LING073 - User contributions [en]

Huaylas Quechua and Spanish/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-05-09T03:45:51Z

Fstewar1: /* Evidentiality marker: -shI */

==qwh-spa tests==

===Possession===
There are two major differences in indicating possession in Spanish and Quechua. Firstly, pronoun use: Spanish indicates it with a possessive pronoun in front of the word, while Huaylas Quechua uses a possessive pronoun as a suffix attached to the word stem (that complies with other rules). Secondly, if Spanish does not use a pronoun and instead wishes to write out both nouns, “de” is used, with the object being possessed coming first. Meanwhile, Huaylas Quechua writes it in the order of possessor noun followed by possessed noun (e.g. modifier, then modified).

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Marcacunapa reynincuna|Los reyes de estos imperios}} ("The kings from these empires.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|marcacunapa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}} reyinincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} |el{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p1}} rey{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} de{{tag|pr}} este{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} imperio{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Makincuna|Sus manos}} ("His/her hands")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|makinkuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} mano{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Auxiliary "Ser"===
Space to talk about things!

{{comment|clean this up, including the morphtest with issues - JNW}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyash kanki|Has oído}} ("You have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|p2}}|haber{{tag|vhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyayaanaq kanki|Ustedes habían oído}} ("You all have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|indirect_evid}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|p2}}|usted{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} haber{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Subordinate Clauses===
There are three possible subordinate clause markers in Huaylas Quechua: -''pti'', -''r'', and -''shpa''.
The first two are most commonly used in the Ancash region, with the last one only being used in two specific locations. There is a distinction between the contexts of where you'd use -''pti'' and -''r''. One would use -''pti'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''doesn’t'' match the subject of the principal sentence. Conversely, one would use -''r'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''does'' match that of the principal sentence. All of these markers attach to the verb of the clause. LOOK AT PH 160
{{comment|And what does this translate to Spanish as? Also, finish making these into morphTests. -JNW}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Qamta chikishunki uushanta suwaptiki, noqata chikiman wawanta kuyaptii|A ti te odia porque has robado sus ovejas, a mi me odia porque quiero a su hija}} ("They hate you because you stole their sheep, they hate me because I love their daughter.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|qam{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} chiki{{tag|v}}{{tag|s3}}{{tag|o2}}{{tag|p2}} uusha{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} suwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|quot_dif_evid}}{{tag|p2}} noqa{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} chiki{{tag|v}}{{tag|all}} wawa{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} kuya{{tag|v}}{{tag|quot_dif_evid}}{{tag|p1}}|a{{tag|pr}} ti{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} te{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} odiar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} porque{{tag|cnjadv}} haber{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} robar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} oveja{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}} ,{{tag|cm}} a{{tag|pr}} mío{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} odiar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} porque{{tag|cnjadv}} querer{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|pr}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} hijo{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Evidentiality marker: -''shI''===
Huaylas Quechua has a marker -''shI'' which translates to “said.” According to Parker, it is used "when the speaker gives information that does not come from their own experience" <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramática Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. In Spanish, there are no inflection patterns to denote second-hand information (like English, this information would be conveyed by words such as "said" or "according to"), so this another notable difference between Huaylas Quechua and Spanish.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Peru reynincuna musyayraanaqshi|Pero sus reyes se enteraron}} ("But their kings found out")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|peru{{tag|conj}} rey{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}{{tag|pl}} musya{{tag|v}}{{tag|stll}}{{tag|indirect_evid}}{{tag|quot_evid}}{{tag|sg}}|pero{{tag|cnjcoo}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} rey{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sp}} enterar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Word Order===
Word order in Huaylas Quechua is different than that of Spanish. Spanish is a SVO language, while Huaylas Quechua is a SOV language.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Kima kabra huk pumash kanaq.|Habían tres cabras y un puma.}} ("There were three goats and two pumas.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Kima{{tag|num}} kabra{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} huk{{tag|num}} pumash{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|indirect_evid}}|haber{{tag|vhaver}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} tres{{tag|num}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} cabra{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}} y{{tag|cnjcoo}} un{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} puma{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Pirqachaw ishpay kan.|Está orinando en la pared.}} ("They are peeing on the wall.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|pirqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}} ishpa{{tag|v}}{{tag|infite}} kan{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}|está{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} orinar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}} en{{tag|pr}} el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} pared{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category:Huaylas Quechua]] [[Category:Spanish]]

Huaylas Quechua and Spanish/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-05-09T03:45:13Z

Fstewar1: /* Possession */

==qwh-spa tests==

===Possession===
There are two major differences in indicating possession in Spanish and Quechua. Firstly, pronoun use: Spanish indicates it with a possessive pronoun in front of the word, while Huaylas Quechua uses a possessive pronoun as a suffix attached to the word stem (that complies with other rules). Secondly, if Spanish does not use a pronoun and instead wishes to write out both nouns, “de” is used, with the object being possessed coming first. Meanwhile, Huaylas Quechua writes it in the order of possessor noun followed by possessed noun (e.g. modifier, then modified).

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Marcacunapa reynincuna|Los reyes de estos imperios}} ("The kings from these empires.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|marcacunapa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}} reyinincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} |el{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p1}} rey{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} de{{tag|pr}} este{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} imperio{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Makincuna|Sus manos}} ("His/her hands")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|makinkuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} mano{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Auxiliary "Ser"===
Space to talk about things!

{{comment|clean this up, including the morphtest with issues - JNW}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyash kanki|Has oído}} ("You have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|p2}}|haber{{tag|vhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyayaanaq kanki|Ustedes habían oído}} ("You all have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|indirect_evid}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|p2}}|usted{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} haber{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Subordinate Clauses===
There are three possible subordinate clause markers in Huaylas Quechua: -''pti'', -''r'', and -''shpa''.
The first two are most commonly used in the Ancash region, with the last one only being used in two specific locations. There is a distinction between the contexts of where you'd use -''pti'' and -''r''. One would use -''pti'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''doesn’t'' match the subject of the principal sentence. Conversely, one would use -''r'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''does'' match that of the principal sentence. All of these markers attach to the verb of the clause. LOOK AT PH 160
{{comment|And what does this translate to Spanish as? Also, finish making these into morphTests. -JNW}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Qamta chikishunki uushanta suwaptiki, noqata chikiman wawanta kuyaptii|A ti te odia porque has robado sus ovejas, a mi me odia porque quiero a su hija}} ("They hate you because you stole their sheep, they hate me because I love their daughter.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|qam{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} chiki{{tag|v}}{{tag|s3}}{{tag|o2}}{{tag|p2}} uusha{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} suwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|quot_dif_evid}}{{tag|p2}} noqa{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} chiki{{tag|v}}{{tag|all}} wawa{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} kuya{{tag|v}}{{tag|quot_dif_evid}}{{tag|p1}}|a{{tag|pr}} ti{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} te{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} odiar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} porque{{tag|cnjadv}} haber{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} robar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} oveja{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}} ,{{tag|cm}} a{{tag|pr}} mío{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} odiar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} porque{{tag|cnjadv}} querer{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|pr}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} hijo{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Evidentiality marker: -''shI''===
Huaylas Quechua has a marker -''shI'' which translates to “said.” According to Parker, it is used "when the speaker gives information that does not come from their own experience" <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramática Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. In Spanish, there are no inflection patterns to denote second-hand information (like English, this information would be conveyed by words such as "said" or "according to"), so this another notable difference between Huaylas Quechua and Spanish.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Peru papanincuna musyayraanaqshi|Pero sus padres se enteraron}} ("But their parents found out")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|peru{{tag|conj}} papa{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}{{tag|pl}} musya{{tag|v}}{{tag|stll}}{{tag|indirect_evid}}{{tag|quot_evid}}{{tag|sg}}|pero{{tag|cnjcoo}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sp}} enterar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Word Order===
Word order in Huaylas Quechua is different than that of Spanish. Spanish is a SVO language, while Huaylas Quechua is a SOV language.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Kima kabra huk pumash kanaq.|Habían tres cabras y un puma.}} ("There were three goats and two pumas.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Kima{{tag|num}} kabra{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} huk{{tag|num}} pumash{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|indirect_evid}}|haber{{tag|vhaver}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} tres{{tag|num}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} cabra{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}} y{{tag|cnjcoo}} un{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} puma{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Pirqachaw ishpay kan.|Está orinando en la pared.}} ("They are peeing on the wall.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|pirqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}} ishpa{{tag|v}}{{tag|infite}} kan{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}|está{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} orinar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}} en{{tag|pr}} el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} pared{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category:Huaylas Quechua]] [[Category:Spanish]]

Huaylas Quechua and Spanish/Structural transfer

2023-05-09T03:35:50Z

Fstewar1: /* Preevaluation */

==Preevaluation==
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 46
Number of words in test: 26
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 21
Percentage of unknown words: 80.77 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 46
Word error rate (WER): 100.00 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 0
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100.00 %

Edit distance: 46
Word error rate (WER): 100.00 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 0
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100.00 %

===coverage tests===

==Evaluation==

===WER===

dkfdkf

===PER===

dfkjdkfkdf

===coverage tests===

[[Category:Sp23_StructuralTransfer]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]][[Category:Spanish]]

Huaylas Quechua and Spanish/Structural transfer

2023-05-09T03:35:06Z

Fstewar1: /* Preevaluation */

==Preevaluation==

Edit distance: 46
Word error rate (WER): 100.00 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 0
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100.00 %

===coverage tests===

==Evaluation==

===WER===

dkfdkf

===PER===

dfkjdkfkdf

===coverage tests===

[[Category:Sp23_StructuralTransfer]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]][[Category:Spanish]]

Huaylas Quechua and Spanish/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-05-09T02:32:37Z

Fstewar1: /* Word Order */

==qwh-spa tests==

===Possession===
There are two major differences in indicating possession in Spanish and Quechua. Firstly, pronoun use: Spanish indicates it with a possessive pronoun in front of the word, while Huaylas Quechua uses a possessive pronoun as a suffix attached to the word stem (that complies with other rules). Secondly, if Spanish does not use a pronoun and instead wishes to write out both nouns, “de” is used, with the object being possessed coming first. Meanwhile, Huaylas Quechua writes it in the order of possessor noun followed by possessed noun (e.g. modifier, then modified).

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Marcacunapa reynincuna|Los reyes de estos imperios}} ("The kings from these empires.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|marcacunapa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}} reyinincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} |el{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p1}} rey{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} de{{tag|pr}} este{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} imperio{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Papanincuna|Sus padres}} ("Their parents")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|papanincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Auxiliary "Ser"===
Space to talk about things!

