LING073 - User contributions [en]

Kamba and English/Structural transfer

2023-05-08T19:56:22Z

Jelliot4:

== Pre-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER):

Position-independent word error rate (PER):

== Coverage Tests ==

== Outputs ==

== Post-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER):

Position-independent word error rate (PER):

Coverage:

== Coverage Tests ==

== Outputs ==

[[Category:Kamba]]
[[Category:Sp23_StructuralTransfer]]

Kamba and English/Structural transfer

2023-05-08T19:55:17Z

Jelliot4:

== Pre-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER):

Position-independent word error rate (PER):

== Coverage Tests ==

== Outputs ==

== Post-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER):

Position-independent word error rate (PER):

Coverage:

== Coverage Tests ==

[[Category:Kamba]]
[[Category:Sp23_StructuralTransfer]]

Kamba and English/Structural transfer

2023-05-08T19:36:34Z

Jelliot4: /* Post-Evaluation */

== Pre-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER):

Position-independent word error rate (PER):

== Coverage Tests ==

== Post-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER):

Position-independent word error rate (PER):

Coverage:

== Coverage Tests ==

[[Category:Kamba]]
[[Category:Sp23_StructuralTransfer]]

Kamba and English/Structural transfer

2023-05-08T19:36:04Z

Jelliot4:

Kamba and English/Structural transfer

2023-05-08T19:33:11Z

Jelliot4: /* Post-Evaluation */

== Pre-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER):

Position-independent word error rate (PER):

Coverage:

== Post-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER):

Position-independent word error rate (PER):

Coverage:

[[Category:Kamba]]
[[Category:Sp23_StructuralTransfer]]

Kamba and English/Structural transfer

2023-05-08T19:33:04Z

Jelliot4: /* Pre-Evaluation */

== Pre-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER):

Position-independent word error rate (PER):

Coverage:

== Post-Evaluation ==

[[Category:Kamba]]
[[Category:Sp23_StructuralTransfer]]

Kamba and English/Structural transfer

2023-05-08T19:31:47Z

Jelliot4:

== Pre-Evaluation ==

== Post-Evaluation ==

[[Category:Kamba]]
[[Category:Sp23_StructuralTransfer]]

Maasai

2023-05-04T14:27:14Z

Jelliot4: /* Developed Resources */

Language Code: <code>Mas</code>

=Resources=

==Developed Resources==
Transducer Github Repo: <code>https://github.com/kdandy1/ling073-mas </code>

Final Project Wiki Page: <code>https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Maasai/Final_Project#Transducer_for_Maasai</code>

==External Resources==

===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===
* https://archive.org/details/vocabularyofengu00erha/page/n115/mode/2up
* https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/Maa%20Lexicon/lexicon/main.htm
* https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/
* https://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~maasai//Maa%20Language/maling.htm

===Grammars===
* https://archive.org/details/masailanguagegra00hindrich/page/16/mode/2up
* https://www.worldcat.org/title/lessons-in-maa-a-grammar-of-maasai-language/oclc/885025907
* https://ia801605.us.archive.org/25/items/masaitheirlangua00holluoft/masaitheirlangua00holluoft.pdf
* https://www.livelingua.com/course/peace_corps/maasai_language_lessons
* http://ilanguages.org/maasai_grammar.php

===Linguistic Papers===
*

===Corpora===
* https://www.academia.edu/35734824/The_Masai_their_language_and_folklore_by_A_C_Hollis_with_introduction_by_Sir_Charles_Eliot_pdf

===Our GitHub Corpora Repository===
Corpora Repo: <code>https://github.com/abullen1/ling073-mas </code>

=Grammar Sketch=

== Present Tense ==

[[Category:Sp23 ResourceDocumentation]]
[[Category:Maasai]]
[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Maasai/Final Project

2023-05-02T21:33:03Z

Jelliot4: /* Number of Stems in the Transducer */

Maasai/Final Project

2023-05-02T21:32:56Z

Jelliot4: /* Number of Stems in the Transducer */

=Transducer for Maasai=
Transducer Repo: <code>https://github.com/abullen1/ling073-mas </code>

==Classes/Tenses Added==
*

==Analyser Evaluation==

===Precision and Recall===
Totals:

Precision:

Recall:

===Current Coverage===
Coverage:

Remaining Unknown forms:

Ambiguity:

===Number of Stems in the Transducer===
Lexicons:

Lexicon entries:

Patterns:

Pattern entries:

Counts for individual lexicons:

All anonymous lexicons:

===Top Unknown Words===

===Analysis Tests===

==Generator Evaluation==
===Generator Tests===

==Notes==
* Number of twol rules:
*

[[Category:Maasai]][[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Maasai

2023-05-02T21:32:04Z

Jelliot4: /* Developed Resources */

Language Code: <code>Mas</code>
==Developed Resources==
Transducer Github Repo: <code>https://github.com/abullen1/ling073-mas </code>

Final Project Wiki Page: <code>https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Maasai/Final_Project#Transducer_for_Maasai</code>

==External Resources==

===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===
* https://archive.org/details/vocabularyofengu00erha/page/n115/mode/2up
* https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/Maa%20Lexicon/lexicon/main.htm
* https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/
* https://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~maasai//Maa%20Language/maling.htm

===Grammars===
* https://archive.org/details/masailanguagegra00hindrich/page/16/mode/2up
* https://www.worldcat.org/title/lessons-in-maa-a-grammar-of-maasai-language/oclc/885025907
* https://ia801605.us.archive.org/25/items/masaitheirlangua00holluoft/masaitheirlangua00holluoft.pdf
* https://www.livelingua.com/course/peace_corps/maasai_language_lessons
* http://ilanguages.org/maasai_grammar.php

===Linguistic Papers===
*

===Corpora===
* https://www.academia.edu/35734824/The_Masai_their_language_and_folklore_by_A_C_Hollis_with_introduction_by_Sir_Charles_Eliot_pdf

===Our GitHub Corpora Repository===
Corpora Repo: <code>https://github.com/abullen1/ling073-mas </code>

[[Category:Sp23 ResourceDocumentation]]
[[Category:Maasai]]
[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Maasai

2023-05-02T21:31:34Z

Jelliot4: /* Developed Resources */

Language Code: <code>Mas</code>
==Developed Resources==
Transducer Github Repo: <code>https://github.com/abullen1/ling073-mas </code>

==External Resources==

===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===
* https://archive.org/details/vocabularyofengu00erha/page/n115/mode/2up
* https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/Maa%20Lexicon/lexicon/main.htm
* https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/
* https://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~maasai//Maa%20Language/maling.htm

===Grammars===
* https://archive.org/details/masailanguagegra00hindrich/page/16/mode/2up
* https://www.worldcat.org/title/lessons-in-maa-a-grammar-of-maasai-language/oclc/885025907
* https://ia801605.us.archive.org/25/items/masaitheirlangua00holluoft/masaitheirlangua00holluoft.pdf
* https://www.livelingua.com/course/peace_corps/maasai_language_lessons
* http://ilanguages.org/maasai_grammar.php

===Linguistic Papers===
*

===Corpora===
* https://www.academia.edu/35734824/The_Masai_their_language_and_folklore_by_A_C_Hollis_with_introduction_by_Sir_Charles_Eliot_pdf

===Our GitHub Corpora Repository===
Corpora Repo: <code>https://github.com/abullen1/ling073-mas </code>

[[Category:Sp23 ResourceDocumentation]]
[[Category:Maasai]]
[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Maasai

2023-05-02T21:31:07Z

Jelliot4: /* Our GitHub Corpora Repository */

Language Code: <code>Mas</code>
==Developed Resources==

==External Resources==

===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===
* https://archive.org/details/vocabularyofengu00erha/page/n115/mode/2up
* https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/Maa%20Lexicon/lexicon/main.htm
* https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/
* https://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~maasai//Maa%20Language/maling.htm

