LING073 - User contributions [en]

Rungus and English/Structural Transfer

2025-05-01T17:17:12Z

Gzhang1: /* Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars) */

==Pre-Evaluation==

* WER: 82.35%
* PER: 82.35%

==Structural Transfer==

===Word Order===

* (drg) Momobog ko dialo → (eng) You hit him
** Tagger: ^Bobog<v><impf><af>$ ^ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^dialo<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>$
** Lex: ^Bobog<v><impf><af>/Hit<v><impf><af>$ ^ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>/you<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^dialo<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>/him<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>/her<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** Transfer: ^you<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^Hit<v><impf><af>$ ^him<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>$
** drg-eng: #you #Hit #him

==Post-Evaluation==

* Coverage: 48/48 (1)

===Statistics about input files===
* Number of words in reference: 44
* Number of words in test: 33
* Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 0
* Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

===Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)===
* Edit distance: 39
* Word error rate (WER): 88.64 %
* Number of position-independent correct words: 7
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 84.09 %

[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]
[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]

Rungus and English/Structural Transfer

2025-05-01T17:17:00Z

Gzhang1: /* Post-Evaluation */

==Pre-Evaluation==

* WER: 82.35%
* PER: 82.35%

==Structural Transfer==

===Word Order===

* (drg) Momobog ko dialo → (eng) You hit him
** Tagger: ^Bobog<v><impf><af>$ ^ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^dialo<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>$
** Lex: ^Bobog<v><impf><af>/Hit<v><impf><af>$ ^ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>/you<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^dialo<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>/him<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>/her<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** Transfer: ^you<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^Hit<v><impf><af>$ ^him<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>$
** drg-eng: #you #Hit #him

==Post-Evaluation==

* Coverage: 48/48 (1)

===Statistics about input files===
* Number of words in reference: 44
* Number of words in test: 33
* Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 0
* Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

===Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)===
* Edit distance: 39
* Word error rate (WER): 88.64 %
* Number of position-independent correct words: 2
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 84.09 %

[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]
[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]

Rungus/Final Project

2025-05-01T16:02:22Z

Gzhang1: Created page with "Category:Sp25_FinalProject Category:Rungus"

[[Category:Sp25_FinalProject]]
[[Category:Rungus]]

Rungus and English/Structural Transfer

2025-04-29T19:08:33Z

Gzhang1: /* Post-Evaluation */

==Pre-Evaluation==

* WER: 82.35%
* PER: 82.35%

==Structural Transfer==

===Word Order===

* (drg) Momobog ko dialo → (eng) You hit him
** Tagger: ^Bobog<v><impf><af>$ ^ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^dialo<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>$
** Lex: ^Bobog<v><impf><af>/Hit<v><impf><af>$ ^ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>/you<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^dialo<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>/him<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>/her<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** Transfer: ^you<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^Hit<v><impf><af>$ ^him<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>$
** drg-eng: #you #Hit #him

==Post-Evaluation==

* Coverage: 48/48 (1)

===Statistics about input files===
* Number of words in reference: 44
* Number of words in test: 33
* Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 0
* Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

===Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)===
* Edit distance: 44
* Word error rate (WER): 100.00 %
* Number of position-independent correct words: 2
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 95.45 %

[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]
[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]

Rungus and English/Structural Transfer

2025-04-29T19:08:27Z

Gzhang1: /* Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars) */

==Pre-Evaluation==

* WER: 82.35%
* PER: 82.35%

==Structural Transfer==

===Word Order===

* (drg) Momobog ko dialo → (eng) You hit him
** Tagger: ^Bobog<v><impf><af>$ ^ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^dialo<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>$
** Lex: ^Bobog<v><impf><af>/Hit<v><impf><af>$ ^ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>/you<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^dialo<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>/him<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>/her<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** Transfer: ^you<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^Hit<v><impf><af>$ ^him<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>$
** drg-eng: #you #Hit #him

==Post-Evaluation==

===Statistics about input files===
* Number of words in reference: 44
* Number of words in test: 33
* Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 0
* Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

===Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)===
* Edit distance: 44
* Word error rate (WER): 100.00 %
* Number of position-independent correct words: 2
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 95.45 %

[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]
[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]

Rungus and English/Structural Transfer

2025-04-29T19:08:16Z

Gzhang1: /* Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars) */

==Pre-Evaluation==

* WER: 82.35%
* PER: 82.35%

==Structural Transfer==

===Word Order===

* (drg) Momobog ko dialo → (eng) You hit him
** Tagger: ^Bobog<v><impf><af>$ ^ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^dialo<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>$
** Lex: ^Bobog<v><impf><af>/Hit<v><impf><af>$ ^ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>/you<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^dialo<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>/him<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>/her<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** Transfer: ^you<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^Hit<v><impf><af>$ ^him<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>$
** drg-eng: #you #Hit #him

==Post-Evaluation==

===Statistics about input files===
* Number of words in reference: 44
* Number of words in test: 33
* Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 0
* Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

===Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)===
* Edit distance: 44
* Word error rate (WER): 100.00 %
* Number of position-independent correct words: 2
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 95.45 %

* Coverage: 48/48 (1)

[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]
[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]

Rungus and English/Structural Transfer

2025-04-29T19:04:12Z

Gzhang1: /* Structural Transfer */

==Pre-Evaluation==

* WER: 82.35%
* PER: 82.35%

==Structural Transfer==

===Word Order===

* (drg) Momobog ko dialo → (eng) You hit him
** Tagger: ^Bobog<v><impf><af>$ ^ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^dialo<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>$
** Lex: ^Bobog<v><impf><af>/Hit<v><impf><af>$ ^ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>/you<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^dialo<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>/him<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>/her<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** Transfer: ^you<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^Hit<v><impf><af>$ ^him<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>$
** drg-eng: #you #Hit #him

==Post-Evaluation==

===Statistics about input files===
* Number of words in reference: 44
* Number of words in test: 33
* Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 0
* Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

===Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)===
* Edit distance: 44
* Word error rate (WER): 100.00 %
* Number of position-independent correct words: 2
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 95.45 %

[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]
[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]

Rungus and English/Structural Transfer

2025-04-29T19:01:33Z

Gzhang1: /* Post-Evaluation */

==Pre-Evaluation==

* WER: 82.35%
* PER: 82.35%

==Structural Transfer==

Add at least one example sentence for each item you implement. Show the outputs of the following modes for your translation system: tagger, lex, transfer, and the pair itself (abc-xyz).
Perform WER, PER, and coverage tests again, and add into a post-evaluation section on the wiki page.

===Word Order===

* (drg) Momobog ko dialo → (eng) You hit him
** Tagger: ^Bobog<v><impf><af>$ ^ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^dialo<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>$
** Lex: ^Bobog<v><impf><af>/Hit<v><impf><af>$ ^ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>/you<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^dialo<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>/him<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>/her<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** Transfer: ^you<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^Hit<v><impf><af>$ ^him<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>$
** drg-eng: #you #Hit #him

==Post-Evaluation==

===Statistics about input files===
* Number of words in reference: 44
* Number of words in test: 33
* Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 0
* Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

===Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)===
* Edit distance: 44
* Word error rate (WER): 100.00 %
* Number of position-independent correct words: 2
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 95.45 %

[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]
[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]

Rungus and English/Structural Transfer

2025-04-29T18:53:50Z

Gzhang1: /* Structural Transfer */

==Pre-Evaluation==

* WER: 82.35%
* PER: 82.35%

==Structural Transfer==

Add at least one example sentence for each item you implement. Show the outputs of the following modes for your translation system: tagger, lex, transfer, and the pair itself (abc-xyz).
Perform WER, PER, and coverage tests again, and add into a post-evaluation section on the wiki page.

===Word Order===

* (drg) Momobog ko dialo → (eng) You hit him
** Tagger: ^Bobog<v><impf><af>$ ^ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^dialo<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>$
** Lex: ^Bobog<v><impf><af>/Hit<v><impf><af>$ ^ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>/you<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^dialo<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>/him<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>/her<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** Transfer: ^you<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$ ^Hit<v><impf><af>$ ^him<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc>$^.<sent>$
** drg-eng: #you #Hit #him

==Post-Evaluation==

* WER:
* PER:

[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]
[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]

Rungus and English/Structural Transfer

2025-04-29T18:46:18Z

Gzhang1: /* Structural Transfer */

Rungus and English/Structural Transfer

2025-04-29T18:43:55Z

Gzhang1: /* = */

Rungus and English/Structural Transfer

2025-04-29T18:43:08Z

Gzhang1: /* Implemented Item */

Rungus and English/Structural Transfer

2025-04-29T18:42:42Z

Gzhang1:

==Pre-Evaluation==

* WER: 82.35%
* PER: 82.35%

==Implemented Item==

===

==Post-Evaluation==

* WER:
* PER:

[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]
[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]

Rungus and English/Structural Transfer

2025-04-17T15:32:32Z

Gzhang1:

==Pre-Evaluation==

[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]
[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]

Rungus and English/Structural Transfer

2025-04-17T15:31:49Z

Gzhang1: Created page with "Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer Category:Rungus Category:English"

[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]
[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]

Rungus

2025-04-17T15:31:03Z

Gzhang1: /* Developed Resources */

==About Rungus==
Rungus is a variety of Momogun, an Austronesian language spoken in Sabah, Malaysia. It currently has around 60,000 speakers, including 10,000 monolinguals. The language is threatened and has extremely low digital support.
*[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/drg/ Ethnologue page for Rungus]
**Basic linguistic information
*[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/rung1259 Glottolog page for Rungus]
**Basic linguistic information and categorization
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momogun_language (Very sparse) Wikipedia page for Momogun, Rungus's autonym]
**Not very helpful. Perhaps we will be able to populate it in the future :)
*[http://www.language-archives.org/language/drg Compilation of various resources]
**OLAC resources about Rungus: wordlists, language data, etc.

