http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Epintar1
LING073 - User contributions [en]
2026-10-25T04:29:49Z
User contributions
MediaWiki 1.27.7
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=User/Epintar1/Final_project&diff=26289
User/Epintar1/Final project
2025-05-15T21:11:37Z
<p>Epintar1: Created page with "https://github.com/EJPintar/anerty-keyboard"</p>
<hr />
<div>https://github.com/EJPintar/anerty-keyboard</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch_and_German/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=25691
Plattdüütsch and German/Contrastive Grammar
2025-04-15T16:33:24Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div>1. helping verb doon/dän ("to do")<br />
<br />
...as se em dat Fell öber de Ohrn '''treggn dän'''.<br />
<br />
...als sie ihm das Fell über die Ohren '''zogen'''.<br />
<br />
("as they pulled the fur over its ears" in Platt: "as they did pulling the fur over its ears")<br />
<br />
...wenn he uns frische Stutn '''bringn dä'''.<br />
<br />
...wenn er uns frisches Brot '''brachte'''.<br />
<br />
("when he brought us fresh bread" in Platt: "when he did bringing us bread")<br />
<br />
2. inserting personal pronoun before predicate<br />
<br />
Deipe Schwemmers und hauge Klemmers '''de''' weärd nich old.<br />
<br />
Tiefe Schwimmer und hohe Kletterer werden nicht alt.<br />
<br />
("Deep swimmers and high climbers ''they'' don't get old")<br />
<br />
3. splitting compound adverb/preposition<br />
<br />
'''Dor''' kann en Snieder '''op''' danzen.<br />
<br />
'''Darauf''' kann ein Schneider tanzen.<br />
<br />
(High German: "thereupon can a tailor dance" Platt: lit. "there can a tailor upon dance")<br />
<br />
4. difference in definiteness for certain phrases<br />
<br />
Platt: "'''ut''' Bett" HG: "'''aus dem''' Bett" ("out of bed" / "out of the bed")<br />
<br />
5. Lack of genitive (expressed in dative)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(mit'n, in'n / mit dem in dem)<br />
<br />
(die Kerze dat Licht)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp25 ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Plattdüütsch]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch_and_German/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=25689
Plattdüütsch and German/Contrastive Grammar
2025-04-15T16:28:29Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div>1. helping verb doon/dän ("to do")<br />
...as se em dat Fell öber de Ohrn '''treggn dän'''.<br />
...als sie ihm das Fell über die Ohren '''zogen'''.<br />
("as they pulled the fur over its ears" in Platt: "as they did pulling the fur over its ears")<br />
<br />
...wenn he uns frische Stutn '''bringn dä'''.<br />
...wenn er uns frisches Brot '''brachte'''.<br />
("when he brought us fresh bread" in Platt: "when he did bringing us bread")<br />
<br />
2. inserting personal pronoun before predicate<br />
Deipe Schwemmers und hauge Klemmers '''de''' weärd nich old.<br />
Tiefe Schwimmer und hohe Kletterer werden nicht alt.<br />
("Deep swimmers and high climbers ''they'' don't get old")<br />
<br />
3. splitting compound adverb/preposition<br />
'''Dor''' kann en Snieder '''op''' danzen.<br />
'''Darauf''' kann ein Schneider tanzen.<br />
(High German: "thereupon can a tailor dance" Platt: lit. "there can a tailor upon dance")<br />
<br />
mit'n, in'n / mit dem in dem<br />
<br />
ut Bett aus dem Bett<br />
<br />
die Kerze dat Licht<br />
<br />
no genitive<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp25 ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Plattdüütsch]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch_and_German/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=25688
Plattdüütsch and German/Contrastive Grammar
2025-04-15T16:27:49Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div>1. helping verb doon/dän ("to do")<br />
...as se em dat Fell öber de Ohrn '''treggn dän'''.<br />
...als sie ihm das Fell über die Ohren '''zogen'''.<br />
("as they pulled the fur over its ears" in Platt: "as they did pulling the fur over its ears")<br />
<br />
...wenn he uns frische Stutn '''bringn dä'''.<br />
...wenn er uns frisches Brot '''brachte'''.<br />
("when he brought us fresh bread" in Platt: "when he did bringing us bread")<br />
<br />
2. inserting personal pronoun before predicate<br />
Deipe Schwemmers und hauge Klemmers '''de''' weärd nich old.<br />
Tiefe Schwimmer und hohe Kletterer werden nicht alt.<br />
("Deep swimmers and high climbers ''they'' don't get old")<br />
<br />
3. splitting compound adverb/preposition<br />
'''Dor''' kann en Snieder '''op''' danzen.<br />
'''Darauf''' kann ein Schneider tanzen.<br />
(High German: "thereupon can a tailor dance" Platt: lit. "there can a tailor upon dance")<br />
<br />
mit'n, in'n / mit dem in dem<br />
<br />
ut Bett aus dem Bett<br />
<br />
die Kerze dat Licht<br />
<br />
no genitive<br />
<br />
[[Category:Contrastive grammar]][[Category:Plattdüütsch]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch_and_German/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=25566
Plattdüütsch and German/Contrastive Grammar
2025-04-10T16:37:30Z
<p>Epintar1: Created page with "1. helping verb doon/dän ("to do") ...as se em dat Fell öber de Ohrn '''treggn dän'''. ...als sie ihm das Fell über die Ohren '''zogen'''. ("as they pulled the fur over it..."</p>
<hr />
<div>1. helping verb doon/dän ("to do")<br />
...as se em dat Fell öber de Ohrn '''treggn dän'''.<br />
...als sie ihm das Fell über die Ohren '''zogen'''.<br />
("as they pulled the fur over its ears" in Platt: "as they did pulling the fur over its ears")<br />
<br />
...wenn he uns frische Stutn '''bringn dä'''.<br />
...wenn er uns frisches Brot '''brachte'''.<br />
("when he brought us fresh bread" in Platt: "when he did bringing us bread")<br />
<br />
2. inserting personal pronoun before predicate<br />
Deipe Schwemmers und hauge Klemmers '''de''' weärd nich old.<br />
Tiefe Schwimmer und hohe Kletterer werden nicht alt.<br />
("Deep swimmers and high climbers ''they'' don't get old")<br />
<br />
3. splitting compound adverb/preposition<br />
'''Dor''' kann en Snieder '''op''' danzen.<br />
'''Darauf''' kann ein Schneider tanzen.<br />
(High German: "thereupon can a tailor dance" Platt: lit. "there can a tailor upon dance")<br />
<br />
mit'n, in'n / mit dem in dem<br />
<br />
ut Bett aus dem Bett<br />
<br />
die Kerze dat Licht</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch_and_German&diff=25348
Plattdüütsch and German
2025-04-03T15:35:56Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
==Resources for machine translation between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German Plattdüütsch] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language German High German].== <br />
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch Plattdüütsch]<br />
<br />
High German<br />
===External Resources===<br />
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-nds-deu Platt-High German]<br />
<br />
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-nds Platt transducer]<br />
<br />
[https://github.com/apertium/apertium-deu High German transducer]<br />
<br />
==nds → deu evaluation==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp25_TranslationPairs]]<br />
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch/Grammar&diff=24761
Plattdüütsch/Grammar
2025-02-27T18:01:33Z
<p>Epintar1: Undo revision 24760 by Epintar1 (talk)</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
In this page we will be looking at a number of features of Plattdüütsch grammar. <br />
=Parts of Speech=<br />
In the following sections we will see the outline for the verbal, nominal, pronominal and possessive morphology of Plattdüütsch. There are more than 8 grammar points, so please <br />
==Verbs==<br />
In the three tables below we can see the inflectional forms of Plattdüütsch verbs in the present and simple past (Preterite).<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Weak Verb /maaken/ ("make")<br />
|-<br />
! !! Present !! Preterite<br />
|-<br />
| 1st sing. || {{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Maak}} || {{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Maak}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd sing. ||{{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|Maakst}} ||{{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|Maakst}}<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd sing. || {{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Maakt}} || {{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Maak}}<br />
|-<br />
| Pl. || {{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|pl}}|Maakt}} ||{{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|pl}}|Maken}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Strong Verb /helpen/ ("help")<br />
|-<br />
! !! Present !! Preterite<br />
|-<br />
| 1st sing. || {{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Help}} || {{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Halp}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd sing. ||{{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|Hilpst}} ||{{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Hülpst}} <br />
|-<br />
| 3rd sing. || {{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Hilpt}} || {{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Halp}}<br />
|-<br />
| Pl. || {{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|pl}}|Helpt}} || {{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|pl}}|Hülpen}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Strong Verb Arven ("Inherit")<br />
|-<br />
! !! Present !! Preterite<br />
|-<br />
| 1st sing. || {{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Arv}} ||{{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Arv}} <br />
|-<br />
| 2nd sing. ||{{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|Arvst}} ||{{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p12}}{{tag|sg}}|Arv}} <br />
|-<br />
| 3rd sing. ||{{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Arvt}} ||{{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Arv}} <br />
|-<br />
| Pl. || {{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|pl}}|Arven}}} ||{{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|pl}}|Arvt}} <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
<br />
In the following we can see the various forms of plural morphology that exist for Plattdüütsch. <br />
<br />
===Plurals===<br />
In some plural forms as shown below, long verbs in the root can be shortened, root-final nd can become n or nn, and root-final voiceless consonants can become voiced.<br />
<br />
====-er====<br />
{{morphTest|Wief{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Wievers}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Wicht{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Wichter}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Lief{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Lievers}}<br />
<br />
====-en====<br />
{{morphTest|Hann{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Hannen}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Wier{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Wieren}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Döör{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Döören}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Oog{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Oogen}}<br />
<br />
====-s====<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Macker{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Mackers}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Vagel{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Vagels}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Kaptein{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Kapteins}}<br />
<br />
====-e====<br />
{{morphTest|Dag{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Dage}}<br />
<br />
<br />
====Umlaut====<br />
{{morphTest|Worm{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Wörm}}<br />
{{morphTest|Boom{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Bööm}}<br />
{{morphTest|Danz{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Dänz}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
====Umlaut + -er====<br />
{{morphTest|Dorp{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Dörper}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Book{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Böker}}<br />
<br />
<br />
====Umlaut + loss of final d====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Hand{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Hen}}<br />
{{morphTest|Band{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Ben}}<br />
{{morphTest|Hund{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Hün}}<br />
<br />
<br />
====No change====<br />
{{morphTest|Wapen{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Wapen}}<br />
{{morphTest|Swyn{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Swyn}}<br />
{{morphTest|Knee{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Knee}}<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
In the following you can see an overview of the adjectival forms of Plattdeutsch. Tagging TBD.<br />
===Regular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Indefinite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n<br />
|-<br />
| -en (sing.), -e (pl.) || -e || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Definite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n !! pl<br />
|-<br />
| -e (nom.), -en (obl.) || -e || -e || -en<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Irregular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Personal Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || ik || wi || du || ji || he (m), se (f), it (n) || se<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || mi || us || di || ju || em, er, it || em<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Possessive Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| mien || us || dien || juw/joon/juun || sien (m/n), e(h)r (f) || e(h)r<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Tagged Possessive Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 2nd formal !!3rd sg m/nt!!3rd sg f !!3rd pl<br />
|-<br />
| {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}|mien}} || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}|us}} || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|infml}}|dien}} ||{{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|infml}}|juw}} || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|frm}}|ehr}} || {{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m/nt}}|sien}}|| {{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}|ehr}} || {{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|gd}}|ehr}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
We can see for the first person pronouns that there are two distinctions to note, oblique-ness and plurality. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 1st person Pronoun 'ik' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!1st sg. !! 1st pl. <br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ik}} || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|wi}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. ||{{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|mi}} || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|us}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 2nd person Pronoun 'du' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!2nd sg. !! 2nd pl. !! 2nd. frm<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|infml}}|du}} || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|infml}}|ji}}||{{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg/pl}}{{tag|frm}}|se}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|infml}}|di}} || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|infml}}|ju}}|| {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg/pl}}{{tag|frm}}|em}} <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 3rd person Pronoun 'he' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!3rd sg. m. !! 3rd sg. f. !! 3rd sg. m. !! 3rd pl. <br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|he}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|se}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}|it}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|pl}}|se}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|em}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|er}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}|it}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|pl}}|em}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Determiners==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f/pl !! n<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || de || de || dat<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || (d)en || de || (d)en<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || (d)en || de || dat<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In Plattdüütsch determiners take on gender and case markings, as can be seen in the table above. In the examples below we can see how we handle dative.<br />
<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following we can see that Plattdüütsch uses a 'vun'+nomDet form for genitive clauses. <br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}}<br />
<br />
