologically marked past tense forms corresponding to English -ed -t.The present tense verb is not marked overtly in Kriol. It also does not indicate number or person.The orthography of the language is being standardized.

== Nauru ==

Nauru is a language spoken by approximately 10,100 people in Nauru. There are some texts are available

Sources:https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nau/ ,

[[Category:Sp25 LanguageSelection]]

User:Enapoli1/Language selection

2025-01-28T16:02:27Z

Enapoli1: /* Sebat Bet Gurage */

== Preferred Pair ==

Since I am majoring in Computer Science I’d like to work with someone who is good with linguistics !

== Three Languages that I would like to work on ==

1. Sebat Bet Gurage
2. Belizean Creole
3. Nauru

== Sebat Bet Gurage ==

Sebat Bet Gurage is a language spoken by about 2.5 million people in Southwest Ethiopia. The phrase " Sebat Bet" directly translates into seven houses and references the number of variants of this language. The most researched variant of the Sebat Bet Gurage language is Chaha. Chaha is primarily a fusional language due to its reliance on root-and-pattern morphology and the fusion of multiple grammatical categories into single affixes. It's SOV and uses Devoicing and "gemination". It uses the ge'ez script like most other Ethio-Semetic languages. Unfortunately I can't find written text on this language so it would be quite difficult to work on.

Sources: https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sgw/ , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaha_language

== Belizean Creole ==

Belizean Creole is a language spoken by approximately 150,000 people in Belize.It uses a Subject-Verb-Object order (SVO),There are no morphologically marked past tense forms corresponding to English -ed -t

== Nauru ==

Nauru is a language spoken by approximately 10,100 people in Nauru. There are some texts are available

Sources:https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nau/ ,

[[Category:Sp25 LanguageSelection]]

User:Enapoli1/Language selection

2025-01-28T16:00:40Z

Enapoli1: /* Belizean Creole */

== Preferred Pair ==

Since I am majoring in Computer Science I’d like to work with someone who is good with linguistics !

== Three Languages that I would like to work on ==

1. Sebat Bet Gurage
2. Belizean Creole
3. Nauru

== Sebat Bet Gurage ==

Sebat Bet Gurage is a language spoken by about 2.5 million people in Southwest Ethiopia. The phrase " Sebat Bet" directly translates into seven houses and references the number of variants of this language. The most researched variant of the Sebat Bet Gurage language is Chaha. Chaha is primarily a fusional language due to its reliance on root-and-pattern morphology and the fusion of multiple grammatical categories into single affixes. It uses the ge'ez script like most other Ethio-Semetic languages. Unfortunately I can't find written text on this language so it would be quite difficult to work on.

Sources: https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sgw/ , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaha_language

== Belizean Creole ==

Belizean Creole is a language spoken by approximately 150,000 people in Belize.It uses a Subject-Verb-Object order (SVO),There are no morphologically marked past tense forms corresponding to English -ed -t

== Nauru ==

Nauru is a language spoken by approximately 10,100 people in Nauru. There are some texts are available

Sources:https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nau/ ,

[[Category:Sp25 LanguageSelection]]

User:Enapoli1/Language selection

2025-01-28T15:57:54Z

Enapoli1:

== Preferred Pair ==

Since I am majoring in Computer Science I’d like to work with someone who is good with linguistics !

== Three Languages that I would like to work on ==

1. Sebat Bet Gurage
2. Belizean Creole
3. Nauru

== Sebat Bet Gurage ==

Sebat Bet Gurage is a language spoken by about 2.5 million people in Southwest Ethiopia. The phrase " Sebat Bet" directly translates into seven houses and references the number of variants of this language. The most researched variant of the Sebat Bet Gurage language is Chaha. Chaha is primarily a fusional language due to its reliance on root-and-pattern morphology and the fusion of multiple grammatical categories into single affixes. It uses the ge'ez script like most other Ethio-Semetic languages. Unfortunately I can't find written text on this language so it would be quite difficult to work on.

Sources: https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sgw/ , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaha_language

== Belizean Creole ==

Belizean Creole is a language spoken by approximately 150,000 people in Belize.

== Nauru ==

Nauru is a language spoken by approximately 10,100 people in Nauru. There are some texts are available

Sources:https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nau/ ,

[[Category:Sp25 LanguageSelection]]

User:Enapoli1/Language selection

2025-01-28T15:55:17Z

Enapoli1: /* Nauru */

== Preferred Pair ==

Since I am majoring in Computer Science I’d like to work with someone who is good with linguistics !

== Three Languages that I would like to work on ==

1. Sebat Bet Gurage
2. Belizean Creole
3. Nauru

== Sebat Bet Gurage ==

Sebat Bet Gurage is a language spoken by about 2.5 million people in Southwest Ethiopia. The phrase " Sebat Bet" directly translates into seven houses and references the number of variants of this language. The most researched variant of the Sebat Bet Gurage language is Chaha. Chaha is primarily a fusional language due to its reliance on root-and-pattern morphology and the fusion of multiple grammatical categories into single affixes. It uses the ge'ez script like most other Ethio-Semetic languages. Unfortunately I can't find written text on this language so it would be quite difficult to work on.

