LING073 - User contributions [en]

Mixe and English/Structural transfer

2022-05-13T18:12:51Z

Eresend1: /* Pre-evaluation */

=Pre-evaluation=

Percentage of unknown words: 47.37%

Word error rate (WER): 100%

Position-independent error rate (PER): 100%

=Structural transfer=

==Implementation of item #1 (clause type) and #2 (aspect>tense) ==

I tried to get the following sentence to translate correctly:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp mits mtönït|tomorrow you will work}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|këp{{tag|adv}} mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} tön{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|tomorrow{{tag|adv}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

But I wasn't able to get my rtx rules working correctly.

Output
*tagger: ???
*lex:
*: ^këp<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$ ^mits<prn><p2><sg>/you<prn><p2><sg>$ ^tön<v><dep><irr><p2>/work<vblex><dep><irr><p2>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*transfer:
*: No rule specified: ^këp<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$
*: No rule specified: ^mits<prn><p2><sg>/you<prn><p2><sg>$
*: No rule specified: ^tön<v><dep><irr><p2>/work<vblex><dep><irr><p2>$
*: No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*: ^tomorrow<adv>$ ^you<prn><p2><sg>$ ^work<vblex><dep><irr><p2>$^.<sent>$
*abc-xyz: tomorrow #you #work

=Post-evaluation=

Percentage of unknown words: 5.26%

Word error rate (WER): 96.77%

Position-independent error rate (PER): 96.77%

[[category:Mixe]] [[category:English]] [[category:Sp22_StructuralTransfer]]

Mixe and English/Structural transfer

2022-05-13T18:12:42Z

Eresend1: /* Post-evaluation */

=Pre-evaluation=

Percentage of unknown words: 47.37%
Word error rate (WER): 100%
Position-independent error rate (PER): 100%

=Structural transfer=

==Implementation of item #1 (clause type) and #2 (aspect>tense) ==

I tried to get the following sentence to translate correctly:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp mits mtönït|tomorrow you will work}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|këp{{tag|adv}} mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} tön{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|tomorrow{{tag|adv}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

But I wasn't able to get my rtx rules working correctly.

Output
*tagger: ???
*lex:
*: ^këp<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$ ^mits<prn><p2><sg>/you<prn><p2><sg>$ ^tön<v><dep><irr><p2>/work<vblex><dep><irr><p2>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*transfer:
*: No rule specified: ^këp<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$
*: No rule specified: ^mits<prn><p2><sg>/you<prn><p2><sg>$
*: No rule specified: ^tön<v><dep><irr><p2>/work<vblex><dep><irr><p2>$
*: No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*: ^tomorrow<adv>$ ^you<prn><p2><sg>$ ^work<vblex><dep><irr><p2>$^.<sent>$
*abc-xyz: tomorrow #you #work

=Post-evaluation=

Percentage of unknown words: 5.26%

Word error rate (WER): 96.77%

Position-independent error rate (PER): 96.77%

[[category:Mixe]] [[category:English]] [[category:Sp22_StructuralTransfer]]

Mixe and English/Structural transfer

2022-05-13T18:12:30Z

Eresend1:

=Pre-evaluation=

Percentage of unknown words: 47.37%
Word error rate (WER): 100%
Position-independent error rate (PER): 100%

=Structural transfer=

==Implementation of item #1 (clause type) and #2 (aspect>tense) ==

I tried to get the following sentence to translate correctly:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp mits mtönït|tomorrow you will work}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|këp{{tag|adv}} mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} tön{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|tomorrow{{tag|adv}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

But I wasn't able to get my rtx rules working correctly.

Output
*tagger: ???
*lex:
*: ^këp<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$ ^mits<prn><p2><sg>/you<prn><p2><sg>$ ^tön<v><dep><irr><p2>/work<vblex><dep><irr><p2>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*transfer:
*: No rule specified: ^këp<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$
*: No rule specified: ^mits<prn><p2><sg>/you<prn><p2><sg>$
*: No rule specified: ^tön<v><dep><irr><p2>/work<vblex><dep><irr><p2>$
*: No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*: ^tomorrow<adv>$ ^you<prn><p2><sg>$ ^work<vblex><dep><irr><p2>$^.<sent>$
*abc-xyz: tomorrow #you #work

=Post-evaluation=

Percentage of unknown words: 5.26%
Word error rate (WER): 96.77%
Position-independent error rate (PER): 96.77%

[[category:Mixe]] [[category:English]] [[category:Sp22_StructuralTransfer]]

Mixe and English/Structural transfer

2022-05-13T18:10:14Z

Eresend1: /* Implementation of item #1 (clause type) and #2 (aspect>tense) */

=Pre-evaluation=

Percentage of unknown words: 47.37%
Word error rate (WER): 100%
Position-independent error rate (PER): 100%

=Structural transfer=

==Implementation of item #1 (clause type) and #2 (aspect>tense) ==

I tried to get the following sentence to translate correctly:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp mits mtönït|tomorrow you will work}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|këp{{tag|adv}} mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} tön{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|tomorrow{{tag|adv}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

But I wasn't able to get my rtx rules working correctly.

Output
*tagger: ???
*lex:
*: ^këp<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$ ^mits<prn><p2><sg>/you<prn><p2><sg>$ ^tön<v><dep><irr><p2>/work<vblex><dep><irr><p2>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*transfer:
*: No rule specified: ^këp<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$
*: No rule specified: ^mits<prn><p2><sg>/you<prn><p2><sg>$
*: No rule specified: ^tön<v><dep><irr><p2>/work<vblex><dep><irr><p2>$
*: No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*: ^tomorrow<adv>$ ^you<prn><p2><sg>$ ^work<vblex><dep><irr><p2>$^.<sent>$
*abc-xyz: tomorrow #you #work

[[category:Mixe]] [[category:English]] [[category:Sp22_StructuralTransfer]]

Mixe and English/Structural transfer

2022-05-13T18:05:31Z

Eresend1:

=Pre-evaluation=

Percentage of unknown words: 47.37%
Word error rate (WER): 100%
Position-independent error rate (PER): 100%

=Structural transfer=

==Implementation of item #1 (clause type) and #2 (aspect>tense) ==

I tried to get the following sentence to translate correctly:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp mits mtönït|tomorrow you will work}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|këp{{tag|adv}} mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} tön{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|tomorrow{{tag|adv}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

But I wasn't able to get my rtx rules working correctly.

