LING073 - User contributions [en]

User:Jspring1/Final project

2018-05-11T16:26:39Z

Jspring1: Created page with "I built a visualization tool for lexc. All the information is here: 500px More examples and information can be found here: https://github...."

I built a visualization tool for lexc. All the information is here:

[[File:Jspring1_Final_Poster.jpg|500px]]

More examples and information can be found here: https://github.com/jakespringer/dapertium

[[Category:Sp18_FinalProjects]]

File:Jspring1 Final Poster.jpg

2018-05-11T16:25:32Z

Jspring1: Jspring1 uploaded a new version of File:Jspring1 Final Poster.jpg

File:Jspring1 Final Poster.jpg

2018-05-11T16:23:32Z

Jspring1:

File:Final Poster.jpg

2018-05-11T16:21:34Z

Jspring1:

Berik/Universal Dependencies

2018-05-02T23:22:57Z

Jspring1:

== Evaluation ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Training Data
! Training Data nonmorph
! Other Data
! Other Data nonmorph
|-
| UAS
| 79.90%
| 65.98%
| 71.43%
| 66.33%
|-
| LAS
| 71.65%
| 62.37%
| 56.12%
| 48.98%
|-
| Forms
| 194
|
| 98
|
|-
| Sentences
| 39
|
| 36
|
|}

== Dependency Relations ==

=== nsubj ===

nsubj is used to describe the relationship between the root of a clause—typically a verb—with the nominal subject of the root. It can be used to connect verbs to subjects or to connect nouns to nouns to represent their equality.

Consider the following examples:

[[File:Berik_UD_Sentence1.png|500px]]

[[File:Berik_UD_Sentence2.png|500px]]

=== obj ===

obj is used to describe the relationship between the root of the clause—typically a verb—with a direct object. Typically, it comes after the subject but before the verb of the clause. Otherwise, it is used similarly to how it is used in English.

Consider the following examples:

[[File:Berik_UD_Sentence2.png|500px]]

[[File:Berik_UD_Sentence4.png|500px]]

=== iobj ===

iobj is used to describe the relationship between the root of the clause—typically a verb—with an indirect object. Typically, it comes after the subject but before the verb of the clause. Otherwise, it is used similarly to how it is used in English.

Consider the following examples:

[[File:Berik_UD_Sentence1.png|500px]]

[[File:Berik_UD_Sentence3.png|500px]]

=== appos ===

appos is used to describe the relationship between a nominal and another nominal that further specifies the nominal. In some cases, this can be used to clarify exactly what a pronoun is referring to, and also used to describe the common paradigm in Berik in which a subject is used twice in a sentence.

Consider the following examples:

[[File:Berik_UD_Sentence5.png|500px]]

[[File:Berik_UD_Sentence6.png|500px]]

=== aux ===

aux is used to describe the relationship between a verb to express tense, mood, aspect, voice or evidentiality. In Berik, we commonly use it to represent the relationship between the verb and an interrogative.

Consider the following examples:

[[File:Berik_UD_Sentence7.png|500px]]

[[File:Berik_UD_Sentence8.png|500px]]

[[Category:sp18_UD]]

Berik/Universal Dependencies

2018-05-02T23:22:46Z

Jspring1: /* Dependency Relations */

File:Berik UD Sentence8.png

2018-05-02T23:18:08Z

Jspring1:

File:Berik UD Sentence7.png

2018-05-02T23:17:48Z

Jspring1:

Berik/Universal Dependencies

2018-05-02T23:12:18Z

Jspring1: /* Dependency Relations */

File:Berik UD Sentence6.png

2018-05-02T23:10:06Z

Jspring1:

File:Berik UD Sentence5.png

2018-05-02T23:09:01Z

Jspring1:

Berik/Universal Dependencies

2018-05-02T23:07:05Z

Jspring1: /* Dependency Relations */

File:Berik UD Sentence4.png

2018-05-02T23:05:19Z

Jspring1:

File:Berik UD Sentence3.png

2018-05-02T23:02:38Z

Jspring1:

Berik/Universal Dependencies

2018-05-02T22:58:27Z

Jspring1: /* Dependency Relations */

File:Berik UD Sentence2.png

2018-05-02T22:55:25Z

Jspring1:

File:Berik UD Sentence1.png

2018-05-02T22:54:02Z

Jspring1:

Berik/Universal Dependencies

2018-05-02T22:41:27Z

Jspring1:

Spring 2019/Structural transfer

2018-04-12T15:57:49Z

Jspring1: /* The assignment */

== Background ==

=== The basic idea of structural transfer in RBMT ===
The idea of structural transfer in RBMT is to deal with the order and tag differences encountered in translation between two languages

[[File:Transfer - basic idea.png|thumb|The arrows between the two tagged levels represent where structural transfer is needed. Colour coding shows [rough] correspondences.]]

=== How structural transfer works in Apertium ===
Transfer takes the output of the <code>biltrans</code> mode (bilingual translation), matches series of words based on patterns you define, and performs operations on and output those things. It allows you to change the order of words, change tags, etc.

==== Three levels ====
There are three stages of structural transfer in Apertium: chunker (t1x), interchunk (t2x), postchunk (t3x). The effect of some rules implemented at each stage are shown below:

[[File:Transfer - full.png|thumb|Each stage of structural transfer: chunker, interchunk, postchunk]]

Chunker has access to word-level lemmas and tags, interchunk has access to chunk-level names and tags, and postchunk has access only to chunk-level names.