{{comment|clean this up, including the morphtest with issues - JNW}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyash kanki|Has oído}} ("You have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|p2}}|haber{{tag|vhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyayaanaq kanki|Ustedes habían oído}} ("You all have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|indirect_evid}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|p2}}|usted{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} haber{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Subordinate Clauses===
There are three possible subordinate clause markers in Huaylas Quechua: -''pti'', -''r'', and -''shpa''.
The first two are most commonly used in the Ancash region, with the last one only being used in two specific locations. There is a distinction between the contexts of where you'd use -''pti'' and -''r''. One would use -''pti'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''doesn’t'' match the subject of the principal sentence. Conversely, one would use -''r'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''does'' match that of the principal sentence. All of these markers attach to the verb of the clause. LOOK AT PH 160
{{comment|And what does this translate to Spanish as? Also, finish making these into morphTests. -JNW}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Qamta chikishunki uushanta suwaptiki, noqata chikiman wawanta kuyaptii|A ti te odia porque has robado sus ovejas, a mi me odia porque quiero a su hija}} ("They hate you because you stole their sheep, they hate me because I love their daughter.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|qam{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} chiki{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} uusha{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}suwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|subz}}{{tag|px2sg}}noqa{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}chiki{{tag|v}}{{tag|pr}} wawa{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} kuya{{tag|v}}{{tag|subz}}{{tag|p1}}|a{{tag|pr}} ti{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} te{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} odiar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} porque{{tag|cnjadv}} haber{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} robar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} oveja{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}} ,{{tag|cm}} a{{tag|pr}} mío{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} odiar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} porque{{tag|cnjadv}} querer{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|pr}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} hijo{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Evidentiality marker: -''shI''===
Huaylas Quechua has a marker -''shI'' which translates to “said.” According to Parker, it is used "when the speaker gives information that does not come from their own experience" <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramática Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. In Spanish, there are no inflection patterns to denote second-hand information (like English, this information would be conveyed by words such as "said" or "according to"), so this another notable difference between Huaylas Quechua and Spanish.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Peru papanincuna musyayraanaqshi|Pero sus padres se enteraron}} ("But their parents found out")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|peru{{tag|conj}} papa{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}{{tag|pl}} musya{{tag|v}}{{tag|stll}}{{tag|indirect_evid}}{{tag|quot_evid}}{{tag|sg}}|pero{{tag|cnjcoo}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sp}} enterar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Word Order===
Word order in Huaylas Quechua is different than that of Spanish. Spanish is a SVO language, while Huaylas Quechua is a SOV language.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Kima kabra huk pumash kanaq.|Habían tres cabras y un puma.}} ("There were three goats and two pumas.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Kima{{tag|num}} kabra{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} huk{{tag|num}} pumash{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|indirect_evid}}|haber{{tag|vhaver}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} tres{{tag|num}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} cabra{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}} y{{tag|cnjcoo}} un{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} puma{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsë weqincunanash ëwanqan mas rajuman ticracurëcanaq.|Sus amargas lágrimas se convirtieron en hielo.}} ("Their bitter tears turned into ice.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Tsë{{tag|det}}{{tag|prn}} weqincunanash{{tag|n}}{{tag|nounref}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sh}} ëwanqan{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} mas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}} rajuman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}} ticracurëcanaq{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|sus{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} amargo{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}} lágrima{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}} se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} convertir{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} en{{tag|pr}} hielo{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category:Huaylas Quechua]] [[Category:Spanish]]

Huaylas Quechua and Spanish/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-05-09T02:21:28Z

Fstewar1: /* Subordinate Clauses */

==qwh-spa tests==

===Possession===
There are two major differences in indicating possession in Spanish and Quechua. Firstly, pronoun use: Spanish indicates it with a possessive pronoun in front of the word, while Huaylas Quechua uses a possessive pronoun as a suffix attached to the word stem (that complies with other rules). Secondly, if Spanish does not use a pronoun and instead wishes to write out both nouns, “de” is used, with the object being possessed coming first. Meanwhile, Huaylas Quechua writes it in the order of possessor noun followed by possessed noun (e.g. modifier, then modified).

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Marcacunapa reynincuna|Los reyes de estos imperios}} ("The kings from these empires.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|marcacunapa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}} reyinincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} |el{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p1}} rey{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} de{{tag|pr}} este{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} imperio{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Papanincuna|Sus padres}} ("Their parents")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|papanincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Auxiliary "Ser"===
Space to talk about things!

{{comment|clean this up, including the morphtest with issues - JNW}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyash kanki|Has oído}} ("You have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|p2}}|haber{{tag|vhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyayaanaq kanki|Ustedes habían oído}} ("You all have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|indirect_evid}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|p2}}|usted{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} haber{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Subordinate Clauses===
There are three possible subordinate clause markers in Huaylas Quechua: -''pti'', -''r'', and -''shpa''.
The first two are most commonly used in the Ancash region, with the last one only being used in two specific locations. There is a distinction between the contexts of where you'd use -''pti'' and -''r''. One would use -''pti'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''doesn’t'' match the subject of the principal sentence. Conversely, one would use -''r'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''does'' match that of the principal sentence. All of these markers attach to the verb of the clause. LOOK AT PH 160
{{comment|And what does this translate to Spanish as? Also, finish making these into morphTests. -JNW}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Qamta chikishunki uushanta suwaptiki, noqata chikiman wawanta kuyaptii|A ti te odia porque has robado sus ovejas, a mi me odia porque quiero a su hija}} ("They hate you because you stole their sheep, they hate me because I love their daughter.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|qam{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} chiki{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} uusha{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}suwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|subz}}{{tag|px2sg}}noqa{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}chiki{{tag|v}}{{tag|pr}} wawa{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} kuya{{tag|v}}{{tag|subz}}{{tag|p1}}|a{{tag|pr}} ti{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} te{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} odiar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} porque{{tag|cnjadv}} haber{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} robar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} oveja{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}} ,{{tag|cm}} a{{tag|pr}} mío{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} odiar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} porque{{tag|cnjadv}} querer{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|pr}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} hijo{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Evidentiality marker: -''shI''===
Huaylas Quechua has a marker -''shI'' which translates to “said.” According to Parker, it is used "when the speaker gives information that does not come from their own experience" <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramática Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. In Spanish, there are no inflection patterns to denote second-hand information (like English, this information would be conveyed by words such as "said" or "according to"), so this another notable difference between Huaylas Quechua and Spanish.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Peru papanincuna musyayraanaqshi|Pero sus padres se enteraron}} ("But their parents found out")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|peru{{tag|conj}} papa{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}{{tag|pl}} musya{{tag|v}}{{tag|}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|pero{{tag|cnjcoo}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sp}} enterar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Word Order===
Word order in Huaylas Quechua is different than that of Spanish. Spanish is a SVO language, while Huaylas Quechua is a SOV language.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Kima kabra huk pumash kanaq.|Habían tres cabras y un puma.}} ("There were three goats and two pumas.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Kima{{tag|num}} kabra{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} huk{{tag|num}} pumash{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|indirect_evid}}|haber{{tag|vhaver}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} tres{{tag|num}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} cabra{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}} y{{tag|cnjcoo}} un{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} puma{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsë weqincunanash ëwanqan mas rajuman ticracurëcanaq.|Sus amargas lágrimas se convirtieron en hielo.}} ("Their bitter tears turned into ice.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Tsë{{tag|det}} weqincunanash{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sh}} ëwanqan{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} mas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}} rajuman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}} ticracurëcanaq{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|sus{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} amargo{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}} lágrima{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}} se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} convertir{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} en{{tag|pr}} hielo{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category:Huaylas Quechua]] [[Category:Spanish]]

Huaylas Quechua and Spanish/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-05-09T01:45:32Z

Fstewar1: /* qwh-spa tests */

==qwh-spa tests==

===Possession===
There are two major differences in indicating possession in Spanish and Quechua. Firstly, pronoun use: Spanish indicates it with a possessive pronoun in front of the word, while Huaylas Quechua uses a possessive pronoun as a suffix attached to the word stem (that complies with other rules). Secondly, if Spanish does not use a pronoun and instead wishes to write out both nouns, “de” is used, with the object being possessed coming first. Meanwhile, Huaylas Quechua writes it in the order of possessor noun followed by possessed noun (e.g. modifier, then modified).

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Marcacunapa reynincuna|Los reyes de estos imperios}} ("The kings from these empires.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|marcacunapa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}} reyinincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} |el{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p1}} rey{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} de{{tag|pr}} este{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} imperio{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Papanincuna|Sus padres}} ("Their parents")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|papanincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Auxiliary "Ser"===
Space to talk about things!

{{comment|clean this up, including the morphtest with issues - JNW}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyash kanki|Has oído}} ("You have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|p2}}|haber{{tag|vhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyayaanaq kanki|Ustedes habían oído}} ("You all have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|indirect_evid}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|p2}}|usted{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} haber{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Subordinate Clauses===
There are three possible subordinate clause markers in Huaylas Quechua: -''pti'', -''r'', and -''shpa''.
The first two are most commonly used in the Ancash region, with the last one only being used in two specific locations. There is a distinction between the contexts of where you'd use -''pti'' and -''r''. One would use -''pti'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''doesn’t'' match the subject of the principal sentence. Conversely, one would use -''r'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''does'' match that of the principal sentence. All of these markers attach to the verb of the clause. LOOK AT PH 160
{{comment|And what does this translate to Spanish as? Also, finish making these into morphTests. -JNW}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Qamta chikishunki uushanta suwaptiki, noqata chikiman wawanta kuyaptii|A ti te odia porque has robado sus ovejas, a mi me odia porque quiero a su hija}} ("They hate you because you stole their sheep, they hate me because I love their daughter.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|qam{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} chiki{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} uusha{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{tag|acc}}suwa{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|subz}}{{tag|px2sg}}noqa{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}chiki{{tag|v}}{{tag|pr}} wawa{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} kuya{{tag|v}}{{tag|subz}}{{tag|p1}}|a{{tag|pr}} ti{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} te{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} odiar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} porque{{tag|cnjadv}} haber{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} robar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} oveja{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}} ,{{tag|cm}} a{{tag|pr}} mío{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} odiar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} porque{{tag|cnjadv}} querer{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|pr}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} hijo{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Evidentiality marker: -''shI''===
Huaylas Quechua has a marker -''shI'' which translates to “said.” According to Parker, it is used "when the speaker gives information that does not come from their own experience" <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramática Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. In Spanish, there are no inflection patterns to denote second-hand information (like English, this information would be conveyed by words such as "said" or "according to"), so this another notable difference between Huaylas Quechua and Spanish.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Peru papanincuna musyayraanaqshi|Pero sus padres se enteraron}} ("But their parents found out")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|peru{{tag|conj}} papa{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}{{tag|pl}} musya{{tag|v}}{{tag|}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|pero{{tag|cnjcoo}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sp}} enterar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Word Order===
Word order in Huaylas Quechua is different than that of Spanish. Spanish is a SVO language, while Huaylas Quechua is a SOV language.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsayshi bruja aywarakaptinqa, kordelqa rachikurinaq.|Entonces mientras la bruja se iba, el cordel se rompió.}} ("Then while the witch was leaving, the cord snapped.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Tsayshi{{tag|det}}{{tag|evid}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}aywarakaptinqa{{tag|prn}} kordelqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}rachikurinaq{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pret}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Entonces{{tag|adv}}mientras{{tag|adv}}la/el{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}ir{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}cordel{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}romper{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsë weqincunanash ëwanqan mas rajuman ticracurëcanaq.|Sus amargas lágrimas se convirtieron en hielo.}} ("Their bitter tears turned into ice.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Tsë{{tag|det}}weqincunanash{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sh}}ëwanqan{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}mas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}rajuman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}ticracurëcanaq{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|sus{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}amargo{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}lágrima{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}convertir{{tag|vblx}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}en{{tag|pr}}hielo{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category:Huaylas Quechua]] [[Category:Spanish]]

Huaylas Quechua and Spanish/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-05-06T20:50:59Z

Fstewar1: /* Subordinate Clauses */

==qwh-spa tests==

===Possession===
There are two major differences in indicating possession in Spanish and Quechua. Firstly, pronoun use: Spanish indicates it with a possessive pronoun in front of the word, while Huaylas Quechua uses a possessive pronoun as a suffix attached to the word stem (that complies with other rules). Secondly, if Spanish does not use a pronoun and instead wishes to write out both nouns, “de” is used, with the object being possessed coming first. Meanwhile, Huaylas Quechua writes it in the order of possessor noun followed by possessed noun (e.g. modifier, then modified).

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Marcacunapa reynincuna|Los reyes de estos imperios}} ("The kings from these empires.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|marcacunapa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}} reyinincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} |el{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p1}} rey{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} de{{tag|pr}} este{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} imperio{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Papanincuna|Sus padres}} ("Their parents")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|papanincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Auxiliary "Ser"===
Space to talk about things!