Sources: https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sgw/ , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaha_language

== Belizean Creole ==

Belizean Creole is a language spoken by approximately 150,000 people in Belize.

== Nauru ==

Nauru is a language spoken by approximately 10,100 people in Nauru. There are some texts are available

Sources:https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nau/ ,

User:Enapoli1/Language selection

2025-01-28T15:51:52Z

Enapoli1:

== Preferred Pair ==

Since I am majoring in Computer Science I’d like to work with someone who is good with linguistics !

== Three Languages that I would like to work on ==

1. Sebat Bet Gurage
2. Belizean Creole
3. Nauru

== Sebat Bet Gurage ==

Sebat Bet Gurage is a language spoken by about 2.5 million people in Southwest Ethiopia. The phrase " Sebat Bet" directly translates into seven houses and references the number of variants of this language. The most researched variant of the Sebat Bet Gurage language is Chaha. Chaha is primarily a fusional language due to its reliance on root-and-pattern morphology and the fusion of multiple grammatical categories into single affixes. It uses the ge'ez script like most other Ethio-Semetic languages. Unfortunately I can't find written text on this language so it would be quite difficult to work on.

Sources: https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sgw/ , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaha_language

== Belizean Creole ==

Belizean Creole is a language spoken by approximately 150,000 people in Belize.

== Nauru ==

Nauru is a language spoken by approximately 10,100 people in Nauru. Some texts are available for example of the bible.

Sources: https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sgw/ , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaha_language

User:Enapoli1/Language selection

2025-01-28T15:45:38Z

Enapoli1: Created page with " == Preferred Pair == Since I am majoring in Computer Science I’d like to work with someone who is good with linguistics ! == Three Languages that I would like to work o..."

== Preferred Pair ==

Since I am majoring in Computer Science I’d like to work with someone who is good with linguistics !

== Three Languages that I would like to work on ==

1. Sebat Bet Gurage
2. Belizean Creole

== Sebat Bet Gurage ==

Sebat Bet Gurage is a language spoken by about 2.5 million people in Southwest Ethiopia. The phrase " Sebat Bet" directly translates into seven houses and references the number of variants of this language. The most researched variant of the Sebat Bet Gurage language is Chaha. Chaha is primarily a fusional language due to its reliance on root-and-pattern morphology and the fusion of multiple grammatical categories into single affixes. It uses the ge'ez script like most other Ethio-Semetic languages. Unfortunately I can't find written text on this language so it would be quite difficult to work on.

Sources: https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sgw/ , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaha_language

== Belizean Creole ==

Belizean Creole is a language spoken by approximately 150,000 people in Belize.
Sources: https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sgw/ , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaha_language

User:Enapoli1

2025-01-23T15:14:14Z

Enapoli1:

Hi!

I am Edna Napoli, a junior at Swarthmore College. I am currently majoring in Computer Science and I hope to minor in Linguistics. From the list "Random list of languages that might work" one I would like to work on is the Sebat Bet Gurage Language, I chose this language because I grew up in Ethiopia speaking a South Ethiopic language(Amharic) and my family happens to speak the Soddo gurage language, which is an outer South Ethiopic related to the Sebat Bet Gurage Language. I am also interested in working on Tigre, which is a northern ethiopic language. I also think working Gambian Wolof would be interesting!

[[Category:sp25_students]]

User:Enapoli1

2025-01-23T15:13:37Z

Enapoli1:

Hi!

I am Edna Napoli, a junior at Swarthmore College. I am currently majoring in Computer Science and I hope to minor in Linguistics. From the list "Random list of languages that might work" I would like to work on is the Sebat Bet Gurage Language, I chose this language because I grew up in Ethiopia speaking a South Ethiopic language(Amharic) and my family happens to speak the Soddo gurage language, which is an outer South Ethiopic related to the Sebat Bet Gurage Language. I am also interested in working on Tigre, which is a northern ethiopic language. I also think working Gambian Wolof would be interesting!

[[Category:sp25_students]]

User:Enapoli1

2025-01-23T15:10:59Z

Enapoli1: wrote a short paragraph

Hi!

I am Edna Napoli, a junior at Swarthmore College. I am currently majoring in Computer Science and I hope to minor in Linguistics. For this class one of the languages I would like to work on is the Sebat Bet Gurage Language, I chose this language because I grew up in Ethiopia speaking a South Ethiopic language(Amharic) and my family happens to speak the Soddo gurage language, which is an outer South Ethiopic related to the Sebat Bet Gurage Language. I am also interested in working on Tigre, which is a northern ethiopic language. I also think working Gambian Wolof would be interesting!

[[Category:sp25_students]]

User:Enapoli1

2025-01-21T17:32:08Z

Enapoli1: Created page with "Hi! I am Edna Napoli, a junior at Swarthmore College. I am currently majoring in Computer Science and I hope to minor in Linguistics. For this class one of the languages I w..."