===Grammars===
* https://archive.org/details/masailanguagegra00hindrich/page/16/mode/2up
* https://www.worldcat.org/title/lessons-in-maa-a-grammar-of-maasai-language/oclc/885025907
* https://ia801605.us.archive.org/25/items/masaitheirlangua00holluoft/masaitheirlangua00holluoft.pdf
* https://www.livelingua.com/course/peace_corps/maasai_language_lessons
* http://ilanguages.org/maasai_grammar.php

===Linguistic Papers===
*

===Corpora===
* https://www.academia.edu/35734824/The_Masai_their_language_and_folklore_by_A_C_Hollis_with_introduction_by_Sir_Charles_Eliot_pdf

===Our GitHub Corpora Repository===
Corpora Repo: <code>https://github.com/abullen1/ling073-mas </code>

[[Category:Sp23 ResourceDocumentation]]
[[Category:Maasai]]
[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Maasai

2023-05-02T21:30:23Z

Jelliot4: /* Corpora */

Language Code: <code>Mas</code>
==Developed Resources==

==External Resources==

===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===
* https://archive.org/details/vocabularyofengu00erha/page/n115/mode/2up
* https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/Maa%20Lexicon/lexicon/main.htm
* https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/
* https://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~maasai//Maa%20Language/maling.htm

===Grammars===
* https://archive.org/details/masailanguagegra00hindrich/page/16/mode/2up
* https://www.worldcat.org/title/lessons-in-maa-a-grammar-of-maasai-language/oclc/885025907
* https://ia801605.us.archive.org/25/items/masaitheirlangua00holluoft/masaitheirlangua00holluoft.pdf
* https://www.livelingua.com/course/peace_corps/maasai_language_lessons
* http://ilanguages.org/maasai_grammar.php

===Linguistic Papers===
*

===Corpora===
* https://www.academia.edu/35734824/The_Masai_their_language_and_folklore_by_A_C_Hollis_with_introduction_by_Sir_Charles_Eliot_pdf

===Our GitHub Corpora Repository===

[[Category:Sp23 ResourceDocumentation]]
[[Category:Maasai]]
[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Maasai

2023-05-02T21:26:14Z

Jelliot4: /* Grammars */

Language Code: <code>Mas</code>
==Developed Resources==

==External Resources==

===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===
* https://archive.org/details/vocabularyofengu00erha/page/n115/mode/2up
* https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/Maa%20Lexicon/lexicon/main.htm
* https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/
* https://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~maasai//Maa%20Language/maling.htm

===Grammars===
* https://archive.org/details/masailanguagegra00hindrich/page/16/mode/2up
* https://www.worldcat.org/title/lessons-in-maa-a-grammar-of-maasai-language/oclc/885025907
* https://ia801605.us.archive.org/25/items/masaitheirlangua00holluoft/masaitheirlangua00holluoft.pdf
* https://www.livelingua.com/course/peace_corps/maasai_language_lessons
* http://ilanguages.org/maasai_grammar.php

===Linguistic Papers===
*

===Corpora===
*

===Our GitHub Corpora Repository===

[[Category:Sp23 ResourceDocumentation]]
[[Category:Maasai]]
[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Maasai

2023-05-02T21:24:09Z

Jelliot4: /* External Resources */

Maasai/Final Project

2023-05-02T21:18:20Z

Jelliot4: /* Transducer for Maasai */

=Transducer for Maasai=
Transducer Repo: <code>https://github.com/abullen1/ling073-mas </code>

==Classes/Tenses Added==
*

==Analyser Evaluation==

===Precision and Recall===
Totals:

Precision:

Recall:

===Current Coverage===
Coverage:

Remaining Unknown forms:

Ambiguity:

===Number of Stems in the Transducer===
Lexicons:

Lexicon entries:

Patterns:

Pattern entries:

Counts for individual lexicons:

Punctuation:

ClassPrefix:

NounStem:

PresentContinuousCircumfix:

SubjectPrefix:

TenseSign:

VerbRoot:

PositiveRecentPastCircumfix:

NRPSubjectPrefix:

NegativeRecentPastCircumfix:

PositiveImmediatePastCircumfix:

FUTSubjectPrefix:

Suffix:

Numeral:

All anonymous lexicons:

===Top Unknown Words===

===Analysis Tests===

==Generator Evaluation==
===Generator Tests===

==Notes==
* Number of twol rules:
*

[[Category:Maasai]][[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Maasai/Final Project

2023-05-02T21:18:01Z

Jelliot4: /* Transducer for Maasai */

=Transducer for Maasai=
Transducer Repo: <code>https://github.com/abullen1/ling073-mas>
==Classes/Tenses Added==
*

==Analyser Evaluation==

===Precision and Recall===
Totals:

Precision:

Recall:

===Current Coverage===
Coverage:

Remaining Unknown forms:

Ambiguity:

===Number of Stems in the Transducer===
Lexicons:

Lexicon entries:

Patterns:

Pattern entries:

Counts for individual lexicons:

Punctuation:

ClassPrefix:

NounStem:

PresentContinuousCircumfix:

SubjectPrefix:

TenseSign:

VerbRoot:

PositiveRecentPastCircumfix:

NRPSubjectPrefix:

NegativeRecentPastCircumfix:

PositiveImmediatePastCircumfix:

FUTSubjectPrefix:

Suffix:

Numeral:

All anonymous lexicons:

===Top Unknown Words===

===Analysis Tests===

==Generator Evaluation==
===Generator Tests===

==Notes==
* Number of twol rules:
*

[[Category:Maasai]][[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Maasai/Final Project

2023-05-02T21:17:02Z

Jelliot4: /* Transducer for Maasai */

=Transducer for Maasai=

Transducer Repo: <code>https://github.com/abullen1/ling073-mas>
==Classes/Tenses Added==
*

==Analyser Evaluation==

===Precision and Recall===
Totals:

Precision:

Recall:

===Current Coverage===
Coverage:

Remaining Unknown forms:

Ambiguity:

===Number of Stems in the Transducer===
Lexicons:

Lexicon entries:

Patterns:

Pattern entries:

Counts for individual lexicons:

Punctuation:

ClassPrefix:

NounStem:

PresentContinuousCircumfix:

SubjectPrefix:

TenseSign:

VerbRoot:

PositiveRecentPastCircumfix:

NRPSubjectPrefix:

NegativeRecentPastCircumfix:

PositiveImmediatePastCircumfix:

FUTSubjectPrefix:

Suffix:

Numeral:

All anonymous lexicons:

===Top Unknown Words===

===Analysis Tests===

==Generator Evaluation==
===Generator Tests===

==Notes==
* Number of twol rules:
*

[[Category:Maasai]][[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Maasai/Final Project

2023-05-02T21:16:37Z

Jelliot4: /* Transducer for Maasai */

=Transducer for Maasai=

Transducer Repo: <code>https://github.com/abullen1/ling073-mas>

==Classes/Tenses Added==
*

==Analyser Evaluation==

===Precision and Recall===
Totals:

Precision:

Recall:

===Current Coverage===
Coverage:

Remaining Unknown forms:

Ambiguity:

===Number of Stems in the Transducer===
Lexicons:

Lexicon entries:

Patterns:

Pattern entries:

Counts for individual lexicons:

Punctuation:

ClassPrefix:

NounStem:

PresentContinuousCircumfix:

SubjectPrefix:

TenseSign:

VerbRoot:

PositiveRecentPastCircumfix:

NRPSubjectPrefix:

NegativeRecentPastCircumfix:

PositiveImmediatePastCircumfix:

FUTSubjectPrefix:

Suffix:

Numeral:

All anonymous lexicons:

===Top Unknown Words===

===Analysis Tests===

==Generator Evaluation==
===Generator Tests===

==Notes==
* Number of twol rules:
*

[[Category:Maasai]][[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Maasai

2023-05-02T21:16:03Z

Jelliot4: /* Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries */

Language Code: <code>Mas</code>
==Developed Resources==

==External Resources==

===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===
* https://archive.org/details/vocabularyofengu00erha/page/n115/mode/2up
* https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/Maa%20Lexicon/lexicon/main.htm from
* https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/
* https://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~maasai//Maa%20Language/maling.htm links to some more stuff

===Grammars===
*https://archive.org/details/masailanguagegra00hindrich/page/16/mode/2up -pdf in folder
Lessons in Maa: a grammar of Maasai language: pdf in folder
* The Masai: Their Language and Folklore: https://ia801605.us.archive.org/25/items/masaitheirlangua00holluoft/masaitheirlangua00holluoft.pdf – pdf also in folder
* Peace corps self-instruction manual: https://www.livelingua.com/course/peace_corps/maasai_language_lessons – have to scroll down on the website, pdf also in folder
* Website with some vocab and grammar: http://ilanguages.org/maasai_grammar.php

===Linguistic Papers===
*

===Corpora===
*

===Our GitHub Corpora Repository===

[[Category:Sp23 ResourceDocumentation]]
[[Category:Maasai]]
[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Maasai/Final Project

2023-05-02T21:12:18Z

Jelliot4: /* Transducer for Maasai */

=Transducer for Maasai=

Transducer Repo: <code>https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-mas</code>

==Classes/Tenses Added==
*

==Analyser Evaluation==

===Precision and Recall===
Totals:

Precision:

Recall:

===Current Coverage===
Coverage:

Remaining Unknown forms:

Ambiguity:

===Number of Stems in the Transducer===
Lexicons:

Lexicon entries:

Patterns:

Pattern entries:

Counts for individual lexicons:

Punctuation:

ClassPrefix:

NounStem:

PresentContinuousCircumfix:

SubjectPrefix:

TenseSign:

VerbRoot:

PositiveRecentPastCircumfix:

NRPSubjectPrefix:

NegativeRecentPastCircumfix:

PositiveImmediatePastCircumfix:

FUTSubjectPrefix:

Suffix:

Numeral:

All anonymous lexicons:

===Top Unknown Words===

===Analysis Tests===

==Generator Evaluation==
===Generator Tests===

==Notes==
* Number of twol rules:
*

[[Category:Maasai]][[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Maasai

2023-05-02T21:11:30Z

Jelliot4: /* External Resources */

Language Code: <code>Mas</code>
==Developed Resources==

==External Resources==

===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===
* https://archive.org/details/vocabularyofengu00erha/page/n115/mode/2up - pdf in folder
* https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/Maa%20Lexicon/lexicon/main.htm from
* https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/ (which also has this short text with interlinear gloss which looks really detailed and should be helpful for figuring out how the morphology works)
^also https://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~maasai//Maa%20Language/maling.htm links to some more stuff

===Grammars===
*https://archive.org/details/masailanguagegra00hindrich/page/16/mode/2up -pdf in folder
Lessons in Maa: a grammar of Maasai language: pdf in folder
* The Masai: Their Language and Folklore: https://ia801605.us.archive.org/25/items/masaitheirlangua00holluoft/masaitheirlangua00holluoft.pdf – pdf also in folder
* Peace corps self-instruction manual: https://www.livelingua.com/course/peace_corps/maasai_language_lessons – have to scroll down on the website, pdf also in folder
* Website with some vocab and grammar: http://ilanguages.org/maasai_grammar.php

===Linguistic Papers===
*

===Corpora===
*

===Our GitHub Corpora Repository===

[[Category:Sp23 ResourceDocumentation]]
[[Category:Maasai]]
[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Maasai/Final Project

2023-05-02T21:09:05Z

Jelliot4: /* Current Coverage */

=Transducer for Maasai=

Code <code>https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-mas</code>

==Classes/Tenses Added==
*

==Analyser Evaluation==

===Precision and Recall===
Totals:

Precision:

Recall:

===Current Coverage===
Coverage:

Remaining Unknown forms:

Ambiguity:

===Number of Stems in the Transducer===
Lexicons:

Lexicon entries:

Patterns:

Pattern entries:

Counts for individual lexicons:

Punctuation:

ClassPrefix:

NounStem:

PresentContinuousCircumfix:

SubjectPrefix:

TenseSign:

VerbRoot:

PositiveRecentPastCircumfix:

NRPSubjectPrefix:

NegativeRecentPastCircumfix:

PositiveImmediatePastCircumfix:

FUTSubjectPrefix:

Suffix:

Numeral:

All anonymous lexicons:

===Top Unknown Words===

===Analysis Tests===

==Generator Evaluation==
===Generator Tests===

==Notes==
* Number of twol rules:
*

[[Category:Maasai]][[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Maasai/Final Project

2023-05-02T21:08:41Z

Jelliot4: /* Precision and Recall */

=Transducer for Maasai=

Code <code>https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-mas</code>

==Classes/Tenses Added==
*

==Analyser Evaluation==

===Precision and Recall===
Totals:

Precision:

Recall:

===Current Coverage===
coverage:

remaining unknown forms:

ambiguity:

===Number of Stems in the Transducer===
Lexicons:

Lexicon entries:

Patterns:

Pattern entries:

Counts for individual lexicons:

Punctuation:

ClassPrefix:

NounStem:

PresentContinuousCircumfix:

SubjectPrefix:

TenseSign:

VerbRoot:

PositiveRecentPastCircumfix:

NRPSubjectPrefix:

NegativeRecentPastCircumfix:

PositiveImmediatePastCircumfix:

FUTSubjectPrefix:

Suffix:

Numeral:

All anonymous lexicons:

===Top Unknown Words===

===Analysis Tests===

==Generator Evaluation==
===Generator Tests===

==Notes==
* Number of twol rules:
*

[[Category:Maasai]][[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Maasai/Final Project

2023-05-02T21:08:28Z

Jelliot4:

=Transducer for Maasai=

Code <code>https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-mas</code>

==Classes/Tenses Added==
*

==Analyser Evaluation==

===Precision and Recall===
Totals:
Precision:
Recall:

===Current Coverage===
coverage:

remaining unknown forms:

ambiguity:

===Number of Stems in the Transducer===
Lexicons:

Lexicon entries:

Patterns:

Pattern entries:

Counts for individual lexicons:

Punctuation:

ClassPrefix:

NounStem:

PresentContinuousCircumfix:

SubjectPrefix:

TenseSign:

VerbRoot:

PositiveRecentPastCircumfix:

NRPSubjectPrefix:

NegativeRecentPastCircumfix:

PositiveImmediatePastCircumfix:

FUTSubjectPrefix:

Suffix:

Numeral:

All anonymous lexicons:

===Top Unknown Words===

===Analysis Tests===

==Generator Evaluation==
===Generator Tests===

==Notes==
* Number of twol rules:
*

[[Category:Maasai]][[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Maasai/Final Project

2023-05-02T21:07:18Z

Jelliot4:

=Transducer for Maasai=

Code <code>https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-mas</code>

==Classes/Tenses Added==
*

==Analyser Evaluation==

===Precision and Recall===
Totals:
Precision:
Recall:

===Current Coverage===
coverage:

remaining unknown forms:

ambiguity:

===Number of Stems in the Transducer===
Lexicons:

Lexicon entries:

Patterns:

Pattern entries:

Counts for individual lexicons:

Punctuation:

ClassPrefix:

NounStem:

PresentContinuousCircumfix:

SubjectPrefix:

TenseSign:

VerbRoot:

PositiveRecentPastCircumfix:

NRPSubjectPrefix:

NegativeRecentPastCircumfix:

PositiveImmediatePastCircumfix:

FUTSubjectPrefix:

Suffix:

Numeral:

All anonymous lexicons:

===Top Unknown Words===

===Analysis Tests===

==Generator Evaluation==
===Generator Tests===

==Notes==
* Number of twol rules:
*

[[Category:Maasai]][[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Maasai/Final Project

2023-05-02T21:05:11Z

Jelliot4:

=Transducer for Maasai=

==Code==

==Classes/Tenses Added==
*

==Analyser Evaluation==

===Precision and Recall===
Totals:
Precision:
Recall:

===Current Coverage===
coverage:

remaining unknown forms:

ambiguity:

===Number of Stems in the Transducer===
Lexicons:

Lexicon entries:

Patterns:

Pattern entries:

Counts for individual lexicons:

Punctuation:

ClassPrefix:

NounStem:

PresentContinuousCircumfix:

SubjectPrefix:

TenseSign:

VerbRoot:

PositiveRecentPastCircumfix:

NRPSubjectPrefix:

NegativeRecentPastCircumfix:

PositiveImmediatePastCircumfix:

FUTSubjectPrefix:

Suffix:

Numeral:

All anonymous lexicons:

===Top Unknown Words===

===Analysis Tests===

==Generator Evaluation==
===Generator Tests===

==Notes==
* Number of twol rules:
*

[[Category:Maasai]][[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Maasai

2023-05-02T21:02:01Z

Jelliot4: /* Our GitHub Corpora Repository */

Language Code: <code>Mas</code>
==Developed Resources==

==External Resources==

===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===
*
===Grammars===
*
===Linguistic Papers===
*

===Corpora===
*

===Our GitHub Corpora Repository===

[[Category:Sp23 ResourceDocumentation]]
[[Category:Maasai]]
[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Maasai

2023-05-02T21:00:38Z

Jelliot4:

Category:Sp23 FinalProjects

2023-05-02T21:00:30Z

Jelliot4:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! group !! project
|-
| Aaliyah, Jadyn, Keira || New <code>Mas</code> transducer
|-
| Alina & Sasha || Expand and publish <code>uum</code> transducer
|-
| Athena, Rhea, Rowan || Keyboard layout suite for <code>wol</code>
|-
| Bua & Mark || Expand and publish <code>shn</code> transducer
|-
| Emilio & Niall || Expand and publish <code>mwl</code> transducer
|-
| Emily || Structural transfer for <code>ami-eng</code>
|-
| Emrys || New [[Mchalfo1/Final_Project|<code>pwn</code> transducer]]
|-
| Finn & Henry || Expand and publish <code>abe</code> transducer
|-
| Fiona & Sam || Expand and publish <code>qwh</code> transducer
|-
| Levin, Yang, Yue || Orthographic conversion / multiscript transducer for <code>jya</code>
|-
| Lonnie || Python vs. HFST for analysis of <code>ami</code>
|-
| Paulina & Tehya || New <code>roh</code> transducer
|}

[[Category:Final projects]]
[[Category:Spring 2023]]

Maasai

2023-05-02T20:58:01Z

Jelliot4:

Language Code: '''Mas'''
==Developed Resources==

==External Resources==

===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===
*
===Grammars===
*
===Linguistic Papers===
*

===Corpora===
*

===Our GitHub Corpora Repository===

[[Category:Sp23 ResourceDocumentation]]
[[Category:Maasai]]

Maasai

2023-05-02T20:56:01Z

Jelliot4:

Abbreviation: '''Maa'''
==Developed Resources==

==External Resources==

===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===
*
===Grammars===
*
===Linguistic Papers===
*

===Corpora===
*

===Our GitHub Corpora Repository===

[[Category:Sp23 ResourceDocumentation]]
[[Category:Maasai]]

Category:Sp23 FinalProjects

2023-05-02T20:51:46Z

Jelliot4:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! group !! project
|-
| Aaliyah, Jadyn, Keira || New <code>Maa</code> transducer
|-
| Alina & Sasha || Expand and publish <code>uum</code> transducer
|-
| Athena, Rhea, Rowan || Keyboard layout suite for <code>wol</code>
|-
| Bua & Mark || Expand and publish <code>shn</code> transducer
|-
| Emilio & Niall || Expand and publish <code>mwl</code> transducer
|-
| Emily || Structural transfer for <code>ami-eng</code>
|-
| Emrys || New [[Mchalfo1/Final_Project|<code>pwn</code> transducer]]
|-
| Finn & Henry || Expand and publish <code>abe</code> transducer
|-
| Fiona & Sam || Expand and publish <code>qwh</code> transducer
|-
| Levin, Yang, Yue || Orthographic conversion / multiscript transducer for <code>jya</code>
|-
| Lonnie || Python vs. HFST for analysis of <code>ami</code>
|-
| Paulina & Tehya || New <code>roh</code> transducer
|}

[[Category:Final projects]]
[[Category:Spring 2023]]

Category:Maasai

2023-05-02T20:49:37Z

Jelliot4: Blanked the page

Maasai

2023-05-02T20:49:33Z

Jelliot4: Created page with "==Developed Resources== ==External Resources== ===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries=== * ===Grammars=== * ===Linguistic Papers=== * ===Corpora=== * ===Our GitHub C..."

==Developed Resources==

==External Resources==

===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===
*
===Grammars===
*
===Linguistic Papers===
*

===Corpora===
*

===Our GitHub Corpora Repository===

[[Category:Sp23 ResourceDocumentation]]
[[Category:Maasai]]

Category:Maasai

2023-05-02T20:48:23Z

Jelliot4: Created page with "==Developed Resources== ==External Resources== ===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries=== * ===Grammars=== * ===Linguistic Papers=== * ===Corpora=== * ===Our GitHub C..."

Maasai/Final Project

2023-05-02T20:46:43Z

Jelliot4: Created page with "Category:MaasaiCategory:sp23_FinalProjects"

[[Category:Maasai]][[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Category:Sp23 FinalProjects/Maasai/Final Project

2023-05-02T20:45:11Z

Jelliot4: Blanked the page

Category:Sp23 FinalProjects/Maasai/Final Project

2023-05-02T20:44:27Z

Jelliot4: Created page with "Category:Maasai Category:sp23_FinalProjects"

[[Category:Maasai]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Kamba and English/ContrastiveGrammar

2023-04-20T15:12:33Z

Jelliot4:

== Kam-Eng Tests ==
=== Sentence Structure / Word Order ===
When translating from Kamba to English, you would need to re-order the words in the sentence to match English word order, and also translate the demonstrative adjective and predicate adjective correctly. Similarly, when translating from English to Kamba, you would need to re-order the words in the sentence to match Kamba word order and ensure that you use the correct demonstrative adjective and predicate adjective.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ilinda{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl5}} yĩĩ{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}|This{{tag|dem}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} long{{tag|adj}}}}

In kamba the sentence directly/literally translates to “dress this is long” in english the determiner precedes the noun.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Vulana ii ni nene.| This jersey is big.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Vulana{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adg}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} jersey{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} big{{tag|adj}}}}

=== Noun Classes ===
The noun class system in Kamba is another significant contrastive grammar difference between Kamba and English. In Kamba, nouns are classified into different categories or classes based on their characteristics, such as their gender, shape, size, and other features. Noun prefixes can change depending on various factors such as the tense, aspect, and mood of the verb in the sentence.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ilinda{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl5}} yĩĩ{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}|This{{tag|dem}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} long{{tag|adj}}.}}

In Kamba, the noun class 5 prefix "i-" is added to the noun "ilinda" to indicate that it belongs to that class.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ngovia ii ni nini.|This hat is small.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ngovia{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} nini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} hat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} small{{tag|adj}}.}}

The noun class 9 prefix "n-" is added to the noun "ngovia" to indicate that it belongs to that class.