{{comment|clean this up, including the morphtest with issues - JNW}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyash kanki|Has oído}} ("You have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|p2}}|haber{{tag|vhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyayaanaq kanki|Ustedes habían oído}} ("You all have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|indireact_evid}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|p2}}|usted{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} haber{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Subordinate Clauses===
There are three possible subordinate clause markers in Huaylas Quechua: -''pti'', -''r'', and -''shpa''.
The first two are most commonly used in the Ancash region, with the last one only being used in two specific locations. There is a distinction between the contexts of where you'd use -''pti'' and -''r''. One would use -''pti'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''doesn’t'' match the subject of the principal sentence. Conversely, one would use -''r'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''does'' match that of the principal sentence. All of these markers attach to the verb of the clause. LOOK AT PH 160
{{comment|And what does this translate to Spanish as? Also, finish making these into morphTests. -JNW}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Qamta chikishunki uushanta suwaptiki, noqata chikiman wawanta kuyaptii|A ti te odia porque has robado sus ovejas, a mi me odia porque quiero a su hija}} ("They hate you because you stole their sheep, they hate me because I love their daughter.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|qam{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} chiki{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} uusha{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{tag|acc}}suwa{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|subz}}{{tag|px2sg}}noqa{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}chiki{{tag|v}}{{tag|pr}} wawa{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} kuya{{tag|v}}{{tag|subz}}{{tag|p1}}|a{{tag|pr}} ti{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} te{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} odiar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} porque{{tag|cnjadv}} haber{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} robar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} oveja{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}} ,{{tag|cm}} a{{tag|pr}} mío{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} odiar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} porque{{tag|cnjadv}} querer{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|pr}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} hijo{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Evidentiality marker: -''shI''===
Huaylas Quechua has a marker -''shI'' which translates to “said.” According to Parker, it is used "when the speaker gives information that does not come from their own experience" <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramática Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. In Spanish, there are no inflection patterns to denote second-hand information (like English, this information would be conveyed by words such as "said" or "according to"), so this another notable difference between Huaylas Quechua and Spanish.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Peru papanincuna musyayraanaqshi|Pero sus padres se enteraron}} ("But their parents found out")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|peru{{tag|conj}} papa{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}{{tag|pl}} musya{{tag|v}}{{tag|}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|pero{{tag|cnjcoo}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sp}} enterar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Word Order===
Word order in Huaylas Quechua is different than that of Spanish. Spanish is a SVO language, while Huaylas Quechua is a SOV language.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsayshi bruja aywarakaptinqa, kordelqa rachikurinaq.|Entonces mientras la bruja se iba, el cordel se rompió.}} ("Then while the witch was leaving, the cord snapped.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Tsayshi{{tag|det}}{{tag|evid}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}aywarakaptinqa{{tag|prn}} kordelqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}rachikurinaq{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pret}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Entonces{{tag|adv}}mientras{{tag|adv}}la/el{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}ir{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}cordel{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}romper{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsë weqincunanash ëwanqan mas rajuman ticracurëcanaq.|Sus amargas lágrimas se convirtieron en hielo.}} ("Their bitter tears turned into ice.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Tsë{{tag|det}}weqincunanash{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sh}}ëwanqan{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}mas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}rajuman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}ticracurëcanaq{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|sus{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}amargo{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}lágrima{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}convertir{{tag|vblx}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}en{{tag|pr}}hielo{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category:Huaylas Quechua]] [[Category:Spanish]]

Huaylas Quechua and Spanish/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-05-06T20:38:44Z

Fstewar1: /* Word Order */

==qwh-spa tests==

===Possession===
There are two major differences in indicating possession in Spanish and Quechua. Firstly, pronoun use: Spanish indicates it with a possessive pronoun in front of the word, while Huaylas Quechua uses a possessive pronoun as a suffix attached to the word stem (that complies with other rules). Secondly, if Spanish does not use a pronoun and instead wishes to write out both nouns, “de” is used, with the object being possessed coming first. Meanwhile, Huaylas Quechua writes it in the order of possessor noun followed by possessed noun (e.g. modifier, then modified).

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Marcacunapa reynincuna|Los reyes de estos imperios}} ("The kings from these empires.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|marcacunapa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}} reyinincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} |el{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p1}} rey{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} de{{tag|pr}} este{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} imperio{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Papanincuna|Sus padres}} ("Their parents")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|papanincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Auxiliary "Ser"===
Space to talk about things!

{{comment|clean this up, including the morphtest with issues - JNW}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyash kanki|Has oído}} ("You have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|p2}}|haber{{tag|vhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyayaanaq kanki|Ustedes habían oído}} ("You all have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|indireact_evid}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|p2}}|usted{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} haber{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Subordinate Clauses===
There are three possible subordinate clause markers in Huaylas Quechua: -''pti'', -''r'', and -''shpa''.
The first two are most commonly used in the Ancash region, with the last one only being used in two specific locations. There is a distinction between the contexts of where you'd use -''pti'' and -''r''. One would use -''pti'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''doesn’t'' match the subject of the principal sentence. Conversely, one would use -''r'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''does'' match that of the principal sentence. All of these markers attach to the verb of the clause. LOOK AT PH 160
{{comment|And what does this translate to Spanish as? Also, finish making these into morphTests. -JNW}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Qamta chikishunki uushanta suwaptiki, noqata chikiman wawanta kuyaptii|A ti te odia porque has robado sus ovejas, a mi me odia porque quiero a su hija}} ("They hate you because you stole their sheep, they hate me because I love their daughter.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|qam{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} chiki{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} uushan{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}} suwa{{tag|n}} noqa{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} chiki{{tag|n}} wawa{{tag|n}} kuya{{tag|n}}|a{{tag|pr}} ti{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} te{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} odiar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} porque{{tag|cnjadv}} haber{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} robar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} oveja{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}} ,{{tag|cm}} a{{tag|pr}} mío{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} odiar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} porque{{tag|cnjadv}} querer{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|pr}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} hijo{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Anyarta pallaraykaptinshi, yana puma yuririn|Cuando estaba recogiendo pitahaya, aparacio un puma negro}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Evidentiality marker: -''shI''===
Huaylas Quechua has a marker -''shI'' which translates to “said.” According to Parker, it is used "when the speaker gives information that does not come from their own experience" <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramática Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. In Spanish, there are no inflection patterns to denote second-hand information (like English, this information would be conveyed by words such as "said" or "according to"), so this another notable difference between Huaylas Quechua and Spanish.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Peru papanincuna musyayraanaqshi|Pero sus padres se enteraron}} ("But their parents found out")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|peru{{tag|conj}} papa{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}{{tag|pl}} musya{{tag|v}}{{tag|}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|pero{{tag|cnjcoo}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sp}} enterar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Word Order===
Word order in Huaylas Quechua is different than that of Spanish. Spanish is a SVO language, while Huaylas Quechua is a SOV language.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsayshi bruja aywarakaptinqa, kordelqa rachikurinaq.|Entonces mientras la bruja se iba, el cordel se rompió.}} ("Then while the witch was leaving, the cord snapped.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Tsayshi{{tag|det}}{{tag|evid}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}aywarakaptinqa{{tag|prn}} kordelqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}rachikurinaq{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pret}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Entonces{{tag|adv}}mientras{{tag|adv}}la/el{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}ir{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}cordel{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}romper{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsë weqincunanash ëwanqan mas rajuman ticracurëcanaq.|Sus amargas lágrimas se convirtieron en hielo.}} ("Their bitter tears turned into ice.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Tsë{{tag|det}}weqincunanash{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sh}}ëwanqan{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}mas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}rajuman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}ticracurëcanaq{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|sus{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}amargo{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}lágrima{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}convertir{{tag|vblx}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}en{{tag|pr}}hielo{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category:Huaylas Quechua]] [[Category:Spanish]]

Huaylas Quechua and Spanish/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-05-06T20:38:01Z

Fstewar1: /* Word Order */

==qwh-spa tests==

===Possession===
There are two major differences in indicating possession in Spanish and Quechua. Firstly, pronoun use: Spanish indicates it with a possessive pronoun in front of the word, while Huaylas Quechua uses a possessive pronoun as a suffix attached to the word stem (that complies with other rules). Secondly, if Spanish does not use a pronoun and instead wishes to write out both nouns, “de” is used, with the object being possessed coming first. Meanwhile, Huaylas Quechua writes it in the order of possessor noun followed by possessed noun (e.g. modifier, then modified).

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Marcacunapa reynincuna|Los reyes de estos imperios}} ("The kings from these empires.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|marcacunapa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}} reyinincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} |el{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p1}} rey{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} de{{tag|pr}} este{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} imperio{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Papanincuna|Sus padres}} ("Their parents")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|papanincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Auxiliary "Ser"===
Space to talk about things!

{{comment|clean this up, including the morphtest with issues - JNW}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyash kanki|Has oído}} ("You have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|p2}}|haber{{tag|vhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyayaanaq kanki|Ustedes habían oído}} ("You all have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|indireact_evid}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|p2}}|usted{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} haber{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Subordinate Clauses===
There are three possible subordinate clause markers in Huaylas Quechua: -''pti'', -''r'', and -''shpa''.
The first two are most commonly used in the Ancash region, with the last one only being used in two specific locations. There is a distinction between the contexts of where you'd use -''pti'' and -''r''. One would use -''pti'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''doesn’t'' match the subject of the principal sentence. Conversely, one would use -''r'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''does'' match that of the principal sentence. All of these markers attach to the verb of the clause. LOOK AT PH 160
{{comment|And what does this translate to Spanish as? Also, finish making these into morphTests. -JNW}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Qamta chikishunki uushanta suwaptiki, noqata chikiman wawanta kuyaptii|A ti te odia porque has robado sus ovejas, a mi me odia porque quiero a su hija}} ("They hate you because you stole their sheep, they hate me because I love their daughter.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|qam{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} chiki{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} uushan{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}} suwa{{tag|n}} noqa{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} chiki{{tag|n}} wawa{{tag|n}} kuya{{tag|n}}|a{{tag|pr}} ti{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} te{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} odiar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} porque{{tag|cnjadv}} haber{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} robar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} oveja{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}} ,{{tag|cm}} a{{tag|pr}} mío{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} odiar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} porque{{tag|cnjadv}} querer{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|pr}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} hijo{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Anyarta pallaraykaptinshi, yana puma yuririn|Cuando estaba recogiendo pitahaya, aparacio un puma negro}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Evidentiality marker: -''shI''===
Huaylas Quechua has a marker -''shI'' which translates to “said.” According to Parker, it is used "when the speaker gives information that does not come from their own experience" <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramática Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. In Spanish, there are no inflection patterns to denote second-hand information (like English, this information would be conveyed by words such as "said" or "according to"), so this another notable difference between Huaylas Quechua and Spanish.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Peru papanincuna musyayraanaqshi|Pero sus padres se enteraron}} ("But their parents found out")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|peru{{tag|conj}} papa{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}{{tag|pl}} musya{{tag|v}}{{tag|}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|pero{{tag|cnjcoo}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sp}} enterar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Word Order===
Word order in Huaylas Quechua is different than that of Spanish. Spanish is a SVO language, while Huaylas Quechua is a SOV language.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsayshi bruja aywarakaptinqa, kordelqa rachikurinaq.|Entonces mientras la bruja se iba, el cordel se rompió.}} ("Then while the witch was leaving, the cord snapped.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Tsayshi{{tag|det}}{{tag|evid}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}aywarakaptinqa{{tag|prn}} kordelqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}rachikurinaq{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pret}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Entonces{{tag|adv}}mientras{{tag|adv}}la/el{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}ir{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}cordel{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}romper{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsë weqincunanash ëwanqan mas rajuman ticracurëcanaq.|Sus amargas lágrimas se convirtieron en hielo.}} ("Their bitter tears turned into ice.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Tsë{{tag|det}}weqincunanash{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sh}}ëwanqan{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}mas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}rajuman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}ticracurëcanaq{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|

sus{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}amargo{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}lágrima{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}{{tag|pl}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}convertir{{tag|vblx}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}en{{tag|pr}}hielo{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category:Huaylas Quechua]] [[Category:Spanish]]

Huaylas Quechua and Spanish/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-27T14:11:48Z

Fstewar1:

==qwh-spa tests==

===Possession===
There are two major differences in indicating possession in Spanish and Quechua. Firstly, pronoun use: Spanish indicates it with a possessive pronoun in front of the word, while Huaylas Quechua uses a possessive pronoun as a suffix attached to the word stem (that complies with other rules). Secondly, if Spanish does not use a pronoun and instead wishes to write out both nouns, “de” is used, with the object being possessed coming first. Meanwhile, Huaylas Quechua writes it in the order of possessor noun followed by possessed noun (e.g. modifier, then modified).