==External Resources==
===Computational Resources===
None that we could find.
===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===
*Appell, G. N., & Appell, L. W. R. (1961). A provisional field dictionary of the Rungus Dusun language of North Borneo.
**Field dictionary made for doing fieldwork with the Rungus people. Requested through ILL (Edit: arrived).
*SIL Global. (2025). Rungus Dictionary. ''Webonary.org.'' [https://www.webonary.org/rungus/browse/browse-vernacular-english/ URL]
**Online dictionary that translates between Rungus, Malay, and English. Has full Rungus phrases translated from Rungus to English as well. The entire site can also be translated into Rungus, which could be really nice.
**Webonary's [https://www.webonary.org/sil-international-terms-of-service-for-webonary-org/ terms of service] seem to allow us to use its data for our purposes. We are allowed to download any content accessible on the website.
*Sokuroh, J.K. (2013). Pu'un do Boros Momogun Rungus Rootwords (Momogun Rungus - English)
**Another Rungus to English dictionary that appears to specify rootwords, which may be helpful. Requested through ILL.

===Grammatical Descriptions===
Appears to be primarily inflectional. Tenses and other words are formed with affixation, whether that be prefixes, infixes, or suffixes. Since Austronesian languages tend to be further on the agglutinative side of things, it's very possible that there is some agglutination happening as well.
*Forschner, T. A. (1994). Hoturan Di Boros Momogun (Rungus) = Outline of a Momogun Grammar (Rungus Dialect). Kudat. [https://www.ebfo.de/rungus/Rungus-Grammar_A4.pdf PDF]
**The main grammar of Rungus we have been able to find. Seems to be pretty comprehensive.

===Scientific Works===
*King, J. K. (1984). The Rungus Language. In J. K. King & J. W. King (Eds.), ''Languages of Sabah: A Survey Report'', pp.283-296. The Australian National University. [http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-C78.283.pdf PDF]
**This is a survey of the dialects of Rungus, testing dialect intelligibility. Not sure if this will be helpful, but it's here for now.
*Al-Khaza'leh, B. A. (2023). Status of Rungus Language as an Indigenous Language Spoken by Rungus Ethnic Group in Eastern Malaysia. ''Journal of Language Teaching and Research,'' ''14''(3), pp. 656-664. [https://jltr.academypublication.com/index.php/jltr/article/view/5904/4720 URL].
**This is essentially an ethnographic status check on how the Rungus language is doing endangerment-wise. The language is endangered and literacy rates are dropping.

===Corpora===
{{comment|Would be good to know licenses of these sources. -JNW}}
*Sulukan, Minie (translator). (2020). SUMODIA suma'ap #COVID-19. University Malaysia Sabah. [https://www.ums.edu.my/v5/ms/announcement-link-3/9225-projek-terjemahan-poster-anti-covid-19-who-fifa-ke-bahasa-orang-asal-sabah-2 URL]
**Translation of COVID resources. The page itself is in Malay, but at the bottom there are versions of each poster translated into Rungus.
**The [https://www.ums.edu.my/v5/en/home/copyright-policy terms of use] appear to allow for us to use their materials freely. They say they are present for teaching and learning and they are not responsible for damages caused by the use of their materials.
*It Avanus o Bahazan: om ongo surat vokon
**Seems to be a book in Rungus. Requested through ILL (Edit: arrived)

==Developed Resources==
*Course Github Repository [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg-corpus/tree/main]
**Currently holds several files of Rungus words, phrases, and sentences
===Keyboard===
*[[Rungus/Keyboard]]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg-keyboard Git keyboard repository]

===Grammar===
*[[Rungus/Grammar]]

===Transducer===
*[[Rungus/Transducer]]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg Git transducer repository]

===Machine Translation===
*[[Rungus_and_English]]

===Ambiguity Resolution===
*[[Rungus_and_English/Ambiguity_Resolution]]

===Contrastive Grammar===
*[[Rungus_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar]]

===Structural Transfer===
*[[Rungus_and_English/Structural_Transfer]]

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:sp25_ResourceDocumentation]]

Rungus

2025-04-17T15:28:55Z

Gzhang1: /* Developed Resources */

==About Rungus==
Rungus is a variety of Momogun, an Austronesian language spoken in Sabah, Malaysia. It currently has around 60,000 speakers, including 10,000 monolinguals. The language is threatened and has extremely low digital support.
*[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/drg/ Ethnologue page for Rungus]
**Basic linguistic information
*[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/rung1259 Glottolog page for Rungus]
**Basic linguistic information and categorization
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momogun_language (Very sparse) Wikipedia page for Momogun, Rungus's autonym]
**Not very helpful. Perhaps we will be able to populate it in the future :)
*[http://www.language-archives.org/language/drg Compilation of various resources]
**OLAC resources about Rungus: wordlists, language data, etc.

==External Resources==
===Computational Resources===
None that we could find.
===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===
*Appell, G. N., & Appell, L. W. R. (1961). A provisional field dictionary of the Rungus Dusun language of North Borneo.
**Field dictionary made for doing fieldwork with the Rungus people. Requested through ILL (Edit: arrived).
*SIL Global. (2025). Rungus Dictionary. ''Webonary.org.'' [https://www.webonary.org/rungus/browse/browse-vernacular-english/ URL]
**Online dictionary that translates between Rungus, Malay, and English. Has full Rungus phrases translated from Rungus to English as well. The entire site can also be translated into Rungus, which could be really nice.
**Webonary's [https://www.webonary.org/sil-international-terms-of-service-for-webonary-org/ terms of service] seem to allow us to use its data for our purposes. We are allowed to download any content accessible on the website.
*Sokuroh, J.K. (2013). Pu'un do Boros Momogun Rungus Rootwords (Momogun Rungus - English)
**Another Rungus to English dictionary that appears to specify rootwords, which may be helpful. Requested through ILL.

===Grammatical Descriptions===
Appears to be primarily inflectional. Tenses and other words are formed with affixation, whether that be prefixes, infixes, or suffixes. Since Austronesian languages tend to be further on the agglutinative side of things, it's very possible that there is some agglutination happening as well.
*Forschner, T. A. (1994). Hoturan Di Boros Momogun (Rungus) = Outline of a Momogun Grammar (Rungus Dialect). Kudat. [https://www.ebfo.de/rungus/Rungus-Grammar_A4.pdf PDF]
**The main grammar of Rungus we have been able to find. Seems to be pretty comprehensive.

===Scientific Works===
*King, J. K. (1984). The Rungus Language. In J. K. King & J. W. King (Eds.), ''Languages of Sabah: A Survey Report'', pp.283-296. The Australian National University. [http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-C78.283.pdf PDF]
**This is a survey of the dialects of Rungus, testing dialect intelligibility. Not sure if this will be helpful, but it's here for now.
*Al-Khaza'leh, B. A. (2023). Status of Rungus Language as an Indigenous Language Spoken by Rungus Ethnic Group in Eastern Malaysia. ''Journal of Language Teaching and Research,'' ''14''(3), pp. 656-664. [https://jltr.academypublication.com/index.php/jltr/article/view/5904/4720 URL].
**This is essentially an ethnographic status check on how the Rungus language is doing endangerment-wise. The language is endangered and literacy rates are dropping.

===Corpora===
{{comment|Would be good to know licenses of these sources. -JNW}}
*Sulukan, Minie (translator). (2020). SUMODIA suma'ap #COVID-19. University Malaysia Sabah. [https://www.ums.edu.my/v5/ms/announcement-link-3/9225-projek-terjemahan-poster-anti-covid-19-who-fifa-ke-bahasa-orang-asal-sabah-2 URL]
**Translation of COVID resources. The page itself is in Malay, but at the bottom there are versions of each poster translated into Rungus.
**The [https://www.ums.edu.my/v5/en/home/copyright-policy terms of use] appear to allow for us to use their materials freely. They say they are present for teaching and learning and they are not responsible for damages caused by the use of their materials.
*It Avanus o Bahazan: om ongo surat vokon
**Seems to be a book in Rungus. Requested through ILL (Edit: arrived)

==Developed Resources==
*Course Github Repository [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg-corpus/tree/main]
**Currently holds several files of Rungus words, phrases, and sentences
===Keyboard===
*[[Rungus/Keyboard]]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg-keyboard Git keyboard repository]

===Grammar===
*[[Rungus/Grammar]]

===Transducer===
*[[Rungus/Transducer]]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg Git transducer repository]

===Machine Translation===
*[[Rungus_and_English]]

===Ambiguity Resolution===
*[[Rungus_and_English/Ambiguity_Resolution]]

===Contrastive Grammar===
*[[Rungus_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar]]

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:sp25_ResourceDocumentation]]

Rungus and English/Ambiguity Resolution

2025-04-15T16:48:14Z

Gzhang1: /* Final Evaluation of Ambiguity */

==drg==
===Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity===
*Parallel Sentence Corpus <code>drg.sentences.txt</code>: ~1.129 (287/254)
*Largest Monolingual Corpus <code>drg.corpus.basic.txt</code>: ~1.181 (2585/2188)

===Identified Ambiguity===
Morphological Ambiguity
*^Boli/Boli<n>/'''Boli<v>'''$ ^po/po<adj>$ ^ka/ka<v>$ ^do/do<det><ind><acc>$ ^vaig/vaig<n>$^,/,<cm>$ ^tuliohon/tuliohon<adj>$ ^oku/oku<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^ma/ka<v><iv><impf>$^./.<sent>$
*^Olomu/Olomu<adj>$ ^mang/mang<adv>$ ^ino/ino<det><dem><med><nom>$ ^boli/'''boli<n>'''/boli<v>$ ^oi/oi<ij>$^./.<sent>$
To resolve this ambiguity, we wrote code that chooses the verb translation when 'boli' when it is sentence initial due to the VSO structure of Rungus.