Accusative:<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Plurals:<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In the chart below we can see what every variation of this looks like in Plattdüütsch.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Tagged Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f !! pl !! nt<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}|| : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|- <br />
| Gen. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar documentation]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2025]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch/Grammar&diff=24760
Plattdüütsch/Grammar
2025-02-27T18:01:09Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
In this page we will be looking at a number of features of Plattdüütsch grammar. <br />
=Parts of Speech=<br />
In the following sections we will see the outline for the verbal, nominal, pronominal and possessive morphology of Plattdüütsch. There are more than 8 grammar points, so please <br />
==Verbs==<br />
In the three tables below we can see the inflectional forms of Plattdüütsch verbs in the present and simple past (Preterite).<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Weak Verb /maaken/ ("make")<br />
|-<br />
! !! Present !! Preterite<br />
|-<br />
| 1st sing. || {{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Maak}} || {{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Maak}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd sing. ||{{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|Maakst}} ||{{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|Maakst}}<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd sing. || {{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Maakt}} || {{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Maak}}<br />
|-<br />
| Pl. || {{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|pl}}|Maakt}} ||{{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|pl}}|Maken}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Strong Verb /helpen/ ("help")<br />
|-<br />
! !! Present !! Preterite<br />
|-<br />
| 1st sing. || {{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Help}} || {{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Halp}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd sing. ||{{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|Hilpst}} ||{{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Hülpst}} <br />
|-<br />
| 3rd sing. || {{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Hilpt}} || {{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Halp}}<br />
|-<br />
| Pl. || {{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|pl}}|Helpt}} || {{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|pl}}|Hülpen}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Strong Verb Arven ("Inherit")<br />
|-<br />
! !! Present !! Preterite<br />
|-<br />
| 1st sing. || {{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Arv}} ||{{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Arv}} <br />
|-<br />
| 2nd sing. ||{{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|Arvst}} ||{{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p12}}{{tag|sg}}|Arv}} <br />
|-<br />
| 3rd sing. ||{{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Arvt}} ||{{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Arv}} <br />
|-<br />
| Pl. || {{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|pl}}|Arven}}} ||{{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|pl}}|Arvt}} <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
<br />
In the following we can see the various forms of plural morphology that exist for Plattdüütsch. <br />
<br />
===Plurals===<br />
In some plural forms as shown below, long verbs in the root can be shortened, root-final nd can become n or nn, and root-final voiceless consonants can become voiced.<br />
<br />
====-er====<br />
{{morphTest|Wief{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Wievers}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Wicht{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Wichter}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Lief{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Lievers}}<br />
<br />
====-en====<br />
{{morphTest|Hann{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Hannen}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Wier{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Wieren}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Döör{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Döören}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Oog{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Oogen}}<br />
<br />
====-s====<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Macker{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Mackers}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Vagel{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Vagels}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Kaptein{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Kapteins}}<br />
<br />
====-e====<br />
{{morphTest|Dag{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Dage}}<br />
<br />
<br />
====Umlaut====<br />
{{morphTest|Worm{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Wörm}}<br />
{{morphTest|Boom{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Bööm}}<br />
{{morphTest|Danz{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Dänz}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
====Umlaut + -er====<br />
{{morphTest|Dorp{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Dörper}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Book{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Böker}}<br />
<br />
<br />
====Umlaut + loss of final d====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Hand{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Hen}}<br />
{{morphTest|Band{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Ben}}<br />
{{morphTest|Hund{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Hün}}<br />
<br />
<br />
====No change====<br />
{{morphTest|Wapen{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Wapen}}<br />
{{morphTest|Swyn{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Swyn}}<br />
{{morphTest|Knee{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Knee}}<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
In the following you can see an overview of the adjectival forms of Plattdeutsch. Tagging TBD.<br />
===Regular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Indefinite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n<br />
|-<br />
| -en (sing.), -e (pl.) || -e || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Definite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n !! pl<br />
|-<br />
| -e (nom.), -en (obl.) || -e || -e || -en<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Irregular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Personal Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || ik || wi || du || ji || he (m), se (f), it (n) || se<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || mi || us || di || ju || em, er, it || em<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Possessive Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| mien || us || dien || juw/joon/juun || sien (m/n), e(h)r (f) || e(h)r<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Tagged Possessive Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 2nd formal !!3rd sg m/nt!!3rd sg f !!3rd pl<br />
|-<br />
| {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}|mien}} || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}|us}} || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|infml}}|dien}} ||{{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|infml}}|juw}} || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|frm}}|ehr}} || {{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m/nt}}|sien}}|| {{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}|ehr}} || {{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|gd}}|ehr}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
We can see for the first person pronouns that there are two distinctions to note, oblique-ness and plurality. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 1st person Pronoun 'ik' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!1st sg. !! 1st pl. <br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ik}} || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|wi}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. ||{{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|mi}} || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|us}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 2nd person Pronoun 'du' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!2nd sg. !! 2nd pl. !! 2nd. frm<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|infml}}|du}} || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|infml}}|ji}}||{{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg/pl}}{{tag|frm}}|se}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|infml}}|di}} || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|infml}}|ju}}|| {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg/pl}}{{tag|frm}}|em}} <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 3rd person Pronoun 'he' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!3rd sg. m. !! 3rd sg. f. !! 3rd sg. m. !! 3rd pl. <br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|he}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|se}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}|it}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|pl}}|se}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|em}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|er}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}|it}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|pl}}|em}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Determiners==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f/pl !! n<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || de || de || dat<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || (d)en || de || (d)en<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || (d)en || de || dat<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In Plattdüütsch determiners take on gender and case markings, as can be seen in the table above. In the examples below we can see how we handle dative.<br />
<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following we can see that Plattdüütsch uses a 'vun'+nomDet form for genitive clauses. <br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}}<br />
<br />
Accusative:<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Plurals:<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In the chart below we can see what every variation of this looks like in Plattdüütsch.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Tagged Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f !! pl !! nt<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}|| : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|- <br />
| Gen. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
# Morphological Transducer for Low German<br />
<br />
# Part of speech categories<br />
# <n> # Noun<br />
# <v> # Verb<br />
# <adj> # Adjective<br />
# <num> # Numeral<br />
# <prn> # Pronoun<br />
# <det> # Determiner<br />
<br />
<br />
# <sent> # Sentence-ending punctuation<br />
# <guio> # Hyphen<br />
# <cm> # Comma<br />
# <apos> # Apostrophe<br />
# <quot> # Quotation mark<br />
# <lquot> # Left quotation mark<br />
# <rquot> # Right quotation mark<br />
# <lpar> # Left parenthesis<br />
# <rpar> # Right parenthesis<br />
<br />
# Number morphology<br />
# <pl> # Plural<br />
# <sg> # Singular<br />
<br />
# Verb tense<br />
# <pres> # Present<br />
# <past> # past<br />
<br />
# Verb person<br />
# <p1> # First person<br />
# <p2> # Second person<br />
# <p3> # Third person<br />
<br />
# Gender<br />
# <nt> # Neuter<br />
# <m> # Masculine<br />
# <f> # Feminine<br />
# <gd> # Gender indeterminate<br />
<br />
# Case<br />
# <nom> # Nominative<br />
# <acc> # Accusative<br />
# <dat> # Dative<br />
# <gen> # Genitive<br />
# <obl> # Oblique<br />
<br />
# Formality<br />
# <frm> # Formal<br />
# <infml> # Informal<br />
<br />
# Possession<br />
# <pos> # Possessive<br />
<br />
<br />
# Other symbols<br />
# > # Morpheme boundary<br />
<br />
###############################################################################<br />
### M O R P H O T A C T I C S ###<br />
###############################################################################<br />
<br />
PATTERNS<br />
## Example inflection pattern:<br />
# NounRoot RegNounInfl<br />
Number<br />
Punctuation<br />
Nouns<br />
<br />
PATTERN Nouns<br />
Noun-Stems Noun-Suffixes<br />
<br />
LEXICON Noun-Stems<br />
Hann:Hann<br />
Wier:Wier<br />
Wief:Wie{f}<br />
<br />
<br />
## Example inflection lexicon:<br />
# LEXICON RegNounInfl<br />
# <n><sg>:<br />
# <n><pl>:>en<br />
<br />
<br />
###############################################################################<br />
### L E X I C O N ###<br />
###############################################################################<br />
<br />
## Example stem lexicon:<br />
# LEXICON NounRoot<br />
# house:house # A noun<br />
<br />
<br />
PATTERN Number<br />
Numeral [<num>:]<br />
<br />
LEXICON Numeral<br />
/([0123456789])+/<br />
/([0123456789])+[.,]([0123456789])+/<br />
<br />
LEXICON Punctuation<br />
<br />
.<sent>:.<br />
..<sent>:..<br />
...<sent>:...<br />
;<sent>:;<br />
\:<sent>:\:<br />
!<sent>:!<br />
-<guio>:-<br />
—<guio>:—<br />
,<cm>:,<br />
?<sent>:? <br />
'<apos>:'<br />
"<quot>:"<br />
«<lquot>:«<br />
»<rquot>:»<br />
”<rquot>:”<br />
“<lquot>:“<br />
(<lpar>:(<br />
\]<rpar>:\]<br />
\[<lpar>:\[<br />
)<rpar>:)<br />
\\<sent>:\\<br />
\/<sent>:\/<br />
<br />
<br />
# Resources:<br />
# https://github.com/apertium/lexd/blob/master/Usage.md<br />
# https://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/List_of_symbols<br />
# https://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/Starting_a_new_language_with_HFST#Lexicon<br />
# https://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/Lttoolbox_and_lexc<br />
# https://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/Apertium-specific_conventions_for_lexc<br />
# https://kitwiki.csc.fi/twiki/bin/view/KitWiki/HfstHome<br />
# https://github.com/hfst/<br />
# https://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/Hfst<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar documentation]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2025]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch/Grammar&diff=24637
Plattdüütsch/Grammar
2025-02-25T16:48:20Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
In this page we will be looking at a number of features of Plattdüütsch grammar. <br />
=Parts of Speech=<br />
In the following sections we will see the outline for the verbal, nominal, pronominal and possessive morphology of Plattdüütsch. There are more than 8 grammar points, so please <br />
==Verbs==<br />
In the three tables below we can see the inflectional forms of Plattdüütsch verbs in the present and simple past (Preterite).<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Weak Verb /maaken/ ("make")<br />
|-<br />
! !! Present !! Preterite<br />
|-<br />
| 1st sing. || {{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Maak}} || {{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Maak}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd sing. ||{{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|Maakst}} ||{{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|Maakst}}<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd sing. || {{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Maakt}} || {{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Maak}}<br />
|-<br />
| Pl. || {{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|pl}}|Maakt}} ||{{morphTest|Maaken{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|pl}}|Maken}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Strong Verb /helpen/ ("help")<br />
|-<br />
! !! Present !! Preterite<br />
|-<br />
| 1st sing. || {{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Help}} || {{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Halp}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd sing. ||{{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|Hilpst}} ||{{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Hülpst}} <br />
|-<br />
| 3rd sing. || {{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Hilpt}} || {{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Halp}}<br />
|-<br />
| Pl. || {{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|pl}}|Helpt}} || {{morphTest|Helpen{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|pl}}|Hülpen}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Strong Verb Arven ("Inherit")<br />
|-<br />
! !! Present !! Preterite<br />
|-<br />
| 1st sing. || {{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Arv}} ||{{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Arv}} <br />
|-<br />
| 2nd sing. ||{{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|Arvst}} ||{{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p12}}{{tag|sg}}|Arv}} <br />
|-<br />
| 3rd sing. ||{{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Arvt}} ||{{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Arv}} <br />
|-<br />