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Marcacunapa reynincuna|Los reyes de estos imperios}} ("The kings from these empires.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|marcacunapa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}} reyinincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} |el{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p1}} rey{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} de{{tag|pr}} este{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} imperio{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Papanincuna|Sus padres}} ("Their parents")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|papanincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Auxiliary "Ser"===
Space to talk about things!

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyash kanki|Has oído}} ("You have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|p2}}|sg}}|haber{{tag|vhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyayaanaq kanki|Ustedes habían oído}} ("You all have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|v}}yaa{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}}naq{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|usted{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} haber{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Subordinate Clauses===
There are three possible subordinate clause markers in Huaylas Quechua: -''pti'', -''r'', and -''shpa''.
The first two are most commonly used in the Ancash region, with the last one only being used in two specific locations. There is a distinction between the contexts of where you'd use -''pti'' and -''r''. One would use -''pti'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''doesn’t'' match the subject of the principal sentence. Conversely, one would use -''r'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''does'' match that of the principal sentence. All of these markers attach to the verb of the clause. LOOK AT PH 160

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Qamta chikishunki uushanta suwaptiki, noqata chikiman wawanta kuyaptii|A ti te odia porque has robado sus ovejas, a mi me odio porque quiero a su hija}} ("They hate you because you stole their sheep, they hate me because I love their daughter.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Anyarta pallaraykaptinshi, yana puma yuririn|Cuando estaba recogiendo pitahaya, aparacio un puma negro}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Evidentiality marker: -''shI''===
Huaylas Quechua has a marker -''shI'' which translates to “said.” According to Parker, it is used "when the speaker gives information that does not come from their own experience" <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramática Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. In Spanish, there are no inflection patterns to denote second-hand information (like English, this information would be conveyed by words such as "said" or "according to"), so this another notable difference between Huaylas Quechua and Spanish.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Peru papanincuna musyayraanaqshi|Pero sus padres se enteraron}} ("But their parents found out")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|peru{{tag|conj}} papa{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}{{tag|pl}} musya{{tag|v}}{{tag|}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|pero{{tag|cnjcoo}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sp}} enterar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Word Order===
Word order in Huaylas Quechua is different than that of Spanish. Spanish is a SVO language, while Huaylas Quechua is a SOV language.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsayshi bruja aywarakaptinqa, kordelqa rachikurinaq.|Entonces mientras la bruja se iba, el cordel se rompió.}} ("Then while the witch was leaving, the cord snapped.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Tsayshi{{tag|det}}{{tag|evid}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}aywarakaptinqa{{tag|prn}} kordelqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}rachikurinaq{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pret}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Entonces{{tag|adv}}mientras{{tag|adv}}la/el{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}ir{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}cordel{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}romper{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsë weqincunanash ëwanqan mas rajuman ticracurëcanaq.|Sus amargas lágrimas se convirtieron en hielo.}} ("Their bitter tears turned into ice.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Tsë{{tag|det}}weqincunanash{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sh}}ëwanqan{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}mas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}rajuman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}ticracurëcanaq{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|sus{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category:Huaylas Quechua]] [[Category:Spanish]]

Huaylas Quechua and Spanish/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-21T01:25:20Z

Fstewar1: /* Word Order */

==qwh-spa tests==

===Possession===
There are two major differences in indicating possession in Spanish and Quechua. Firstly, pronoun use: Spanish indicates it with a possessive pronoun in front of the word, while Huaylas Quechua uses a possessive pronoun as a suffix attached to the word stem (that complies with other rules). Secondly, if Spanish does not use a pronoun and instead wishes to write out both nouns, “de” is used, with the object being possessed coming first. Meanwhile, Huaylas Quechua writes it in the order of possessor noun followed by possessed noun (e.g. modifier, then modified).

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Marcacunapa reynincuna|Los reyes de estos imperios}} ("The kings from these empires.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|marcacunapa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}} reyinincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} |el{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p1}} rey{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} de{{tag|pr}} este{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} imperio{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Papanincuna|Sus padres}} ("Their parents")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|papanincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Auxiliary "Ser"===
Space to talk about things!

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyash kanki|Has oído}} ("You have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|p2}}|sg}}|haber{{tag|vhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyayaanaq kanki|Ustedes habían oído}} ("You all have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|usted{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} haber{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Subordinate Clauses===
There are three possible subordinate clause markers in Huaylas Quechua: -''pti'', -''r'', and -''shpa''.
The first two are most commonly used in the Ancash region, with the last one only being used in two specific locations. There is a distinction between the contexts of where you'd use -''pti'' and -''r''. One would use -''pti'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''doesn’t'' match the subject of the principal sentence. Conversely, one would use -''r'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''does'' match that of the principal sentence. All of these markers attach to the verb of the clause.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Evidentiality marker: -''shI''===
Huaylas Quechua has a marker -''shI'' which translates to “said.” According to Parker, it is used "when the speaker gives information that does not come from their own experience" <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramática Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. In Spanish, there are no inflection patterns to denote second-hand information (like English, this information would be conveyed by words such as "said" or "according to"), so this another notable difference between Huaylas Quechua and Spanish.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Peru papanincuna musyayraanaqshi|Pero sus padres se enteraron}} ("But their parents found out")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|peru{{tag|conj}} papa{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}{{tag|pl}} musya{{tag|v}}{{tag|}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|pero{{tag|cnjcoo}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sp}} enterar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Word Order===
Word order in Huaylas Quechua is different than that of Spanish. Spanish is a SVO language, while Huaylas Quechua is a SOV language.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsayshi bruja aywarakaptinqa, kordelqa rachikurinaq.|Entonces mientras la bruja se iba, el cordel se rompió.}} ("Then while the witch was leaving, the cord snapped.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Tsayshi{{tag|det}}{{tag|evid}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}aywarakaptinqa{{tag|prn}} kordelqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}rachikurinaq{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pret}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Entonces{{tag|adv}}mientras{{tag|adv}}la/el{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}ir{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}cordel{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}romper{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsë weqincunanash ëwanqan mas rajuman ticracurëcanaq.|Sus amargas lágrimas se convirtieron en hielo.}} ("Their bitter tears turned into ice.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Tsë{{tag|det}}weqincunanash{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sh}}ëwanqan{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}}mas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}rajuman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}ticracurëcanaq{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|sus{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category:Huaylas Quechua]] [[Category:Spanish]]

Huaylas Quechua and Spanish/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-21T01:13:06Z

Fstewar1: /* Word Order */

==qwh-spa tests==

===Possession===
There are two major differences in indicating possession in Spanish and Quechua. Firstly, pronoun use: Spanish indicates it with a possessive pronoun in front of the word, while Huaylas Quechua uses a possessive pronoun as a suffix attached to the word stem (that complies with other rules). Secondly, if Spanish does not use a pronoun and instead wishes to write out both nouns, “de” is used, with the object being possessed coming first. Meanwhile, Huaylas Quechua writes it in the order of possessor noun followed by possessed noun (e.g. modifier, then modified).

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Marcacunapa reynincuna|Los reyes de estos imperios}} ("The kings from these empires.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|marcacunapa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}} reyinincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} |el{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p1}} rey{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} de{{tag|pr}} este{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} imperio{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Papanincuna|Sus padres}} ("Their parents")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|papanincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Auxiliary "Ser"===
Space to talk about things!

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyash kanki|Has oído}} ("You have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|p2}}|sg}}|haber{{tag|vhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyayaanaq kanki|Ustedes habían oído}} ("You all have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|usted{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} haber{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Subordinate Clauses===
There are three possible subordinate clause markers in Huaylas Quechua: -''pti'', -''r'', and -''shpa''.
The first two are most commonly used in the Ancash region, with the last one only being used in two specific locations. There is a distinction between the contexts of where you'd use -''pti'' and -''r''. One would use -''pti'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''doesn’t'' match the subject of the principal sentence. Conversely, one would use -''r'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''does'' match that of the principal sentence. All of these markers attach to the verb of the clause.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Evidentiality marker: -''shI''===
Huaylas Quechua has a marker -''shI'' which translates to “said.” According to Parker, it is used "when the speaker gives information that does not come from their own experience" <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramática Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. In Spanish, there are no inflection patterns to denote second-hand information (like English, this information would be conveyed by words such as "said" or "according to"), so this another notable difference between Huaylas Quechua and Spanish.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Peru papanincuna musyayraanaqshi|Pero sus padres se enteraron}} ("But their parents found out")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|peru{{tag|conj}} papa{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}{{tag|pl}} musya{{tag|v}}{{tag|}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|pero{{tag|cnjcoo}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sp}} enterar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Word Order===
Word order in Huaylas Quechua is different than that of Spanish. Spanish is a SVO language, while Huaylas Quechua is a SOV language.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsayshi bruja aywarakaptinqa, kordelqa rachikurinaq.|Entonces mientras la bruja se iba, el cordel se rompió.}} ("Then while the witch was leaving, the cord snapped.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Tsayshi{{tag|det}}{{tag|evid}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}aywarakaptinqa{{tag|prn}} kordelqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|vblex}}rachikurinaq|Entonces{{tag|adv}}mientras{{tag|adv}}la/el{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}ir{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}cordel{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}romper{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsë weqincunanash ëwanqan mas rajuman ticracurëcanaq.|Sus amargas lágrimas se convirtieron en hielo.}} ("Their bitter tears turned into ice.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Tsë{{tag|det}}weqincunanash{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sh}} ëwanqan{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} mas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category:Huaylas Quechua]] [[Category:Spanish]]

Huaylas Quechua and Spanish/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-21T01:11:33Z

Fstewar1: /* Word Order */

==qwh-spa tests==

===Possession===
There are two major differences in indicating possession in Spanish and Quechua. Firstly, pronoun use: Spanish indicates it with a possessive pronoun in front of the word, while Huaylas Quechua uses a possessive pronoun as a suffix attached to the word stem (that complies with other rules). Secondly, if Spanish does not use a pronoun and instead wishes to write out both nouns, “de” is used, with the object being possessed coming first. Meanwhile, Huaylas Quechua writes it in the order of possessor noun followed by possessed noun (e.g. modifier, then modified).

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Marcacunapa reynincuna|Los reyes de estos imperios}} ("The kings from these empires.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|marcacunapa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}} reyinincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} |el{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p1}} rey{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} de{{tag|pr}} este{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} imperio{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Papanincuna|Sus padres}} ("Their parents")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|papanincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Auxiliary "Ser"===
Space to talk about things!

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyash kanki|Has oído}} ("You have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|p2}}|sg}}|haber{{tag|vhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Subordinate Clauses===
There are three possible subordinate clause markers in Huaylas Quechua: -''pti'', -''r'', and -''shpa''.
The first two are most commonly used in the Ancash region, with the last one only being used in two specific locations. There is a distinction between the contexts of where you'd use -''pti'' and -''r''. One would use -''pti'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''doesn’t'' match the subject of the principal sentence. Conversely, one would use -''r'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''does'' match that of the principal sentence. All of these markers attach to the verb of the clause.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Evidentiality marker: -''shI''===
Huaylas Quechua has a marker -''shI'' which translates to “said.” According to Parker, it is used "when the speaker gives information that does not come from their own experience" <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramática Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. In Spanish, there are no inflection patterns to denote second-hand information (like English, this information would be conveyed by words such as "said" or "according to"), so this another notable difference between Huaylas Quechua and Spanish.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Peru papanincuna musyayraanaqshi|Pero sus padres se enteraron}} ("But their parents found out")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|peru{{tag|conj}} papa{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}{{tag|pl}} musya{{tag|v}}{{tag|}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|pero{{tag|cnjcoo}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sp}} enterar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Word Order===
Word order in Huaylas Quechua is different than that of Spanish. Spanish is a SVO language, while Huaylas Quechua is a SOV language.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsayshi bruja aywarakaptinqa, kordelqa rachikurinaq.|Entonces mientras la bruja se iba, el cordel se rompió.}} ("Then while the witch was leaving, the cord snapped.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Tsayshi{{tag|det}}{{tag|evid}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}aywarakaptinqa, kordelqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag| rachikurinaq

|Tsayshi{{tag|adv}}bruja{{tag|adv}}la/el{{tag|det}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}ir{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}cordel{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}romper{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

|Entonces{{tag|adv}}mientras{{tag|adv}}la/el{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}ir{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}cordel{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}romper{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsë weqincunanash ëwanqan mas rajuman ticracurëcanaq.|Sus amargas lágrimas se convirtieron en hielo.}} ("Their bitter tears turned into ice.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Tsë{{tag|det}}weqincunanash{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sh}} ëwanqan{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} mas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category:Huaylas Quechua]] [[Category:Spanish]]

Huaylas Quechua and Spanish/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-21T01:11:03Z

Fstewar1: /* Word Order */

==qwh-spa tests==

===Possession===
There are two major differences in indicating possession in Spanish and Quechua. Firstly, pronoun use: Spanish indicates it with a possessive pronoun in front of the word, while Huaylas Quechua uses a possessive pronoun as a suffix attached to the word stem (that complies with other rules). Secondly, if Spanish does not use a pronoun and instead wishes to write out both nouns, “de” is used, with the object being possessed coming first. Meanwhile, Huaylas Quechua writes it in the order of possessor noun followed by possessed noun (e.g. modifier, then modified).