Lexical Ambiguity
*^Popungo<v>/Put<v>$ ^sid<pr>/for<pr>/at<pr>/'''in<pr>'''/on<pr>/out<pr>$ ^abai<n>/loft<n>$ ^ino<det><dem><med><nom>/that<det><dem><med><nom>$ ^ikam<n>/mat<n>$ ^dino<det><dem><med><acc>/that<det><dem><med><acc>$ ^nga<cnj><coo>/but<cnj><coo>$ ^omomos<adj>/upright<adj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*^Kada<vaux>/Do not<vaux>$ ^*momozo/*momozo$ ^*inot/*inot$ ^*a/*a$'^*azagan/*azagan$ ^ku<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>/my<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>$ ^do<det><ind><acc>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^tapung<n>/flour<n>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^*pongiduan/*pongiduan$ ^ku<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>/my<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>$ ^do<det><ind><acc>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^dupot<n>/animal<n>$ ^sid<pr>/for<pr>/at<pr>/in<pr>/on<pr>/'''out<pr>'''$ ^tapung<n>/flour<n>$ ^ino<det><dem><med><nom>/that<det><dem><med><nom>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

===Final Evaluation of Ambiguity===
*Parallel Sentence Corpus <code>drg.sentences.txt</code>: 286 / 253 (~1.13043478260869565217)
*Largest Monolingual Corpus <code>drg.corpus.basic.txt</code>: 2581 / 2184 (~1.18177655677655677656)

Figures are a little strange, likely due to updates made to the lexd file between the initial evaluation and the final evaluation. The top number went down though hehe.

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_AmbiguityResolution]]

Rungus and English/Ambiguity Resolution

2025-04-15T16:46:17Z

Gzhang1: /* Final Evaluation of Ambiguity */

==drg==
===Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity===
*Parallel Sentence Corpus <code>drg.sentences.txt</code>: ~1.129 (287/254)
*Largest Monolingual Corpus <code>drg.corpus.basic.txt</code>: ~1.181 (2585/2188)

===Identified Ambiguity===
Morphological Ambiguity
*^Boli/Boli<n>/'''Boli<v>'''$ ^po/po<adj>$ ^ka/ka<v>$ ^do/do<det><ind><acc>$ ^vaig/vaig<n>$^,/,<cm>$ ^tuliohon/tuliohon<adj>$ ^oku/oku<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^ma/ka<v><iv><impf>$^./.<sent>$
*^Olomu/Olomu<adj>$ ^mang/mang<adv>$ ^ino/ino<det><dem><med><nom>$ ^boli/'''boli<n>'''/boli<v>$ ^oi/oi<ij>$^./.<sent>$
To resolve this ambiguity, we wrote code that chooses the verb translation when 'boli' when it is sentence initial due to the VSO structure of Rungus.

Lexical Ambiguity
*^Popungo<v>/Put<v>$ ^sid<pr>/for<pr>/at<pr>/'''in<pr>'''/on<pr>/out<pr>$ ^abai<n>/loft<n>$ ^ino<det><dem><med><nom>/that<det><dem><med><nom>$ ^ikam<n>/mat<n>$ ^dino<det><dem><med><acc>/that<det><dem><med><acc>$ ^nga<cnj><coo>/but<cnj><coo>$ ^omomos<adj>/upright<adj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*^Kada<vaux>/Do not<vaux>$ ^*momozo/*momozo$ ^*inot/*inot$ ^*a/*a$'^*azagan/*azagan$ ^ku<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>/my<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>$ ^do<det><ind><acc>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^tapung<n>/flour<n>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^*pongiduan/*pongiduan$ ^ku<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>/my<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>$ ^do<det><ind><acc>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^dupot<n>/animal<n>$ ^sid<pr>/for<pr>/at<pr>/in<pr>/on<pr>/'''out<pr>'''$ ^tapung<n>/flour<n>$ ^ino<det><dem><med><nom>/that<det><dem><med><nom>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

===Final Evaluation of Ambiguity===
*Parallel Sentence Corpus <code>drg.sentences.txt</code>: 286 / 253 (~1.13043478260869565217)
*Largest Monolingual Corpus <code>drg.corpus.basic.txt</code>: 2581 / 2184 (~1.18177655677655677656)

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_AmbiguityResolution]]

Rungus and English/Ambiguity Resolution

2025-04-15T16:45:24Z

Gzhang1: /* Final Evaluation of Ambiguity */

==drg==
===Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity===
*Parallel Sentence Corpus <code>drg.sentences.txt</code>: ~1.129 (287/254)
*Largest Monolingual Corpus <code>drg.corpus.basic.txt</code>: ~1.181 (2585/2188)

===Identified Ambiguity===
Morphological Ambiguity
*^Boli/Boli<n>/'''Boli<v>'''$ ^po/po<adj>$ ^ka/ka<v>$ ^do/do<det><ind><acc>$ ^vaig/vaig<n>$^,/,<cm>$ ^tuliohon/tuliohon<adj>$ ^oku/oku<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^ma/ka<v><iv><impf>$^./.<sent>$
*^Olomu/Olomu<adj>$ ^mang/mang<adv>$ ^ino/ino<det><dem><med><nom>$ ^boli/'''boli<n>'''/boli<v>$ ^oi/oi<ij>$^./.<sent>$
To resolve this ambiguity, we wrote code that chooses the verb translation when 'boli' when it is sentence initial due to the VSO structure of Rungus.

Lexical Ambiguity
*^Popungo<v>/Put<v>$ ^sid<pr>/for<pr>/at<pr>/'''in<pr>'''/on<pr>/out<pr>$ ^abai<n>/loft<n>$ ^ino<det><dem><med><nom>/that<det><dem><med><nom>$ ^ikam<n>/mat<n>$ ^dino<det><dem><med><acc>/that<det><dem><med><acc>$ ^nga<cnj><coo>/but<cnj><coo>$ ^omomos<adj>/upright<adj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*^Kada<vaux>/Do not<vaux>$ ^*momozo/*momozo$ ^*inot/*inot$ ^*a/*a$'^*azagan/*azagan$ ^ku<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>/my<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>$ ^do<det><ind><acc>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^tapung<n>/flour<n>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^*pongiduan/*pongiduan$ ^ku<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>/my<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>$ ^do<det><ind><acc>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^dupot<n>/animal<n>$ ^sid<pr>/for<pr>/at<pr>/in<pr>/on<pr>/'''out<pr>'''$ ^tapung<n>/flour<n>$ ^ino<det><dem><med><nom>/that<det><dem><med><nom>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

===Final Evaluation of Ambiguity===
*Parallel Sentence Corpus <code>drg.sentences.txt</code>: ~
*Largest Monolingual Corpus <code>drg.corpus.basic.txt</code>: 2581 / 2184 (~1.18177655677655677656)

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_AmbiguityResolution]]

Rungus and English/Ambiguity Resolution

2025-04-10T17:06:28Z

Gzhang1: /* Identified Ambiguity */

==drg==
===Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity===
*Parallel Sentence Corpus <code>drg.sentences.txt</code>: ~1.129 (287/254)
*Largest Monolingual Corpus <code>drg.corpus.basic.txt</code>: ~1.181 (2585/2188)

===Identified Ambiguity===
Morphological Ambiguity
*^Boli/Boli<n>/'''Boli<v>'''$ ^po/po<adj>$ ^ka/ka<v>$ ^do/do<det><ind><acc>$ ^vaig/vaig<n>$^,/,<cm>$ ^tuliohon/tuliohon<adj>$ ^oku/oku<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^ma/ka<v><iv><impf>$^./.<sent>$
*^Olomu/Olomu<adj>$ ^mang/mang<adv>$ ^ino/ino<det><dem><med><nom>$ ^boli/'''boli<n>'''/boli<v>$ ^oi/oi<ij>$^./.<sent>$

Lexical Ambiguity
*^Popungo<v>/Put<v>$ ^sid<pr>/for<pr>/at<pr>/'''in<pr>'''/on<pr>/out<pr>$ ^abai<n>/loft<n>$ ^ino<det><dem><med><nom>/that<det><dem><med><nom>$ ^ikam<n>/mat<n>$ ^dino<det><dem><med><acc>/that<det><dem><med><acc>$ ^nga<cnj><coo>/but<cnj><coo>$ ^omomos<adj>/upright<adj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*^Kada<vaux>/Do not<vaux>$ ^*momozo/*momozo$ ^*inot/*inot$ ^*a/*a$'^*azagan/*azagan$ ^ku<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>/my<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>$ ^do<det><ind><acc>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^tapung<n>/flour<n>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^*pongiduan/*pongiduan$ ^ku<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>/my<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>$ ^do<det><ind><acc>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^dupot<n>/animal<n>$ ^sid<pr>/for<pr>/at<pr>/in<pr>/on<pr>/'''out<pr>'''$ ^tapung<n>/flour<n>$ ^ino<det><dem><med><nom>/that<det><dem><med><nom>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

==drg → eng==

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_AmbiguityResolution]]

Rungus and English/Ambiguity Resolution

2025-04-10T17:02:14Z

Gzhang1: /* Identified Ambiguity */

Rungus and English/Ambiguity Resolution

2025-04-10T16:42:46Z

Gzhang1: /* Identified Ambiguity */

Rungus and English/Ambiguity Resolution

2025-04-10T16:38:48Z

Gzhang1: /* Identified Ambiguity */

==drg==
===Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity===
*Parallel Sentence Corpus <code>drg.sentences.txt</code>: ~1.129 (287/254)
*Largest Monolingual Corpus <code>drg.corpus.basic.txt</code>: ~1.181 (2585/2188)

===Identified Ambiguity===
Example One
*^Banalko/Banalko<adv>$ ^abazazat/abazazat<adv>$ ^ko/ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><gen>/'''ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>'''$ ^mangakan/akan<v><tv><impf><af>$ ^dino/dino<prn><dem><dst><acc>$ ^kinulat/kinulat<n>/kinulat<v>$ ^nu/*nu$ ^mai/mai<adv>$ ^Oboi/Oboi<np>$^./.<sent>$
*^Abpai/Abpai<v>$ ^sinod/*sinod$ ^bantal/bantal<n>$^,/,<cm>$ ^baharu/baharu<v>$ ^om/om<cnj><coo>$ ^osinang/osinang<adj>$ ^ko/'''ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><gen>'''/ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$^./.<sent>$

Example Two
*^Boli/Boli<n>/'''Boli<v>'''$ ^po/po<adj>$ ^ka/ka<v>$ ^do/do<det><ind><acc>$ ^vaig/vaig<n>$^,/,<cm>$ ^tuliohon/tuliohon<adj>$ ^oku/oku<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^ma/ka<v><iv><impf>$^./.<sent>$
*^Olomu/Olomu<adj>$ ^mang/mang<adv>$ ^ino/ino<det><dem><med><nom>$ ^boli/'''boli<n>'''/boli<v>$ ^oi/oi<ij>$^./.<sent>$

==drg → eng==

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_AmbiguityResolution]]

Rungus and English/Ambiguity Resolution

2025-04-10T16:27:20Z

Gzhang1: /* Identified Ambiguity */

Rungus and English/Ambiguity Resolution

2025-04-10T16:23:47Z

Gzhang1: /* Identified Ambiguity */

Rungus

2025-04-10T15:31:26Z

Gzhang1: /* Ambiguity Resolution */

==About Rungus==
Rungus is a variety of Momogun, an Austronesian language spoken in Sabah, Malaysia. It currently has around 60,000 speakers, including 10,000 monolinguals. The language is threatened and has extremely low digital support.
*[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/drg/ Ethnologue page for Rungus]
**Basic linguistic information
*[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/rung1259 Glottolog page for Rungus]
**Basic linguistic information and categorization
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momogun_language (Very sparse) Wikipedia page for Momogun, Rungus's autonym]
**Not very helpful. Perhaps we will be able to populate it in the future :)
*[http://www.language-archives.org/language/drg Compilation of various resources]
**OLAC resources about Rungus: wordlists, language data, etc.