| Pl. || {{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|pl}}|Arven}}} ||{{morphTest|Arven{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|pl}}|Arvt}} <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
<br />
In the following we can see the various forms of plural morphology that exist for Plattdüütsch. <br />
<br />
===Plurals===<br />
In some plural forms as shown below, long verbs in the root can be shortened, root-final nd can become n or nn, and root-final voiceless consonants can become voiced.<br />
<br />
===='''-er'''====<br />
{{morphTest|Wief{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Wievers}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Wicht{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Wichter}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Lief{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Lievers}}<br />
<br />
===='''-en'''====<br />
{{morphTest|Hann{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Hannen}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Wier{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Wieren}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Döör{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Döören}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Oog{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Oogen}}<br />
<br />
===='''-s'''====<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Macker{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Mackers}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Vagel{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Vagels}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Kaptein{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Kapteins}}<br />
<br />
===='''-e'''====<br />
{{morphTest|Dag{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Dage}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===='''Umlaut'''====<br />
{{morphTest|Worm{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Wörm}}<br />
{{morphTest|Boom{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Bööm}}<br />
{{morphTest|Danz{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Dänz}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===='''Umlaut + -er'''====<br />
{{morphTest|Dorp{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Dörper}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Book{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Böker}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===='''Umlaut + loss of final d'''====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Hand{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Hen}}<br />
{{morphTest|Band{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Ben}}<br />
{{morphTest|Hund{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Hün}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===='''No change'''====<br />
{{morphTest|Wapen{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Wapen}}<br />
{{morphTest|Swyn{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Swyn}}<br />
{{morphTest|Knee{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Knee}}<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
In the following you can see an overview of the adjectival forms of Plattdeutsch. Tagging TBD.<br />
===Regular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Indefinite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n<br />
|-<br />
| -en (sing.), -e (pl.) || -e || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Definite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n !! pl<br />
|-<br />
| -e (nom.), -en (obl.) || -e || -e || -en<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Irregular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Personal Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || ik || wi || du || ji || he (m), se (f), it (n) || se<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || mi || us || di || ju || em, er, it || em<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Possessive Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| mien || us || dien || juw/joon/juun || sien (m/n), e(h)r (f) || e(h)r<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Tagged Possessive Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 2nd formal !!3rd sg m/nt!!3rd sg f !!3rd pl<br />
|-<br />
| {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|px1sg}}|mien}} || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|px1pl}}|us}} || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|px2sg}}{{tag|infml}}|dien}} ||{{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|px2pl}}{{tag|infml}}|juw}} || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|px2sg}}{{tag|frm}}|ehr}} || {{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|m/nt}}|sien}}|| {{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|f}}|ehr}} || {{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|px3pl}}|ehr}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
We can see for the first person pronouns that there are two distinctions to note, oblique-ness and plurality. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 1st person Pronoun 'ik' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!1st sg. !! 1st pl. <br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ik}} || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|wi}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. ||{{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|mi}} || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|us}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 2nd person Pronoun 'du' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!2nd sg. !! 2nd pl. !! 2nd. frm<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|infml}}|du}} || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|infml}}|ji}}||{{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg/pl}}{{tag|frm}}|se}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|infml}}|di}} || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|infml}}|ju}}|| {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg/pl}}{{tag|frm}}|em}} <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 3rd person Pronoun 'he' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!3rd sg. m. !! 3rd sg. f. !! 3rd sg. m. !! 3rd pl. <br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|he}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|se}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}|it}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|pl}}|se}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|em}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|er}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}|it}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|pl}}|em}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Determiners==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f/pl !! n<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || de || de || dat<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || (d)en || de || (d)en<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || (d)en || de || dat<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In Plattdüütsch determiners take on gender and case markings, as can be seen in the table above. In the examples below we can see how we handle dative.<br />
<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following we can see that Plattdüütsch uses a 'vun'+nomDet form for genitive clauses. <br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}}<br />
<br />
Accusative:<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Plurals:<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In the chart below we can see what every variation of this looks like in Plattdüütsch.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Tagged Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f !! pl !! nt<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}|| : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|- <br />
| Gen. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar documentation]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2025]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch/Grammar&diff=24187
Plattdüütsch/Grammar
2025-02-20T17:40:39Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
=Parts of Speech=<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Weak Verb /maaken/ ("make")<br />
|-<br />
! !! Present !! Preterite<br />
|-<br />
| 1st sing. || maak || maak<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd sing. || maakst || maakst<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd sing. || maakt || maak<br />
|-<br />
| Pl. || maakt || maken<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Strong Verb /helpen/ ("help")<br />
|-<br />
! !! Present !! Preterite<br />
|-<br />
| 1st sing. || help || halp<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd sing. || hilpst || hülpst<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd sing. || hilpt || halp<br />
|-<br />
| Pl. || helpt || hülpen<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
<br />
===Plurals===<br />
In some plural forms as shown below, long verbs in the stem can be shortened, stem-final nd can become n or nn, and stem-final voiceless consonants can become voiced.<br />
<br />
'''-er'''<br />
<br />
ey<n><pl> ↔ eyer ("eggs")<br />
<br />
kind<n><pl> ↔ kinder/kinner ("children")<br />
<br />
veld<n><pl> ↔ velder ("fields")<br />
<br />
kalf<n><pl> ↔ kalver ("calves")<br />
<br />
'''-en'''<br />
<br />
see<n><pl> ↔ seen ("lakes")<br />
<br />
daal<n><pl> ↔ dalen ("valleys")<br />
<br />
ring<n><pl> ↔ ringen ("rings")<br />
<br />
knecht<n><pl> ↔ knechten ("servant")<br />
<br />
'''-s'''<br />
<br />
morgen<n><pl> ↔ morgens ("mornings")<br />
<br />
engel<n><pl> ↔ engels ("angels")<br />
<br />
penning<n><pl> ↔ pennings ("pennies")<br />
<br />
vader<n><pl> ↔ vaders ("fathers")<br />
<br />
'''-e'''<br />
<br />
dag /dax/<n><pl> ↔ dage /dɔːːɣ/ ("days")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut'''<br />
<br />
boom /boːm/<n><pl> ↔ boeme /bøːːm/ ("trees")<br />
<br />
hals /haɫs/<n><pl> ↔ helse /hɛːːɫz/ ("necks")<br />
<br />
smid /smɪt/<n><pl> ↔ smêde /smɛːːd/ ("smiths")<br />
<br />
wulf /vʊɫf/<n><pl> ↔ wülve /vʏːːɫv/ ("wolves")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + -er'''<br />
<br />
dorp<n><pl> ↔ dörper ("villages")<br />
<br />
land<n><pl> ↔ lender ("lands")<br />
<br />
book<n><pl> ↔ boeker ("books")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + -e'''<br />
<br />
wald<n><pl> ↔ welde ("forests")<br />
<br />
stad<n><pl> ↔ stêde ("cities")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + loss of final d'''<br />
<br />
hand<n><pl> ↔ hen ("hands")<br />
<br />
band<n><pl> ↔ ben ("bands")<br />
<br />
hund<n><pl> ↔ hün ("dogs") (attested but rare form)<br />
<br />
'''No change'''<br />
<br />
wapen<n><pl> ↔ wapen ("coats of arms")<br />
<br />
swyn<n><pl> ↔ swyn ("pigs")<br />
<br />
knee<n><pl> ↔ knee ("knees")<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Regular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Indefinite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n<br />
|-<br />
| -en (sing.), -e (pl.) || -e || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Definite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n !! pl<br />
|-<br />
| -e (nom.), -en (obl.) || -e || -e || -en<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Irregular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Personal Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || ik || wi || du || ji || he (m), se (f), it (n) || se<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || mi || us || di || ju || em, er, it || em<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Posssessive Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| mien || us || dien || juw/joon/juun || sien (m/n), e(h)r (f) || e(h)r<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
We can see for the first person pronouns that there are two distinctions to note, oblique-ness and plurality. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 1st person Pronoun 'ik' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!1st sg. !! 1st pl. <br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ik}} || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|wi}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. ||{{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|mi}} || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|us}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 2nd person Pronoun 'du' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!2nd sg. !! 2nd pl. !! 2nd. frm<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|infml}}|du}} || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|infml}}|ji}}||{{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg/pl}}{{tag|frm}}|se}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|infml}}|di}} || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|infml}}|ju}}|| {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg/pl}}{{tag|frm}}|em}} <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 3rd person Pronoun 'he' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!3rd sg. m. !! 3rd sg. f. !! 3rd sg. m. !! 3rd pl. <br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|he}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|se}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}|it}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|pl}}|se}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|em}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|er}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}|it}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|pl}}|em}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Determiners==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f/pl !! n<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || de || de || dat<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || (d)en || de || (d)en<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || (d)en || de || dat<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In Plattdüütsch determiners take on gender and case markings, as can be seen in the table above. In the examples below we can see how we handle dative.<br />
<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following we can see that Plattdüütsch uses a 'vun'+nomDet form for genitive clauses. <br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}}<br />
<br />
Accusative:<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Plurals:<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In the chart below we can see what every variation of this looks like in Plattdüütsch.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Tagged Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f !! pl !! nt<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}|| : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|- <br />
| Gen. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar documentation]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2025]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch/Grammar&diff=24176
Plattdüütsch/Grammar
2025-02-20T17:34:27Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
=Parts of Speech=<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Person===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
<br />
===Plurals===<br />
In some plural forms as shown below, long verbs in the stem can be shortened, stem-final nd can become n or nn, and stem-final voiceless consonants can become voiced.<br />
<br />
'''-er'''<br />
<br />
ey<n><pl> ↔ eyer ("eggs")<br />
<br />
kind<n><pl> ↔ kinder/kinner ("children")<br />
<br />
veld<n><pl> ↔ velder ("fields")<br />
<br />
kalf<n><pl> ↔ kalver ("calves")<br />
<br />
'''-en'''<br />
<br />
see<n><pl> ↔ seen ("lakes")<br />
<br />
daal<n><pl> ↔ dalen ("valleys")<br />
<br />
ring<n><pl> ↔ ringen ("rings")<br />
<br />
knecht<n><pl> ↔ knechten ("servant")<br />
<br />
'''-s'''<br />
<br />
morgen<n><pl> ↔ morgens ("mornings")<br />
<br />
engel<n><pl> ↔ engels ("angels")<br />
<br />
penning<n><pl> ↔ pennings ("pennies")<br />
<br />
vader<n><pl> ↔ vaders ("fathers")<br />
<br />
'''-e'''<br />
<br />
dag /dax/<n><pl> ↔ dage /dɔːːɣ/ ("days")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut'''<br />
<br />
boom /boːm/<n><pl> ↔ boeme /bøːːm/ ("trees")<br />
<br />
hals /haɫs/<n><pl> ↔ helse /hɛːːɫz/ ("necks")<br />
<br />
smid /smɪt/<n><pl> ↔ smêde /smɛːːd/ ("smiths")<br />
<br />
wulf /vʊɫf/<n><pl> ↔ wülve /vʏːːɫv/ ("wolves")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + -er'''<br />
<br />
dorp<n><pl> ↔ dörper ("villages")<br />
<br />
land<n><pl> ↔ lender ("lands")<br />
<br />
book<n><pl> ↔ boeker ("books")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + -e'''<br />
<br />
wald<n><pl> ↔ welde ("forests")<br />
<br />
stad<n><pl> ↔ stêde ("cities")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + loss of final d'''<br />
<br />
hand<n><pl> ↔ hen ("hands")<br />
<br />
band<n><pl> ↔ ben ("bands")<br />
<br />
hund<n><pl> ↔ hün ("dogs") (attested but rare form)<br />
<br />
'''No change'''<br />
<br />
wapen<n><pl> ↔ wapen ("coats of arms")<br />
<br />
swyn<n><pl> ↔ swyn ("pigs")<br />
<br />
knee<n><pl> ↔ knee ("knees")<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Regular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Indefinite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n<br />
|-<br />