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Marcacunapa reynincuna|Los reyes de estos imperios}} ("The kings from these empires.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|marcacunapa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}} reyinincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} |el{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p1}} rey{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} de{{tag|pr}} este{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} imperio{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Papanincuna|Sus padres}} ("Their parents")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|papanincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Auxiliary "Ser"===
Space to talk about things!

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Wiyash kanki|Has oído}} ("You have heard.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}} ka{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|p2}}|sg}}|haber{{tag|vhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} oír{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Subordinate Clauses===
There are three possible subordinate clause markers in Huaylas Quechua: -''pti'', -''r'', and -''shpa''.
The first two are most commonly used in the Ancash region, with the last one only being used in two specific locations. There is a distinction between the contexts of where you'd use -''pti'' and -''r''. One would use -''pti'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''doesn’t'' match the subject of the principal sentence. Conversely, one would use -''r'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''does'' match that of the principal sentence. All of these markers attach to the verb of the clause.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Evidentiality marker: -''shI''===
Huaylas Quechua has a marker -''shI'' which translates to “said.” According to Parker, it is used "when the speaker gives information that does not come from their own experience" <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramática Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. In Spanish, there are no inflection patterns to denote second-hand information (like English, this information would be conveyed by words such as "said" or "according to"), so this another notable difference between Huaylas Quechua and Spanish.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Peru papanincuna musyayraanaqshi|Pero sus padres se enteraron}} ("But their parents found out")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|peru{{tag|conj}} papa{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}{{tag|pl}} musya{{tag|v}}{{tag|}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|pero{{tag|cnjcoo}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sp}} enterar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Word Order===
Word order in Huaylas Quechua is different than that of Spanish. Spanish is a SVO language, while Huaylas Quechua is a SOV language.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsayshi bruja aywarakaptinqa, kordelqa rachikurinaq.|Entonces mientras la bruja se iba, el cordel se rompió.}} ("Then while the witch was leaving, the cord snapped.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Tsayshi{{tag|det}}{{tag|evid}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}aywarakaptinqa, kordelqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag| rachikurinaq

|Tsayshi{{tag|adv}}bruja{{tag|adv}}la/el{{tag|det}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}ir{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}cordel{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}romper{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

|Entonces{{tag|adv}}mientras{{tag|adv}}la/el{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}ir{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}cordel{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}romper{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsë weqincunanash ëwanqan mas rajuman ticracurëcanaq.|Sus amargas lágrimas se convirtieron en hielo.}} ("Their bitter tears turned into ice.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Tsë{{tag|det}}weqincunanash{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sh}} ëwanqan{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} mas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category:Huaylas Quechua]] [[Category:Spanish]]

Huaylas Quechua and Spanish/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-21T01:00:58Z

Fstewar1: /* Word Order */

==qwh-spa tests==

===Possession===
There are two major differences in indicating possession in Spanish and Quechua. Firstly, pronoun use: Spanish indicates it with a possessive pronoun in front of the word, while Huaylas Quechua uses a possessive pronoun as a suffix attached to the word stem (that complies with other rules). Secondly, if Spanish does not use a pronoun and instead wishes to write out both nouns, “de” is used, with the object being possessed coming first. Meanwhile, Huaylas Quechua writes it in the order of possessor noun followed by possessed noun (e.g. modifier, then modified).

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Marcacunapa reynincuna|Los reyes de estos imperios}} ("The kings from these empires.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|marcacunapa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}} reyinincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} |el{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|p1}} rey{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} de{{tag|pr}} este{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} imperio{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Papanincuna|Sus padres}} ("Their parents")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|papanincuna{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Auxiliary "Ser"===
Space to talk about things!

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Subordinate Clauses===
There are three possible subordinate clause markers in Huaylas Quechua: -''pti'', -''r'', and -''shpa''.
The first two are most commonly used in the Ancash region, with the last one only being used in two specific locations. There is a distinction between the contexts of where you'd use -''pti'' and -''r''. One would use -''pti'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''doesn’t'' match the subject of the principal sentence. Conversely, one would use -''r'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''does'' match that of the principal sentence. All of these markers attach to the verb of the clause.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Evidentiality marker: -''shI''===
Huaylas Quechua has a marker -''shI'' which translates to “said.” According to Parker, it is used "when the speaker gives information that does not come from their own experience" <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramática Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. In Spanish, there are no inflection patterns to denote second-hand information (like English, this information would be conveyed by words such as "said" or "according to"), so this another notable difference between Huaylas Quechua and Spanish.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Peru papanincuna musyayraanaqshi|Pero sus padres se enteraron}} ("But their parents found out")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|peru{{tag|conj}} papa{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}{{tag|pl}} musya{{tag|v}}{{tag|}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|pero{{tag|cnjcoo}} suyo{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} padre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sp}} enterar{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Word Order===
Word order in Huaylas Quechua is different than that of Spanish. Spanish is a SVO language, while Huaylas Quechua is a SOV language.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsayshi bruja aywarakaptinqa, kordelqa rachikurinaq.|Entonces mientras la bruja se iba, el cordel se rompió.}} ("Then while the witch was leaving, the cord snapped.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|Tsayshi{{tag|det}}{{tag|evid}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}aywarakaptinqa, kordelqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag| rachikurinaq

|Tsayshi{{tag|adv}}bruja{{tag|adv}}la/el{{tag|det}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}ir{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}cordel{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}romper{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

|Entonces{{tag|adv}}mientras{{tag|adv}}la/el{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}bruja{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}ir{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}cordel{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}romper{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsë weqincunanash ëwanqan mas rajuman ticracurëcanaq.|Sus amargas lágrimas se convirtieron en hielo.}} ("Their bitter tears turned into ice.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category:Huaylas Quechua]] [[Category:Spanish]]

Huaylas Quechua and Spanish/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-20T14:02:42Z

Fstewar1: /* Evidentiality marker: -shI */

==qwh-spa tests==

===Possession===
There are two major differences in indicating possession in Spanish and Quechua. Firstly, pronoun use: Spanish indicates it with a possessive pronoun in front of the word, while Huaylas Quechua uses a possessive pronoun as a suffix attached to the word stem (that complies with other rules). Secondly, if Spanish does not use a pronoun and instead wishes to write out both nouns, “de” is used, with the object being possessed coming first. Meanwhile, Huaylas Quechua writes it in the order of possessor noun followed by possessed noun (e.g. modifier, then modified).

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Marcacunapa reynincuna|Los reyes de estos imperios}} ("The kings from these empires.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|marcacunapa{{tag|noun}}{{tag|gen}} reynincuna{{tag|noun}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} |los{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}} reyes{{tag|noun}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|m}} de{{tag|acc}} estos{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} imperios}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Papanincuna|Sus padres}} ("Their parents")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Auxiliary "Ser"===
Space to talk about things!

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Subordinate Clauses===
There are three possible subordinate clause markers in Huaylas Quechua: -''pti'', -''r'', and -''shpa''.
The first two are most commonly used in the Ancash region, with the last one only being used in two specific locations. There is a distinction between the contexts of where you'd use -''pti'' and -''r''. One would use -''pti'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''doesn’t'' match the subject of the principal sentence. Conversely, one would use -''r'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''does'' match that of the principal sentence. All of these markers attach to the verb of the clause.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Evidentiality marker: -''shI''===
Huaylas Quechua has a marker -''shI'' which translates to “said.” According to Parker, it is used "when the speaker gives information that does not come from their own experience" <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramática Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. In Spanish, there are no inflection patterns to denote second-hand information (like English, this information would be conveyed by words such as "said" or "according to"), so this another notable difference between Huaylas Quechua and Spanish.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Peru papanincuna masyayraanaqshi|Pero sus padres se enteraron}} ("But their parents found out")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Word Order===
Word order in Huaylas Quechua is different than that of Spanish. Spanish is a SVO language, while Huaylas Quechua is a SOV language.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsayshi bruja aywarakaptinqa, kordelqa rachikurinaq.|Entonces mientras la bruja se iba, el cordel se rompió.}} ("Then while the witch was leaving, the cord snapped.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===The Elusive "Tsë===
Space to talk about things!

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category:Huaylas Quechua]] [[Category:Spanish]]

Huaylas Quechua and Spanish/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-20T14:01:22Z

Fstewar1: /* qwh-spa tests */

==qwh-spa tests==

===Possession===
There are two major differences in indicating possession in Spanish and Quechua. Firstly, pronoun use: Spanish indicates it with a possessive pronoun in front of the word, while Huaylas Quechua uses a possessive pronoun as a suffix attached to the word stem (that complies with other rules). Secondly, if Spanish does not use a pronoun and instead wishes to write out both nouns, “de” is used, with the object being possessed coming first. Meanwhile, Huaylas Quechua writes it in the order of possessor noun followed by possessed noun (e.g. modifier, then modified).

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Marcacunapa reynincuna|Los reyes de estos imperios}} ("The kings from these empires.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|marcacunapa{{tag|noun}}{{tag|gen}} reynincuna{{tag|noun}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} |los{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}} reyes{{tag|noun}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|m}} de{{tag|acc}} estos{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} imperios}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Papanincuna|Sus padres}} ("Their parents")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Auxiliary "Ser"===
Space to talk about things!

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Subordinate Clauses===
There are three possible subordinate clause markers in Huaylas Quechua: -''pti'', -''r'', and -''shpa''.
The first two are most commonly used in the Ancash region, with the last one only being used in two specific locations. There is a distinction between the contexts of where you'd use -''pti'' and -''r''. One would use -''pti'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''doesn’t'' match the subject of the principal sentence. Conversely, one would use -''r'' when the subject of the subordinate clause ''does'' match that of the principal sentence. All of these markers attach to the verb of the clause.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Evidentiality marker: -''shI''===
Huaylas Quechua has a marker -''shI'' which translates to “said.” According to Parker, it is used "when the speaker gives information that does not come from their own experience" <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramática Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. In Spanish, there are no inflection patterns to denote second-hand information, so this another notable difference between Huaylas Quechua and Spanish.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Peru papanincuna masyayraanaqshi|Pero sus padres se enteraron}} ("But their parents found out")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Word Order===
Word order in Huaylas Quechua is different than that of Spanish. Spanish is a SVO language, while Huaylas Quechua is a SOV language.

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Tsayshi bruja aywarakaptinqa, kordelqa rachikurinaq.|Entonces mientras la bruja se iba, el cordel se rompió.}} ("Then while the witch was leaving, the cord snapped.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===The Elusive "Tsë===
Space to talk about things!