==External Resources==
===Computational Resources===
None that we could find.
===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===
*Appell, G. N., & Appell, L. W. R. (1961). A provisional field dictionary of the Rungus Dusun language of North Borneo.
**Field dictionary made for doing fieldwork with the Rungus people. Requested through ILL (Edit: arrived).
*SIL Global. (2025). Rungus Dictionary. ''Webonary.org.'' [https://www.webonary.org/rungus/browse/browse-vernacular-english/ URL]
**Online dictionary that translates between Rungus, Malay, and English. Has full Rungus phrases translated from Rungus to English as well. The entire site can also be translated into Rungus, which could be really nice.
**Webonary's [https://www.webonary.org/sil-international-terms-of-service-for-webonary-org/ terms of service] seem to allow us to use its data for our purposes. We are allowed to download any content accessible on the website.
*Sokuroh, J.K. (2013). Pu'un do Boros Momogun Rungus Rootwords (Momogun Rungus - English)
**Another Rungus to English dictionary that appears to specify rootwords, which may be helpful. Requested through ILL.

===Grammatical Descriptions===
Appears to be primarily inflectional. Tenses and other words are formed with affixation, whether that be prefixes, infixes, or suffixes. Since Austronesian languages tend to be further on the agglutinative side of things, it's very possible that there is some agglutination happening as well.
*Forschner, T. A. (1994). Hoturan Di Boros Momogun (Rungus) = Outline of a Momogun Grammar (Rungus Dialect). Kudat. [https://www.ebfo.de/rungus/Rungus-Grammar_A4.pdf PDF]
**The main grammar of Rungus we have been able to find. Seems to be pretty comprehensive.

===Scientific Works===
*King, J. K. (1984). The Rungus Language. In J. K. King & J. W. King (Eds.), ''Languages of Sabah: A Survey Report'', pp.283-296. The Australian National University. [http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-C78.283.pdf PDF]
**This is a survey of the dialects of Rungus, testing dialect intelligibility. Not sure if this will be helpful, but it's here for now.
*Al-Khaza'leh, B. A. (2023). Status of Rungus Language as an Indigenous Language Spoken by Rungus Ethnic Group in Eastern Malaysia. ''Journal of Language Teaching and Research,'' ''14''(3), pp. 656-664. [https://jltr.academypublication.com/index.php/jltr/article/view/5904/4720 URL].
**This is essentially an ethnographic status check on how the Rungus language is doing endangerment-wise. The language is endangered and literacy rates are dropping.

===Corpora===
{{comment|Would be good to know licenses of these sources. -JNW}}
*Sulukan, Minie (translator). (2020). SUMODIA suma'ap #COVID-19. University Malaysia Sabah. [https://www.ums.edu.my/v5/ms/announcement-link-3/9225-projek-terjemahan-poster-anti-covid-19-who-fifa-ke-bahasa-orang-asal-sabah-2 URL]
**Translation of COVID resources. The page itself is in Malay, but at the bottom there are versions of each poster translated into Rungus.
**The [https://www.ums.edu.my/v5/en/home/copyright-policy terms of use] appear to allow for us to use their materials freely. They say they are present for teaching and learning and they are not responsible for damages caused by the use of their materials.
*It Avanus o Bahazan: om ongo surat vokon
**Seems to be a book in Rungus. Requested through ILL (Edit: arrived)

==Developed Resources==
*Course Github Repository [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg-corpus/tree/main]
**Currently holds several files of Rungus words, phrases, and sentences
===Keyboard===
*[[Rungus/Keyboard]]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg-keyboard Git keyboard repository]

===Grammar===
*[[Rungus/Grammar]]

===Transducer===
*[[Rungus/Transducer]]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg Git transducer repository]

===Machine Translation===
*[[Rungus_and_English]]

===Ambiguity Resolution===
*[[Rungus_and_English/Ambiguity_Resolution]]

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:sp25_ResourceDocumentation]]

Rungus

2025-04-10T15:31:17Z

Gzhang1: /* Developed Resources */

==About Rungus==
Rungus is a variety of Momogun, an Austronesian language spoken in Sabah, Malaysia. It currently has around 60,000 speakers, including 10,000 monolinguals. The language is threatened and has extremely low digital support.
*[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/drg/ Ethnologue page for Rungus]
**Basic linguistic information
*[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/rung1259 Glottolog page for Rungus]
**Basic linguistic information and categorization
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momogun_language (Very sparse) Wikipedia page for Momogun, Rungus's autonym]
**Not very helpful. Perhaps we will be able to populate it in the future :)
*[http://www.language-archives.org/language/drg Compilation of various resources]
**OLAC resources about Rungus: wordlists, language data, etc.

==External Resources==
===Computational Resources===
None that we could find.
===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===
*Appell, G. N., & Appell, L. W. R. (1961). A provisional field dictionary of the Rungus Dusun language of North Borneo.
**Field dictionary made for doing fieldwork with the Rungus people. Requested through ILL (Edit: arrived).
*SIL Global. (2025). Rungus Dictionary. ''Webonary.org.'' [https://www.webonary.org/rungus/browse/browse-vernacular-english/ URL]
**Online dictionary that translates between Rungus, Malay, and English. Has full Rungus phrases translated from Rungus to English as well. The entire site can also be translated into Rungus, which could be really nice.
**Webonary's [https://www.webonary.org/sil-international-terms-of-service-for-webonary-org/ terms of service] seem to allow us to use its data for our purposes. We are allowed to download any content accessible on the website.
*Sokuroh, J.K. (2013). Pu'un do Boros Momogun Rungus Rootwords (Momogun Rungus - English)
**Another Rungus to English dictionary that appears to specify rootwords, which may be helpful. Requested through ILL.

===Grammatical Descriptions===
Appears to be primarily inflectional. Tenses and other words are formed with affixation, whether that be prefixes, infixes, or suffixes. Since Austronesian languages tend to be further on the agglutinative side of things, it's very possible that there is some agglutination happening as well.
*Forschner, T. A. (1994). Hoturan Di Boros Momogun (Rungus) = Outline of a Momogun Grammar (Rungus Dialect). Kudat. [https://www.ebfo.de/rungus/Rungus-Grammar_A4.pdf PDF]
**The main grammar of Rungus we have been able to find. Seems to be pretty comprehensive.

===Scientific Works===
*King, J. K. (1984). The Rungus Language. In J. K. King & J. W. King (Eds.), ''Languages of Sabah: A Survey Report'', pp.283-296. The Australian National University. [http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-C78.283.pdf PDF]
**This is a survey of the dialects of Rungus, testing dialect intelligibility. Not sure if this will be helpful, but it's here for now.
*Al-Khaza'leh, B. A. (2023). Status of Rungus Language as an Indigenous Language Spoken by Rungus Ethnic Group in Eastern Malaysia. ''Journal of Language Teaching and Research,'' ''14''(3), pp. 656-664. [https://jltr.academypublication.com/index.php/jltr/article/view/5904/4720 URL].
**This is essentially an ethnographic status check on how the Rungus language is doing endangerment-wise. The language is endangered and literacy rates are dropping.

===Corpora===
{{comment|Would be good to know licenses of these sources. -JNW}}
*Sulukan, Minie (translator). (2020). SUMODIA suma'ap #COVID-19. University Malaysia Sabah. [https://www.ums.edu.my/v5/ms/announcement-link-3/9225-projek-terjemahan-poster-anti-covid-19-who-fifa-ke-bahasa-orang-asal-sabah-2 URL]
**Translation of COVID resources. The page itself is in Malay, but at the bottom there are versions of each poster translated into Rungus.
**The [https://www.ums.edu.my/v5/en/home/copyright-policy terms of use] appear to allow for us to use their materials freely. They say they are present for teaching and learning and they are not responsible for damages caused by the use of their materials.
*It Avanus o Bahazan: om ongo surat vokon
**Seems to be a book in Rungus. Requested through ILL (Edit: arrived)

==Developed Resources==
*Course Github Repository [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg-corpus/tree/main]
**Currently holds several files of Rungus words, phrases, and sentences
===Keyboard===
*[[Rungus/Keyboard]]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg-keyboard Git keyboard repository]

===Grammar===
*[[Rungus/Grammar]]

===Transducer===
*[[Rungus/Transducer]]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg Git transducer repository]

===Machine Translation===
*[[Rungus_and_English]]

===Ambiguity Resolution===
*[[Rung_and_English/Ambiguity_Resolution]]

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:sp25_ResourceDocumentation]]

Rungus and English/Ambiguity Resolution

2025-04-08T16:30:57Z

Gzhang1: /* Identified Ambiguity */

==drg==
===Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity===
*Parallel Sentence Corpus <code>drg.sentences.txt</code>: ~1.129 (287/254)
*Largest Monolingual Corpus <code>drg.corpus.basic.txt</code>: ~1.181 (2585/2188)