| -en (sing.), -e (pl.) || -e || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Definite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n !! pl<br />
|-<br />
| -e (nom.), -en (obl.) || -e || -e || -en<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Irregular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Personal Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || ik || wi || du || ji || he (m), se (f), it (n) || se<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || mi || us || di || ju || em, er, it || em<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Posssessive Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| mien || us || dien || juw/joon/juun || sien (m/n), e(h)r (f) || e(h)r<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
We can see for the first person pronouns that there are two distinctions to note, oblique-ness and plurality. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 1st person Pronoun 'ik' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!1st sg. !! 1st pl. <br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ik}} || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|wi}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. ||{{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|mi}} || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|us}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 2nd person Pronoun 'du' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!2nd sg. !! 2nd pl. !! 2nd. frm<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|infml}}|du}} || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|infml}}|ji}}||{{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg/pl}}{{tag|frm}}|se}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|infml}}|di}} || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|infml}}|ju}}|| {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg/pl}}{{tag|frm}}|em}} <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 3rd person Pronoun 'he' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!3rd sg. m. !! 3rd sg. f. !! 3rd sg. m. !! 3rd pl. <br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|he}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|se}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}|it}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|pl}}|se}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|em}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|er}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}|it}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|pl}}|em}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Determiners==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f/pl !! n<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || de || de || dat<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || (d)en || de || (d)en<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || (d)en || de || dat<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In Plattdüütsch determiners take on gender and case markings, as can be seen in the table above. In the examples below we can see how we handle dative.<br />
<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following we can see that Plattdüütsch uses a 'vun'+nomDet form for genitive clauses. <br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}}<br />
<br />
Accusative:<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Plurals:<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In the chart below we can see what every variation of this looks like in Plattdüütsch.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Tagged Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f !! pl !! nt<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}|| : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|- <br />
| Gen. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar documentation]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2025]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch/Grammar&diff=24160
Plattdüütsch/Grammar
2025-02-20T17:30:00Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
=Parts of Speech=<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Person===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
<br />
==Number===<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
<br />
===Plurals===<br />
In some plural forms as shown below, long verbs in the stem can be shortened, stem-final nd can become n or nn, and stem-final voiceless consonants can become voiced.<br />
<br />
'''-er'''<br />
<br />
ey<n><pl> ↔ eyer ("eggs")<br />
<br />
kind<n><pl> ↔ kinder/kinner ("children")<br />
<br />
veld<n><pl> ↔ velder ("fields")<br />
<br />
kalf<n><pl> ↔ kalver ("calves")<br />
<br />
'''-en'''<br />
<br />
see<n><pl> ↔ seen ("lakes")<br />
<br />
daal<n><pl> ↔ dalen ("valleys")<br />
<br />
ring<n><pl> ↔ ringen ("rings")<br />
<br />
knecht<n><pl> ↔ knechten ("servant")<br />
<br />
'''-s'''<br />
<br />
morgen<n><pl> ↔ morgens ("mornings")<br />
<br />
engel<n><pl> ↔ engels ("angels")<br />
<br />
penning<n><pl> ↔ pennings ("pennies")<br />
<br />
vader<n><pl> ↔ vaders ("fathers")<br />
<br />
'''-e'''<br />
<br />
dag /dax/<n><pl> ↔ dage /dɔːːɣ/ ("days")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut'''<br />
<br />
boom /boːm/<n><pl> ↔ boeme /bøːːm/ ("trees")<br />
<br />
hals /haɫs/<n><pl> ↔ helse /hɛːːɫz/ ("necks")<br />
<br />
smid /smɪt/<n><pl> ↔ smêde /smɛːːd/ ("smiths")<br />
<br />
wulf /vʊɫf/<n><pl> ↔ wülve /vʏːːɫv/ ("wolves")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + -er'''<br />
<br />
dorp<n><pl> ↔ dörper ("villages")<br />
<br />
land<n><pl> ↔ lender ("lands")<br />
<br />
book<n><pl> ↔ boeker ("books")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + -e'''<br />
<br />
wald<n><pl> ↔ welde ("forests")<br />
<br />
stad<n><pl> ↔ stêde ("cities")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + loss of final d'''<br />
<br />
hand<n><pl> ↔ hen ("hands")<br />
<br />
band<n><pl> ↔ ben ("bands")<br />
<br />
hund<n><pl> ↔ hün ("dogs") (attested but rare form)<br />
<br />
'''No change'''<br />
<br />
wapen<n><pl> ↔ wapen ("coats of arms")<br />
<br />
swyn<n><pl> ↔ swyn ("pigs")<br />
<br />
knee<n><pl> ↔ knee ("knees")<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Regular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Indefinite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n<br />
|-<br />
| -en (sing.), -e (pl.) || -e || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Definite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n !! pl<br />
|-<br />
| -e (nom.), -en (obl.) || -e || -e || -en<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Irregular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Personal Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || ik || wi || du || ji || he (m), se (f), it (n) || se<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || mi || us || di || ju || em, er, it || em<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Posssessive Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| mien || us || dien || juw/joon/juun || sien (m/n), e(h)r (f) || e(h)r<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
We can see for the first person pronouns that there are two distinctions to note, oblique-ness and plurality. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 1st person Pronoun 'ik' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!1st sg. !! 1st pl. <br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ik}} || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|wi}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. ||{{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|mi}} || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|us}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 2nd person Pronoun 'du' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!2nd sg. !! 2nd pl. !! 2nd. frm<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|infml}}|du}} || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|infml}}|ji}}||{{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg/pl}}{{tag|frm}}|se}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|infml}}|di}} || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|infml}}|ju}}|| {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg/pl}}{{tag|frm}}|em}} <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 3rd person Pronoun 'he' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!3rd sg. m. !! 3rd sg. f. !! 3rd sg. m. !! 3rd pl. <br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|he}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|se}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}|it}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|pl}}|se}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|em}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|er}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}|it}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|pl}}|em}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Determiners==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f/pl !! n<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || de || de || dat<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || (d)en || de || (d)en<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || (d)en || de || dat<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In Plattdüütsch determiners take on gender and case markings, as can be seen in the table above. In the examples below we can see how we handle dative.<br />
<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following we can see that Plattdüütsch uses a 'vun'+nomDet form for genitive clauses. <br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}}<br />
<br />
Accusative:<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Plurals:<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In the chart below we can see what every variation of this looks like in Plattdüütsch.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Tagged Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f !! pl !! nt<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}|| : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|- <br />
| Gen. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar documentation]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2025]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch/Grammar&diff=24158
Plattdüütsch/Grammar
2025-02-20T17:29:39Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
=Parts of Speech=<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Person===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
<br />
==Number===<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
<br />
===Plurals===<br />
In some plural forms as shown below, verb length in the stem can be affected, stem-final nd can become n or nn, and stem-final voiceless consonants can become voiced.<br />
<br />
'''-er'''<br />
<br />
ey<n><pl> ↔ eyer ("eggs")<br />
<br />
kind<n><pl> ↔ kinder/kinner ("children")<br />
<br />
veld<n><pl> ↔ velder ("fields")<br />
<br />
kalf<n><pl> ↔ kalver ("calves")<br />
<br />
'''-en'''<br />
<br />
see<n><pl> ↔ seen ("lakes")<br />
<br />
daal<n><pl> ↔ dalen ("valleys")<br />
<br />
ring<n><pl> ↔ ringen ("rings")<br />
<br />
knecht<n><pl> ↔ knechten ("servant")<br />
<br />
'''-s'''<br />
<br />
morgen<n><pl> ↔ morgens ("mornings")<br />
<br />
engel<n><pl> ↔ engels ("angels")<br />
<br />
penning<n><pl> ↔ pennings ("pennies")<br />
<br />
vader<n><pl> ↔ vaders ("fathers")<br />
<br />
'''-e'''<br />
<br />
dag /dax/<n><pl> ↔ dage /dɔːːɣ/ ("days")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut'''<br />
<br />
boom /boːm/<n><pl> ↔ boeme /bøːːm/ ("trees")<br />
<br />
hals /haɫs/<n><pl> ↔ helse /hɛːːɫz/ ("necks")<br />
<br />
smid /smɪt/<n><pl> ↔ smêde /smɛːːd/ ("smiths")<br />
<br />
wulf /vʊɫf/<n><pl> ↔ wülve /vʏːːɫv/ ("wolves")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + -er'''<br />
<br />
dorp<n><pl> ↔ dörper ("villages")<br />
<br />
land<n><pl> ↔ lender ("lands")<br />
<br />
book<n><pl> ↔ boeker ("books")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + -e'''<br />
<br />
wald<n><pl> ↔ welde ("forests")<br />
<br />
stad<n><pl> ↔ stêde ("cities")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + loss of final d'''<br />
<br />
hand<n><pl> ↔ hen ("hands")<br />
<br />
band<n><pl> ↔ ben ("bands")<br />
<br />
hund<n><pl> ↔ hün ("dogs") (attested but rare form)<br />
<br />
'''No change'''<br />
<br />
wapen<n><pl> ↔ wapen ("coats of arms")<br />
<br />
swyn<n><pl> ↔ swyn ("pigs")<br />
<br />
knee<n><pl> ↔ knee ("knees")<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Regular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Indefinite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n<br />
|-<br />
| -en (sing.), -e (pl.) || -e || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Definite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n !! pl<br />
|-<br />
| -e (nom.), -en (obl.) || -e || -e || -en<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Irregular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Personal Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || ik || wi || du || ji || he (m), se (f), it (n) || se<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || mi || us || di || ju || em, er, it || em<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Posssessive Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| mien || us || dien || juw/joon/juun || sien (m/n), e(h)r (f) || e(h)r<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
We can see for the first person pronouns that there are two distinctions to note, oblique-ness and plurality. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 1st person Pronoun 'ik' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!1st sg. !! 1st pl. <br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ik}} || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|wi}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. ||{{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|mi}} || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|us}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 2nd person Pronoun 'du' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!2nd sg. !! 2nd pl. !! 2nd. frm<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|infml}}|du}} || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|infml}}|ji}}||{{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg/pl}}{{tag|frm}}|se}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|infml}}|di}} || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|infml}}|ju}}|| {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg/pl}}{{tag|frm}}|em}} <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 3rd person Pronoun 'he' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!3rd sg. m. !! 3rd sg. f. !! 3rd sg. m. !! 3rd pl. <br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|he}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|se}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}|it}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|pl}}|se}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|em}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|er}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}|it}} ||{{morphTest|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|pl}}|em}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Determiners==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f/pl !! n<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || de || de || dat<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || (d)en || de || (d)en<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || (d)en || de || dat<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In Plattdüütsch determiners take on gender and case markings, as can be seen in the table above. In the examples below we can see how we handle dative.<br />
<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following we can see that Plattdüütsch uses a 'vun'+nomDet form for genitive clauses. <br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}}<br />
<br />
Accusative:<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Plurals:<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In the chart below we can see what every variation of this looks like in Plattdüütsch.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Tagged Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f !! pl !! nt<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}|| : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|- <br />
| Gen. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar documentation]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2025]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch/Grammar&diff=24148
Plattdüütsch/Grammar
2025-02-20T17:25:06Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
=Parts of Speech=<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Person===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
<br />
==Number===<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
<br />
===Plurals===<br />
<br />
'''-er'''<br />
<br />
ey<n><pl> ↔ eyer ("eggs")<br />
<br />
kind<n><pl> ↔ kinder ("children")<br />
<br />
veld<n><pl> ↔ velder ("fields")<br />
<br />
kalf<n><pl> ↔ kalver ("calves")<br />
<br />
'''-en'''<br />
<br />
see<n><pl> ↔ seen ("lakes")<br />
<br />
daal<n><pl> ↔ dalen ("valleys")<br />
<br />
ring<n><pl> ↔ ringen ("rings")<br />
<br />
knecht<n><pl> ↔ knechten ("servant")<br />
<br />
'''-s'''<br />
<br />
morgen<n><pl> ↔ morgens ("mornings")<br />
<br />
engel<n><pl> ↔ engels ("angels")<br />