Output
*tagger:
*lex:
*: ^këp<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$ ^mits<prn><p2><sg>/you<prn><p2><sg>$ ^tön<v><dep><irr><p2>/work<vblex><dep><irr><p2>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*transfer:
*: No rule specified: ^këp<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$
*: No rule specified: ^mits<prn><p2><sg>/you<prn><p2><sg>$
*: No rule specified: ^tön<v><dep><irr><p2>/work<vblex><dep><irr><p2>$
*: No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*: ^tomorrow<adv>$ ^you<prn><p2><sg>$ ^work<vblex><dep><irr><p2>$^.<sent>$
*abc-xyz: tomorrow #you #work

[[category:Mixe]] [[category:English]] [[category:Sp22_StructuralTransfer]]

Mixe and English/Structural transfer

2022-05-13T15:46:53Z

Eresend1:

=Pre-evaluation=

Percentage of unknown words: 47.37%
Word error rate (WER): 100%
Position-independent error rate (PER): 100%

[[category:Mixe]] [[category:English]] [[category:Sp22_StructuralTransfer]]

Mixe and English/Contrastive Grammar

2022-05-13T15:33:02Z

Eresend1: /* 5 */

= Grammatical differences =

==1 & 2==

very different grammatical tags on verbs

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Verb grammatical tags
|-
! mto !! eng
|-
| aspect: <icpl>, <cpl>, <irr> || tense: <pres>, <past>, etc.
|-
| independent vs. dependent predicates; <idt>, <dep> || --
|}

On predicate types in mto:

* Independent predicates are part of an affirmative clause that has no pre-verbal elements that are associated with dependent clauses. Such elements include adverbs, interrogative pronouns, quantifiers, auxiliary verbs, negation, and others.

===clause type===
Dependent:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp mits mtönït|tomorrow you will work}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|këp{{tag|adv}} mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} tön{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|tomorrow{{tag|adv}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

Independent:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|jaꞌatseꞌe väämp|that one says}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|jaꞌa{{tag|prn}} väꞌän{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p3}}|that{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} one{{tag|num}}{{tag|sg}} says{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

This example also adds "one" in the English translation. Also, I'm not sure of the best way to tag "one" here.

===tense and aspect===

Incompletive aspect:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mnöömp|you are running}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} running{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}

Completive aspect:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mnööm|you ran}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} run{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

==3 & 4==

In Mixe, the order of subject, object, and agent arguments is relatively free compared to in English.

Most common word orders in Mixe:
*SV
*V (with the subject or agent not explicit)
*OV

For verbs with two explicit arguments, both SOV and OSV are common. S and O are distinguished by verb morphology, not by argument order.

In English, on the other hand, clauses are often SVO, and argument order distinguishes between types of arguments.

=== order of verb arguments ===

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts känäriu mpuꞌup|I am planting chili-apple}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} känäriu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} pöꞌöj{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p1}}| I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} plant{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}} chili-apple{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mits Märiä mꞌëëjp|you scold Maria}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} Maria{{tag|n}} ꞌooj{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} scold{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} Maria{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}}}

=== explicit vs. non-explicit arguments ===

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|njëꞌkxup|I will eat it.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|jëꞌkx{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|irr}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} it{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|käꞌä yꞌuuꞌk|she is not drinking}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|käꞌä{{tag|aux}}{{tag|neg}} ꞌööꞌk{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p3}}|she{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} drinking{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}

==5==

In Mixe, a possessed noun is marked with a possessive prefix. The possessor (if pronounced) precedes the possessed NP. The possessor can be a noun or a pronoun; possessive pronouns are the same as regular personal pronouns.

In English, a possessed noun isn't marked for possession. The possessor precedes the possessed NP and can be a noun or determiner, but English possessive determiners are different than its regular personal pronouns.

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts ntëjk|My house}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} tëk{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1}}|my{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mteꞌe|your father}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|teꞌe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2}}|your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} father{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[category: Mixe]] [[category:English]] [[category: Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Mixe and English/Contrastive Grammar

2022-05-13T15:32:33Z

Eresend1: /* tense and aspect */

= Grammatical differences =

==1 & 2==

very different grammatical tags on verbs

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Verb grammatical tags
|-
! mto !! eng
|-
| aspect: <icpl>, <cpl>, <irr> || tense: <pres>, <past>, etc.
|-
| independent vs. dependent predicates; <idt>, <dep> || --
|}

On predicate types in mto:

* Independent predicates are part of an affirmative clause that has no pre-verbal elements that are associated with dependent clauses. Such elements include adverbs, interrogative pronouns, quantifiers, auxiliary verbs, negation, and others.

===clause type===
Dependent:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp mits mtönït|tomorrow you will work}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|këp{{tag|adv}} mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} tön{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|tomorrow{{tag|adv}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

Independent:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|jaꞌatseꞌe väämp|that one says}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|jaꞌa{{tag|prn}} väꞌän{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p3}}|that{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} one{{tag|num}}{{tag|sg}} says{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

This example also adds "one" in the English translation. Also, I'm not sure of the best way to tag "one" here.

===tense and aspect===

Incompletive aspect:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mnöömp|you are running}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} running{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}

Completive aspect:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mnööm|you ran}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} run{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

==3 & 4==

In Mixe, the order of subject, object, and agent arguments is relatively free compared to in English.

Most common word orders in Mixe:
*SV
*V (with the subject or agent not explicit)
*OV

For verbs with two explicit arguments, both SOV and OSV are common. S and O are distinguished by verb morphology, not by argument order.

In English, on the other hand, clauses are often SVO, and argument order distinguishes between types of arguments.

=== order of verb arguments ===

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts känäriu mpuꞌup|I am planting chili-apple}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} känäriu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} pöꞌöj{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p1}}| I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} plant{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}} chili-apple{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mits Märiä mꞌëëjp|you scold Maria}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} Maria{{tag|n}} ꞌooj{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} scold{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} Maria{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}}}

=== explicit vs. non-explicit arguments ===

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|njëꞌkxup|I will eat it.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|jëꞌkx{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|irr}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} it{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|käꞌä yꞌuuꞌk|she is not drinking}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|käꞌä{{tag|aux}}{{tag|neg}} ꞌööꞌk{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p3}}|she{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} drinking{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}

==5==

In Mixe, a possessed noun is marked with a possessive prefix. The possessor (if pronounced) precedes the possessed NP. The possessor can be a noun or a pronoun; possessive pronouns are the same as regular personal pronouns.

In English, a possessed noun isn't marked for possession. The possessor precedes the possessed NP and can be a noun or determiner, but English possessive determiners are different than its regular personal pronouns.