===Identified Ambiguity===
*^Banalko/Banalko<adv>$ ^abazazat/abazazat<adv>$ ^ko/ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><gen>/'''ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>'''$ ^mangakan/akan<v><tv><impf><af>$ ^dino/dino<prn><dem><dst><acc>$ ^kinulat/kinulat<n>/kinulat<v>$ ^nu/*nu$ ^mai/mai<adv>$ ^Oboi/Oboi<np>$^./.<sent>$
*^Abpai/Abpai<v>$ ^sinod/*sinod$ ^bantal/bantal<n>$^,/,<cm>$ ^baharu/baharu<v>$ ^om/om<cnj><coo>$ ^osinang/osinang<adj>$ ^ko/'''ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><gen>'''/ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>$^./.<sent>$

==drg → eng==

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_AmbiguityResolution]]

Rungus and English/Ambiguity Resolution

2025-04-08T16:28:24Z

Gzhang1: /* Identified Ambiguity */

==drg==
===Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity===
*Parallel Sentence Corpus <code>drg.sentences.txt</code>: ~1.129 (287/254)
*Largest Monolingual Corpus <code>drg.corpus.basic.txt</code>: ~1.181 (2585/2188)

===Identified Ambiguity===
*^Banalko/Banalko<adv>$ ^abazazat/abazazat<adv>$ ^ko/ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><gen>/'''ko<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom>'''$ ^mangakan/akan<v><tv><impf><af>$ ^dino/dino<prn><dem><dst><acc>$ ^kinulat/kinulat<n>/kinulat<v>$ ^nu/*nu$ ^mai/mai<adv>$ ^Oboi/Oboi<np>$^./.<sent>$

==drg → eng==

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_AmbiguityResolution]]

Rungus and English/Ambiguity Resolution

2025-04-08T16:26:03Z

Gzhang1: /* Identified Ambiguity */

Rungus and English/Ambiguity Resolution

2025-04-08T16:15:22Z

Gzhang1: /* drg */

==drg==
===Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity===
*Parallel Sentence Corpus <code>drg.sentences.txt</code>: ~1.129 (287/254)
*Largest Monolingual Corpus <code>drg.corpus.basic.txt</code>: ~1.181 (2585/2188)

===Identified Ambiguity===

==drg → eng==

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_AmbiguityResolution]]

Rungus and English/Ambiguity Resolution

2025-04-08T15:20:41Z

Gzhang1: /* Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity */

==drg==
===Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity===
*Parallel Sentence Corpus <code>drg.sentences.txt</code>: ~1.129 (287/254)
*Largest Monolingual Corpus <code>drg.corpus.basic.txt</code>: ~1.181 (2585/2188)

==drg → eng==

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_AmbiguityResolution]]

Rungus and English/Ambiguity Resolution

2025-04-08T15:19:55Z

Gzhang1: /* Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity */

==drg==
===Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity===
*Parallel Sentence Corpus <code>drg.sentences.txt</code>: ~1.129
*Monolingual Corpus <code>drg.corpus.basic.txt</code>: ~1.181

==drg → eng==

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_AmbiguityResolution]]

Rungus and English/Ambiguity Resolution

2025-04-08T15:19:12Z

Gzhang1: /* Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity */

==drg==
===Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity===
*Parallel Sentence Corpus <code>drg.sentences.txt</code>: ~1.129
*Monolingual Corpus <code>drg.corpus.basic.txt</code>:

==drg → eng==

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_AmbiguityResolution]]

Rungus and English/Ambiguity Resolution

2025-04-08T15:19:01Z

Gzhang1: /* Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity */

==drg==
===Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity===
Parallel Sentence Corpus <code>drg.sentences.txt</code>: ~1.129
Monolingual Corpus <code>drg.corpus.basic.txt</code>:

==drg → eng==

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_AmbiguityResolution]]

Rungus and English/Ambiguity Resolution

2025-04-08T15:08:19Z

Gzhang1: /* drg */

==drg==
===Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity===

==drg → eng==

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_AmbiguityResolution]]

Rungus and English/Ambiguity Resolution

2025-04-08T15:05:39Z

Gzhang1: /* drg → eng */

==drg==

==drg → eng==

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_AmbiguityResolution]]

Rungus and English/Ambiguity Resolution

2025-04-08T15:05:34Z

Gzhang1: /* drg */

==drg==

====drg → eng====

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_AmbiguityResolution]]

Rungus and English/Ambiguity Resolution

2025-04-08T15:05:00Z

Gzhang1:

====drg====

====drg → eng====

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_AmbiguityResolution]]

Rungus and English/Ambiguity Resolution

2025-04-08T15:03:49Z

Gzhang1: Created page with "Category:Rungus Category:English Category:Sp25_AmbiguityResolution"

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_AmbiguityResolution]]

Rungus

2025-04-08T14:59:42Z

Gzhang1: /* Developed Resources */

==About Rungus==
Rungus is a variety of Momogun, an Austronesian language spoken in Sabah, Malaysia. It currently has around 60,000 speakers, including 10,000 monolinguals. The language is threatened and has extremely low digital support.
*[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/drg/ Ethnologue page for Rungus]
**Basic linguistic information
*[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/rung1259 Glottolog page for Rungus]
**Basic linguistic information and categorization
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momogun_language (Very sparse) Wikipedia page for Momogun, Rungus's autonym]
**Not very helpful. Perhaps we will be able to populate it in the future :)
*[http://www.language-archives.org/language/drg Compilation of various resources]
**OLAC resources about Rungus: wordlists, language data, etc.

==External Resources==
===Computational Resources===
None that we could find.
===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===
*Appell, G. N., & Appell, L. W. R. (1961). A provisional field dictionary of the Rungus Dusun language of North Borneo.
**Field dictionary made for doing fieldwork with the Rungus people. Requested through ILL (Edit: arrived).
*SIL Global. (2025). Rungus Dictionary. ''Webonary.org.'' [https://www.webonary.org/rungus/browse/browse-vernacular-english/ URL]
**Online dictionary that translates between Rungus, Malay, and English. Has full Rungus phrases translated from Rungus to English as well. The entire site can also be translated into Rungus, which could be really nice.
**Webonary's [https://www.webonary.org/sil-international-terms-of-service-for-webonary-org/ terms of service] seem to allow us to use its data for our purposes. We are allowed to download any content accessible on the website.
*Sokuroh, J.K. (2013). Pu'un do Boros Momogun Rungus Rootwords (Momogun Rungus - English)
**Another Rungus to English dictionary that appears to specify rootwords, which may be helpful. Requested through ILL.

===Grammatical Descriptions===
Appears to be primarily inflectional. Tenses and other words are formed with affixation, whether that be prefixes, infixes, or suffixes. Since Austronesian languages tend to be further on the agglutinative side of things, it's very possible that there is some agglutination happening as well.
*Forschner, T. A. (1994). Hoturan Di Boros Momogun (Rungus) = Outline of a Momogun Grammar (Rungus Dialect). Kudat. [https://www.ebfo.de/rungus/Rungus-Grammar_A4.pdf PDF]
**The main grammar of Rungus we have been able to find. Seems to be pretty comprehensive.

===Scientific Works===
*King, J. K. (1984). The Rungus Language. In J. K. King & J. W. King (Eds.), ''Languages of Sabah: A Survey Report'', pp.283-296. The Australian National University. [http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-C78.283.pdf PDF]
**This is a survey of the dialects of Rungus, testing dialect intelligibility. Not sure if this will be helpful, but it's here for now.
*Al-Khaza'leh, B. A. (2023). Status of Rungus Language as an Indigenous Language Spoken by Rungus Ethnic Group in Eastern Malaysia. ''Journal of Language Teaching and Research,'' ''14''(3), pp. 656-664. [https://jltr.academypublication.com/index.php/jltr/article/view/5904/4720 URL].
**This is essentially an ethnographic status check on how the Rungus language is doing endangerment-wise. The language is endangered and literacy rates are dropping.

===Corpora===
{{comment|Would be good to know licenses of these sources. -JNW}}
*Sulukan, Minie (translator). (2020). SUMODIA suma'ap #COVID-19. University Malaysia Sabah. [https://www.ums.edu.my/v5/ms/announcement-link-3/9225-projek-terjemahan-poster-anti-covid-19-who-fifa-ke-bahasa-orang-asal-sabah-2 URL]
**Translation of COVID resources. The page itself is in Malay, but at the bottom there are versions of each poster translated into Rungus.
**The [https://www.ums.edu.my/v5/en/home/copyright-policy terms of use] appear to allow for us to use their materials freely. They say they are present for teaching and learning and they are not responsible for damages caused by the use of their materials.
*It Avanus o Bahazan: om ongo surat vokon
**Seems to be a book in Rungus. Requested through ILL (Edit: arrived)

==Developed Resources==
*Course Github Repository [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg-corpus/tree/main]
**Currently holds several files of Rungus words, phrases, and sentences
===Keyboard===
*[[Rungus/Keyboard]]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg-keyboard Git keyboard repository]

===Grammar===
*[[Rungus/Grammar]]

===Transducer===
*[[Rungus/Transducer]]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg Git transducer repository]

===Machine Translation===
*[[Rungus_and_English]]

===Ambiguity Resolution===
*

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:sp25_ResourceDocumentation]]

Rungus and English

2025-04-05T20:05:37Z

Gzhang1: /* Rungus→English Evaluation */

Resources for machine translation between [[Rungus]] and [[English]]
==External Resources==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg-eng Rungus-English repository]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg Rungus transducer repository]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/apertium-eng English transducer repository]

==Rungus→English Evaluation==
Coverage:
*Bilingual Transducer: 218/254 words (~85%)
*Monolingual Transducer: 222 / 254 (~87%)

Sentence 1:
*Rungus Sentence: It ulun dit opodok ot aasakan, okudik ot oula.
*Intended English: The one who plants a small field (of rice), will also harvest little.
*Lexical Transfer: ^It<det><dem><def><nom>/The<det><dem><def>$ ^ulun<n>/person<n>$ ^dit<det><dem><def><acc>/that<det><dem><def>$ ^opodok<adj>/small<adj>$ ^ot<det><dem><ind><nom>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^aasakan<n>/paddy field<n>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^okudik<adj>/some<adj>$ ^ot<det><dem><ind><nom>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^oula<n>/produce<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: #The #person #that #small #a #paddy field, some #a #produce.