<br />
penning<n><pl> ↔ pennings ("pennies")<br />
<br />
vader<n><pl> ↔ vaders ("fathers")<br />
<br />
'''-e'''<br />
<br />
dag /dax/<n><pl> ↔ dage /dɔːːɣ/ ("days")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut'''<br />
<br />
boom /boːm/<n><pl> ↔ boeme /bøːːm/ ("trees")<br />
<br />
hals /haɫs/<n><pl> ↔ helse /hɛːːɫz/ ("necks")<br />
<br />
smid /smɪt/<n><pl> ↔ smêde /smɛːːd/ ("smiths")<br />
<br />
wulf /vʊɫf/<n><pl> ↔ wülve /vʏːːɫv/ ("wolves")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + -er'''<br />
<br />
dorp<n><pl> ↔ dörper ("villages")<br />
<br />
land<n><pl> ↔ lender ("lands")<br />
<br />
book<n><pl> ↔ boeker ("books")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + -e'''<br />
<br />
wald<n><pl> ↔ welde ("forests")<br />
<br />
stad<n><pl> ↔ stêde ("cities")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + loss of final d'''<br />
<br />
hand<n><pl> ↔ hen ("hands")<br />
<br />
band<n><pl> ↔ ben ("bands")<br />
<br />
hund<n><pl> ↔ hün ("dogs") (attested but rare form)<br />
<br />
'''No change'''<br />
<br />
wapen<n><pl> ↔ wapen ("coats of arms")<br />
<br />
swyn<n><pl> ↔ swyn ("pigs")<br />
<br />
knee<n><pl> ↔ knee ("knees")<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Regular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Indefinite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n<br />
|-<br />
| -en (sing.), -e (pl.) || -e || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Definite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n !! pl<br />
|-<br />
| -e (nom.), -en (obl.) || -e || -e || -en<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Irregular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Personal Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || ik || wi || du || ji || he (m), se (f), it (n) || se<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || mi || us || di || ju || em, er, it || em<br />
|}<br />
<br />
We can see for the first person pronouns that there are two distinctions to note, oblique-ness and plurality. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 1st person Pronoun 'ik' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!1st sg. !! 1st pl. <br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ik}} || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|wi}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. ||{{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|mi}} || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|us}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 2nd person Pronoun 'du' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!2nd sg. !! 2nd pl. !! 2nd. frm<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|infml}}|du}} || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|infml}}|ji}}||{{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg/pl}}{{tag|frm}}|se}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|infml}}|di}} || {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|infml}}|ju}}|| {{morphTest|du{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg/pl}}{{tag|frm}}|em}} <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 3rd person Pronoun singular 'he' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!3rd sg. m. !! 3rd sg. f. !! 3rd sg. m. !! 3rd pl. <br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || || || ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Posssessive Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| mien || us || dien || juw/joon/juun || sien (m/n), e(h)r (f) || e(h)r<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Determiners==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f/pl !! n<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || de || de || dat<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || (d)en || de || (d)en<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || (d)en || de || dat<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In Plattdüütsch determiners take on gender and case markings, as can be seen in the table above. In the examples below we can see how we handle dative.<br />
<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following we can see that Plattdüütsch uses a 'vun'+nomDet form for genitive clauses. <br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}}<br />
<br />
Accusative:<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Plurals:<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In the chart below we can see what every variation of this looks like in Plattdüütsch.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Tagged Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f !! pl !! nt<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}|| : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|- <br />
| Gen. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar documentation]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2025]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch/Grammar&diff=24140
Plattdüütsch/Grammar
2025-02-20T17:19:21Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
=Parts of Speech=<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Person===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
<br />
==Number===<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
<br />
===Plurals===<br />
<br />
'''-er'''<br />
<br />
ey, eyer ("eggs")<br />
<br />
kind, kinder ("children")<br />
<br />
veld, velder ("fields")<br />
<br />
kalf, kalver ("calves")<br />
<br />
'''-en'''<br />
<br />
see, seen ("lakes")<br />
<br />
daal, dalen ("valleys")<br />
<br />
ring, ringen ("rings")<br />
<br />
knecht, knechten ("servant")<br />
<br />
'''-s'''<br />
<br />
morgen, morgens ("mornings")<br />
<br />
engel, engels ("angels")<br />
<br />
penning, pennings ("pennies")<br />
<br />
vader, vaders ("fathers")<br />
<br />
'''-e'''<br />
<br />
dag /dax/ - dage /dɔːːɣ/ ("days")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut'''<br />
<br />
boom /boːm/, boeme /bøːːm/ ("trees")<br />
<br />
hals /haɫs/, helse /hɛːːɫz/ ("necks")<br />
<br />
smid /smɪt/, smêde /smɛːːd/ ("smiths")<br />
<br />
wulf /vʊɫf/, wülve /vʏːːɫv/ ("wolves")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + -er'''<br />
<br />
dorp, dörper ("villages")<br />
<br />
land, lender ("lands")<br />
<br />
book, boeker ("books")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + -e'''<br />
<br />
wald, welde ("forests")<br />
<br />
stad, stêde ("cities")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + loss of final d'''<br />
<br />
hand, hen ("hands")<br />
<br />
band, ben ("bands")<br />
<br />
hund, hün ("dogs") (attested but rare form)<br />
<br />
'''No change'''<br />
<br />
wapen, wapen ("coats of arms")<br />
<br />
swyn, swyn ("pigs")<br />
<br />
knee, knee ("knees")<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Regular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Indefinite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n<br />
|-<br />
| -en (sing.), -e (pl.) || -e || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Definite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n !! pl<br />
|-<br />
| -e (nom.), -en (obl.) || -e || -e || -en<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Irregular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Personal Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || ik || wi || du || ji || he (m), se (f), it (n) || se<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || mi || us || di || ju || em, er, it || em<br />
|}<br />
<br />
We can see for the first person pronouns that there are two distinctions to note, oblique-ness and plurality. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ 1st person Pronoun 'ik' (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !!1st sg. !! 1st pl. <br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ik}} || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|wi}}<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. ||{{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|mi}} || {{morphTest|ik{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obl}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|us}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Posssessive Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| mien || us || dien || juw/joon/juun || sien (m/n), e(h)r (f) || e(h)r<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Determiners==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f/pl !! n<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || de || de || dat<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || (d)en || de || (d)en<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || (d)en || de || dat<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In Plattdüütsch determiners take on gender and case markings, as can be seen in the table above. In the examples below we can see how we handle dative.<br />
<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following we can see that Plattdüütsch uses a 'vun'+nomDet form for genitive clauses. <br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}}<br />
<br />
Accusative:<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Plurals:<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In the chart below we can see what every variation of this looks like in Plattdüütsch.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Tagged Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f !! pl !! nt<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}|| : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|- <br />
| Gen. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar documentation]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2025]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch/Grammar&diff=24119
Plattdüütsch/Grammar
2025-02-20T17:04:54Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
=Parts of Speech=<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Person===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
<br />
==Number===<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
<br />
===Plurals===<br />
<br />
'''-er'''<br />
<br />
ey, eyer ("eggs")<br />
<br />
kind, kinder ("children")<br />
<br />
veld, velder ("fields")<br />
<br />
kalf, kalver ("calves")<br />
<br />
'''-en'''<br />
<br />
see, seen ("lakes")<br />
<br />
daal, dalen ("valleys")<br />
<br />
ring, ringen ("rings")<br />
<br />
knecht, knechten ("servant")<br />
<br />
'''-s'''<br />
<br />
morgen, morgens ("mornings")<br />
<br />
engel, engels ("angels")<br />
<br />
penning, pennings ("pennies")<br />
<br />
vader, vaders ("fathers")<br />
<br />
'''-e'''<br />
<br />
dag /dax/ - dage /dɔːːɣ/ ("days")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut'''<br />
<br />
boom /boːm/, boeme /bøːːm/ ("trees")<br />
<br />
hals /haɫs/, helse /hɛːːɫz/ ("necks")<br />
<br />
smid /smɪt/, smêde /smɛːːd/ ("smiths")<br />
<br />
wulf /vʊɫf/, wülve /vʏːːɫv/ ("wolves")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + -er'''<br />
<br />
dorp, dörper ("villages")<br />
<br />
land, lender ("lands")<br />
<br />
book, boeker ("books")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + -e'''<br />
<br />
wald, welde ("forests")<br />
<br />
stad, stêde ("cities")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + loss of final d'''<br />
<br />
hand, hen ("hands")<br />
<br />
band, ben ("bands")<br />
<br />
hund, hün ("dogs") (attested but rare form)<br />
<br />
'''No change'''<br />
<br />
wapen, wapen ("coats of arms")<br />
<br />
swyn, swyn ("pigs")<br />
<br />
knee, knee ("knees")<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Regular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Indefinite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n<br />
|-<br />
| -en (sing.), -e (pl.) || -e || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Definite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n !! pl<br />
|-<br />
| -e (nom.), -en (obl.) || -e || -e || -en<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Irregular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || ik || wi || du || ji || he (m), se (f), it (n) || se<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || mi || us || di || ju || em, er, it || em<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Determiners==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f/pl !! n<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || de || de || dat<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || (d)en || de || (d)en<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || (d)en || de || dat<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In Plattdüütsch determiners take on gender and case markings, as can be seen in the table above. In the examples below we can see how we handle dative.<br />
<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following we can see that Plattdüütsch uses a 'vun'+nomDet form for genitive clauses. <br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}}<br />
<br />
Accusative:<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Plurals:<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In the chart below we can see what every variation of this looks like in Plattdüütsch.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Tagged Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f !! pl !! nt<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}|| : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|- <br />
| Gen. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar documentation]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2025]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch/Grammar&diff=24116
Plattdüütsch/Grammar
2025-02-20T17:03:10Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
=Parts of Speech=<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Person===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
<br />
==Number===<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
<br />
===Regular Plurals===<br />
<br />
'''-er'''<br />
<br />
ey, eyer ("eggs")<br />
<br />
kind, kinder ("children")<br />
<br />
veld, velder ("fields")<br />
<br />
kalf, kalver ("calves")<br />
<br />
'''-en'''<br />
<br />
see, seen ("lakes")<br />
<br />
daal, dalen ("valleys")<br />
<br />
ring, ringen ("rings")<br />
<br />
knecht, knechten ("servant")<br />
<br />
'''-s'''<br />
<br />
morgen, morgens ("mornings")<br />
<br />
engel, engels ("angels")<br />
<br />
penning, pennings ("pennies")<br />
<br />
vader, vaders ("fathers")<br />
<br />
'''-e'''<br />
<br />
dag /dax/ - dage /dɔːːɣ/ ("days")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut'''<br />
<br />
boom /boːm/, boeme /bøːːm/ ("trees")<br />
<br />
hals /haɫs/, helse /hɛːːɫz/ ("necks")<br />
<br />
smid /smɪt/, smêde /smɛːːd/ ("smiths")<br />
<br />
wulf /vʊɫf/, wülve /vʏːːɫv/ ("wolves")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + -er'''<br />
<br />
dorp, dörper ("villages")<br />
<br />
land, lender ("lands")<br />
<br />
book, boeker ("books")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + -e'''<br />
<br />
wald, welde ("forests")<br />
<br />
stad, stêde ("cities")<br />
<br />
'''Umlaut + loss of final d'''<br />
<br />
hand, hen ("hands")<br />
<br />
band, ben ("bands")<br />
<br />
hund, hün ("dogs") (attested but rare form)<br />
<br />
'''No change'''<br />
<br />
wapen, wapen ("coats of arms")<br />
<br />
swyn, swyn ("pigs")<br />
<br />
knee, knee ("knees")<br />
<br />
===Irregular Nouns===<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Regular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Indefinite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n<br />
|-<br />
| -en (sing.), -e (pl.) || -e || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Definite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n !! pl<br />
|-<br />
| -e (nom.), -en (obl.) || -e || -e || -en<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Irregular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || ik || wi || du || ji || he (m), se (f), it (n) || se<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || mi || us || di || ju || em, er, it || em<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Determiners==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f/pl !! n<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || de || de || dat<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || (d)en || de || (d)en<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || (d)en || de || dat<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In Plattdüütsch determiners take on gender and case markings, as can be seen in the table above. In the examples below we can see how we handle dative.<br />
<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following we can see that Plattdüütsch uses a 'vun'+nomDet form for genitive clauses. <br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}}<br />
<br />
Accusative:<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Plurals:<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In the chart below we can see what every variation of this looks like in Plattdüütsch.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Tagged Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f !! pl !! nt<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}|| : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|- <br />
| Gen. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar documentation]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2025]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch/Grammar&diff=24113