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts ntëjk|My house}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} tëk{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1}}|my{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mteꞌe|your father}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|teꞌe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2}}|your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} father{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[category: Mixe]] [[category:English]] [[category: Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Mixe and English/Contrastive Grammar

2022-05-13T15:32:07Z

Eresend1: /* clause type */

= Grammatical differences =

==1 & 2==

very different grammatical tags on verbs

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Verb grammatical tags
|-
! mto !! eng
|-
| aspect: <icpl>, <cpl>, <irr> || tense: <pres>, <past>, etc.
|-
| independent vs. dependent predicates; <idt>, <dep> || --
|}

On predicate types in mto:

* Independent predicates are part of an affirmative clause that has no pre-verbal elements that are associated with dependent clauses. Such elements include adverbs, interrogative pronouns, quantifiers, auxiliary verbs, negation, and others.

===clause type===
Dependent:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp mits mtönït|tomorrow you will work}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|këp{{tag|adv}} mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} tön{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|tomorrow{{tag|adv}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

Independent:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|jaꞌatseꞌe väämp|that one says}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|jaꞌa{{tag|prn}} väꞌän{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p3}}|that{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} one{{tag|num}}{{tag|sg}} says{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

This example also adds "one" in the English translation. Also, I'm not sure of the best way to tag "one" here.

===tense and aspect===

Incompletive aspect:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mnöömp|you are running}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} running{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}

Completive aspect:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mnööm|you ran}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} run{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

==3 & 4==

In Mixe, the order of subject, object, and agent arguments is relatively free compared to in English.

Most common word orders in Mixe:
*SV
*V (with the subject or agent not explicit)
*OV

For verbs with two explicit arguments, both SOV and OSV are common. S and O are distinguished by verb morphology, not by argument order.

In English, on the other hand, clauses are often SVO, and argument order distinguishes between types of arguments.

=== order of verb arguments ===

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts känäriu mpuꞌup|I am planting chili-apple}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} känäriu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} pöꞌöj{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p1}}| I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} plant{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}} chili-apple{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mits Märiä mꞌëëjp|you scold Maria}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} Maria{{tag|n}} ꞌooj{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} scold{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} Maria{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}}}

=== explicit vs. non-explicit arguments ===

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|njëꞌkxup|I will eat it.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|jëꞌkx{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|irr}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} it{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|käꞌä yꞌuuꞌk|she is not drinking}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|käꞌä{{tag|aux}}{{tag|neg}} ꞌööꞌk{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p3}}|she{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} drinking{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}

==5==

In Mixe, a possessed noun is marked with a possessive prefix. The possessor (if pronounced) precedes the possessed NP. The possessor can be a noun or a pronoun; possessive pronouns are the same as regular personal pronouns.

In English, a possessed noun isn't marked for possession. The possessor precedes the possessed NP and can be a noun or determiner, but English possessive determiners are different than its regular personal pronouns.

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts ntëjk|My house}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} tëk{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1}}|my{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mteꞌe|your father}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|teꞌe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2}}|your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} father{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[category: Mixe]] [[category:English]] [[category: Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Mixe and English

2022-05-13T03:53:05Z

Eresend1: /* External resources */

Resources for machine translation between [[Mixe]] and [[English]].

== External resources ==
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/ling073-sp22/ling073-mto-eng Language pair] (internal Swarthmore access may be required to view).
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/ling073-sp22/ling073-mto-eng-corpus Parallel corpus] (internal Swarthmore access may be required to view).
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/ling073-sp22/ling073-mto Mixe transducer] (internal Swarthmore access may be required to view).
* [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer].
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Mixe_and_English/Structural_transfer Wiki page on structural transfer]

== mto → eng evaluation (lexical transfer) ==

* Monolingual coverage over mto.sentences.txt: 242/552 (~43.8%)
* Bilingual coverage over mto.sentences.txt: 103/527 (~19.5%)