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|qwh|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|qwh|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category:Huaylas Quechua]] [[Category:Spanish]]

Huaylas Quechua and Spanish

2023-04-07T00:26:51Z

Fstewar1: /* Evaluation */

==Background==

We decided to use Spanish instead of English for several reasons. First, Huaylas Quechua is spoken in the Ancash region of Peru; in addition to other Quechuan languages, the biggest language in the country is Spanish. Therefore any translation work for Huaylas Quechua makes the most sense to be either a Quechuan language or Spanish. Secondly, there were parallel texts already available in Quechua and Spanish, including a wealth of side-by-side translated stories. They made far more sense than using the Huaylas Bible, which, while bigger, was presumably translated from English into Huaylas Quechua, and while the Spanish Bible is easy enough to find, those two versions were not written with the other in mind. In short, we wanted to cut out ambiguity (could we be sure it was the exact same as the English Bible that Wycliffe used? Probably not) and also make a logical decision for the language.

==Resources for Huaylas Quechua and Spanish==

*wiki for Huaylas Quechua
*wiki for Spanish

==Evaluation==
04.06
MONOLINGUAL
Evaluation of qwh.sentences.txt: 
Coverage: 15.68% 
Top unknown words in the corpus: 
5 alläpa 
4 y 
4 Tsë 
3 imëpis 
3 papanincuna 
3 Tsëshi 
2 Huascaran 
2 raju 
2 Huandoy 
2 ishquë 
2 manash 
2 jutiyoq 
2 wëta 
2 Tsënash 
2 tsë 
2 frenti 
2 maläya 
2 rajuman 
2 ticrarinaq 
1 Quë 
Translation time: 0.05229592323303223 seconds

BILINGUAL: qwh-spa
Coverage: 6.49%
Top unknown words in the corpus:
5 alläpa 
4 y 
4 Tsë 
3 imëpis 
3 papanincuna 
3 Tsëshi 
3 qochaman 
2 Huascaran 
2 raju 
2 Huandoy 
2 ishquë 
2 manash 
2 jutiyoq 
2 wëta 
2 soldaducuna 
2 Tsënash 
2 tsë 
2 frenti 
2 maläya 
2 rajuman 
Translation time: 0.05033445358276367 seconds

==External Resources==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-qwh-spa translator for qwh and spa]
*transducer for Huaylas Quechua
*transducer for Spanish

[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]][[Category:Huaylas_Quechua]][[Category:Spanish]]

Huaylas Quechua and Spanish

2023-04-07T00:11:43Z

Fstewar1: /* Evaluation */

==Background==

We decided to use Spanish instead of English for several reasons. First, Huaylas Quechua is spoken in the Ancash region of Peru; in addition to other Quechuan languages, the biggest language in the country is Spanish. Therefore any translation work for Huaylas Quechua makes the most sense to be either a Quechuan language or Spanish. Secondly, there were parallel texts already available in Quechua and Spanish, including a wealth of side-by-side translated stories. They made far more sense than using the Huaylas Bible, which, while bigger, was presumably translated from English into Huaylas Quechua, and while the Spanish Bible is easy enough to find, those two versions were not written with the other in mind. In short, we wanted to cut out ambiguity (could we be sure it was the exact same as the English Bible that Wycliffe used? Probably not) and also make a logical decision for the language.

==Resources for Huaylas Quechua and Spanish==

*wiki for Huaylas Quechua
*wiki for Spanish

==Evaluation==
04.06
Evaluation of qwh.sentences.txt: 
Coverage: 15.68% 
Top unknown words in the corpus: 
5 alläpa 
4 y 
4 Tsë 
3 imëpis 
3 papanincuna 
3 Tsëshi 
2 Huascaran 
2 raju 
2 Huandoy 
2 ishquë 
2 manash 
2 jutiyoq 
2 wëta 
2 Tsënash 
2 tsë 
2 frenti 
2 maläya 
2 rajuman 
2 ticrarinaq 
1 Quë 
Translation time: 0.05229592323303223 seconds

==External Resources==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-qwh-spa translator for qwh and spa]
*transducer for Huaylas Quechua
*transducer for Spanish

[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]][[Category:Huaylas_Quechua]][[Category:Spanish]]

Huaylas Quechua and Spanish

2023-04-07T00:10:24Z

Fstewar1:

==Background==

We decided to use Spanish instead of English for several reasons. First, Huaylas Quechua is spoken in the Ancash region of Peru; in addition to other Quechuan languages, the biggest language in the country is Spanish. Therefore any translation work for Huaylas Quechua makes the most sense to be either a Quechuan language or Spanish. Secondly, there were parallel texts already available in Quechua and Spanish, including a wealth of side-by-side translated stories. They made far more sense than using the Huaylas Bible, which, while bigger, was presumably translated from English into Huaylas Quechua, and while the Spanish Bible is easy enough to find, those two versions were not written with the other in mind. In short, we wanted to cut out ambiguity (could we be sure it was the exact same as the English Bible that Wycliffe used? Probably not) and also make a logical decision for the language.

==Resources for Huaylas Quechua and Spanish==

*wiki for Huaylas Quechua
*wiki for Spanish

==Evaluation==
04.06
Evaluation of qwh.sentences.txt:
Coverage: 15.68%
Top unknown words in the corpus:
5 alläpa
4 y
4 Tsë
3 imëpis
3 papanincuna
3 Tsëshi
2 Huascaran
2 raju
2 Huandoy
2 ishquë
2 manash
2 jutiyoq
2 wëta
2 Tsënash
2 tsë
2 frenti
2 maläya
2 rajuman
2 ticrarinaq
1 Quë
Translation time: 0.05229592323303223 seconds

==External Resources==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-qwh-spa translator for qwh and spa]
*transducer for Huaylas Quechua
*transducer for Spanish

[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]][[Category:Huaylas_Quechua]][[Category:Spanish]]

Huaylas Quechua and Spanish

2023-03-30T14:56:21Z

Fstewar1:

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-23T16:02:38Z

Fstewar1: /* Combining Inflections */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

'''Plural Morph Test'''
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|makikuna}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Master Table
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| -yki, -ki, -niki || second person singular || your
|-
| -n, -nin || third person singular || his/her
|-
| -ntsik, -nintsik || first person plural (inclusive) || our
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Based on Final Letter of Word Stem
|-
! Pronoun !! ''a'' or ''u'' !! i !! short vowel !! long vowel or consonant
|-
| first person singular || - || - || lengthen vote; || -nii
|-
| second person singular || -yki || -ki || - || -niki
|-
| third person singular || - || - || -n || -nin
|-
| first person plural || - || - || -ntsik || -nintsik
|-
|}

'''Possession Morph Test'''

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|wayii}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|wayiki}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|wayin}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|wayintsik}}

urku (forehead)
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|urkuu}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|urkuyki}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|urkun}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|urkuntsik}}

peqa (head)
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|peqaa}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|peqayki}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|peqan}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|peqantsik}}

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

'''Morph Tests'''
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2sg}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

----

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

'''Morph Tests'''

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>int</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

Morph testing was done with the first four cases listed on the table.

yawar (blood)
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|yawar}}
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|yawarta}}
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}|yawarpa}}
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}|yawarman}}

llumtsuy (daughter-in-law)
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|llumtsuy}}
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|llumtsuyta}}
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}|llumtsuypa}}
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}|llumtsuyman}}

raqaa (house in ruins)
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|raqaa}}
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|raqaata}}
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}|raqaapa}}
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}|raqaaman}}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-23T15:42:25Z

Fstewar1: /* Case */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

'''Plural Morph Test'''
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|makikuna}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Master Table
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| -yki, -ki, -niki || second person singular || your
|-
| -n, -nin || third person singular || his/her
|-
| -ntsik, -nintsik || first person plural (inclusive) || our
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Based on Final Letter of Word Stem
|-
! Pronoun !! ''a'' or ''u'' !! i !! short vowel !! long vowel or consonant
|-
| first person singular || - || - || lengthen vote; || -nii
|-
| second person singular || -yki || -ki || - || -niki
|-
| third person singular || - || - || -n || -nin
|-
| first person plural || - || - || -ntsik || -nintsik
|-
|}

'''Possession Morph Test'''

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|wayii}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|wayiki}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|wayin}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|wayintsik}}

urku (forehead)
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|urkuu}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|urkuyki}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|urkun}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|urkuntsik}}

peqa (head)
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|peqaa}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|peqayki}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|peqan}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|peqantsik}}

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

'''Morph Tests'''
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

----

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

'''Morph Tests'''

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>int</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

Morph testing was done with the first four cases listed on the table.

yawar (blood)
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|yawar}}
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|yawarta}}
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}|yawarpa}}
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}|yawarman}}

llumtsuy (daughter-in-law)
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|llumtsuy}}
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|llumtsuyta}}
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}|llumtsuypa}}
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}|llumtsuyman}}

raqaa (house in ruins)
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|raqaa}}
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|raqaata}}
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}|raqaapa}}
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}|raqaaman}}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-23T15:34:06Z

Fstewar1:

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

'''Plural Morph Test'''
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|makikuna}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Master Table
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| -yki, -ki, -niki || second person singular || your
|-
| -n, -nin || third person singular || his/her
|-
| -ntsik, -nintsik || first person plural (inclusive) || our
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Based on Final Letter of Word Stem
|-
! Pronoun !! ''a'' or ''u'' !! i !! short vowel !! long vowel or consonant
|-
| first person singular || - || - || lengthen vote; || -nii
|-
| second person singular || -yki || -ki || - || -niki
|-
| third person singular || - || - || -n || -nin
|-
| first person plural || - || - || -ntsik || -nintsik
|-
|}

'''Possession Morph Test'''

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|wayii}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|wayiki}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|wayin}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|wayintsik}}

urku (forehead)
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|urkuu}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|urkuyki}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|urkun}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|urkuntsik}}

peqa (head)
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|peqaa}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|peqayki}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|peqan}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|peqantsik}}

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

'''Morph Tests'''
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

----

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

'''Morph Tests'''

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

Morph testing was done with the first four cases listed on the table.

yawar (blood)
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|yawar}}
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|yawarta}}
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}|yawarpa}}
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}|yawarman}}

llumtsuy (daughter-in-law)
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|llumtsuy}}
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|llumtsuyta}}
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}|llumtsuypa}}
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}|llumtsuyman}}

raqaa (house in ruins)
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|raqaa}}
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|raqaata}}
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}|raqaapa}}
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}|raqaaman}}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-23T15:33:28Z

Fstewar1:

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

=====Plural Morph Test=====
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|makikuna}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Master Table
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| -yki, -ki, -niki || second person singular || your
|-
| -n, -nin || third person singular || his/her
|-
| -ntsik, -nintsik || first person plural (inclusive) || our
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Based on Final Letter of Word Stem
|-
! Pronoun !! ''a'' or ''u'' !! i !! short vowel !! long vowel or consonant
|-
| first person singular || - || - || lengthen vote; || -nii
|-
| second person singular || -yki || -ki || - || -niki
|-
| third person singular || - || - || -n || -nin
|-
| first person plural || - || - || -ntsik || -nintsik
|-
|}

=====Possession Morph Test=====

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|wayii}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|wayiki}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|wayin}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|wayintsik}}

urku (forehead)
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|urkuu}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|urkuyki}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|urkun}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|urkuntsik}}

peqa (head)
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|peqaa}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|peqayki}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|peqan}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|peqantsik}}

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

'''Morph Tests'''
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

----

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

'''Morph Tests'''

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

'''Morph Tests'''

Morph testing was done with the first four cases listed on the table.

yawar (blood)
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|yawar}}
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|yawarta}}
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}|yawarpa}}
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}|yawarman}}

llumtsuy (daughter-in-law)
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|llumtsuy}}
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|llumtsuyta}}
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}|llumtsuypa}}
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}|llumtsuyman}}

raqaa (house in ruins)
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|raqaa}}
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|raqaata}}
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}|raqaapa}}
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}|raqaaman}}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-23T15:28:30Z