Plattdüütsch/Grammar
2025-02-20T17:02:21Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
=Parts of Speech=<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Person===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
<br />
==Number===<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
<br />
===Regular Plurals===<br />
<br />
'''-er'''<br />
ey, eyer ("eggs")<br />
kind, kinder ("children")<br />
veld, velder ("fields")<br />
kalf, kalver ("calves")<br />
'''-en'''<br />
see, seen ("lakes")<br />
daal, dalen ("valleys")<br />
ring, ringen ("rings")<br />
knecht, knechten ("servant")<br />
'''-s'''<br />
morgen, morgens ("mornings")<br />
engel, engels ("angels")<br />
penning, pennings ("pennies")<br />
vader, vaders ("fathers")<br />
'''-e'''<br />
dag /dax/ - dage /dɔːːɣ/ ("days")<br />
'''Umlaut'''<br />
boom /boːm/, boeme /bøːːm/ ("trees")<br />
hals /haɫs/, helse /hɛːːɫz/ ("necks")<br />
smid /smɪt/, smêde /smɛːːd/ ("smiths")<br />
wulf /vʊɫf/, wülve /vʏːːɫv/ ("wolves")<br />
'''Umlaut + -er'''<br />
dorp, dörper ("villages")<br />
land, lender ("lands")<br />
book, boeker ("books")<br />
'''Umlaut + -e'''<br />
wald, welde ("forests")<br />
stad, stêde ("cities")<br />
'''Umlaut + loss of final d'''<br />
hand, hen ("hands")<br />
band, ben ("bands")<br />
hund, hün ("dogs") (attested but rare form)<br />
'''No change'''<br />
wapen, wapen ("coats of arms")<br />
swyn, swyn ("pigs")<br />
knee, knee ("knees")<br />
<br />
===Irregular Nouns===<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Regular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Indefinite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n<br />
|-<br />
| -en (sing.), -e (pl.) || -e || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Definite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n !! pl<br />
|-<br />
| -e (nom.), -en (obl.) || -e || -e || -en<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Irregular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || ik || wi || du || ji || he (m), se (f), it (n) || se<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || mi || us || di || ju || em, er, it || em<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Determiners==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f/pl !! n<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || de || de || dat<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || (d)en || de || (d)en<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || (d)en || de || dat<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In Plattdüütsch determiners take on gender and case markings, as can be seen in the table above. In the examples below we can see how we handle dative.<br />
<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following we can see that Plattdüütsch uses a 'vun'+nomDet form for genitive clauses. <br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}}<br />
<br />
Accusative:<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Plurals:<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In the chart below we can see what every variation of this looks like in Plattdüütsch.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Tagged Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f !! pl !! nt<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}|| : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|(d)en}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|pl}}|de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
|- <br />
| Gen. || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun de}} || : {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|pl}}|vun de}} ||: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun dat}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar documentation]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2025]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch/Grammar&diff=24072
Plattdüütsch/Grammar
2025-02-20T16:33:48Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
=Parts of Speech=<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Person===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
<br />
==Number===<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
==Case==<br />
===Accusative===<br />
<br />
===Dative===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Regular Nouns===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Irregular Nouns===<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Regular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Indefinite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n<br />
|-<br />
| -en (sing.), -e (pl.) || -e || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Definite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n !! pl<br />
|-<br />
| -e (nom.), -en (obl.) || -e || -e || -en<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Irregular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Pronouns (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || ik || wi || du || ji || he (m), se (f), it (n) || se<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || mi || us || di || ju || em, er, it || em<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Determiners==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Articles (North Low Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f/pl !! n<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || de || de || dat<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || (d)en || de || (d)en<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || (d)en || de || dat<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|masc}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|det}}{{tag|neu}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
: {{morphTest|de{{tag|gen}}{{tag|masc}}{{tag|gen}}{{tag|sg}}|vun den}}<br />
<br />
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar documentation]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2025]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch/Grammar&diff=24069
Plattdüütsch/Grammar
2025-02-20T16:31:44Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
=Parts of Speech=<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Person===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
<br />
==Number===<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
==Case==<br />
===Accusative===<br />
<br />
===Dative===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Regular Nouns===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Irregular Nouns===<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Regular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Indefinite adjective endings (North Lower Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n<br />
|-<br />
| -en (sing.), -e (pl.) || -e || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Definite adjective endings (North Lower Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n !! pl<br />
|-<br />
| -e (nom.), -en (obl.) || -e || -e || -en<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Irregular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Pronouns (North Lower Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || ik || wi || du || ji || he (m), se (f), it (n) || se<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || mi || us || di || ju || em, er, it || em<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Determiners==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Articles (North Lower Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f/pl !! n<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || de || de || dat<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || (d)en || de || (d)en<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || (d)en || de || dat<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|den{{tag|det}}{{tag|masc}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|den}}<br />
: {{morphTest|dat{{tag|det}}{{tag|neu}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|dat}}<br />
<br />
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar documentation]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2025]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch/Grammar&diff=24064
Plattdüütsch/Grammar
2025-02-20T16:30:10Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
=Parts of Speech=<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Person===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
<br />
==Number===<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
==Case==<br />
===Accusative===<br />
<br />
===Dative===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Regular Nouns===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Irregular Nouns===<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Regular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Indefinite adjective endings (North Lower Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f !! n<br />
|-<br />
| sing. || -en || -e || -<br />
|-<br />
| pl. || -e || -e || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Definite adjective endings (North Lower Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! m !! f !! n !! pl<br />
|-<br />
| -e (nom.), -en (obl.) || -e || -e || -en<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Irregular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Pronouns (North Lower Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || ik || wi || du || ji || he (m), se (f), it (n) || se<br />
|-<br />
| Obl. || mi || us || di || ju || em, er, it || em<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Determiners==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Articles (North Lower Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f/pl !! n<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || de || de || dat<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || (d)en || de || (d)en<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || (d)en || de || dat<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
den = the<masc><dat><sg><br />
<br />
<br />
: {{morphTest|den{{tag|det}}{{tag|masc}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|sg}}|den}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar documentation]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2025]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch/Grammar&diff=24057
Plattdüütsch/Grammar
2025-02-20T16:16:56Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
=Parts of Speech=<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Person===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
<br />
==Number===<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
<br />
===Regular Nouns===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Irregular Nouns===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Regular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Irregular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Pronouns (North Lower Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || ik || wi || du || ji || he (m), se (f), it (n) || se<br />
|-<br />
| Acc./Dat. || mi || us || di || ju || em, er, it || em<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Determiners==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Articles (North Lower Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! m !! f/pl !! n<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || de || de || dat<br />
|-<br />
| Acc. || (d)en || de || (d)en<br />
|-<br />
| Dat. || (d)en || de || dat<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar documentation]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2025]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch/Grammar&diff=24056
Plattdüütsch/Grammar
2025-02-20T16:11:55Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
=Parts of Speech=<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Person===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
<br />
==Number===<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
<br />
===Regular Nouns===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Irregular Nouns===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Regular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Irregular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Pronouns (North Lower Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || ik || wi || du || ji || he (m), se (f), it (n) || se<br />
|-<br />
| Acc./Dat. || mi || us || di || ju || em, er, it || em<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Determiners==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar documentation]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2025]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch/Grammar&diff=24055
Plattdüütsch/Grammar
2025-02-20T16:10:33Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
=Parts of Speech=<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Person===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
<br />
==Number===<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
<br />
===Regular Nouns===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Irregular Nouns===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Regular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Irregular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Pronouns ( North Lower Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || ik || wi || du || ji || he (m), se (f), it (n) || se<br />
|-<br />
| Acc./Dat. || mi || us || di || ju || em, er, it || em<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Determiners==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar documentation]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2025]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch/Grammar&diff=24054
Plattdüütsch/Grammar
2025-02-20T16:09:51Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
=Parts of Speech=<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Person===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
<br />
==Number===<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
<br />
===Regular Nouns===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Irregular Nouns===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Regular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Irregular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Pronouns (Lower Saxon)<br />
|-<br />
! !! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || ik || wi || du || ji || he (m), se (f), it (n) || se<br />
|-<br />
| Acc./Dat. || mi || us || di || ju || em, er, it || em<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Determiners==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar documentation]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2025]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch/Grammar&diff=24053
Plattdüütsch/Grammar
2025-02-20T16:09:02Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
=Parts of Speech=<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Person===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
<br />
==Number===<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
<br />
===Regular Nouns===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Irregular Nouns===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Regular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Irregular Adjectives===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Low German pronouns<br />
|-<br />
! !! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg !! 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)<br />
|-<br />
| Nom. || ik || wi || du || ji || he (m), se (f), it (n) || se<br />
|-<br />
| Acc./Dat. || mi || us || di || ju || em, er, it || em<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Determiners==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar documentation]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2025]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch/Keyboard&diff=23629
Plattdüütsch/Keyboard
2025-02-11T17:38:34Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div>This will be the Plattdüütsch keyboard.<br />
<br />
ɪ i<br />
ɛ e<br />
ɑ a<br />
ɔ o<br />
ʊ u<br />
ɐ r<br />
ə<br />
ŋ n<br />
ʃ s<br />
(palatal postvelar) z<br />
<br />
ue<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]<br />
[[Category:Keyboard layouts]]<br />
[[Category:Spring 2025]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch&diff=23510
Plattdüütsch
2025-02-04T17:28:24Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources==<br />
<br />
===Computational Resources===<br />
[https://www.översetter.de Hoch Deutsch - Plattdüütsch Translation]. This is an open source resource and their materials are available on [https://github.com/mmcux/de-nds-translation Github].<br />
<br />
[https://github.com/facebookresearch/LASER/tree/main/tasks/WikiMatrix Wikimatrix] project for mining paired data between numerous languages. Includes Standard German - Plattdüütsch<br />
<br />
===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===<br />
[https://www.ndr.de/kultur/norddeutsche_sprache/plattdeutsch/woerterbuch101.html Norddeutscher Rundfunk Plattdüütsch - Hoch Deutsch Dictionary]<br />
<br />
[https://www.plattdeutsches-woerterbuch.de/search Plattdüütsch Dictionary - includes pairs with German]<br />
<br />
===Grammatical Descriptions===<br />
[https://www.proquest.com/docview/302605657?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses Plattdeutsch in the Osnabrücker Südland: A Philological Study of Low German in the Districts of Osnabrück and Melle, Odhner 1971]<br />