=== Test of lexical transfer over 10 randomly selected sentences ===



{|
!width="25%"| mto
!width="25%"| mto-eng-biltrans
!width="25%"| mto-eng
!width="25%"| eng
|-
| ’ax paa’tyük tse?e jè vintsën vyaajny:
| <code>'^*ax/*ax$ ^*paa/*paa$'^*tyük/*tyük$ ^*tse/*tse$^?<sent>/?<sent>$^*e/*e$ ^*jè/*jè$ ^vintsën<n><sg>/owner<n><sg>$ ^*vyaajny/*vyaajny$^:<sent>/:<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>'*ax *paa'*tyük *tse?*e *jè owner *vyaajny:</code>
| Now the boss said:
|-
| kajha juu’ müjit.
| <code>^kajha<n><sg>/box<n><sg>$ ^*juu/*juu$' ^*müjit/*müjit$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>box *juu' *müjit.</code>
| Big boxes.
|-
| juu’k tse’e ’anyükojmit jayu ntijumüt, tùùtük kyajha dü ’apiv’uts müjit.
| <code>^*juu/*juu$'^*k/*k$ ^*tse/*tse$'^*e/*e$ '^*anyükojmit/*anyükojmit$ ^jäyu<n><sg>/person<n><sg>$ ^*ntijumüt/*ntijumüt$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^*tùùtük/*tùùtük$ ^*kyajha/*kyajha$ ^*dü/*dü$ '^*apiv/*apiv$'^*uts/*uts$ ^*müjit/*müjit$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>*juu'*k *tse'*e '*anyükojmit person *ntijumüt, *tùùtük *kyajha *dü '*apiv'*uts *müjit.</code>
| And the Totontepecanos, we could say for example, would fill six large boxes.
|-
| jats viijnk jayu nay tùùjtük laata dü ’apiv’ùjtspa, pero mu… ’este pi’k muutskitse’e jüdü’üm jè laata.
| <code>^*jats/*jats$ ^*viijnk/*viijnk$ ^jäyu<n><sg>/person<n><sg>$ ^*nay/*nay$ ^*tùùjtük/*tùùjtük$ ^laata<n><sg>/tin<n><sg>$ ^*dü/*dü$ '^*apiv/*apiv$'^*ùjtspa/*ùjtspa$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^*pero/*pero$ ^*mu/*mu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ '^*este/*este$ ^piꞌk<adj>/little<adj>$ ^*muutskitse/*muutskitse$'^*e/*e$ ^*jüdü/*jüdü$'^*üm/*üm$ ^*jè/*jè$ ^laata<n><sg>/tin<n><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>*jats *viijnk person *nay *tùùjtük tin *dü '*apiv'*ùjtspa, *pero *mu... '*este little *muutskitse'*e *jüdü'*üm *jè tin.</code>
| And the others would fill like six tins, but li-um, they were little, thus, those tins.
|-
| ’ax ’akijpxak tse’e yakmujùùyda.
| <code>'^*ax/*ax$ '^*akijpxak/*akijpxak$ ^*tse/*tse$'^*e/*e$ ^*yakmujùùyda/*yakmujùùyda$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>'*ax '*akijpxak *tse'*e *yakmujùùyda.</code>
| And they would pay them the same.
|-
| vanxüp ntijumüt, pën majk peesu ve’e yakmujùùyda y’ijt, tù’kkë’ëyji tse’e tum majk peesu.
| <code>^vanxüp<n><sg>/amount<n><sg>$ ^*ntijumüt/*ntijumüt$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^*pën/*pën$ ^*majk/*majk$ ^*peesu/*peesu$ ^*ve/*ve$'^*e/*e$ ^*yakmujùùyda/*yakmujùùyda$ ^*y/*y$'^*ijt/*ijt$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^*tù/*tù$'^*kkë/*kkë$'^*ëyji/*ëyji$ ^*tse/*tse$'^*e/*e$ ^*tum/*tum$ ^*majk/*majk$ ^*peesu/*peesu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>amount *ntijumüt, *pën *majk *peesu *ve'*e *yakmujùùyda *y'*ijt, *tù'*kkë'*ëyji *tse'*e *tum *majk *peesu.</code>
| We could say for example, if it was ten pesos they would get paid, everyone would be given ten pesos.
|-
| ka’amts jèm dü ‘akèèka-I jats nay vanxüp yakmujùùyvat ’ax jù’n jè’è juu’ pi’kit laata tü dü ’apiv’uts.
| <code>^*ka/*ka$'^*amts/*amts$ ^*jèm/*jèm$ ^*dü/*dü$ '^*akèèka/*akèèka$-^*I/*I$ ^*jats/*jats$ ^*nay/*nay$ ^vanxüp<n><sg>/amount<n><sg>$ ^*yakmujùùyvat/*yakmujùùyvat$ '^*ax/*ax$ ^*jù/*jù$'^*n/*n$ ^*jè/*jè$'^*è/*è$ ^*juu/*juu$' ^*pi/*pi$'^*kit/*kit$ ^laata<n><sg>/tin<n><sg>$ ^*tü/*tü$ ^*dü/*dü$ '^*apiv/*apiv$'^*uts/*uts$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>*ka'*amts *jèm *dü '*akèèka-*I *jats *nay amount *yakmujùùyvat '*ax *jù'*n *jè'*è *juu' *pi'*kit tin *tü *dü '*apiv'*uts.</code>
| It wasn’t fair that they would give them the same amount as the people who filled the little tins.
|-
| jè nde’m jayu dü nüüjma:
| <code>^*jè/*jè$ ^*nde/*nde$'^*m/*m$ ^jäyu<n><sg>/person<n><sg>$ ^*dü/*dü$ ^*nüüjma/*nüüjma$^:<sent>/:<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>*jè *nde'*m person *dü *nüüjma:</code>
| He said to the boss:
|-
| ’ax, ’ax kum ’amaaxünts jèm jè jayu kyëts.
| <code>'^*ax/*ax$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ '^*ax/*ax$ ^*kum/*kum$ '^*amaaxünts/*amaaxünts$ ^*jèm/*jèm$ ^*jè/*jè$ ^jäyu<n><sg>/person<n><sg>$ ^*kyëts/*kyëts$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>'*ax, '*ax *kum '*amaaxünts *jèm *jè person *kyëts.</code>
| And the man, the man from here, he defends himself this way, struggling mightily anyway he could to express himself.
|-
| kuutse’e jèp ’ado’om mnëjkxta vintsotse’e jè jayu xjamëëda kotsjada?
| <code>^*jèp/*jèp$ '^*ado/*ado$'^*om/*om$ ^*mnëjkxta/*mnëjkxta$ ^*vintsotse/*vintsotse$'^*e/*e$ ^*jè/*jè$ ^jäyu<n><sg>/person<n><sg>$ ^*xjamëëda/*xjamëëda$ ^*kotsjada/*kotsjada$^?<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>*kuutse'*e *jèp '*ado'*om *mnëjkxta *vintsotse'*e *jè person *xjamëëda *kotsjada?</code>
| When you travel there to the other side, how are you able to speak with those people?
|}

[[Category:Sp22_TranslationPairs]]
[[Category:Mixe]]
[[Category:English]]

Mixe and English/Structural transfer

2022-05-13T03:51:22Z

Eresend1: Created page with "category:Mixe category:English category:Sp22_StructuralTransfer"

[[category:Mixe]] [[category:English]] [[category:Sp22_StructuralTransfer]]

Mixe and English/Contrastive Grammar

2022-05-13T03:48:10Z

Eresend1: /* explicit vs. non-explicit arguments */

= Grammatical differences =

==1 & 2==

very different grammatical tags on verbs

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Verb grammatical tags
|-
! mto !! eng
|-
| aspect: <icpl>, <cpl>, <irr> || tense: <pres>, <past>, etc.
|-
| independent vs. dependent predicates; <idt>, <dep> || --
|}

On predicate types in mto:

* Independent predicates are part of an affirmative clause that has no pre-verbal elements that are associated with dependent clauses. Such elements include adverbs, interrogative pronouns, quantifiers, auxiliary verbs, negation, and others.

===clause type===
Dependent:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp mits mtönït|tomorrow you will work}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp{{tag|adv}} mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} tön{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|tomorrow{{tag|adv}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

Independent:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|jaꞌatseꞌe väämp|that one says}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|jaꞌa{{tag|prn}} väꞌän{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p3}}|that{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} one{{tag|num}}{{tag|sg}} says{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

This example also adds "one" in the English translation. Also, I'm not sure of the best way to tag "one" here.

===tense and aspect===

Incompletive aspect:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mnöömp|you are running}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} running{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}

Completive aspect:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mnööm|you ran}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} run{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

==3 & 4==

In Mixe, the order of subject, object, and agent arguments is relatively free compared to in English.

Most common word orders in Mixe:
*SV
*V (with the subject or agent not explicit)
*OV

For verbs with two explicit arguments, both SOV and OSV are common. S and O are distinguished by verb morphology, not by argument order.