=== Adjective Classes ===
In Kamba, adjectives are classified into different classes based on the noun they modify. In Kamba, each adjective corresponds to a specific noun class. The adjective must agree with the noun it modifies in terms of gender and number, as well as class. Conversely, when translating from English to Kamba, the adjective must be placed after the noun and its form must be adjusted to match the noun class.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Mbui, Ngiti na Ng'ombre mai anyanyae anene.| Goat, Dog, and Cow were great friends.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Mbui{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} Ngiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} Ng'ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} mai{{tag|v}} anyanyae{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} anene{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}}| Goat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ,}} Dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} and{{tag|null}} cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} were{{tag|v}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} great{{tag|adj}}.}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ngovia ii ni nini.|This hat is small.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ngovia{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} nini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} hat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} small{{tag|adj}}.}}

=== Complex Verb Tense System ===
Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers. In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Mbui, Ngiti na Ng'ombre mai anyanyae anene.| Goat, Dog, and Cow were great friends.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Mbui{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} Ngiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} Ng'ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} mai{{tag|v}}{tag|pip}} anyanyae{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} anene{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}}| Goat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ,}} Dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} and{{tag|null}} cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} were{{tag|v}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} great{{tag|adj}}.}}

In this example, the verb "to be" is conjugated to the positive remote past tense form of the verb, "were". The prefix for the third person plural (they) would be "ma-".

=== No Definite articles ===
In English, we use the definite article "the" to refer to specific or previously mentioned nouns. For example, "the dog" refers to a particular dog that has already been mentioned or is known to both the speaker and listener. However, in Kamba, there is no equivalent definite article. Instead, the noun classes and contextual information are used to indicate specificity.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ndeleva amea maive tikiti.|The driver asked them to pay their fares.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ndeleva{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl1}} amea{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}} maive{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} tikiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl5}}|The{{tag|null}} driver{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} asked{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}} them{{tag|null}} to{{tag|null}} pay{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} their{{tag|null}} fares{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi ni nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ni{{tag|v}} nguvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} socks{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are{{tag|v}} short{{tag|adj}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Kamba]][[Category:English]]

Kamba and English/ContrastiveGrammar

2023-04-20T14:51:57Z

Jelliot4: /* Adjective Classes */

== Kam-Eng Tests ==
=== Sentence Structure / Word Order ===
When translating from Kamba to English, you would need to re-order the words in the sentence to match English word order, and also translate the demonstrative adjective and predicate adjective correctly. Similarly, when translating from English to Kamba, you would need to re-order the words in the sentence to match Kamba word order and ensure that you use the correct demonstrative adjective and predicate adjective.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ilinda{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl5}} yĩĩ{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}|This{{tag|dem}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} long{{tag|adj}}}}

In kamba the sentence directly/literally translates to “dress this is long” in english the determiner precedes the noun.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Vulana ii ni nene.| This jersey is big.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Vulana{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adg}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} jersey{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} big{{tag|adj}}}}

=== Noun Classes ===
The noun class system in Kamba is another significant contrastive grammar difference between Kamba and English. In Kamba, nouns are classified into different categories or classes based on their characteristics, such as their gender, shape, size, and other features. Noun prefixes can change depending on various factors such as the tense, aspect, and mood of the verb in the sentence.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ilinda{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl5}} yĩĩ{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}|This{{tag|dem}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} long{{tag|adj}}.}}

In Kamba, the noun class 5 prefix "i-" is added to the noun "ilinda" to indicate that it belongs to that class.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ngovia ii ni nini.|This hat is small.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ngovia{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} nini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} hat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} small{{tag|adj}}.}}

The noun class 9 prefix "n-" is added to the noun "ngovia" to indicate that it belongs to that class.

=== Adjective Classes ===
In Kamba, adjectives are classified into different classes based on the noun they modify. In Kamba, each adjective corresponds to a specific noun class. The adjective must agree with the noun it modifies in terms of gender and number, as well as class. Conversely, when translating from English to Kamba, the adjective must be placed after the noun and its form must be adjusted to match the noun class.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Mbui, Ngiti na Ng'ombre mai anyanyae anene.| Goat, Dog, and Cow were great friends.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Mbui{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} Ngiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} Ng'ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} mai{{tag|v}} anyanyae{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} anene{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}}| Goat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ,}} Dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} and{{tag|null}} cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} were{{tag|v}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} great{{tag|adj}}.}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ngovia ii ni nini.|This hat is small.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ngovia{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} nini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} hat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} small{{tag|adj}}.}}

=== Complex Verb Tense System ===
Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers. In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem.

=== No Definite articles ===
In English, we use the definite article "the" to refer to specific or previously mentioned nouns. For example, "the dog" refers to a particular dog that has already been mentioned or is known to both the speaker and listener. However, in Kamba, there is no equivalent definite article. Instead, the noun classes and contextual information are used to indicate specificity.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ndeleva amea maive tikiti.|The driver asked them to pay their fares.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ndeleva{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl1}} amea{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}} maive{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} tikiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl5}}|The{{tag|null}} driver{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} asked{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}} them{{tag|null}} to{{tag|null}} pay{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} their{{tag|null}} fares{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi ni nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ni{{tag|v}} nguvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} socks{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are{{tag|v}} short{{tag|adj}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Kamba]][[Category:English]]

Kamba and English/ContrastiveGrammar

2023-04-20T14:49:57Z

Jelliot4: /* Adjective Classes */

== Kam-Eng Tests ==
=== Sentence Structure / Word Order ===
When translating from Kamba to English, you would need to re-order the words in the sentence to match English word order, and also translate the demonstrative adjective and predicate adjective correctly. Similarly, when translating from English to Kamba, you would need to re-order the words in the sentence to match Kamba word order and ensure that you use the correct demonstrative adjective and predicate adjective.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ilinda{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl5}} yĩĩ{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}|This{{tag|dem}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} long{{tag|adj}}}}

In kamba the sentence directly/literally translates to “dress this is long” in english the determiner precedes the noun.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Vulana ii ni nene.| This jersey is big.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Vulana{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adg}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} jersey{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} big{{tag|adj}}}}

=== Noun Classes ===
The noun class system in Kamba is another significant contrastive grammar difference between Kamba and English. In Kamba, nouns are classified into different categories or classes based on their characteristics, such as their gender, shape, size, and other features. Noun prefixes can change depending on various factors such as the tense, aspect, and mood of the verb in the sentence.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ilinda{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl5}} yĩĩ{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}|This{{tag|dem}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} long{{tag|adj}}.}}

In Kamba, the noun class 5 prefix "i-" is added to the noun "ilinda" to indicate that it belongs to that class.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ngovia ii ni nini.|This hat is small.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ngovia{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} nini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} hat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} small{{tag|adj}}.}}

The noun class 9 prefix "n-" is added to the noun "ngovia" to indicate that it belongs to that class.

=== Adjective Classes ===
In Kamba, adjectives are classified into different classes based on the noun they modify. In Kamba, each adjective corresponds to a specific noun class. The adjective must agree with the noun it modifies in terms of gender and number, as well as class. Conversely, when translating from English to Kamba, the adjective must be placed after the noun and its form must be adjusted to match the noun class.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Mbui, Ngiti na Ng'ombre mai anyanyae anene.| Goat, Dog, and Cow were great friends.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Mbui{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} Ngiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} Ng'ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} mai{{tag|v}} anyanyae{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} anene{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}}| Goat{{tag|n}} ,}} Dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{}} and{{tag|null}} cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} were{{tag|v}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} great{{tag|adj}}.}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ngovia ii ni nini.|This hat is small.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ngovia{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} nini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} hat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} small{{tag|adj}}.}}

=== Complex Verb Tense System ===
Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers. In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem.