<br />
[https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/41157/353.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Müller, Stefan. Germanic syntax. 2023.]<br />
<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German Plattdüütsch wikipedia page], with detailed grammatical descriptions of basic morphology.<br />
<br />
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://s108c0020205f3c61.jimcontent.com/download/version/1389212359/module/6255837381/name/KuGra.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiph5n7w6qLAxUHMVkFHVmBMOsQFnoECA0QAQ&usg=AOvVaw10UsVjuxw1SU5gF488bNMd Plattdeutsch in 12 Lektionen: Einige Erläuterungen vorweg] Some phonological, grammatical and lexical descriptions of Platt<br />
<br />
===Corpora===<br />
<br />
[https://books.google.com/books?id=KyeaEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ViewAPI#v=onepage&q&f=false Uns Moderspraak: Plattdüütsch to'n Lesen, Högen, Vertellen]: Some sample text from stories in Plattdüütsch. Manfred A. Sahm (Kiel) 2014<br />
<br />
The [https://ins-bremen.de/das-ins/ Institut für Niederdeutsche Sprache] is a research institute and cultural organization for the preservation of Plattdüütsch.<br />
<br />
[https://ins-bremen.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Frenz_Bertram_DedeSuennsoech.pdf De de Sünn söch]: Internet novel by Frenz Bertram (Friesland) c. 2014. Unspecified license<br />
<br />
[https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:H%C3%B6%C3%B6ftsiet Platt Wikipedia homepage]. Creative Commons Attribution license<br />
<br />
[https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/44784/pg44784-images.html Plattdeutsche Briefe, Erzählungen und Gedichte] Project Gutenberg compilation of Platt letters, stories and poems. Public domain license<br />
<br />
[http://www.defofftigpenns.de De Fofftig Penns] Plattdüütsch Band with lyrics available. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:sp25_ResourceDocumentation]][[Category:Plattdüütsch]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch&diff=23509
Plattdüütsch
2025-02-04T17:24:14Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources==<br />
<br />
===Computational Resources===<br />
[https://www.översetter.de Hoch Deutsch - Plattdüütsch Translation]. This is an open source resource and their materials are available on [https://github.com/mmcux/de-nds-translation Github].<br />
<br />
[https://github.com/facebookresearch/LASER/tree/main/tasks/WikiMatrix Wikimatrix] project for mining paired data between numerous languages. Includes Standard German - Plattdüütsch<br />
<br />
===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===<br />
[https://www.ndr.de/kultur/norddeutsche_sprache/plattdeutsch/woerterbuch101.html Norddeutscher Rundfunk Plattdüütsch - Hoch Deutsch Dictionary]<br />
<br />
[https://www.plattdeutsches-woerterbuch.de/search Plattdüütsch Dictionary - includes pairs with German]<br />
<br />
===Grammatical Descriptions===<br />
[https://www.proquest.com/docview/302605657?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses Plattdeutsch in the Osnabrücker Südland: A Philological Study of Low German in the Districts of Osnabrück and Melle, Odhner 1971]<br />
<br />
[https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/41157/353.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Müller, Stefan. Germanic syntax. 2023.]<br />
<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German Plattdüütsch wikipedia page], with detailed grammatical descriptions of basic morphology.<br />
<br />
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://s108c0020205f3c61.jimcontent.com/download/version/1389212359/module/6255837381/name/KuGra.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiph5n7w6qLAxUHMVkFHVmBMOsQFnoECA0QAQ&usg=AOvVaw10UsVjuxw1SU5gF488bNMd Plattdeutsch in 12 Lektionen: Einige Erläuterungen vorweg] Some phonological and grammatical descriptions of Platt<br />
<br />
===Corpora===<br />
<br />
[https://books.google.com/books?id=KyeaEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ViewAPI#v=onepage&q&f=false Uns Moderspraak: Plattdüütsch to'n Lesen, Högen, Vertellen]: Some sample text from stories in Plattdüütsch. Manfred A. Sahm (Kiel) 2014<br />
<br />
The [https://ins-bremen.de/das-ins/ Institut für Niederdeutsche Sprache] is a research institute and cultural organization for the preservation of Plattdüütsch.<br />
<br />
[https://ins-bremen.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Frenz_Bertram_DedeSuennsoech.pdf De de Sünn söch]: Internet novel by Frenz Bertram (Friesland) c. 2014. Unspecified license<br />
<br />
[https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:H%C3%B6%C3%B6ftsiet Platt Wikipedia homepage]. Creative Commons Attribution license<br />
<br />
[https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/44784/pg44784-images.html Plattdeutsche Briefe, Erzählungen und Gedichte] Project Gutenberg compilation of Platt letters, stories and poems. Public domain license<br />
<br />
[http://www.defofftigpenns.de De Fofftig Penns] Plattdüütsch Band with lyrics available. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:sp25_ResourceDocumentation]][[Category:Plattdüütsch]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch&diff=23494
Plattdüütsch
2025-02-04T17:01:02Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources==<br />
<br />
===Computational Resources===<br />
[https://www.översetter.de Hoch Deutsch - Plattdüütsch Translation]. This is an open source resource and their materials are available on [https://github.com/mmcux/de-nds-translation Github].<br />
<br />
[https://github.com/facebookresearch/LASER/tree/main/tasks/WikiMatrix Wikimatrix] project for mining paired data between numerous languages. Includes Standard German - Plattdüütsch<br />
<br />
===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===<br />
[https://www.ndr.de/kultur/norddeutsche_sprache/plattdeutsch/woerterbuch101.html Norddeutscher Rundfunk Plattdüütsch - Hoch Deutsch Dictionary]<br />
<br />
[https://www.plattdeutsches-woerterbuch.de/search Plattdüütsch Dictionary - includes pairs with German]<br />
<br />
===Grammatical Descriptions===<br />
[https://www.proquest.com/docview/302605657?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses Plattdeutsch in the Osnabrücker Südland: A Philological Study of Low German in the Districts of Osnabrück and Melle, Odhner 1971]<br />
<br />
[https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/41157/353.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Müller, Stefan. Germanic syntax. 2023.]<br />
<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German Plattdüütsch wikipedia page], with detailed grammatical descriptions of basic morphology.<br />
<br />
===Corpora===<br />
<br />
[https://books.google.com/books?id=KyeaEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ViewAPI#v=onepage&q&f=false Uns Moderspraak: Plattdüütsch to'n Lesen, Högen, Vertellen]: Some sample text from stories in Plattdüütsch. Manfred A. Sahm (Kiel) 2014<br />
<br />
The [https://ins-bremen.de/das-ins/ Institut für Niederdeutsche Sprache] is a research institute and cultural organization for the preservation of Plattdüütsch.<br />
<br />
[https://ins-bremen.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Frenz_Bertram_DedeSuennsoech.pdf De de Sünn söch]: Internet novel by Frenz Bertram (Friesland) c. 2014. Unspecified license<br />
<br />
[https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:H%C3%B6%C3%B6ftsiet Platt Wikipedia homepage]. Creative Commons Attribution license<br />
<br />
[https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/44784/pg44784-images.html Plattdeutsche Briefe, Erzählungen und Gedichte] Project Gutenberg compilation of Platt letters, stories and poems. Public domain license<br />
<br />
[http://www.defofftigpenns.de De Fofftig Penns] Plattdüütsch Band with lyrics available. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:sp25_ResourceDocumentation]][[Category:Plattdüütsch]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch&diff=23493
Plattdüütsch
2025-02-04T16:58:47Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources==<br />
<br />
===Computational Resources===<br />
[https://www.översetter.de Hoch Deutsch - Plattdüütsch Translation]. This is an open source resource and their materials are available on [https://github.com/mmcux/de-nds-translation Github].<br />
<br />
[https://github.com/facebookresearch/LASER/tree/main/tasks/WikiMatrix Wikimatrix] project for mining paired data between numerous languages. Includes Standard German - Plattdüütsch<br />
<br />
===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===<br />
[https://www.ndr.de/kultur/norddeutsche_sprache/plattdeutsch/woerterbuch101.html Norddeutscher Rundfunk Plattdüütsch - Hoch Deutsch Dictionary]<br />
<br />
[https://www.plattdeutsches-woerterbuch.de/search Plattdüütsch Dictionary - includes pairs with German]<br />
<br />
===Grammatical Descriptions===<br />
[https://www.proquest.com/docview/302605657?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses Plattdeutsch in the Osnabrücker Südland: A Philological Study of Low German in the Districts of Osnabrück and Melle, Odhner 1971]<br />
<br />
[https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/41157/353.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Müller, Stefan. Germanic syntax. 2023.]<br />
<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German Plattdüütsch wikipedia page], with detailed grammatical descriptions of basic morphology.<br />
<br />
===Corpora===<br />
<br />
[https://books.google.com/books?id=KyeaEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ViewAPI#v=onepage&q&f=false Uns Moderspraak: Plattdüütsch to'n Lesen, Högen, Vertellen]: Some sample text from stories in Plattdüütsch. Manfred A. Sahm (Kiel) 2014<br />
<br />
The [https://ins-bremen.de/das-ins/ Institut für Niederdeutsche Sprache] is a research institute and cultural organization for the preservation of Plattdüütsch.<br />
<br />
[https://ins-bremen.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Frenz_Bertram_DedeSuennsoech.pdf De de Sünn söch]: Internet novel by Frenz Bertram (Friesland) c. 2014.<br />
<br />
[https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:H%C3%B6%C3%B6ftsiet Platt Wikipedia homepage]<br />
<br />
[https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/44784/pg44784-images.html Plattdeutsche Briefe, Erzählungen und Gedichte] Project Gutenberg compilation of Platt letters, stories and poems<br />
<br />
[http://www.defofftigpenns.de De Fofftig Penns] Plattdüütsch Band with lyrics available. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:sp25_ResourceDocumentation]][[Category:Plattdüütsch]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch&diff=23490
Plattdüütsch
2025-02-04T16:57:29Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources==<br />
<br />
===Computational Resources===<br />
[https://www.översetter.de Hoch Deutsch - Plattdüütsch Translation]. This is an open source resource and their materials are available on [https://github.com/mmcux/de-nds-translation Github].<br />
<br />
[https://github.com/facebookresearch/LASER/tree/main/tasks/WikiMatrix Wikimatrix] project for mining paired data between numerous languages. Includes Standard German - Plattdüütsch<br />
<br />
===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===<br />
[https://www.ndr.de/kultur/norddeutsche_sprache/plattdeutsch/woerterbuch101.html Norddeutscher Rundfunk Plattdüütsch - Hoch Deutsch Dictionary]<br />
<br />
[https://www.plattdeutsches-woerterbuch.de/search Plattdüütsch Dictionary - includes pairs with German]<br />
<br />
===Grammatical Descriptions===<br />
[https://www.proquest.com/docview/302605657?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses Plattdeutsch in the Osnabrücker Südland: A Philological Study of Low German in the Districts of Osnabrück and Melle, Odhner 1971]<br />
<br />
[https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/41157/353.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Müller, Stefan. Germanic syntax. 2023.]<br />
<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German Plattdüütsch wikipedia page], with detailed grammatical descriptions of basic morphology.<br />
<br />
===Corpora===<br />
<br />
[https://books.google.com/books?id=KyeaEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ViewAPI#v=onepage&q&f=false Uns Moderspraak: Plattdüütsch to'n Lesen, Högen, Vertellen]: Some sample text from stories in Plattdüütsch. Manfred A. Sahm (Kiel) 2014<br />
<br />
The [https://ins-bremen.de/das-ins/ Institut für Niederdeutsche Sprache] is a research institute and cultural organization for the preservation of Plattdüütsch.<br />
[https://ins-bremen.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Frenz_Bertram_DedeSuennsoech.pdf De de Sünn söch]: Internet novel by Frenz Bertram (Friesland) c. 2014.<br />
<br />
[https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:H%C3%B6%C3%B6ftsiet Platt Wikipedia homepage]<br />
<br />
[https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/44784/pg44784-images.html Plattdeutsche Briefe, Erzählungen und Gedichte] Project Gutenberg compilation of Platt letters, stories and poems<br />
<br />
[http://www.defofftigpenns.de De Fofftig Penns] Plattdüütsch Band with lyrics available. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:sp25_ResourceDocumentation]][[Category:Plattdüütsch]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch&diff=23489
Plattdüütsch
2025-02-04T16:57:14Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources==<br />
<br />
===Computational Resources===<br />
[https://www.översetter.de Hoch Deutsch - Plattdüütsch Translation]. This is an open source resource and their materials are available on [https://github.com/mmcux/de-nds-translation Github].<br />
<br />
[https://github.com/facebookresearch/LASER/tree/main/tasks/WikiMatrix Wikimatrix] project for mining paired data between numerous languages. Includes Standard German - Plattdüütsch<br />
<br />
===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===<br />
[https://www.ndr.de/kultur/norddeutsche_sprache/plattdeutsch/woerterbuch101.html Norddeutscher Rundfunk Plattdüütsch - Hoch Deutsch Dictionary]<br />
<br />
[https://www.plattdeutsches-woerterbuch.de/search Plattdüütsch Dictionary - includes pairs with German]<br />
<br />
===Grammatical Descriptions===<br />
[https://www.proquest.com/docview/302605657?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses Plattdeutsch in the Osnabrücker Südland: A Philological Study of Low German in the Districts of Osnabrück and Melle, Odhner 1971]<br />
<br />
[https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/41157/353.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Müller, Stefan. Germanic syntax. 2023.]<br />
<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German Plattdüütsch wikipedia page], with detailed grammatical descriptions of basic morphology.<br />
<br />
===Corpora===<br />
<br />
[https://books.google.com/books?id=KyeaEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ViewAPI#v=onepage&q&f=false Uns Moderspraak: Plattdüütsch to'n Lesen, Högen, Vertellen]: Some sample text from stories in Plattdüütsch. Manfred A. Sahm (Kiel) 2014<br />
<br />
The [https://ins-bremen.de/das-ins/ Institut für Niederdeutsche Sprache] is a research institute and cultural organization for the preservation of Plattdüütsch.<br />
[https://ins-bremen.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Frenz_Bertram_DedeSuennsoech.pdf De de Sünn söch]: Internet novel by Frenz Bertram (Friesland) c. 2014.<br />
<br />
[https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:H%C3%B6%C3%B6ftsiet Platt Wikipedia homepage]<br />
<br />
[https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/44784/pg44784-images.html Plattdeutsche Briefe, Erzählungen und Gedichte] Project Gutenberg compilation of Platt letters, stories and poems]<br />
<br />
[http://www.defofftigpenns.de De Fofftig Penns] Plattdüütsch Band with lyrics available. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:sp25_ResourceDocumentation]][[Category:Plattdüütsch]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch&diff=23481
Plattdüütsch
2025-02-04T16:46:05Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources==<br />
<br />
===Computational Resources===<br />
[https://www.översetter.de Hoch Deutsch - Plattdüütsch Translation]. This is an open source resource and their materials are available on [https://github.com/mmcux/de-nds-translation Github].<br />
<br />
[https://github.com/facebookresearch/LASER/tree/main/tasks/WikiMatrix Wikimatrix] project for mining paired data between numerous languages. Includes Standard German - Plattdüütsch<br />
<br />
===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===<br />
[https://www.ndr.de/kultur/norddeutsche_sprache/plattdeutsch/woerterbuch101.html Norddeutscher Rundfunk Plattdüütsch - Hoch Deutsch Dictionary]<br />
<br />
[https://www.plattdeutsches-woerterbuch.de/search Plattdüütsch Dictionary - includes pairs with German]<br />
<br />
===Grammatical Descriptions===<br />
[https://www.proquest.com/docview/302605657?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses Plattdeutsch in the Osnabrücker Südland: A Philological Study of Low German in the Districts of Osnabrück and Melle, Odhner 1971]<br />
<br />
[https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/41157/353.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Müller, Stefan. Germanic syntax. 2023.]<br />