In English, on the other hand, clauses are often SVO, and argument order distinguishes between types of arguments.

=== order of verb arguments ===

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts känäriu mpuꞌup|I am planting chili-apple}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} känäriu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} pöꞌöj{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p1}}| I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} plant{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}} chili-apple{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mits Märiä mꞌëëjp|you scold Maria}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} Maria{{tag|n}} ꞌooj{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} scold{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} Maria{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}}}

=== explicit vs. non-explicit arguments ===

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|njëꞌkxup|I will eat it.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|jëꞌkx{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|irr}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} it{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|käꞌä yꞌuuꞌk|she is not drinking}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|käꞌä{{tag|aux}}{{tag|neg}} ꞌööꞌk{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p3}}|she{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} drinking{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}

==5==

In Mixe, a possessed noun is marked with a possessive prefix. The possessor (if pronounced) precedes the possessed NP. The possessor can be a noun or a pronoun; possessive pronouns are the same as regular personal pronouns.

In English, a possessed noun isn't marked for possession. The possessor precedes the possessed NP and can be a noun or determiner, but English possessive determiners are different than its regular personal pronouns.

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts ntëjk|My house}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} tëk{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1}}|my{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mteꞌe|your father}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|teꞌe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2}}|your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} father{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[category: Mixe]] [[category:English]] [[category: Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Mixe and English/Contrastive Grammar

2022-05-13T03:38:42Z

Eresend1: /* tense and aspect */

= Grammatical differences =

==1 & 2==

very different grammatical tags on verbs

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Verb grammatical tags
|-
! mto !! eng
|-
| aspect: <icpl>, <cpl>, <irr> || tense: <pres>, <past>, etc.
|-
| independent vs. dependent predicates; <idt>, <dep> || --
|}

On predicate types in mto:

* Independent predicates are part of an affirmative clause that has no pre-verbal elements that are associated with dependent clauses. Such elements include adverbs, interrogative pronouns, quantifiers, auxiliary verbs, negation, and others.

===clause type===
Dependent:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp mits mtönït|tomorrow you will work}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp{{tag|adv}} mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} tön{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|tomorrow{{tag|adv}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

Independent:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|jaꞌatseꞌe väämp|that one says}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|jaꞌa{{tag|prn}} väꞌän{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p3}}|that{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} one{{tag|num}}{{tag|sg}} says{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

This example also adds "one" in the English translation. Also, I'm not sure of the best way to tag "one" here.

===tense and aspect===

Incompletive aspect:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mnöömp|you are running}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} running{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}

Completive aspect:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mnööm|you ran}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} run{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

==3 & 4==

In Mixe, the order of subject, object, and agent arguments is relatively free compared to in English.

Most common word orders in Mixe:
*SV
*V (with the subject or agent not explicit)
*OV

For verbs with two explicit arguments, both SOV and OSV are common. S and O are distinguished by verb morphology, not by argument order.

In English, on the other hand, clauses are often SVO, and argument order distinguishes between types of arguments.

=== order of verb arguments ===

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts känäriu mpuꞌup|I am planting chili-apple}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} känäriu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} pöꞌöj{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p1}}| I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} plant{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}} chili-apple{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mits Märiä mꞌëëjp|you scold Maria}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} Maria{{tag|n}} ꞌooj{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} scold{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} Maria{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}}}

=== explicit vs. non-explicit arguments ===

==5==

In Mixe, a possessed noun is marked with a possessive prefix. The possessor (if pronounced) precedes the possessed NP. The possessor can be a noun or a pronoun; possessive pronouns are the same as regular personal pronouns.

In English, a possessed noun isn't marked for possession. The possessor precedes the possessed NP and can be a noun or determiner, but English possessive determiners are different than its regular personal pronouns.

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts ntëjk|My house}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} tëk{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1}}|my{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mteꞌe|your father}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|teꞌe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2}}|your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} father{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[category: Mixe]] [[category:English]] [[category: Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Mixe and English/Contrastive Grammar

2022-05-13T03:38:05Z

Eresend1: /* 1 & 2 */

= Grammatical differences =

==1 & 2==

very different grammatical tags on verbs

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Verb grammatical tags
|-
! mto !! eng
|-
| aspect: <icpl>, <cpl>, <irr> || tense: <pres>, <past>, etc.
|-
| independent vs. dependent predicates; <idt>, <dep> || --
|}

On predicate types in mto:

* Independent predicates are part of an affirmative clause that has no pre-verbal elements that are associated with dependent clauses. Such elements include adverbs, interrogative pronouns, quantifiers, auxiliary verbs, negation, and others.

===clause type===
Dependent:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp mits mtönït|tomorrow you will work}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp{{tag|adv}} mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} tön{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|tomorrow{{tag|adv}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

Independent:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|jaꞌatseꞌe väämp|that one says}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|jaꞌa{{tag|prn}} väꞌän{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p3}}|that{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} one{{tag|num}}{{tag|sg}} says{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

This example also adds "one" in the English translation. Also, I'm not sure of the best way to tag "one" here.

===tense and aspect===

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mnöömp|you are running}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} running{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mnööm|you ran}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} run{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

==3 & 4==

In Mixe, the order of subject, object, and agent arguments is relatively free compared to in English.

Most common word orders in Mixe:
*SV
*V (with the subject or agent not explicit)
*OV

For verbs with two explicit arguments, both SOV and OSV are common. S and O are distinguished by verb morphology, not by argument order.

In English, on the other hand, clauses are often SVO, and argument order distinguishes between types of arguments.

=== order of verb arguments ===

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts känäriu mpuꞌup|I am planting chili-apple}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} känäriu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} pöꞌöj{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p1}}| I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} plant{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}} chili-apple{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mits Märiä mꞌëëjp|you scold Maria}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} Maria{{tag|n}} ꞌooj{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} scold{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} Maria{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}}}

=== explicit vs. non-explicit arguments ===

==5==

In Mixe, a possessed noun is marked with a possessive prefix. The possessor (if pronounced) precedes the possessed NP. The possessor can be a noun or a pronoun; possessive pronouns are the same as regular personal pronouns.

In English, a possessed noun isn't marked for possession. The possessor precedes the possessed NP and can be a noun or determiner, but English possessive determiners are different than its regular personal pronouns.