=== No Definite articles ===
In English, we use the definite article "the" to refer to specific or previously mentioned nouns. For example, "the dog" refers to a particular dog that has already been mentioned or is known to both the speaker and listener. However, in Kamba, there is no equivalent definite article. Instead, the noun classes and contextual information are used to indicate specificity.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ndeleva amea maive tikiti.|The driver asked them to pay their fares.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ndeleva{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl1}} amea{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}} maive{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} tikiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl5}}|The{{tag|null}} driver{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} asked{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}} them{{tag|null}} to{{tag|null}} pay{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} their{{tag|null}} fares{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi ni nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ni{{tag|v}} nguvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} socks{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are{{tag|v}} short{{tag|adj}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Kamba]][[Category:English]]

Kamba and English/ContrastiveGrammar

2023-04-20T14:49:46Z

Jelliot4: /* Adjective Classes */

== Kam-Eng Tests ==
=== Sentence Structure / Word Order ===
When translating from Kamba to English, you would need to re-order the words in the sentence to match English word order, and also translate the demonstrative adjective and predicate adjective correctly. Similarly, when translating from English to Kamba, you would need to re-order the words in the sentence to match Kamba word order and ensure that you use the correct demonstrative adjective and predicate adjective.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ilinda{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl5}} yĩĩ{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}|This{{tag|dem}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} long{{tag|adj}}}}

In kamba the sentence directly/literally translates to “dress this is long” in english the determiner precedes the noun.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Vulana ii ni nene.| This jersey is big.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Vulana{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adg}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} jersey{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} big{{tag|adj}}}}

=== Noun Classes ===
The noun class system in Kamba is another significant contrastive grammar difference between Kamba and English. In Kamba, nouns are classified into different categories or classes based on their characteristics, such as their gender, shape, size, and other features. Noun prefixes can change depending on various factors such as the tense, aspect, and mood of the verb in the sentence.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ilinda{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl5}} yĩĩ{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}|This{{tag|dem}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} long{{tag|adj}}.}}

In Kamba, the noun class 5 prefix "i-" is added to the noun "ilinda" to indicate that it belongs to that class.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ngovia ii ni nini.|This hat is small.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ngovia{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} nini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} hat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} small{{tag|adj}}.}}

The noun class 9 prefix "n-" is added to the noun "ngovia" to indicate that it belongs to that class.

=== Adjective Classes ===
In Kamba, adjectives are classified into different classes based on the noun they modify. In Kamba, each adjective corresponds to a specific noun class. The adjective must agree with the noun it modifies in terms of gender and number, as well as class. Conversely, when translating from English to Kamba, the adjective must be placed after the noun and its form must be adjusted to match the noun class.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Mbui, Ngiti na Ng'ombre mai anyanyae anene.| Goat, Dog, and Cow were great friends.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Mbui{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} Ngiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} Ng'ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} mai{{tag|v}} anyanyae{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} anene{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}}| Goat{{tag|n}} ,}} Dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ,}}}} and{{tag|null}} cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} were{{tag|v}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} great{{tag|adj}}.}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ngovia ii ni nini.|This hat is small.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ngovia{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} nini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} hat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} small{{tag|adj}}.}}

=== Complex Verb Tense System ===
Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers. In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem.

=== No Definite articles ===
In English, we use the definite article "the" to refer to specific or previously mentioned nouns. For example, "the dog" refers to a particular dog that has already been mentioned or is known to both the speaker and listener. However, in Kamba, there is no equivalent definite article. Instead, the noun classes and contextual information are used to indicate specificity.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ndeleva amea maive tikiti.|The driver asked them to pay their fares.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ndeleva{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl1}} amea{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}} maive{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} tikiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl5}}|The{{tag|null}} driver{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} asked{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}} them{{tag|null}} to{{tag|null}} pay{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} their{{tag|null}} fares{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi ni nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ni{{tag|v}} nguvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} socks{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are{{tag|v}} short{{tag|adj}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Kamba]][[Category:English]]

Kamba and English/ContrastiveGrammar

2023-04-20T14:49:14Z

Jelliot4: /* Adjective Classes */

== Kam-Eng Tests ==
=== Sentence Structure / Word Order ===
When translating from Kamba to English, you would need to re-order the words in the sentence to match English word order, and also translate the demonstrative adjective and predicate adjective correctly. Similarly, when translating from English to Kamba, you would need to re-order the words in the sentence to match Kamba word order and ensure that you use the correct demonstrative adjective and predicate adjective.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ilinda{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl5}} yĩĩ{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}|This{{tag|dem}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} long{{tag|adj}}}}

In kamba the sentence directly/literally translates to “dress this is long” in english the determiner precedes the noun.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Vulana ii ni nene.| This jersey is big.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Vulana{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adg}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} jersey{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} big{{tag|adj}}}}

=== Noun Classes ===
The noun class system in Kamba is another significant contrastive grammar difference between Kamba and English. In Kamba, nouns are classified into different categories or classes based on their characteristics, such as their gender, shape, size, and other features. Noun prefixes can change depending on various factors such as the tense, aspect, and mood of the verb in the sentence.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ilinda{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl5}} yĩĩ{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}|This{{tag|dem}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} long{{tag|adj}}.}}

In Kamba, the noun class 5 prefix "i-" is added to the noun "ilinda" to indicate that it belongs to that class.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ngovia ii ni nini.|This hat is small.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ngovia{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} nini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} hat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} small{{tag|adj}}.}}

The noun class 9 prefix "n-" is added to the noun "ngovia" to indicate that it belongs to that class.

=== Adjective Classes ===
In Kamba, adjectives are classified into different classes based on the noun they modify. In Kamba, each adjective corresponds to a specific noun class. The adjective must agree with the noun it modifies in terms of gender and number, as well as class. Conversely, when translating from English to Kamba, the adjective must be placed after the noun and its form must be adjusted to match the noun class.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Mbui, Ngiti na Ng'ombre mai anyanyae anene.| Goat, Dog, and Cow were great friends.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Mbui{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} Ngiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} Ng'ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} mai{{tag|v}} anyanyae{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} anene{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}}| Goat{{tag|n}} ,}} Dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ,}} and{{tag|null}} cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} were{{tag|v}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} great{{tag|adj}}.}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ngovia ii ni nini.|This hat is small.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ngovia{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} nini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} hat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} small{{tag|adj}}.}}

=== Complex Verb Tense System ===
Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers. In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem.

=== No Definite articles ===
In English, we use the definite article "the" to refer to specific or previously mentioned nouns. For example, "the dog" refers to a particular dog that has already been mentioned or is known to both the speaker and listener. However, in Kamba, there is no equivalent definite article. Instead, the noun classes and contextual information are used to indicate specificity.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ndeleva amea maive tikiti.|The driver asked them to pay their fares.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ndeleva{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl1}} amea{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}} maive{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} tikiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl5}}|The{{tag|null}} driver{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} asked{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}} them{{tag|null}} to{{tag|null}} pay{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} their{{tag|null}} fares{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi ni nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ni{{tag|v}} nguvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} socks{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are{{tag|v}} short{{tag|adj}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Kamba]][[Category:English]]

Kamba and English/ContrastiveGrammar

2023-04-20T14:48:04Z

Jelliot4: /* Adjective Classes */

== Kam-Eng Tests ==
=== Sentence Structure / Word Order ===
When translating from Kamba to English, you would need to re-order the words in the sentence to match English word order, and also translate the demonstrative adjective and predicate adjective correctly. Similarly, when translating from English to Kamba, you would need to re-order the words in the sentence to match Kamba word order and ensure that you use the correct demonstrative adjective and predicate adjective.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ilinda{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl5}} yĩĩ{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}|This{{tag|dem}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} long{{tag|adj}}}}

In kamba the sentence directly/literally translates to “dress this is long” in english the determiner precedes the noun.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Vulana ii ni nene.| This jersey is big.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Vulana{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adg}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} jersey{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} big{{tag|adj}}}}

=== Noun Classes ===
The noun class system in Kamba is another significant contrastive grammar difference between Kamba and English. In Kamba, nouns are classified into different categories or classes based on their characteristics, such as their gender, shape, size, and other features. Noun prefixes can change depending on various factors such as the tense, aspect, and mood of the verb in the sentence.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ilinda{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl5}} yĩĩ{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}|This{{tag|dem}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} long{{tag|adj}}.}}

In Kamba, the noun class 5 prefix "i-" is added to the noun "ilinda" to indicate that it belongs to that class.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ngovia ii ni nini.|This hat is small.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ngovia{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} nini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} hat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} small{{tag|adj}}.}}

The noun class 9 prefix "n-" is added to the noun "ngovia" to indicate that it belongs to that class.