Fstewar1: /* Morph Tests */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

=====Plural Morph Test=====
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|makikuna}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Master Table
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| -yki, -ki, -niki || second person singular || your
|-
| -n, -nin || third person singular || his/her
|-
| -ntsik, -nintsik || first person plural (inclusive) || our
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Based on Final Letter of Word Stem
|-
! Pronoun !! ''a'' or ''u'' !! i !! short vowel !! long vowel or consonant
|-
| first person singular || - || - || lengthen vote; || -nii
|-
| second person singular || -yki || -ki || - || -niki
|-
| third person singular || - || - || -n || -nin
|-
| first person plural || - || - || -ntsik || -nintsik
|-
|}

=====Possession Morph Test=====

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|wayii}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|wayiki}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|wayin}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|wayintsik}}

urku (forehead)
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|urkuu}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|urkuyki}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|urkun}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|urkuntsik}}

peqa (head)
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|peqaa}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|peqayki}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|peqan}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|peqantsik}}

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

----

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

===== Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

===Morph Tests===

Morph testing was done with the first four cases listed on the table.

yawar (blood)
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|yawar}}
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|yawarta}}
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}|yawarpa}}
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}|yawarman}}

llumtsuy (daughter-in-law)
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|llumtsuy}}
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|llumtsuyta}}
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}|llumtsuypa}}
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}|llumtsuyman}}

raqaa (house in ruins)
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|raqaa}}
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|raqaata}}
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}|raqaapa}}
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}|raqaaman}}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T03:01:05Z

Fstewar1: /* Case */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

=====Plural Morph Test=====
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|makikuna}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Master Table
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| -yki, -ki, -niki || second person singular || your
|-
| -n, -nin || third person singular || his/her
|-
| -ntsik, -nintsik || first person plural (inclusive) || our
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Based on Final Letter of Word Stem
|-
! Pronoun !! ''a'' or ''u'' !! i !! short vowel !! long vowel or consonant
|-
| first person singular || - || - || lengthen vote; || -nii
|-
| second person singular || -yki || -ki || - || -niki
|-
| third person singular || - || - || -n || -nin
|-
| first person plural || - || - || -ntsik || -nintsik
|-
|}

=====Possession Morph Test=====

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|wayii}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|wayiki}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|wayin}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|wayintsik}}

urku (forehead)
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|urkuu}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|urkuyki}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|urkun}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|urkuntsik}}

peqa (head)
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|peqaa}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|peqayki}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|peqan}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|peqantsik}}

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

----

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

===== Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

===Morph Tests===

Morph testing was done with the first four cases listed on the table.

yawar (blood)
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|yawar}}
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|yawarta}}
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}|yawarpa}}
* {{morphTest|yawar{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}|yawarman}}

llumtsuy (daughter-in-law)
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|llumtsuy}}
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|llumtsuyta}}
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}|llumtsuypa}}
* {{morphTest|llumtsuy{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}|llumtsuyman}}

raqaa (house in ruins)
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|raqaa}}
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|raqaata}}
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}|raqaapa}}
* {{morphTest|raqaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|all}}|raqaaman}}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T02:57:07Z

Fstewar1: /* Case */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

=====Plural Morph Test=====
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|makikuna}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Master Table
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| -yki, -ki, -niki || second person singular || your
|-
| -n, -nin || third person singular || his/her
|-
| -ntsik, -nintsik || first person plural (inclusive) || our
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Based on Final Letter of Word Stem
|-
! Pronoun !! ''a'' or ''u'' !! i !! short vowel !! long vowel or consonant
|-
| first person singular || - || - || lengthen vote; || -nii
|-
| second person singular || -yki || -ki || - || -niki
|-
| third person singular || - || - || -n || -nin
|-
| first person plural || - || - || -ntsik || -nintsik
|-
|}

=====Possession Morph Test=====

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|wayii}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|wayiki}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|wayin}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|wayintsik}}

urku (forehead)
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|urkuu}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|urkuyki}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|urkun}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|urkuntsik}}

peqa (head)
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|peqaa}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|peqayki}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|peqan}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|peqantsik}}

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

----

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

===== Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

===Morph Tests===
yawar (blood)

llumtsuy (daughter-in-law)

raqaa (house in ruins)

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T02:55:32Z

Fstewar1: /* Possession Morph Test */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

=====Plural Morph Test=====
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|makikuna}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Master Table
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| -yki, -ki, -niki || second person singular || your
|-
| -n, -nin || third person singular || his/her
|-
| -ntsik, -nintsik || first person plural (inclusive) || our
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Based on Final Letter of Word Stem
|-
! Pronoun !! ''a'' or ''u'' !! i !! short vowel !! long vowel or consonant
|-
| first person singular || - || - || lengthen vote; || -nii
|-
| second person singular || -yki || -ki || - || -niki
|-
| third person singular || - || - || -n || -nin
|-
| first person plural || - || - || -ntsik || -nintsik
|-
|}

=====Possession Morph Test=====

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|wayii}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|wayiki}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|wayin}}
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|wayintsik}}

urku (forehead)
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|urkuu}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|urkuyki}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|urkun}}
* {{morphTest|urku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|urkuntsik}}

peqa (head)
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|peqaa}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2sg}}|peqayki}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px3sg}}|peqan}}
* {{morphTest|peqa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1pl}}|peqantsik}}

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

----

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

===== Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T02:48:37Z

Fstewar1: /* Morph Tests */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

=====Plural Morph Test=====
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|makikuna}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Master Table
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| -yki, -ki, -niki || second person singular || your
|-
| -n, -nin || third person singular || his/her
|-
| -ntsik, -nintsik || first person plural (inclusive) || our
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Based on Final Letter of Word Stem
|-
! Pronoun !! ''a'' or ''u'' !! i !! short vowel !! long vowel or consonant
|-
| first person singular || - || - || lengthen vote; || -nii
|-
| second person singular || -yki || -ki || - || -niki
|-
| third person singular || - || - || -n || -nin
|-
| first person plural || - || - || -ntsik || -nintsik
|-
|}

=====Possession Morph Test=====

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|wayii}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}
wayii
wayiki
wayin

urkuu
urkuyki

peqaa
peqayki

yawarnii
yawarniki

llumtsuynii
llumtsuyniki

raqaani
raqaaniki

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

----

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

===== Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T02:48:24Z

Fstewar1: /* Morph Tests */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

=====Plural Morph Test=====
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|makikuna}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Master Table
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| -yki, -ki, -niki || second person singular || your
|-
| -n, -nin || third person singular || his/her
|-
| -ntsik, -nintsik || first person plural (inclusive) || our
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Based on Final Letter of Word Stem
|-
! Pronoun !! ''a'' or ''u'' !! i !! short vowel !! long vowel or consonant
|-
| first person singular || - || - || lengthen vote; || -nii
|-
| second person singular || -yki || -ki || - || -niki
|-
| third person singular || - || - || -n || -nin
|-
| first person plural || - || - || -ntsik || -nintsik
|-
|}

=====Possession Morph Test=====

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|wayii}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}
wayii
wayiki
wayin

urkuu
urkuyki

peqaa
peqayki

yawarnii
yawarniki

llumtsuynii
llumtsuyniki

raqaani
raqaaniki

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

----

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

===== Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T02:48:10Z

Fstewar1: /* Verbs */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

=====Plural Morph Test=====
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|makikuna}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Master Table
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| -yki, -ki, -niki || second person singular || your
|-
| -n, -nin || third person singular || his/her
|-
| -ntsik, -nintsik || first person plural (inclusive) || our
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Based on Final Letter of Word Stem
|-
! Pronoun !! ''a'' or ''u'' !! i !! short vowel !! long vowel or consonant
|-
| first person singular || - || - || lengthen vote; || -nii
|-
| second person singular || -yki || -ki || - || -niki
|-
| third person singular || - || - || -n || -nin
|-
| first person plural || - || - || -ntsik || -nintsik
|-
|}

=====Possession Morph Test=====

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|wayii}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}
wayii
wayiki
wayin

urkuu
urkuyki

peqaa
peqayki

yawarnii
yawarniki

llumtsuynii
llumtsuyniki

raqaani
raqaaniki

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

----

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

===== Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T02:48:02Z

Fstewar1: /* Morph Tests */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

=====Plural Morph Test=====
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|makikuna}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Master Table
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| -yki, -ki, -niki || second person singular || your
|-
| -n, -nin || third person singular || his/her
|-
| -ntsik, -nintsik || first person plural (inclusive) || our
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Based on Final Letter of Word Stem
|-
! Pronoun !! ''a'' or ''u'' !! i !! short vowel !! long vowel or consonant
|-
| first person singular || - || - || lengthen vote; || -nii
|-
| second person singular || -yki || -ki || - || -niki
|-
| third person singular || - || - || -n || -nin
|-
| first person plural || - || - || -ntsik || -nintsik
|-
|}

=====Possession Morph Test=====

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|wayii}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}
wayii
wayiki
wayin

urkuu
urkuyki

peqaa
peqayki

yawarnii
yawarniki

llumtsuynii
llumtsuyniki

raqaani
raqaaniki

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

----

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

----
====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

===== Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T02:47:52Z

Fstewar1: /* Combining Inflections */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

=====Plural Morph Test=====
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|makikuna}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Master Table
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| -yki, -ki, -niki || second person singular || your
|-
| -n, -nin || third person singular || his/her
|-
| -ntsik, -nintsik || first person plural (inclusive) || our
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Based on Final Letter of Word Stem
|-
! Pronoun !! ''a'' or ''u'' !! i !! short vowel !! long vowel or consonant
|-
| first person singular || - || - || lengthen vote; || -nii
|-
| second person singular || -yki || -ki || - || -niki
|-
| third person singular || - || - || -n || -nin
|-
| first person plural || - || - || -ntsik || -nintsik
|-
|}

=====Possession Morph Test=====

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|wayii}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}
wayii
wayiki
wayin

urkuu
urkuyki

peqaa
peqayki

yawarnii
yawarniki

llumtsuynii
llumtsuyniki

raqaani
raqaaniki

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

----
====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

===== Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T02:47:31Z

Fstewar1: /* Verb Transitions */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

=====Plural Morph Test=====
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|makikuna}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Master Table
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| -yki, -ki, -niki || second person singular || your
|-
| -n, -nin || third person singular || his/her
|-
| -ntsik, -nintsik || first person plural (inclusive) || our
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Based on Final Letter of Word Stem
|-
! Pronoun !! ''a'' or ''u'' !! i !! short vowel !! long vowel or consonant
|-
| first person singular || - || - || lengthen vote; || -nii
|-
| second person singular || -yki || -ki || - || -niki
|-
| third person singular || - || - || -n || -nin
|-
| first person plural || - || - || -ntsik || -nintsik
|-
|}

=====Possession Morph Test=====

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|wayii}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}
wayii
wayiki
wayin

urkuu
urkuyki

peqaa
peqayki

yawarnii
yawarniki

llumtsuynii
llumtsuyniki

raqaani
raqaaniki

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

----
====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

===== Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

===== Morph Tests=====

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T02:47:04Z

Fstewar1: /* Possession */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

=====Plural Morph Test=====
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|makikuna}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Master Table
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| -yki, -ki, -niki || second person singular || your
|-
| -n, -nin || third person singular || his/her
|-
| -ntsik, -nintsik || first person plural (inclusive) || our
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Based on Final Letter of Word Stem
|-
! Pronoun !! ''a'' or ''u'' !! i !! short vowel !! long vowel or consonant
|-
| first person singular || - || - || lengthen vote; || -nii
|-
| second person singular || -yki || -ki || - || -niki
|-
| third person singular || - || - || -n || -nin
|-
| first person plural || - || - || -ntsik || -nintsik
|-
|}

=====Possession Morph Test=====

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1sg}}|wayii}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}
wayii
wayiki
wayin

urkuu
urkuyki

peqaa
peqayki

yawarnii
yawarniki

llumtsuynii
llumtsuyniki

raqaani
raqaaniki

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

----
====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

=====Present Tense Transitions Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T02:45:54Z