<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German Plattdüütsch wikipedia page], with detailed grammatical descriptions of basic morphology.<br />
<br />
===Corpora===<br />
<br />
[https://books.google.com/books?id=KyeaEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ViewAPI#v=onepage&q&f=false Uns Moderspraak: Plattdüütsch to'n Lesen, Högen, Vertellen]: Some sample text from stories in Plattdüütsch. Manfred A. Sahm (Kiel) 2014<br />
<br />
The [https://ins-bremen.de/das-ins/ Institut für Niederdeutsche Sprache] is a research institute and cultural organization for the preservation of Plattdüütsch.<br />
[https://ins-bremen.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Frenz_Bertram_DedeSuennsoech.pdf De de Sünn söch]: Internet novel by Frenz Bertram (Friesland) c. 2014.<br />
<br />
[https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:H%C3%B6%C3%B6ftsiet Platt Wikipedia homepage]<br />
<br />
[http://www.defofftigpenns.de De Fofftig Penns] Plattdüütsch Band with lyrics available. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:sp25_ResourceDocumentation]][[Category:Plattdüütsch]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch&diff=23462
Plattdüütsch
2025-02-04T16:34:03Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources==<br />
<br />
===Computational Resources===<br />
[https://www.översetter.de Hoch Deutsch - Plattdüütsch Translation]. This is an open source resource and their materials are available on [https://github.com/mmcux/de-nds-translation Github].<br />
<br />
[https://github.com/facebookresearch/LASER/tree/main/tasks/WikiMatrix Wikimatrix] project for mining paired data between numerous languages. Includes Standard German - Plattdüütsch<br />
<br />
===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===<br />
[https://www.ndr.de/kultur/norddeutsche_sprache/plattdeutsch/woerterbuch101.html Norddeutscher Rundfunk Plattdüütsch - Hoch Deutsch Dictionary]<br />
<br />
[https://www.plattdeutsches-woerterbuch.de/search Plattdüütsch Dictionary - includes pairs with German]<br />
<br />
===Grammatical Descriptions===<br />
[https://www.proquest.com/docview/302605657?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses Plattdeutsch in the Osnabrücker Südland: A Philological Study of Low German in the Districts of Osnabrück and Melle, Odhner 1971]<br />
<br />
[https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/41157/353.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Müller, Stefan. Germanic syntax. 2023.]<br />
<br />
===Corpora===<br />
<br />
[https://books.google.com/books?id=KyeaEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ViewAPI#v=onepage&q&f=false Uns Moderspraak: Plattdüütsch to'n Lesen, Högen, Vertellen]: Some sample text from stories in Plattdüütsch. Manfred A. Sahm (Kiel) 2014<br />
<br />
The [https://ins-bremen.de/das-ins/ Institut für Niederdeutsche Sprache] is a research institute and cultural organization for the preservation of Plattdüütsch.<br />
[https://ins-bremen.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Frenz_Bertram_DedeSuennsoech.pdf De de Sünn söch]: Internet novel by Frenz Bertram (Friesland) c. 2014.<br />
<br />
[http://www.defofftigpenns.de De Fofftig Penns] Plattdüütsch Band with lyrics available. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:sp25_ResourceDocumentation]][[Category:Plattdüütsch]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch&diff=23459
Plattdüütsch
2025-02-04T16:33:02Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources==<br />
<br />
===Computational Resources===<br />
[https://www.översetter.de Hoch Deutsch - Plattdüütsch Translation]. This is an open source resource and their materials are available on [https://github.com/mmcux/de-nds-translation Github].<br />
<br />
[https://github.com/facebookresearch/LASER/tree/main/tasks/WikiMatrix Wikimatrix] project for mining paired data between numerous languages. Includes Standard German - Plattdüütsch<br />
<br />
===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===<br />
[https://www.ndr.de/kultur/norddeutsche_sprache/plattdeutsch/woerterbuch101.html Norddeutscher Rundfunk Plattdüütsch - Hoch Deutsch Dictionary]<br />
<br />
[https://www.plattdeutsches-woerterbuch.de/search Plattdüütsch Dictionary - includes pairs with German]<br />
<br />
===Grammatical Descriptions===<br />
[https://www.proquest.com/docview/302605657?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses Plattdeutsch in the Osnabrücker Südland: A Philological Study of Low German in the Districts of Osnabrück and Melle, Odhner 1971]<br />
<br />
[https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/41157/353.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Müller, Stefan. Germanic syntax. 2023.]<br />
<br />
===Corpora===<br />
<br />
[https://books.google.com/books?id=KyeaEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ViewAPI#v=onepage&q&f=false Uns Moderspraak: Plattdüütsch to'n Lesen, Högen, Vertellen]: Some sample text from stories in Plattdüütsch<br />
<br />
The [https://ins-bremen.de/das-ins/ Institut für Niederdeutsche Sprache] is a research institute and cultural organization for the preservation of Plattdüütsch.<br />
[https://ins-bremen.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Frenz_Bertram_DedeSuennsoech.pdf De de Sünn söch]: Internet novel by Frenz Bertram (Friesland) c. 2014.<br />
<br />
[http://www.defofftigpenns.de De Fofftig Penns] Plattdüütsch Band with lyrics available. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:sp25_ResourceDocumentation]][[Category:Plattdüütsch]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch&diff=23458
Plattdüütsch
2025-02-04T16:32:37Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources==<br />
<br />
===Computational Resources===<br />
[https://www.översetter.de Hoch Deutsch - Plattdüütsch Translation]. This is an open source resource and their materials are available on [https://github.com/mmcux/de-nds-translation Github].<br />
<br />
[https://github.com/facebookresearch/LASER/tree/main/tasks/WikiMatrix Wikimatrix] project for mining paired data between numerous languages. Includes Standard German - Plattdüütsch<br />
<br />
===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===<br />
[https://www.ndr.de/kultur/norddeutsche_sprache/plattdeutsch/woerterbuch101.html Norddeutscher Rundfunk Plattdüütsch - Hoch Deutsch Dictionary]<br />
<br />
[https://www.plattdeutsches-woerterbuch.de/search Plattdüütsch Dictionary - includes pairs with German]<br />
<br />
===Grammatical Descriptions===<br />
[https://www.proquest.com/docview/302605657?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses Plattdeutsch in the Osnabrücker Südland: A Philological Study of Low German in the Districts of Osnabrück and Melle, Odhner 1971]<br />
<br />
[https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/41157/353.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Müller, Stefan. Germanic syntax. 2023.]<br />
<br />
===Corpora===<br />
<br />
[https://books.google.com/books?id=KyeaEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ViewAPI#v=onepage&q&f=false Uns Moderspraak: Plattdüütsch to'n Lesen, Högen, Vertellen]: Some sample text from stories in Plattdüütsch<br />
<br />
The [https://ins-bremen.de/das-ins/ Institut für Niederdeutsche Sprache] is a research institute and cultural organization for the preservation of Plattdüütsch.<br />
<br />
- [https://ins-bremen.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Frenz_Bertram_DedeSuennsoech.pdf De de Sünn söch]: Internet novel by Frenz Bertram (Friesland) c. 2014.<br />
<br />
[http://www.defofftigpenns.de De Fofftig Penns] Plattdüütsch Band with lyrics available. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:sp25_ResourceDocumentation]][[Category:Plattdüütsch]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch&diff=23457
Plattdüütsch
2025-02-04T16:32:27Z
<p>Epintar1: added De de Suenn soech</p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources==<br />
<br />
===Computational Resources===<br />
[https://www.översetter.de Hoch Deutsch - Plattdüütsch Translation]. This is an open source resource and their materials are available on [https://github.com/mmcux/de-nds-translation Github].<br />
<br />
[https://github.com/facebookresearch/LASER/tree/main/tasks/WikiMatrix Wikimatrix] project for mining paired data between numerous languages. Includes Standard German - Plattdüütsch<br />
<br />
===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===<br />
[https://www.ndr.de/kultur/norddeutsche_sprache/plattdeutsch/woerterbuch101.html Norddeutscher Rundfunk Plattdüütsch - Hoch Deutsch Dictionary]<br />
<br />
[https://www.plattdeutsches-woerterbuch.de/search Plattdüütsch Dictionary - includes pairs with German]<br />
<br />
===Grammatical Descriptions===<br />
[https://www.proquest.com/docview/302605657?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses Plattdeutsch in the Osnabrücker Südland: A Philological Study of Low German in the Districts of Osnabrück and Melle, Odhner 1971]<br />
<br />
[https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/41157/353.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Müller, Stefan. Germanic syntax. 2023.]<br />
<br />
===Corpora===<br />
<br />
[https://books.google.com/books?id=KyeaEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ViewAPI#v=onepage&q&f=false Uns Moderspraak: Plattdüütsch to'n Lesen, Högen, Vertellen]: Some sample text from stories in Plattdüütsch<br />
<br />
The [https://ins-bremen.de/das-ins/ Institut für Niederdeutsche Sprache] is a research institute and cultural organization for the preservation of Plattdüütsch.<br />
- [https://ins-bremen.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Frenz_Bertram_DedeSuennsoech.pdf De de Sünn söch]: Internet novel by Frenz Bertram (Friesland) c. 2014.<br />
<br />
[http://www.defofftigpenns.de De Fofftig Penns] Plattdüütsch Band with lyrics available. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:sp25_ResourceDocumentation]][[Category:Plattdüütsch]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch&diff=23250
Plattdüütsch
2025-01-28T17:20:37Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources==<br />
<br />
===Computational Resources===<br />
<br />
===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===<br />
<br />
<br />
[https://www.ndr.de/kultur/norddeutsche_sprache/plattdeutsch/woerterbuch101.html Norddeutscher Rundfunk Plattdüütsch - Hoch Deutsch Dictionary]<br />
<br />
===Grammatical Descriptions===<br />
<br />
===Scientific Works===<br />
<br />
===Corpora===<br />
<br />
[https://books.google.com/books?id=KyeaEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ViewAPI#v=onepage&q&f=false Uns Moderspraak: Plattdüütsch to'n Lesen, Högen, Vertellen]: Some sample text from stories in Plattdüütsch<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Resource Documentation]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch&diff=23249
Plattdüütsch
2025-01-28T17:19:58Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources==<br />
<br />
===Computational Resources===<br />
<br />
===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===<br />
<br />
<br />
[https://www.ndr.de/kultur/norddeutsche_sprache/plattdeutsch/woerterbuch101.html Norddeutscher Rundfunk Plattdüütsch - Hoch Deutsch Dictionary]<br />
<br />
===Grammatical Descriptions===<br />
<br />
===Scientific Works===<br />
<br />
===Corpora===<br />
<br />
[https://books.google.com/books?id=KyeaEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ViewAPI#v=onepage&q&f=false Uns Moderspraak: Plattdüütsch to'n Lesen, Högen, Vertellen]: Some sample text from stories in Plattdüütsch<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Resource Documentation]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch&diff=23247
Plattdüütsch
2025-01-28T17:19:25Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Resources==<br />
<br />
===Computational Resources===<br />
<br />
===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===<br />
<br />
<br />
[https://www.ndr.de/kultur/norddeutsche_sprache/plattdeutsch/woerterbuch101.html Norddeutscher Rundfunk Plattdüütsch - Hoch Deutsch Dictionary]<br />
<br />
===Grammatical Descriptions===<br />
<br />
===Scientific Works===<br />
<br />
===Corpora===<br />
<br />
'''Uns Moderspraak: Plattdüütsch to'n Lesen, Högen, Vertellen''' [https://books.google.com/books?id=KyeaEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ViewAPI#v=onepage&q&f=false]: Some sample text from stories in Plattdüütsch<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Resource Documentation]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=User:Epintar1/Language_selection&diff=23177
User:Epintar1/Language selection
2025-01-28T14:22:31Z
<p>Epintar1: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Pulaar''' is a synthetic language, which from what I can find seems to be agglutinative (words can have multiple suffixes denoting different grammatical aspects of the word), also distinguished by an extensive noun class system and base-5 number system both of which are characteristic of Niger-Congo languages like Pulaar. It is a variant of the Fula macrolanguage that is spoken by the Fula people (who are present across West Africa) in Senegal and Gambia, where they are referred to as "Pulaar". Estimates put the number of native speakers around 5 million today, however language use has declined over time and in particular many young members of the community have switched to Wolof and French so it is likely to decline further in the future. I can find Bible translations, partial Quran translations and an online news website in Pulaar.<br />
<br />
'''Škofja Loka Slovene''' is a dialect of Slovene spoken around the town of Škofja Loka in Slovenia. It is a fusional language with extensive noun declension as well as notably use of the dual number. Given the small population of the area and pervasiveness of Standard Slovene, the variety is also threatened in the long-term. Text for the Škofja Loka Passion Play written in an older variant (I don't know if/how different it is from current Škofja Lokan) of the language is available.<br />
<br />
'''Plattdüütsch/Low German/Low Saxon''' is largely synthetic language although more analytic (less extensive inflectional morphology) than many other Germanic languages. It was historically spoken across the northern third of Germany and northeastern Netherlands, however now is highly endangered since steep drops in language use since the mid-20th century.. Low German dictionaries, texts, songs etc. are available online although often come from different varieties of the language.<br />
<br />
(I would also be interested in doing Austro-Bavarian German)<br />
<br />
[[Category:sp25_LanguageSelection]], [[Category:Pulaar]] , [[Category:Škofjeloščino]] , [[Category:Plattdüütsch]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=User:Epintar1/Language_selection&diff=23176
User:Epintar1/Language selection
2025-01-28T14:07:49Z
<p>Epintar1: Created language selection page</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Pulaar''' is a synthetic language, which from what I can find seems to be agglutinative (words can have multiple suffixes denoting different grammatical aspects of the word), also distinguished by an extensive noun class system and base-5 number system both of which are characteristic of Niger-Congo languages like Pulaar. It is a variant of the Fula macrolanguage that is spoken by the Fula people (who are present across West Africa) in Senegal and Gambia, where they are referred to as "Pulaar". Estimates put the number of native speakers around 5 million today, however language use has declined over time and in particular many young members of the community have switched to Wolof and French so it is likely to decline further in the future. I can find Bible translations, partial Quran translations and an online news website in Pulaar.<br />
<br />
'''Škofja Loka Slovene''' is a dialect of Slovene spoken around the town of Škofja Loka in Slovenia. It is a fusional language with extensive noun declension as well as notably use of the dual number. Given the small population of the area and pervasiveness of Standard Slovene, the variety is also threatened in the long-term. Text for the Škofja Loka Passion Play written in an older variant (I don't know if/how different it is from current Škofja Lokan) of the language is available.<br />
<br />
'''Plattdüütsch/Low German/Low Saxon''' is largely synthetic language although more analytic (less extensive inflectional morphology) than many other Germanic languages. It was historically spoken across the northern third of Germany and northeastern Netherlands, however now is highly endangered since steep drops in language use since the mid-20th century.. Low German dictionaries, texts, songs etc. are available online although often come from different varieties of the language.<br />
<br />
[[Category:sp25_LanguageSelection]], [[Category:Pulaar]] , [[Category:Škofjeloščino]] , [[Category:Plattdüütsch]]</div>
Epintar1
http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=User:Epintar1&diff=22725
User:Epintar1
2025-01-21T17:10:10Z
<p>Epintar1: wrote intro</p>
<hr />
<div>Hi! I'm Ethan, senior Global Studies major/Linguistics minor at Swarthmore. Broadly I think I'd be interested in working on either a Niger-Congo language, a West Germanic variety or an Afro-Asiatic language.<br />
<br />
[[Category:sp25_students]]</div>
Epintar1