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts ntëjk|My house}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} tëk{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1}}|my{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mteꞌe|your father}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|teꞌe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2}}|your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} father{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[category: Mixe]] [[category:English]] [[category: Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Mixe and English/Contrastive Grammar

2022-05-13T03:37:53Z

Eresend1: /* tense and aspect */

= Grammatical differences =

==1 & 2==

very different grammatical tags on verbs

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Verb grammatical tags
|-
! mto !! eng
|-
| aspect: <icpl>, <cpl>, <irr> || tense: <pres>, <past>, etc.
|-
| independent vs. dependent predicates; <idt>, <dep> || --
|}

On predicate types in mto:

* Independent predicates are part of an affirmative clause that has no pre-verbal elements that are associated with dependent clauses. Such elements include adverbs, interrogative pronouns, quantifiers, auxiliary verbs, negation, and others.

===clause type===
Dependent:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp mits mtönït|tomorrow you will work}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp{{tag|adv}} mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} tön{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|tomorrow{{tag|adv}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

Independent:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|jaꞌatseꞌe väämp|that one says}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|jaꞌa{{tag|prn}} väꞌän{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p3}}|that{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} one{{tag|num}}{{tag|sg}} says{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

This example also adds "one" in the English translation. Also, I'm not sure of the best way to tag "one" here.

===tense and aspect===

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mnöömp|you are running}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} running{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mnööm|you ran}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} run{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

==3 & 4==

In Mixe, the order of subject, object, and agent arguments is relatively free compared to in English.

Most common word orders in Mixe:
*SV
*V (with the subject or agent not explicit)
*OV

For verbs with two explicit arguments, both SOV and OSV are common. S and O are distinguished by verb morphology, not by argument order.

In English, on the other hand, clauses are often SVO, and argument order distinguishes between types of arguments.

=== order of verb arguments ===

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts känäriu mpuꞌup|I am planting chili-apple}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} känäriu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} pöꞌöj{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p1}}| I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} plant{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}} chili-apple{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mits Märiä mꞌëëjp|you scold Maria}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} Maria{{tag|n}} ꞌooj{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} scold{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} Maria{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}}}

=== explicit vs. non-explicit arguments ===

==5==

In Mixe, a possessed noun is marked with a possessive prefix. The possessor (if pronounced) precedes the possessed NP. The possessor can be a noun or a pronoun; possessive pronouns are the same as regular personal pronouns.

In English, a possessed noun isn't marked for possession. The possessor precedes the possessed NP and can be a noun or determiner, but English possessive determiners are different than its regular personal pronouns.

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts ntëjk|My house}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} tëk{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1}}|my{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mteꞌe|your father}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|teꞌe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2}}|your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} father{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[category: Mixe]] [[category:English]] [[category: Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Mixe and English/Contrastive Grammar

2022-05-13T03:33:23Z

Eresend1: /* 1 & 2 */

= Grammatical differences =

==1 & 2==

very different grammatical tags on verbs

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Verb grammatical tags
|-
! mto !! eng
|-
| aspect: <icpl>, <cpl>, <irr> || tense: <pres>, <past>, etc.
|-
| independent vs. dependent predicates; <idt>, <dep> || --
|}

On predicate types in mto:

* Independent predicates are part of an affirmative clause that has no pre-verbal elements that are associated with dependent clauses. Such elements include adverbs, interrogative pronouns, quantifiers, auxiliary verbs, negation, and others.

===clause type===
Dependent:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp mits mtönït|tomorrow you will work}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp{{tag|adv}} mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} tön{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|tomorrow{{tag|adv}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

Independent:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|jaꞌatseꞌe väämp|that one says}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|jaꞌa{{tag|prn}} väꞌän{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p3}}|that{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} one{{tag|num}}{{tag|sg}} says{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

This example also adds "one" in the English translation. Also, I'm not sure of the best way to tag "one" here.

===tense and aspect===

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|jaꞌatseꞌe väämp|that one says}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|jaꞌa{{tag|prn}} väꞌän{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p3}}|that{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} one{{tag|num}}{{tag|sg}} says{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==3 & 4==

In Mixe, the order of subject, object, and agent arguments is relatively free compared to in English.

Most common word orders in Mixe:
*SV
*V (with the subject or agent not explicit)
*OV

For verbs with two explicit arguments, both SOV and OSV are common. S and O are distinguished by verb morphology, not by argument order.

In English, on the other hand, clauses are often SVO, and argument order distinguishes between types of arguments.

=== order of verb arguments ===

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts känäriu mpuꞌup|I am planting chili-apple}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} känäriu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} pöꞌöj{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p1}}| I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} plant{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}} chili-apple{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mits Märiä mꞌëëjp|you scold Maria}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} Maria{{tag|n}} ꞌooj{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} scold{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} Maria{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}}}

=== explicit vs. non-explicit arguments ===

==5==

In Mixe, a possessed noun is marked with a possessive prefix. The possessor (if pronounced) precedes the possessed NP. The possessor can be a noun or a pronoun; possessive pronouns are the same as regular personal pronouns.

In English, a possessed noun isn't marked for possession. The possessor precedes the possessed NP and can be a noun or determiner, but English possessive determiners are different than its regular personal pronouns.

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts ntëjk|My house}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} tëk{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1}}|my{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mteꞌe|your father}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|teꞌe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2}}|your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} father{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[category: Mixe]] [[category:English]] [[category: Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Mixe and English/Contrastive Grammar

2022-05-13T03:32:16Z

Eresend1: /* =tense and aspect */

= Grammatical differences =

==1 & 2==

very different grammatical tags on verbs

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Verb grammatical tags
|-
! mto !! eng
|-
| aspect: <icpl>, <cpl>, <irr> || tense: <pres>, <past>, etc.
|-
| independent vs. dependent predicates; <idt>, <dep> || --
|}

On predicate types in mto:

* Independent predicates are part of an affirmative clause that has no pre-verbal elements that are associated with dependent clauses. Such elements include adverbs, interrogative pronouns, quantifiers, auxiliary verbs, negation, and others.

===clause type===
Dependent:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp mits mtönït|tomorrow you will work}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp{{tag|adv}} mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} tön{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|tomorrow{{tag|adv}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

Independent:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|jaꞌatseꞌe väämp|that one says}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|jaꞌa{{tag|prn}} väꞌän{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p3}}|that{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} one{{tag|num}}{{tag|sg}} says{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

This example also adds "one" in the English translation. Also, I'm not sure of the best way to tag "one" here.

===tense and aspect===

==3 & 4==

In Mixe, the order of subject, object, and agent arguments is relatively free compared to in English.

Most common word orders in Mixe:
*SV
*V (with the subject or agent not explicit)
*OV

For verbs with two explicit arguments, both SOV and OSV are common. S and O are distinguished by verb morphology, not by argument order.