Sentence 2:
*Rungus Sentence: Abahavos iti govuton.
*Intended English: This forest is free of undergrowth.
*Lexical Transfer: ^Abahavos<n>/Forest cleared of undergrowth<n>$ ^iti<prn><dem><prx><nom>/this<prn><dem><prx><nom>$ ^govuton<n>/secondary jungle<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: #Forest cleared of undergrowth #this #secondary jungle.

Sentence 3:
*Rungus Sentence: Aso abal ong yalo dino kaparu.
*Intended English: No-one is as industrious as him.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Aso<adj>/None<adj>$ ^abal<adj>/same<adj>$ ^ong<cnj>/if<cnj>$ ^yalo<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/he<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/she<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>$ ^dino<prn><dem><dst><acc>/that<prn><dem><dst>$ ^kaparu<adj>/industrious<adj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #None same #if #he #that industrious.

Sentence 4:
*Rungus Sentence: Oboloti banal ong yalo.
*Intended English: He is really late.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Oboloti<adj>/Slow<adj>$ ^banal<adj>/true<adj>$ ^ong<cnj>/if<cnj>$ ^yalo<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/he<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/she<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #Slow #true #if #he.

Sentence 5:
*Rungus Sentence: Popungo sid abai ino ikam dino nga omomos.
*Intended English: Put the mattress into the loft, then it is tidy.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Popungo<v>/Put<v>$ ^sid<pr>/at<pr>$ ^abai<n>/loft<n>$ ^ino<prn><dem><dst><nom>/that<prn><dem><dst><nom>$ ^ikam<n>/mat<n>$ ^dino<prn><dem><dst><acc>/that<prn><dem><dst>$ ^nga<cnj><coo>/but<cnj><coo>$ ^omomos<adj>/upright<adj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #Put at #loft #that #mat #that #but upright.

Sentence 6:
*Rungus Sentence: Abangat oku mangakan do sada.
*Intended English: I'm fed up with eating fish.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Abangat<adj>/Fed up<adj>$ ^oku<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^akan<v><tv><impf><af>/eat<v><tv><impf><af>$ ^do<det><dem><ind><acc>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^sada<n>/fish<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: Fed up #I #eat #a #fish.

Sentence 7:
*Rungus Sentence: Abarou no om nokorikot okoi ogi sid valai.
*Intended English: It was just getting dark when we reached the house.
*Lexical Transfer: ^Abarou<n>/Dusk<n>$ ^no<ij>/$ ^om<cnj><coo>/and<cnj><coo>$ ^rikot<v><perf><af>/reach<v><perf><af>/arrive<v><perf><af>$ ^okoi<prn><pers><p1><pl><excl><nom>/we<prn><pers><p1><pl><excl><nom>$ ^ogi<adv>/then<adv>/afterward<adv>$ ^sid<pr>/at<pr>$ ^valai<n>/house<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: #Dusk #and #reach #we then at #house.

Sentence 8:
*Rungus Sentence: Ogumu abil ong i kuvo monumpos.
*Intended English: When what's-is-name sows rice, a lot of seed falls outside the planting hole.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Ogumu<adj>/Much<adj>$ ^abil<n>/spillage of rice grain outside planting hole<n>$ ^ong<cnj>/if<cnj>$ ^i<det><dem><def><nom>/the<det><dem><def>$ ^kuvo<v>/what his name<v>$ ^tumpos<v><tv><impf><af>/manually sowing rice grain into planting holes<v><tv><impf><af>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #Much #spillage of rice grain outside planting hole #if #the #what his name #manually sowing rice grain into planting holes.

Sentence 9:
*Rungus Sentence: Banal, oruol iti tizan ku.
*Intended English: It is true, I've got a stomach ache.
*Lexical Transfer: ^Banal<adj>/True<adj>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^oruol<v>/hurt<v>$ ^iti<prn><dem><prx><nom>/this<prn><dem><prx><nom>$ ^tizan<n>/abdomen<n>/stomach<n>$ ^ku<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>/my<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: #True, #hurt #this #abdomen #my.

Sentence 10:
*Rungus Sentence: Abarakatan ogi do Kinoringan ong obingsianan sid ulun vokon.
*Intended English: Those who have compassion on others, are blessed by God.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Abarakatan<adj>/Blessed<adj>$ ^ogi<adv>/then<adv>/afterward<adv>$ ^do<det><dem><ind><acc>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^Kinoringan<np>/God<np>$ ^ong<cnj>/if<cnj>$ ^obingsianan<n>/compassion<n>$ ^sid<pr>/at<pr>$ ^ulun<n>/person<n>$ ^vokon<adj>/other<adj>/different<adj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: Blessed then #a #God #if #compassion at #person #other.

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_TranslationPairs]]

Rungus and English

2025-04-05T19:52:32Z

Gzhang1: /* Rungus→English Evaluation */

Resources for machine translation between [[Rungus]] and [[English]]
==External Resources==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg-eng Rungus-English repository]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg Rungus transducer repository]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/apertium-eng English transducer repository]

==Rungus→English Evaluation==

Sentence 1:
*Rungus Sentence: It ulun dit opodok ot aasakan, okudik ot oula.
*Intended English: The one who plants a small field (of rice), will also harvest little.
*Lexical Transfer: ^It<det><dem><def><nom>/The<det><dem><def>$ ^ulun<n>/person<n>$ ^dit<det><dem><def><acc>/that<det><dem><def>$ ^opodok<adj>/small<adj>$ ^ot<det><dem><ind><nom>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^aasakan<n>/paddy field<n>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^okudik<adj>/some<adj>$ ^ot<det><dem><ind><nom>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^oula<n>/produce<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: #The #person #that #small #a #paddy field, some #a #produce.

Sentence 2:
*Rungus Sentence: Abahavos iti govuton.
*Intended English: This forest is free of undergrowth.
*Lexical Transfer: ^Abahavos<n>/Forest cleared of undergrowth<n>$ ^iti<prn><dem><prx><nom>/this<prn><dem><prx><nom>$ ^govuton<n>/secondary jungle<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: #Forest cleared of undergrowth #this #secondary jungle.

Sentence 3:
*Rungus Sentence: Aso abal ong yalo dino kaparu.
*Intended English: No-one is as industrious as him.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Aso<adj>/None<adj>$ ^abal<adj>/same<adj>$ ^ong<cnj>/if<cnj>$ ^yalo<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/he<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/she<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>$ ^dino<prn><dem><dst><acc>/that<prn><dem><dst>$ ^kaparu<adj>/industrious<adj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #None same #if #he #that industrious.

Sentence 4:
*Rungus Sentence: Oboloti banal ong yalo.
*Intended English: He is really late.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Oboloti<adj>/Slow<adj>$ ^banal<adj>/true<adj>$ ^ong<cnj>/if<cnj>$ ^yalo<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/he<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/she<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #Slow #true #if #he.

Sentence 5:
*Rungus Sentence: Popungo sid abai ino ikam dino nga omomos.
*Intended English: Put the mattress into the loft, then it is tidy.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Popungo<v>/Put<v>$ ^sid<pr>/at<pr>$ ^abai<n>/loft<n>$ ^ino<prn><dem><dst><nom>/that<prn><dem><dst><nom>$ ^ikam<n>/mat<n>$ ^dino<prn><dem><dst><acc>/that<prn><dem><dst>$ ^nga<cnj><coo>/but<cnj><coo>$ ^omomos<adj>/upright<adj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #Put at #loft #that #mat #that #but upright.

Sentence 6:
*Rungus Sentence: Abangat oku mangakan do sada.
*Intended English: I'm fed up with eating fish.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Abangat<adj>/Fed up<adj>$ ^oku<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^akan<v><tv><impf><af>/eat<v><tv><impf><af>$ ^do<det><dem><ind><acc>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^sada<n>/fish<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: Fed up #I #eat #a #fish.

Sentence 7:
*Rungus Sentence: Abarou no om nokorikot okoi ogi sid valai.
*Intended English: It was just getting dark when we reached the house.
*Lexical Transfer: ^Abarou<n>/Dusk<n>$ ^no<ij>/$ ^om<cnj><coo>/and<cnj><coo>$ ^rikot<v><perf><af>/reach<v><perf><af>/arrive<v><perf><af>$ ^okoi<prn><pers><p1><pl><excl><nom>/we<prn><pers><p1><pl><excl><nom>$ ^ogi<adv>/then<adv>/afterward<adv>$ ^sid<pr>/at<pr>$ ^valai<n>/house<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: #Dusk #and #reach #we then at #house.

Sentence 8:
*Rungus Sentence: Ogumu abil ong i kuvo monumpos.
*Intended English: When what's-is-name sows rice, a lot of seed falls outside the planting hole.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Ogumu<adj>/Much<adj>$ ^abil<n>/spillage of rice grain outside planting hole<n>$ ^ong<cnj>/if<cnj>$ ^i<det><dem><def><nom>/the<det><dem><def>$ ^kuvo<v>/what his name<v>$ ^tumpos<v><tv><impf><af>/manually sowing rice grain into planting holes<v><tv><impf><af>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #Much #spillage of rice grain outside planting hole #if #the #what his name #manually sowing rice grain into planting holes.

Sentence 9:
*Rungus Sentence: Banal, oruol iti tizan ku.
*Intended English: It is true, I've got a stomach ache.
*Lexical Transfer: ^Banal<adj>/True<adj>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^oruol<v>/hurt<v>$ ^iti<prn><dem><prx><nom>/this<prn><dem><prx><nom>$ ^tizan<n>/abdomen<n>/stomach<n>$ ^ku<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>/my<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: #True, #hurt #this #abdomen #my.

Sentence 10:
*Rungus Sentence: Abarakatan ogi do Kinoringan ong obingsianan sid ulun vokon.
*Intended English: Those who have compassion on others, are blessed by God.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Abarakatan<adj>/Blessed<adj>$ ^ogi<adv>/then<adv>/afterward<adv>$ ^do<det><dem><ind><acc>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^Kinoringan<np>/God<np>$ ^ong<cnj>/if<cnj>$ ^obingsianan<n>/compassion<n>$ ^sid<pr>/at<pr>$ ^ulun<n>/person<n>$ ^vokon<adj>/other<adj>/different<adj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: Blessed then #a #God #if #compassion at #person #other.