=== Adjective Classes ===
In Kamba, adjectives are classified into different classes based on the noun they modify. In Kamba, each adjective corresponds to a specific noun class. The adjective must agree with the noun it modifies in terms of gender and number, as well as class. Conversely, when translating from English to Kamba, the adjective must be placed after the noun and its form must be adjusted to match the noun class.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Mbui, Ngiti na Ng'ombre mai anyanyae anene.| Goat, Dog, and Cow were great friends.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Mbui{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} Ngiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} Ng'ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} mai{{tag|v}} anyanyae{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} anene{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}}| Goat{{tag|n}} ,}} Dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ,}} and{{tag|null}} cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} were{{tag|v}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} great{{tag|adj}}.}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ngovia ii ni nini.|This hat is small.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ngovia{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} nini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} hat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} small{{tag|adj}}.}}

=== Complex Verb Tense System ===
Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers. In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem.

=== No Definite articles ===
In English, we use the definite article "the" to refer to specific or previously mentioned nouns. For example, "the dog" refers to a particular dog that has already been mentioned or is known to both the speaker and listener. However, in Kamba, there is no equivalent definite article. Instead, the noun classes and contextual information are used to indicate specificity.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ndeleva amea maive tikiti.|The driver asked them to pay their fares.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ndeleva{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl1}} amea{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}} maive{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} tikiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl5}}|The{{tag|null}} driver{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} asked{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}} them{{tag|null}} to{{tag|null}} pay{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} their{{tag|null}} fares{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi ni nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ni{{tag|v}} nguvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} socks{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are{{tag|v}} short{{tag|adj}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Kamba]][[Category:English]]

Kamba and English/ContrastiveGrammar

2023-04-20T14:47:50Z

Jelliot4: /* Adjective Classes */

== Kam-Eng Tests ==
=== Sentence Structure / Word Order ===
When translating from Kamba to English, you would need to re-order the words in the sentence to match English word order, and also translate the demonstrative adjective and predicate adjective correctly. Similarly, when translating from English to Kamba, you would need to re-order the words in the sentence to match Kamba word order and ensure that you use the correct demonstrative adjective and predicate adjective.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ilinda{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl5}} yĩĩ{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}|This{{tag|dem}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} long{{tag|adj}}}}

In kamba the sentence directly/literally translates to “dress this is long” in english the determiner precedes the noun.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Vulana ii ni nene.| This jersey is big.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Vulana{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adg}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} jersey{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} big{{tag|adj}}}}

=== Noun Classes ===
The noun class system in Kamba is another significant contrastive grammar difference between Kamba and English. In Kamba, nouns are classified into different categories or classes based on their characteristics, such as their gender, shape, size, and other features. Noun prefixes can change depending on various factors such as the tense, aspect, and mood of the verb in the sentence.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ilinda{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl5}} yĩĩ{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}|This{{tag|dem}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} long{{tag|adj}}.}}

In Kamba, the noun class 5 prefix "i-" is added to the noun "ilinda" to indicate that it belongs to that class.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ngovia ii ni nini.|This hat is small.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ngovia{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} nini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} hat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} small{{tag|adj}}.}}

The noun class 9 prefix "n-" is added to the noun "ngovia" to indicate that it belongs to that class.

=== Adjective Classes ===
In Kamba, adjectives are classified into different classes based on the noun they modify. In Kamba, each adjective corresponds to a specific noun class. The adjective must agree with the noun it modifies in terms of gender and number, as well as class. Conversely, when translating from English to Kamba, the adjective must be placed after the noun and its form must be adjusted to match the noun class.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Mbui, Ngiti na Ng'ombre mai anyanyae anene.| Goat, Dog, and Cow were great friends.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Mbui{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} Ngiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} Ng'ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} mai{{tag|v}} anyanyae{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} anene{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}}| Goat{{tag|n}} ,}} Dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} {{,}} and{{tag|null}} cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} were{{tag|v}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} great{{tag|adj}}.}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ngovia ii ni nini.|This hat is small.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ngovia{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} nini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} hat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} small{{tag|adj}}.}}

=== Complex Verb Tense System ===
Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers. In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem.

=== No Definite articles ===
In English, we use the definite article "the" to refer to specific or previously mentioned nouns. For example, "the dog" refers to a particular dog that has already been mentioned or is known to both the speaker and listener. However, in Kamba, there is no equivalent definite article. Instead, the noun classes and contextual information are used to indicate specificity.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ndeleva amea maive tikiti.|The driver asked them to pay their fares.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ndeleva{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl1}} amea{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}} maive{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} tikiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl5}}|The{{tag|null}} driver{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} asked{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}} them{{tag|null}} to{{tag|null}} pay{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} their{{tag|null}} fares{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi ni nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ni{{tag|v}} nguvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} socks{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are{{tag|v}} short{{tag|adj}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Kamba]][[Category:English]]

Kamba and English/ContrastiveGrammar

2023-04-20T14:47:19Z

Jelliot4: /* Adjective Classes */

== Kam-Eng Tests ==
=== Sentence Structure / Word Order ===
When translating from Kamba to English, you would need to re-order the words in the sentence to match English word order, and also translate the demonstrative adjective and predicate adjective correctly. Similarly, when translating from English to Kamba, you would need to re-order the words in the sentence to match Kamba word order and ensure that you use the correct demonstrative adjective and predicate adjective.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ilinda{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl5}} yĩĩ{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}|This{{tag|dem}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} long{{tag|adj}}}}

In kamba the sentence directly/literally translates to “dress this is long” in english the determiner precedes the noun.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Vulana ii ni nene.| This jersey is big.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Vulana{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adg}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} jersey{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} big{{tag|adj}}}}

=== Noun Classes ===
The noun class system in Kamba is another significant contrastive grammar difference between Kamba and English. In Kamba, nouns are classified into different categories or classes based on their characteristics, such as their gender, shape, size, and other features. Noun prefixes can change depending on various factors such as the tense, aspect, and mood of the verb in the sentence.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ilinda{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl5}} yĩĩ{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}|This{{tag|dem}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} long{{tag|adj}}.}}

In Kamba, the noun class 5 prefix "i-" is added to the noun "ilinda" to indicate that it belongs to that class.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ngovia ii ni nini.|This hat is small.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ngovia{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} nini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} hat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} small{{tag|adj}}.}}

The noun class 9 prefix "n-" is added to the noun "ngovia" to indicate that it belongs to that class.