In English, on the other hand, clauses are often SVO, and argument order distinguishes between types of arguments.

=== order of verb arguments ===

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts känäriu mpuꞌup|I am planting chili-apple}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} känäriu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} pöꞌöj{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p1}}| I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} plant{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}} chili-apple{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mits Märiä mꞌëëjp|you scold Maria}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} Maria{{tag|n}} ꞌooj{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} scold{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} Maria{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}}}

=== explicit vs. non-explicit arguments ===

==5==

In Mixe, a possessed noun is marked with a possessive prefix. The possessor (if pronounced) precedes the possessed NP. The possessor can be a noun or a pronoun; possessive pronouns are the same as regular personal pronouns.

In English, a possessed noun isn't marked for possession. The possessor precedes the possessed NP and can be a noun or determiner, but English possessive determiners are different than its regular personal pronouns.

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts ntëjk|My house}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} tëk{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1}}|my{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mteꞌe|your father}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|teꞌe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2}}|your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} father{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[category: Mixe]] [[category:English]] [[category: Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Mixe and English/Contrastive Grammar

2022-05-13T03:31:53Z

2022-05-13T02:40:22Z

Eresend1: /* pö’öj */

= mto -> eng =

Source: mto
Destination: English
ie. We're translating ''from'' Mixe ''into'' English.

== pö’öj ==

mto) Ambitransitive verb stem pö’öj (p186 of 312)

eng) Transitive verb "plant" or intransitive/transitive verb "germinate"

The verb root is the same. ''pö’öj'' "plant" is always transitive, whereas ''pö’öj'' can be transitive or intransitive. When intransitive, you have:
*NP PERSON-pö’öj-'''APL.R'''-INV-(in)dependent.aspect NP
*The transitive form doesn't have APL.R or INV morphemes, and isn't followed by a noun phrase.
*NP PERSON-pö’öj-(IN)DEPENDENT.ASPECT

If there's a personal pronoun, ''pö’öj'' translates to "plant".

*Translates to "plant"<v><tv>
**: '' ꞌëts känäriu '''mpuꞌup''' ''
**: PRO1.SG chili_apple 1A.IND=plant-IND.ICPL.TR
**: "I'm planting chili apple."
*Translates to "germinate"<v>
**Intransitive
***: '' xi piꞌk känäriu '''pöꞌöp''' ''
***: that DIM chili_apple 3S.IND=germinate-IND.ICPL.INTR
***: "That little chili apple germinates."
**Transitive <tv>
***: '' vaꞌap mteꞌe '''pö’öjïxjup''', piꞌk känäriu ''
***: ENF=ASRT 2PSR=father 3OP.IND=germinate-APL.R-INV-IND.ICPL.TR
***: "Your father germinates the little chili apple."

== va'an ==

mto) Verb stem ''va'an''

eng) Verbs "speak" and "say"

* Translates to "speak"
**: '' ꞌùmükeꞌe töꞌk jä yaaꞌytëk '''vyaꞌany''' ''
**: then=QUO=FOC one DET man 3A=say-D.ICPL
**: "So then a man spoke."

*Translates to "say"
**: '' ꞌax paaꞌtyük tseꞌe jä vintsën '''vyaajny''': "ꞌaj ꞌax veꞌemts nꞌit dü moꞌyumda ꞌapëjkin juuꞌ maas müjit." ''
**: now well=QUO ASRT DET owner 3A=say-D.CPL now yes=ASRT 1E=exist-D.ICPL 3E=give-1PL-PL container which more big-VAR
**: “Now the boss said: 'Ah, I'd better given them containers which are bigger.'”

If inflected ''va'an'' isn't followed by any other words, it should translate to "speak". Otherwise, it should translate to "says".

[[Category:Sp22_LexicalSelection]] [[Category:Mixe]] [[Category:English]]

Mixe and English/Contrastive Grammar

2022-05-13T02:38:12Z

Eresend1: /* 5 */

Mixe and English/Contrastive Grammar

2022-05-13T02:38:05Z

Eresend1: /* 4 */

Mixe and English/Contrastive Grammar

2022-05-13T02:37:56Z

Eresend1: /* 3 */

Mixe and English/Contrastive Grammar

2022-05-13T02:32:42Z

Eresend1: /* 4 */

Mixe and English/Contrastive Grammar

2022-05-13T02:26:26Z

Eresend1: /* 3 */

Mixe and English/Contrastive Grammar

2022-05-13T02:26:20Z

Eresend1: /* 2 */

Mixe and English/Contrastive Grammar

2022-05-13T02:26:11Z

Eresend1: /* 1 */

Mixe and English/Contrastive Grammar

2022-05-13T02:25:36Z

Eresend1: /* 2 */

= Grammatical differences =

==1==

very different grammatical tags on verbs

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Verb grammatical tags
|-
! mto !! eng
|-
| aspect: <icpl>, <cpl>, <irr> || tense: <pres>, <past>, etc.
|-
| independent vs. dependent predicates; <idt>, <dep> || --
|-
| person is always marked with a prefix that agrees with the aspect suffix || person sometimes affects present-tense verb inflection
|}

On predicate types in mto:

* Independent predicates are part of an affirmative clause that has no pre-verbal elements that are associated with dependent clauses. Such elements include adverbs, interrogative pronouns, quantifiers, auxiliary verbs, negation, and others.

==2==

In Mixe, the order of subject, object, and agent arguments is relatively free compared to in English.

Most common word orders in Mixe:
*SV
*V (with the subject or agent not explicit)
*OV

For verbs with two explicit arguments, both SOV and OSV are common. S and O are distinguished by verb morphology, not by argument order.

In English, on the other hand, clauses are often SVO, and argument order distinguishes between types of arguments.

==3==

==4==

==5==

[[category: Mixe]] [[category:English]] [[category: Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]]

2022-05-12T20:04:46Z

Eresend1: /* Initial evaluation of ambiguity */

Mixe/Disambiguation

2022-05-12T19:40:06Z

Eresend1: /* "sand" */

=Initial evaluation of ambiguity=

Using the script shown in the '''Calculating ambiguity''' section of the Morphological Disambiguator wiki page, the initial level of ambiguity in our corpus is about '''1.025'''.

EDIT: After determining that ''juuꞌ'' is only a relativizer, not a demonstrative, corpus ambiguity is apparently 1.

forms in transducer: 204288

unique forms in transducer:106575
*The reason there are so many is because it's outputting all possible spelling variations for each token. I'm not sure how to prevent this.