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_TranslationPairs]]

Rungus and English

2025-04-05T19:51:22Z

Gzhang1: /* Rungus→English Evaluation */

Resources for machine translation between [[Rungus]] and [[English]]
==External Resources==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg-eng Rungus-English repository]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg Rungus transducer repository]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/apertium-eng English transducer repository]

==Rungus→English Evaluation==

Sentence 1:
*Rungus Sentence: It ulun dit opodok ot aasakan, okudik ot oula.
*Intended English: The one who plants a small field (of rice), will also harvest little.
*Lexical Transfer: ^It<det><dem><def><nom>/The<det><dem><def>$ ^ulun<n>/person<n>$ ^dit<det><dem><def><acc>/that<det><dem><def>$ ^opodok<adj>/small<adj>$ ^ot<det><dem><ind><nom>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^aasakan<n>/paddy field<n>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^okudik<adj>/some<adj>$ ^ot<det><dem><ind><nom>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^oula<n>/produce<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: #The #person #that #small #a #paddy field, some #a #produce.

Sentence 2:
*Rungus Sentence: Abahavos iti govuton.
*Intended English: This forest is free of undergrowth.
*Lexical Transfer: ^Abahavos<n>/Forest cleared of undergrowth<n>$ ^iti<prn><dem><prx><nom>/this<prn><dem><prx><nom>$ ^govuton<n>/secondary jungle<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: #Forest cleared of undergrowth #this #secondary jungle.

Sentence 3:
*Rungus Sentence: Aso abal ong yalo dino kaparu.
*Intended English: No-one is as industrious as him.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Aso<adj>/None<adj>$ ^abal<adj>/same<adj>$ ^ong<cnj>/if<cnj>$ ^yalo<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/he<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/she<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>$ ^dino<prn><dem><dst><acc>/that<prn><dem><dst>$ ^kaparu<adj>/industrious<adj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #None same #if #he #that industrious.

Sentence 4:
*Rungus Sentence: Oboloti banal ong yalo.
*Intended English: He is really late.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Oboloti<adj>/Slow<adj>$ ^banal<adj>/true<adj>$ ^ong<cnj>/if<cnj>$ ^yalo<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/he<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/she<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #Slow #true #if #he.

Sentence 5:
*Rungus Sentence: Popungo sid abai ino ikam dino nga omomos.
*Intended English: Put the mattress into the loft, then it is tidy.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Popungo<v>/Put<v>$ ^sid<pr>/at<pr>$ ^abai<n>/loft<n>$ ^ino<prn><dem><dst><nom>/that<prn><dem><dst><nom>$ ^ikam<n>/mat<n>$ ^dino<prn><dem><dst><acc>/that<prn><dem><dst>$ ^nga<cnj><coo>/but<cnj><coo>$ ^omomos<adj>/upright<adj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #Put at #loft #that #mat #that #but upright.

Sentence 6:
*Rungus Sentence: Abangat oku mangakan do sada.
*Intended English: I'm fed up with eating fish.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Abangat<adj>/Fed up<adj>$ ^oku<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^akan<v><tv><impf><af>/eat<v><tv><impf><af>$ ^do<det><dem><ind><acc>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^sada<n>/fish<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: Fed up #I #eat #a #fish.

Sentence 7:
*Rungus Sentence: Abarou no om nokorikot okoi ogi sid valai.
*Intended English: It was just getting dark when we reached the house.
*Lexical Transfer: ^Abarou<n>/Dusk<n>$ ^no<ij>/$ ^om<cnj><coo>/and<cnj><coo>$ ^rikot<v><perf><af>/reach<v><perf><af>/arrive<v><perf><af>$ ^okoi<prn><pers><p1><pl><excl><nom>/we<prn><pers><p1><pl><excl><nom>$ ^ogi<adv>/then<adv>/afterward<adv>$ ^sid<pr>/at<pr>$ ^valai<n>/house<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: #Dusk #and #reach #we then at #house.

Sentence 8:
*Rungus Sentence: Ogumu abil ong i kuvo monumpos.
*Intended English: When what's-is-name sows rice, a lot of seed falls outside the planting hole.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Ogumu<adj>/Much<adj>$ ^abil<n>/spillage of rice grain outside planting hole<n>$ ^ong<cnj>/if<cnj>$ ^i<det><dem><def><nom>/the<det><dem><def>$ ^kuvo<v>/what his name<v>$ ^tumpos<v><tv><impf><af>/manually sowing rice grain into planting holes<v><tv><impf><af>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #Much #spillage of rice grain outside planting hole #if #the #what his name #manually sowing rice grain into planting holes.

Sentence 9:
*Rungus Sentence: Banal, oruol iti tizan ku.
*Intended English: It is true, I've got a stomach ache.
*Lexical Transfer: ^Banal<adj>/True<adj>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^oruol<v>/hurt<v>$ ^iti<prn><dem><prx><nom>/this<prn><dem><prx><nom>$ ^tizan<n>/abdomen<n>/stomach<n>$ ^ku<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>/my<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: #True, #hurt #this #abdomen #my.

Sentence 10:
*Rungus Sentence: Abarakatan ogi do Kinoringan ong obingsianan sid ulun vokon.
*Intended English: Those who have compassion on others, are blessed by God.
*Lexical Transfer: ^Abarakatan<adj>/Blessed<adj>$ ^ogi<adv>/then<adv>/afterward<adv>$ ^do<det><dem><ind><acc>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^Kinoringan<np>/God<np>$ ^ong<cnj>/if<cnj>$ ^obingsianan<n>/compassion<n>$ ^sid<pr>/at<pr>$ ^ulun<n>/person<n>$ ^vokon<adj>/other<adj>/different<adj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: Blessed then #a #God #if #compassion at #person #other.

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_TranslationPairs]]

Rungus and English

2025-04-05T19:04:35Z

Gzhang1: /* Rungus→English Evaluation */

Resources for machine translation between [[Rungus]] and [[English]]
==External Resources==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg-eng Rungus-English repository]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg Rungus transducer repository]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/apertium-eng English transducer repository]

==Rungus→English Evaluation==

Sentence 1:
*Rungus Sentence: It ulun dit opodok ot aasakan, okudik ot oula.
*Intended English: The one who plants a small field (of rice), will also harvest little.
*Lexical Transfer: ^It<det><dem><def><nom>/The<det><dem><def>$ ^ulun<n>/person<n>$ ^dit<det><dem><def><acc>/that<det><dem><def>$ ^opodok<adj>/small<adj>$ ^ot<det><dem><ind><nom>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^aasakan<n>/paddy field<n>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^okudik<adj>/some<adj>$ ^ot<det><dem><ind><nom>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^oula<n>/produce<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: #The #person #that #small #a #paddy field, some #a #produce.

Sentence 2:
*Rungus Sentence: Abahavos iti govuton.
*Intended English: This forest is free of undergrowth.
*Lexical Transfer: ^Abahavos<n>/Forest cleared of undergrowth<n>$ ^iti<prn><dem><prx><nom>/this<prn><dem><prx><nom>$ ^govuton<n>/secondary jungle<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: #Forest cleared of undergrowth #this #secondary jungle.

Sentence 3:
*Rungus Sentence: Aso abal ong yalo dino kaparu.
*Intended English: No-one is as industrious as him.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Aso<adj>/None<adj>$ ^abal<adj>/same<adj>$ ^ong<cnj>/if<cnj>$ ^yalo<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/he<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/she<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>$ ^dino<prn><dem><dst><acc>/that<prn><dem><dst>$ ^kaparu<adj>/industrious<adj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #None same #if #he #that industrious.

Sentence 4:
*Rungus Sentence: Oboloti banal ong yalo.
*Intended English: He is really late.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Oboloti<adj>/Slow<adj>$ ^banal<adj>/true<adj>$ ^ong<cnj>/if<cnj>$ ^yalo<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/he<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/she<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #Slow #true #if #he.

Sentence 5:
*Rungus Sentence: Popungo sid abai ino ikam dino nga omomos.
*Intended English: Put the mattress into the loft, then it is tidy.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Popungo<v>/Put<v>$ ^sid<pr>/at<pr>$ ^abai<n>/loft<n>$ ^ino<prn><dem><dst><nom>/that<prn><dem><dst><nom>$ ^ikam<n>/mat<n>$ ^dino<prn><dem><dst><acc>/that<prn><dem><dst>$ ^nga<cnj><coo>/but<cnj><coo>$ ^omomos<adj>/upright<adj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #Put at #loft #that #mat #that #but upright.

Sentence 6:
*Rungus Sentence: Abangat oku mangakan do sada.
*Intended English: I'm fed up with eating fish.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Abangat<adj>/Fed up<adj>$ ^oku<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^akan<v><tv><impf><af>/eat<v><tv><impf><af>$ ^do<det><dem><ind><acc>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^sada<n>/fish<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: Fed up #I #eat #a #fish.

Sentence 7:
*Rungus Sentence: Abarou no om nokorikot okoi ogi sid valai.
*Intended English: It was just getting dark when we reached the house.
*Lexical Transfer: ^Abarou<n>/Dusk<n>$ ^no<ij>/$ ^om<cnj><coo>/and<cnj><coo>$ ^rikot<v><perf><af>/reach<v><perf><af>/arrive<v><perf><af>$ ^okoi<prn><pers><p1><pl><excl><nom>/we<prn><pers><p1><pl><excl><nom>$ ^ogi<adv>/then<adv>/afterward<adv>$ ^sid<pr>/at<pr>$ ^valai<n>/house<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: #Dusk #and #reach #we then at #house.

Sentence 8:
*Rungus Sentence: Ogumu abil ong i kuvo monumpos.
*Intended English: When what's-is-name sows rice, a lot of seed falls outside the planting hole.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Ogumu<adj>/Much<adj>$ ^abil<n>/spillage of rice grain outside planting hole<n>$ ^ong<cnj>/if<cnj>$ ^i<det><dem><def><nom>/the<det><dem><def>$ ^kuvo<v>/what his name<v>$ ^tumpos<v><tv><impf><af>/manually sowing rice grain into planting holes<v><tv><impf><af>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #Much #spillage of rice grain outside planting hole #if #the #what his name #manually sowing rice grain into planting holes.