Fstewar1: /* Plural */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

=====Plural Morph Test=====
maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|makikuna}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Master Table
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| -yki, -ki, -niki || second person singular || your
|-
| -n, -nin || third person singular || his/her
|-
| -ntsik, -nintsik || first person plural (inclusive) || our
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Based on Final Letter of Word Stem
|-
! Pronoun !! ''a'' or ''u'' !! i !! short vowel !! long vowel or consonant
|-
| first person singular || - || - || lengthen vote; || -nii
|-
| second person singular || -yki || -ki || - || -niki
|-
| third person singular || - || - || -n || -nin
|-
| first person plural || - || - || -ntsik || -nintsik
|-
|}

wayii
wayiki
wayin

urkuu
urkuyki

peqaa
peqayki

yawarnii
yawarniki

llumtsuynii
llumtsuyniki

raqaani
raqaaniki

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

----
====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

=====Present Tense Transitions Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T02:45:28Z

Fstewar1: /* Plural */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|makikuna}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Master Table
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| -yki, -ki, -niki || second person singular || your
|-
| -n, -nin || third person singular || his/her
|-
| -ntsik, -nintsik || first person plural (inclusive) || our
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Based on Final Letter of Word Stem
|-
! Pronoun !! ''a'' or ''u'' !! i !! short vowel !! long vowel or consonant
|-
| first person singular || - || - || lengthen vote; || -nii
|-
| second person singular || -yki || -ki || - || -niki
|-
| third person singular || - || - || -n || -nin
|-
| first person plural || - || - || -ntsik || -nintsik
|-
|}

wayii
wayiki
wayin

urkuu
urkuyki

peqaa
peqayki

yawarnii
yawarniki

llumtsuynii
llumtsuyniki

raqaani
raqaaniki

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

----
====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

=====Present Tense Transitions Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T02:44:40Z

Fstewar1: /* Plural */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}|makikuna}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wayikuna}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|warnikuna}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Master Table
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| -yki, -ki, -niki || second person singular || your
|-
| -n, -nin || third person singular || his/her
|-
| -ntsik, -nintsik || first person plural (inclusive) || our
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Based on Final Letter of Word Stem
|-
! Pronoun !! ''a'' or ''u'' !! i !! short vowel !! long vowel or consonant
|-
| first person singular || - || - || lengthen vote; || -nii
|-
| second person singular || -yki || -ki || - || -niki
|-
| third person singular || - || - || -n || -nin
|-
| first person plural || - || - || -ntsik || -nintsik
|-
|}

wayii
wayiki
wayin

urkuu
urkuyki

peqaa
peqayki

yawarnii
yawarniki

llumtsuynii
llumtsuyniki

raqaani
raqaaniki

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

----
====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

=====Present Tense Transitions Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T02:42:41Z

Fstewar1: /* Pronouns */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Master Table
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| -yki, -ki, -niki || second person singular || your
|-
| -n, -nin || third person singular || his/her
|-
| -ntsik, -nintsik || first person plural (inclusive) || our
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Based on Final Letter of Word Stem
|-
! Pronoun !! ''a'' or ''u'' !! i !! short vowel !! long vowel or consonant
|-
| first person singular || - || - || lengthen vote; || -nii
|-
| second person singular || -yki || -ki || - || -niki
|-
| third person singular || - || - || -n || -nin
|-
| first person plural || - || - || -ntsik || -nintsik
|-
|}

wayii
wayiki
wayin

urkuu
urkuyki

peqaa
peqayki

yawarnii
yawarniki

llumtsuynii
llumtsuyniki

raqaani
raqaaniki

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

----
====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

=====Present Tense Transitions Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T02:42:14Z

Fstewar1: /* Possession */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Master Table
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| -yki, -ki, -niki || second person singular || your
|-
| -n, -nin || third person singular || his/her
|-
| -ntsik, -nintsik || first person plural (inclusive) || our
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Based on Final Letter of Word Stem
|-
! Pronoun !! ''a'' or ''u'' !! i !! short vowel !! long vowel or consonant
|-
| first person singular || - || - || lengthen vote; || -nii
|-
| second person singular || -yki || -ki || - || -niki
|-
| third person singular || - || - || -n || -nin
|-
| first person plural || - || - || -ntsik || -nintsik
|-
|}

wayii
wayiki
wayin

urkuu
urkuyki

peqaa
peqayki

yawarnii
yawarniki

llumtsuynii
llumtsuyniki

raqaani
raqaaniki

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

----
====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

=====Present Tense Transitions Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T02:39:42Z

Fstewar1: /* Noun Inflection */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Master Table
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| -yki, -ki, -niki || second person singular || your
|-
| -n, -nin || third person singular || his/her
|-
| -ntsik, -nintsik || first person plural (inclusive) || our
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possessive Pronouns Based on Final Letter of Word Stem
|-
! Pronoun !! ''a'' or ''u'' !! i !! short vowel !! long vowel or consonant
|-
| first person singular || - || - || lengthen vote; || -nii
|-
| second person singular || -yki || -ki || - || -niki
|-
| third person singular || - || - || - || -n || -nin
|-
| first person plural || - || - || -ntsik || -nintsik
|-
|}

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

----
====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

=====Present Tense Transitions Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T02:29:23Z

Fstewar1: /* Verb Transitions */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possession
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

----
====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

=====Present Tense Transitions Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T02:27:52Z

Fstewar1: /* Verbs */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possession
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

----
====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punuy'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanuy'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

=====Present Tense Transitions Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T02:25:55Z

Fstewar1: /* Nouns */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possession
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

----
====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

=====Present Tense Transitions Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T02:23:42Z

Fstewar1: /* Noun Inflection */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possession
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

----
====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

=====Present Tense Transitions Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T02:22:07Z

Fstewar1: /* Verb Transitions */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possession
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

----
====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

=====Present Tense Transitions Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashurqanki}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashunki}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T02:20:55Z

Fstewar1: /* Verb Transitions */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possession
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

----
====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

=====Present Tense Transitions Morph Tests=====

Morph tests are based on the table.

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}||wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}||wiyamaan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}||wiyamaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}||wiyashunki}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punuq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanuq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-rqa-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyarqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}||wiyamaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}||wiyamaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}||wiyamaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}||wiyashurqanki}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaarqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushurqanki}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanurqaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushurqanki}}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wiyashqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}||wiyamaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}||wiyamaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}||wiyamaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}||wiyashunki}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_s1}}|punumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|punumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|punushunki}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaanqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg1}}|wanumaashun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|o_sg2}}|wanushunki}}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-18T02:08:44Z

Fstewar1: /* Verbs */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

Per Gary J. Parker <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>, Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Phrases ====

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

#Demonstrative Pronoun
#Quantifier
#Number phrase
#Negation
#Preadjective
#Adjective
#Attributive Noun
#Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

===== Pronouns =====

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| nuqa || first person singular || my
|-
| qam || plural || -
|-
| pay || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|-
| noqantsik || first person plural (inclusive) || we
|-
| noqakuna || first person plural (exclusive) || we
|-
| qamkuna || second person plural || you all
|-
| paykuna || third person plural || they
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| ima || what
|-
| pi || who
|-
| may || where
|-
| ayka || how much/many
|-
| imay || when
|-
| imaq || why
|-
| imanir || why
|-
| mayqa- || which
|}

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic ''pi-'', to form indefinite pronouns.
* The pronoun ''mayqa-'' always inflects with the personal suffix

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
! Huaylas !! English translation
|-
| kay || this (proximal)
|-
| tsay/hay|| that (medial)
|-
| taqay || that over there (distal)
|-
| wak || that other
|-
| washa || that over there; from there
|}
----

===== Quantifiers =====

----
===== Adjectives =====

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" <ref name = "parkerGrammar"/>. In English, this would be like the word ''very''. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are
* ''aysi'' = very
* ''mas''= more
* ''llumpay''= very, too much
* ''allaapa''= very

The preadjective ''allaapa'' can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

----

=== Noun Inflection ===

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

==== Plural ====

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix ''kuna'' to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

====Possession====

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Possession
|-
! Huaylas !! Classification !! English gloss
|-
| vowel or ''nii'' || first person singular || my
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

======Combining Inflections======

Nouns inflect in the following order:

:1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|+ Inflections Example
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection Type !! English gloss
|-
| ki || possessor || your
|-
| kuna || plural || -
|-
| wan || comitative-instrumental case || with (the, a)
|}

maki (hand)
* {{morphTest|maki{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|makikikunawan}}

wayi (house)
* {{morphTest|wayi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|wayikikunawan}}

warni (woman)
* {{morphTest|warni{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ins}}|warnikikunawan}}

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix ''-ya(a)'' placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

----
====Conjugations====
===== Present Tense =====

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa: || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaanki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaan || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayan}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punuu}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|pununtsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyan}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanuu}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuntsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyan}}

==== Preterite Tense ====

In the preterite tense, the suffix ''-rqa'' is placed before the personal suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -rqa-ː || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -rqa-nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -rqa-n || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -rqa-ntsik || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || yaa-rqa-ː || <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || yaa-rqa-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || yaa-rqa-n || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyarqan}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tagpl}}|wiyarqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayaqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayarqan}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|punurqan}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqaa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punurqaykii}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyarqan}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanurqan}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqantsik}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqaa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanurqayki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyarqan}}

==== Future Tense ====

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Preterite Tense Conjugation
|-
! Person !! Suffix !! Tag
|-
| First person singular || -shaq || <p1><sg>
|-
| Second person singular || -nki || <p2><sg>
|-
| Third person singular || -nqa || <p3><sg>
|-
| First person plural (inclusive) || -sun || <p1><pl><inc>
|-
| First person plural (exclusive) || -ya-shaq|| <p1><pl><exc>
|-
| Second person plural || -ya-nki || <p2><pl>
|-
| Third person plural || -ya-shun || <p3><pl>
|-
|}

======Morph Tests======

''wiya'' (to hear)

* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wiyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyashum}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayanki}}
* {{morphTest|wiya{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wiyayashun}}

''punu'' (to sleep)
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|punushaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|pununki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|pununqa}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|punushun}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|punu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|punuyashun}}

''wanu'' (to die)
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|wanushaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|wanunqa}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanushun}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exc}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashaq}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyanki}}
* {{morphTest|wanu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|wanuyashun}}

----

=== Verb Transitions ===

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules<ref name="parkerGrammar"/>:
## No suffix can mark the third person as an object
## If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
## If the first person is the object, the suffix ''-ma(a)'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix ''-q'' is used
## If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence ''-shu…nki'' must be used

----

====Present Tense Transitions====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Present Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a ''-ya(a)'' in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, ''wiyayaq'' can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2sg.obj}}}}
}}

I hear y'all
{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1sg.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

''We hear y'all''
::{{IGT|
{{IGT-wd|wiya-ya-q|hear{{sc|1pl.subj-2pl.obj}}}}
}}

=====Present Tense Transitions Morph Tests=====

====Past Tense Transitions====

Similarly to simple present verb conjugation, transitions are formed with the -rqa suffix.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Past Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -rqa-q || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-raq-yki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-rqa-n || Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-rqa-ntsik || Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

====Future Tense Transitions====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Future Transitions
|-
! Transition !! Suffix !! Description
|-
| 1 → 2 || -shqa-yki || First person (subj), second person (obj)
|-
| 2 → 1 || -maa-nki || Second person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 → 1 || -maa-nqa|| Third person (subj), first person (obj)
|-
| 3 &raar; 1 (pl., inc) || -maa-shun|| Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
|-
| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
|}

----

==Case==

Huaylas Quechua has 13 different case suffixes.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"
|+ Huaylas Quechua Case Suffixes
|-
! Suffix !! Type !! Tag
|-
| ø || Nominative || <code>nom</code>
|-
| -ta || Accusative|| <code>acc</code>
|-
| -pa || Genitive || <code>gen</code>
|-
| man || Allative || <code>all</code>
|-
| -piq/-pita || Ablative || <code>abl</code>
|-
| -chaw || Locative (in) || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -paq || Benefactive || <code>ben</code>
|-
| -kama/-yaq || Limitative || <code>lim</code>
|-
| -raykur || Causal || <code>cau</code>
|-
| - naw || Comparative || <code>com</code>
|-
| -pura || Interactive/Proximal locative || <code>loc</code>
|-
| -wan || Instrumental-Comitative || <code>ins</code><code>com</code>
|}

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]