= Ambiguous terms =

== pö’ö ==

Verb stem ''pö’ö'' "break" and noun ''pö’ö'' "sand"

==="break"===

I had to make up a sentence because (1) I couldn't find any example sentences with this word and, (2) I had trouble finding any other cases of ambiguity.

I started with an example sentence that includes a verb from the same non-agentive ambitransitive verb paradigm as ''pö’ö''.
*: xi nëëj ’ixtaamp
*: xii nëëj ø=’ëjx-tam-p
*: that water 3S.IND=BASE-spill-IDT.ICPL.INTR
*: "That water spilled." (p75 of 312)

First, I switched out ''nëëj'' "wind" with ''pu'u'' "board/table", to try and make the sentence semantically sound. Then, I replaced independent incompletive aspect with independent completive aspect, thus changing the aspect suffix from ''-p'' to ''-ø''. Finally, I switched the verb stem to ''pö’ö''. This gets us, to the best of my knowledge:

*: '' xi pu'u pö’ö ''
*: '' xii pu'u ø=pö’ö-ø ''
*: that board 3S.IND=break-IDT.CPL.INTR
*: that board broke

The main thing I'm unclear on is whether the verb stem would take a different form. Some verb stems change more than others depending on aspect, transitivity, dependency, and construction type (direct, inverse). I haven't seen any clear pattern that would allow me to predict what shape ''pö’ö'' takes when it is an independent, completive, intransitive verb.

Transducer analysis for this sentence:

^xi/xii<det><dem>$ ^pu'u/pu'u<n><sg>$ ^pö’ö/'''pö’ö<v><idt><cpl><p3>'''/pö’ö<v><dep><cpl><p3>/pö’ö<v><dep><cpl><p1>/pö’ö<v><dep><icpl><p1>/pö’ö<v><dep><icpl><p3>/pö’ö<v><idt><cpl><p1>/pö’ö<n>$^./.<sent>$

==="sand"===
*: ''kumöön '''pöꞌö''' yäkpätsïmjä''
*: ''kumöön pö’ö y=yäk-pä’äv-tsëm-jäy-I''
*: town sand 3S.DEP=PAS-EDGE-load-APL.R-ICPL.DEP
*: "The sand is carried to the municipality."

Note that I'm treating ''pä’äv-tsëm'' as a verb stem ''pätsïm'', since ''pä’äv'' is a lexical prefix.

Transducer analysis for this sentence:

^kumöön/kumöön<n><sg>$ ^pöꞌö/'''pöꞌö<n>'''/pöꞌö<v><idt><cpl><p3>$ ^yäkpätsïmjä/yäkpä’ävtsëm<v><tv><dep><icpl><pas><apl><p3>$^./.<sent>$

===constraints===
If there is another verb in the sentence, ''pöꞌö'' is likely a noun. If there is no other verb in the sentence, ''pöꞌö'' is almost certainly a verb.

[[category:Sp22_Disambiguation]]
[[category:Mixe]]

Mixe/Disambiguation

2022-05-12T19:36:45Z

Eresend1: /* "sand" */

=Initial evaluation of ambiguity=

Using the script shown in the '''Calculating ambiguity''' section of the Morphological Disambiguator wiki page, the initial level of ambiguity in our corpus is about '''1.025'''.

EDIT: After determining that ''juuꞌ'' is only a relativizer, not a demonstrative, corpus ambiguity is apparently 1.

forms in transducer: 204288

unique forms in transducer:106575
*The reason there are so many is because it's outputting all possible spelling variations for each token. I'm not sure how to prevent this.

= Ambiguous terms =

== pö’ö ==

Verb stem ''pö’ö'' "break" and noun ''pö’ö'' "sand"

==="break"===

I had to make up a sentence because (1) I couldn't find any example sentences with this word and, (2) I had trouble finding any other cases of ambiguity.

I started with an example sentence that includes a verb from the same non-agentive ambitransitive verb paradigm as ''pö’ö''.
*: xi nëëj ’ixtaamp
*: xii nëëj ø=’ëjx-tam-p
*: that water 3S.IND=BASE-spill-IDT.ICPL.INTR
*: "That water spilled." (p75 of 312)

First, I switched out ''nëëj'' "wind" with ''pu'u'' "board/table", to try and make the sentence semantically sound. Then, I replaced independent incompletive aspect with independent completive aspect, thus changing the aspect suffix from ''-p'' to ''-ø''. Finally, I switched the verb stem to ''pö’ö''. This gets us, to the best of my knowledge:

*: '' xi pu'u pö’ö ''
*: '' xii pu'u ø=pö’ö-ø ''
*: that board 3S.IND=break-IDT.CPL.INTR
*: that board broke

The main thing I'm unclear on is whether the verb stem would take a different form. Some verb stems change more than others depending on aspect, transitivity, dependency, and construction type (direct, inverse). I haven't seen any clear pattern that would allow me to predict what shape ''pö’ö'' takes when it is an independent, completive, intransitive verb.

Transducer analysis for this sentence:

^xi/xii<det><dem>$ ^pu'u/pu'u<n><sg>$ ^pö’ö/'''pö’ö<v><idt><cpl><p3>'''/pö’ö<v><dep><cpl><p3>/pö’ö<v><dep><cpl><p1>/pö’ö<v><dep><icpl><p1>/pö’ö<v><dep><icpl><p3>/pö’ö<v><idt><cpl><p1>/pö’ö<n>$^./.<sent>$

==="sand"===
*: ''kumöön '''pöꞌö''' yäkpätsïmjä''
*: ''kumöön pö’ö y=yäk-pä’äv-tsëm-jäy-I''
*: town sand 3S.DEP=PAS-EDGE-load-APL.R-ICPL.DEP
*: "The sand is carried to the municipality."

Note that I'm treating ''pä’äv-tsëm'' as a verb stem ''pätsïm'', since ''pä’äv'' is a lexical prefix.

Transducer analysis for this sentence:

^kumöön/kumöön<n><sg>$ ^pöꞌö/'''pöꞌö<n>'''/pöꞌö<v><idt><cpl><p3>$ ^yäkpätsïmjä/yäkpä’ävtsëm<v><dep><icpl><pas><apl><p3>$^./.<sent>$

===constraints===
If there is another verb in the sentence, ''pöꞌö'' is likely a noun. If there is no other verb in the sentence, ''pöꞌö'' is almost certainly a verb.

[[category:Sp22_Disambiguation]]
[[category:Mixe]]