Sentence 9:
*Rungus Sentence: Banal, oruol iti tizan ku.
*Intended English: It is true, I've got a stomach ache.
*Lexical Transfer: ^Banal<adj>/True<adj>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^oruol<v>/hurt<v>$ ^iti<prn><dem><prx><nom>/this<prn><dem><prx><nom>$ ^tizan<n>/abdomen<n>/stomach<n>$ ^ku<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>/my<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: #True, #hurt #this #abdomen #my.

Sentence 10:
*Rungus Sentence:
*Intended English:
*Lexical Transfer:
*Full Translation:

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_TranslationPairs]]

Rungus and English

2025-04-05T18:20:02Z

Gzhang1: /* Rungus→English Evaluation */

Resources for machine translation between [[Rungus]] and [[English]]
==External Resources==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg-eng Rungus-English repository]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg Rungus transducer repository]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/apertium-eng English transducer repository]

==Rungus→English Evaluation==

Sentence 1:
*Rungus Sentence: It ulun dit opodok ot aasakan, okudik ot oula.
*Intended English: The one who plants a small field (of rice), will also harvest little.
*Lexical Transfer: ^It<det><dem><def><nom>/The<det><dem><def>$ ^ulun<n>/person<n>$ ^dit<det><dem><def><acc>/that<det><dem><def>$ ^opodok<adj>/small<adj>$ ^ot<det><dem><ind><nom>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^aasakan<n>/paddy field<n>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^okudik<adj>/some<adj>$ ^ot<det><dem><ind><nom>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^oula<n>/produce<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: #The #person #that #small #a #paddy field, some #a #produce.

Sentence 2:
*Rungus Sentence: Abahavos iti govuton.
*Intended English: This forest is free of undergrowth.
*Lexical Transfer: ^Abahavos<n>/Forest cleared of undergrowth<n>$ ^iti<prn><dem><prx><nom>/this<prn><dem><prx><nom>$ ^govuton<n>/secondary jungle<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: #Forest cleared of undergrowth #this #secondary jungle.

Sentence 3:
*Rungus Sentence: Aso abal ong yalo dino kaparu.
*Intended English: No-one is as industrious as him.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Aso<adj>/None<adj>$ ^abal<adj>/same<adj>$ ^ong<cnj>/if<cnj>$ ^yalo<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/he<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/she<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>$ ^dino<prn><dem><dst><acc>/that<prn><dem><dst>$ ^kaparu<adj>/industrious<adj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #None same #if #he #that industrious.

Sentence 4:
*Rungus Sentence: Oboloti banal ong yalo.
*Intended English: He is really late.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Oboloti<adj>/Slow<adj>$ ^banal<adj>/true<adj>$ ^ong<cnj>/if<cnj>$ ^yalo<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/he<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/she<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #Slow #true #if #he.

Sentence 5:
*Rungus Sentence: Popungo sid abai ino ikam dino nga omomos.
*Intended English: Put the mattress into the loft, then it is tidy.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Popungo<v>/Put<v>$ ^sid<pr>/at<pr>$ ^abai<n>/loft<n>$ ^ino<prn><dem><dst><nom>/that<prn><dem><dst><nom>$ ^ikam<n>/mat<n>$ ^dino<prn><dem><dst><acc>/that<prn><dem><dst>$ ^nga<cnj><coo>/but<cnj><coo>$ ^omomos<adj>/upright<adj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #Put at #loft #that #mat #that #but upright.

Sentence 6:
*Rungus Sentence: Abangat oku mangakan do sada.
*Intended English: I'm fed up with eating fish.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Abangat<adj>/Fed up<adj>$ ^oku<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^akan<v><tv><impf><af>/eat<v><tv><impf><af>$ ^do<det><dem><ind><acc>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^sada<n>/fish<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: Fed up #I #eat #a #fish.

Sentence 7:
*Rungus Sentence: Abarou no om nokorikot okoi ogi sid valai.
*Intended English: It was just getting dark when we reached the house.
*Lexical Transfer: ^Abarou<n>/Dusk<n>$ ^no<ij>/$ ^om<cnj><coo>/and<cnj><coo>$ ^rikot<v><perf><af>/reach<v><perf><af>/arrive<v><perf><af>$ ^okoi<prn><pers><p1><pl><excl><nom>/we<prn><pers><p1><pl><excl><nom>$ ^ogi<adv>/then<adv>/afterward<adv>$ ^sid<pr>/at<pr>$ ^valai<n>/house<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: #Dusk #and #reach #we then at #house.

Sentence 8:
*Rungus Sentence: Ogumu abil ong i kuvo monumpos.
*Intended English: When what's-is-name sows rice, a lot of seed falls outside the planting hole.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Ogumu<adj>/Much<adj>$ ^abil<n>/spillage of rice grain outside planting hole<n>$ ^ong<cnj>/if<cnj>$ ^i<det><dem><def><nom>/the<det><dem><def>$ ^kuvo<v>/what his name<v>$ ^tumpos<v><tv><impf><af>/manually sowing rice grain into planting holes<v><tv><impf><af>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #Much #spillage of rice grain outside planting hole #if #the #what his name #manually sowing rice grain into planting holes.

Sentence 9:
*Rungus Sentence:
*Intended English:
*Lexical Transfer:
*Full Translation:

Sentence 10:
*Rungus Sentence:
*Intended English:
*Lexical Transfer:
*Full Translation:

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_TranslationPairs]]

Rungus and English

2025-04-05T17:30:44Z

Gzhang1: /* Rungus→English Evaluation */

Resources for machine translation between [[Rungus]] and [[English]]
==External Resources==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg-eng Rungus-English repository]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg Rungus transducer repository]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/apertium-eng English transducer repository]

==Rungus→English Evaluation==

Sentence 1:
*Rungus Sentence: It ulun dit opodok ot aasakan, okudik ot oula.
*Intended English: The one who plants a small field (of rice), will also harvest little.
*Lexical Transfer: ^It<det><dem><def><nom>/The<det><dem><def>$ ^ulun<n>/person<n>$ ^dit<det><dem><def><acc>/that<det><dem><def>$ ^opodok<adj>/small<adj>$ ^ot<det><dem><ind><nom>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^aasakan<n>/paddy field<n>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^okudik<adj>/some<adj>$ ^ot<det><dem><ind><nom>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^oula<n>/produce<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: #The #person #that #small #a #paddy field, some #a #produce.

Sentence 2:
*Rungus Sentence: Abahavos iti govuton.
*Intended English: This forest is free of undergrowth.
*Lexical Transfer: ^Abahavos<n>/Forest cleared of undergrowth<n>$ ^iti<prn><dem><prx><nom>/this<prn><dem><prx><nom>$ ^govuton<n>/secondary jungle<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: #Forest cleared of undergrowth #this #secondary jungle.

Sentence 3:
*Rungus Sentence: Aso abal ong yalo dino kaparu.
*Intended English: No-one is as industrious as him.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Aso<adj>/None<adj>$ ^abal<adj>/same<adj>$ ^ong<cnj>/if<cnj>$ ^yalo<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/he<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/she<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>$ ^dino<prn><dem><dst><acc>/that<prn><dem><dst>$ ^kaparu<adj>/industrious<adj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #None same #if #he #that industrious.

Sentence 4:
*Rungus Sentence: Oboloti banal ong yalo.
*Intended English: He is really late.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Oboloti<adj>/Slow<adj>$ ^banal<adj>/true<adj>$ ^ong<cnj>/if<cnj>$ ^yalo<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/he<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>/she<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #Slow #true #if #he.

Sentence 5:
*Rungus Sentence: Popungo sid abai ino ikam dino nga omomos.
*Intended English: Put the mattress into the loft, then it is tidy.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Popungo<v>/Put<v>$ ^sid<pr>/at<pr>$ ^abai<n>/loft<n>$ ^ino<prn><dem><dst><nom>/that<prn><dem><dst><nom>$ ^ikam<n>/mat<n>$ ^dino<prn><dem><dst><acc>/that<prn><dem><dst>$ ^nga<cnj><coo>/but<cnj><coo>$ ^omomos<adj>/upright<adj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: #Put at #loft #that #mat #that #but upright.

Sentence 6:
*Rungus Sentence: Abangat oku mangakan do sada.
*Intended English: I'm fed up with eating fish.
*Lexical Transfer: <nowiki>^Abangat<adj>/Fed up<adj>$ ^oku<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^akan<v><tv><impf><af>/eat<v><tv><impf><af>$ ^do<det><dem><ind><acc>/a<det><dem><ind>$ ^sada<n>/fish<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</nowiki>
*Full Translation: Fed up #I #eat #a #fish.

Sentence 7:
*Rungus Sentence: Abarou no om nokorikot okoi ogi sid valai.
*Intended English: It was just getting dark when we reached the house.
*Lexical Transfer: ^Abarou<n>/Dusk<n>$ ^no<ij>/$ ^om<cnj><coo>/and<cnj><coo>$ ^rikot<v><perf><af>/reach<v><perf><af>/arrive<v><perf><af>$ ^okoi<prn><pers><p1><pl><excl><nom>/we<prn><pers><p1><pl><excl><nom>$ ^ogi<adv>/then<adv>/afterward<adv>$ ^sid<pr>/at<pr>$ ^valai<n>/house<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*Full Translation: #Dusk #and #reach #we then at #house.

Sentence 8:
*Rungus Sentence:
*Intended English:
*Lexical Transfer:
*Full Translation:

Sentence 9:
*Rungus Sentence:
*Intended English:
*Lexical Transfer:
*Full Translation:

Sentence 10:
*Rungus Sentence:
*Intended English:
*Lexical Transfer:
*Full Translation:

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp25_TranslationPairs]]

Rungus and English

2025-04-03T17:05:33Z

Gzhang1: /* Rungus→English Evaluation */

Rungus and English

2025-04-03T16:59:03Z

Gzhang1: /* Rungus→English Evaluation */