=== Adjective Classes ===
In Kamba, adjectives are classified into different classes based on the noun they modify. In Kamba, each adjective corresponds to a specific noun class. The adjective must agree with the noun it modifies in terms of gender and number, as well as class. Conversely, when translating from English to Kamba, the adjective must be placed after the noun and its form must be adjusted to match the noun class.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Mbui, Ngiti na Ng'ombre mai anyanyae anene.| Goat, Dog, and Cow were great friends.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Mbui{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} Ngiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} Ng'ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} mai{{tag|v}} anyanyae{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} anene{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}}| Goat{{tag|n}} ,{{}} Dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} {{,}} and{{tag|null}} cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} were{{tag|v}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} great{{tag|adj}}.}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ngovia ii ni nini.|This hat is small.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ngovia{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} nini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} hat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} small{{tag|adj}}.}}

=== Complex Verb Tense System ===
Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers. In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem.

=== No Definite articles ===
In English, we use the definite article "the" to refer to specific or previously mentioned nouns. For example, "the dog" refers to a particular dog that has already been mentioned or is known to both the speaker and listener. However, in Kamba, there is no equivalent definite article. Instead, the noun classes and contextual information are used to indicate specificity.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ndeleva amea maive tikiti.|The driver asked them to pay their fares.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ndeleva{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl1}} amea{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}} maive{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} tikiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl5}}|The{{tag|null}} driver{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} asked{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}} them{{tag|null}} to{{tag|null}} pay{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} their{{tag|null}} fares{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi ni nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ni{{tag|v}} nguvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} socks{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are{{tag|v}} short{{tag|adj}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Kamba]][[Category:English]]

Kamba and English/ContrastiveGrammar

2023-04-20T14:47:03Z

Jelliot4: /* Adjective Classes */

== Kam-Eng Tests ==
=== Sentence Structure / Word Order ===
When translating from Kamba to English, you would need to re-order the words in the sentence to match English word order, and also translate the demonstrative adjective and predicate adjective correctly. Similarly, when translating from English to Kamba, you would need to re-order the words in the sentence to match Kamba word order and ensure that you use the correct demonstrative adjective and predicate adjective.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ilinda{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl5}} yĩĩ{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}|This{{tag|dem}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} long{{tag|adj}}}}

In kamba the sentence directly/literally translates to “dress this is long” in english the determiner precedes the noun.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Vulana ii ni nene.| This jersey is big.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Vulana{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adg}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} jersey{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} big{{tag|adj}}}}

=== Noun Classes ===
The noun class system in Kamba is another significant contrastive grammar difference between Kamba and English. In Kamba, nouns are classified into different categories or classes based on their characteristics, such as their gender, shape, size, and other features. Noun prefixes can change depending on various factors such as the tense, aspect, and mood of the verb in the sentence.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ilinda{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl5}} yĩĩ{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}|This{{tag|dem}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} long{{tag|adj}}.}}

In Kamba, the noun class 5 prefix "i-" is added to the noun "ilinda" to indicate that it belongs to that class.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ngovia ii ni nini.|This hat is small.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ngovia{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} nini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} hat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} small{{tag|adj}}.}}

The noun class 9 prefix "n-" is added to the noun "ngovia" to indicate that it belongs to that class.

=== Adjective Classes ===
In Kamba, adjectives are classified into different classes based on the noun they modify. In Kamba, each adjective corresponds to a specific noun class. The adjective must agree with the noun it modifies in terms of gender and number, as well as class. Conversely, when translating from English to Kamba, the adjective must be placed after the noun and its form must be adjusted to match the noun class.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Mbui, Ngiti na Ng'ombre mai anyanyae anene.| Goat, Dog, and Cow were great friends.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Mbui{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} Ngiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} Ng'ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} mai{{tag|v}} anyanyae{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} anene{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}}| Goat{{tag|n}} ,{} Dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} {{,}} and{{tag|null}} cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} were{{tag|v}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} great{{tag|adj}}.}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ngovia ii ni nini.|This hat is small.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ngovia{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} nini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} hat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} small{{tag|adj}}.}}

=== Complex Verb Tense System ===
Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers. In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem.

=== No Definite articles ===
In English, we use the definite article "the" to refer to specific or previously mentioned nouns. For example, "the dog" refers to a particular dog that has already been mentioned or is known to both the speaker and listener. However, in Kamba, there is no equivalent definite article. Instead, the noun classes and contextual information are used to indicate specificity.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ndeleva amea maive tikiti.|The driver asked them to pay their fares.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ndeleva{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl1}} amea{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}} maive{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} tikiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl5}}|The{{tag|null}} driver{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} asked{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}} them{{tag|null}} to{{tag|null}} pay{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} their{{tag|null}} fares{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi ni nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ni{{tag|v}} nguvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} socks{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are{{tag|v}} short{{tag|adj}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Kamba]][[Category:English]]

Kamba and English/ContrastiveGrammar

2023-04-20T14:46:46Z

Jelliot4:

== Kam-Eng Tests ==
=== Sentence Structure / Word Order ===
When translating from Kamba to English, you would need to re-order the words in the sentence to match English word order, and also translate the demonstrative adjective and predicate adjective correctly. Similarly, when translating from English to Kamba, you would need to re-order the words in the sentence to match Kamba word order and ensure that you use the correct demonstrative adjective and predicate adjective.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ilinda{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl5}} yĩĩ{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}|This{{tag|dem}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} long{{tag|adj}}}}

In kamba the sentence directly/literally translates to “dress this is long” in english the determiner precedes the noun.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Vulana ii ni nene.| This jersey is big.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Vulana{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adg}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} jersey{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} big{{tag|adj}}}}

=== Noun Classes ===
The noun class system in Kamba is another significant contrastive grammar difference between Kamba and English. In Kamba, nouns are classified into different categories or classes based on their characteristics, such as their gender, shape, size, and other features. Noun prefixes can change depending on various factors such as the tense, aspect, and mood of the verb in the sentence.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ilinda{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl5}} yĩĩ{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} yaasa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}|This{{tag|dem}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} long{{tag|adj}}.}}

In Kamba, the noun class 5 prefix "i-" is added to the noun "ilinda" to indicate that it belongs to that class.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ngovia ii ni nini.|This hat is small.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ngovia{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} nini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} hat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} small{{tag|adj}}.}}

The noun class 9 prefix "n-" is added to the noun "ngovia" to indicate that it belongs to that class.

=== Adjective Classes ===
In Kamba, adjectives are classified into different classes based on the noun they modify. In Kamba, each adjective corresponds to a specific noun class. The adjective must agree with the noun it modifies in terms of gender and number, as well as class. Conversely, when translating from English to Kamba, the adjective must be placed after the noun and its form must be adjusted to match the noun class.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Mbui, Ngiti na Ng'ombre mai anyanyae anene.| Goat, Dog, and Cow were great friends.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Mbui{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} Ngiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} Ng'ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} mai{{tag|v}} anyanyae{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} anene{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}}| Goat{{tag|n}} {{,}} Dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} {{,}} and{{tag|null}} cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} were{{tag|v}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} great{{tag|adj}}.}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ngovia ii ni nini.|This hat is small.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ngovia{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} ii{{tag|dem}} ni{{tag|v}} nini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|This{{tag|dem}} hat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|v}} small{{tag|adj}}.}}

=== Complex Verb Tense System ===
Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers. In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem.

=== No Definite articles ===
In English, we use the definite article "the" to refer to specific or previously mentioned nouns. For example, "the dog" refers to a particular dog that has already been mentioned or is known to both the speaker and listener. However, in Kamba, there is no equivalent definite article. Instead, the noun classes and contextual information are used to indicate specificity.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Ndeleva amea maive tikiti.|The driver asked them to pay their fares.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Ndeleva{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl1}} amea{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}} maive{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} tikiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl5}}|The{{tag|null}} driver{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} asked{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}} them{{tag|null}} to{{tag|null}} pay{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} their{{tag|null}} fares{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi ni nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ni{{tag|v}} nguvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} socks{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are{{tag|v}} short{{tag|adj}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Kamba]][[Category:English]]