==== The structure of a transfer file ====

The rules in a transfer file go in '''<code><section-rules>...</section-rules></code>'''. Each <code><rule>...</rule></code> consists of a <code><pattern>...</pattern></code> and an <code><action>...</action></code>.

The matched pattern is an ordered list of <code><pattern-item>...</pattern-item></code>s, whose names refer to <code><def-cat>...</def-cat></code>s, which contain <code><cat-item tags=""/></code>s (tags defined as in [[lexical selection]]) and are defined in '''<code><section-def-cats>...</section-def-cats></code>'''.

The action section of a rule can contain <code><out>...</out></code> blocks containing the general structure of what is output in place of the matched pattern, <code><let>...</let></code> statements for setting variables (defined in '''<code><section-def-vars>...</section-def-vars></code>''') or mutating tags, <code><choose>...</choose></code> conditional blocks, <code><call-macro>...</call-macro></code> statements for calling a macro.

Macros are defined in <code><def-macro>...</def-macro></code> blocks inside '''<code><section-def-macros>...</section-def-macros></code>'''. They allow any combination of parts of an action section (though <code><out>...</out></code> blocks are to be avoided) to be used within an arbitrary action section.

An <code><out>...</out></code> block should immediately contain a <code><chunk>...</chunk></code>, which in turn contains chunk <code><tags>...</tags></code> and <code><lu>...</lu></code> (lexical unit) blocks (separated by <code><b/></code> spaces) defining the lexical unit and corresponding tags to be output. For multiple units being output as a single lexical unit, <code><lu>...</lu></code> blocks should be wrapped in an <code><mlu>...</mlu></code> block.

Each lexical unit consists of <code><clip/></code>s, which contain the attributes <code>pos=""</code> for position matched in the pattern, <code>side=""</code> for the side to output, and <code>part=""</code> for the part of the material to output. Parts can be specified as <code>lem</code> for the lemma, <code>whole</code> for the entirety, and any set of tags (as a list of <code><attr-item/></code>s) you define as <code><def-attr>...</def-attr></code> in '''<code><section-def-attrs>...</section-def-attrs></code>'''.

==== Some things to note ====
* You can't match subpatterns or superpatterns. If more than one overlapping pattern match in a sentence, only one is chosen. You can write macros to call from multiple rules to deal with overlapping patterns.
*

==== Examples of implemented Apertium transfer systems ====
Plenty of examples are available:
* [https://github.com/jonorthwash/apertium-kir-eng eng-kir] transfer that covers the example above and basically nothing else.
* [http://svn.code.sf.net/p/apertium/svn/trunk/apertium-en-es/ en-es]: a mature translation pair with well developed structural transfer for English-Spanish and Spanish-English translation.
* And lots in between.
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp17/ling073-eng-spa eng-spa]: a basic example from class showing how to transfer adjective+noun from English to Spanish ("large cats → gatos largos": number and gender agreement and reordering) using chunking (chunker+interchunk).

==== Writing rules ====
One of the best documented features of Apertium are its transfer rules. Here are some places to read, in approximate order of level of complexity
* [[:apertium:Contributing to an existing pair#Adding structural transfer (grammar) rules|Adding structural transfer rules to an existing pair]]
* [[:apertium:Transfer rules examples|Examples of transfer rules]]
* [[:apertium:A long introduction to transfer rules|A long introduction to transfer rules]]
* [http://xixona.dlsi.ua.es/~fran/apertium2-documentation.pdf Full apertium documentation] (section 3.5 covers the transfer module)

== The assignment ==
This assignment is due at the end of week 12 (this semester, '''noon on Friday, April 7, 2017''').
# Add a page to the wiki called <code>Language1_and_Language2/Structural_transfer</code>, linking to it from the main page on the language pair.
#* Put the page in the category [[:Category:Sp17_StructuralTransfer]].
#* Perform WER, PER, and coverage tests on your short sentences corpus, and add this in to a pre-evaluation section.
# Implement at least one item from your contrastive grammar.
#* Each person in each group should implement at least one item for the direction that translates into the language that they have been primarily working with. The same item does not need to be used for each direction.
#* If the contrastive grammar item only involves relabelling or reordering tags within the same form, then please do at least two items.
# Add to your structural transfer wiki page:
#* Add at least one example sentence for each item you implement. Show the outputs of the following modes for your translation system: tagger, biltrans, chunker, interchunk, postchunk, and the pair itself (abc-xyz).
#* Perform WER, PER, and coverage tests again, and add into a post-evaluation section on the wiki page.

[[Category:Assignments]]
[[Category:Structural transfer]]

Spring 2019/Structural transfer

2018-04-12T15:57:37Z

Jspring1: /* The assignment */

== Background ==

=== The basic idea of structural transfer in RBMT ===
The idea of structural transfer in RBMT is to deal with the order and tag differences encountered in translation between two languages

[[File:Transfer - basic idea.png|thumb|The arrows between the two tagged levels represent where structural transfer is needed. Colour coding shows [rough] correspondences.]]

=== How structural transfer works in Apertium ===
Transfer takes the output of the <code>biltrans</code> mode (bilingual translation), matches series of words based on patterns you define, and performs operations on and output those things. It allows you to change the order of words, change tags, etc.

==== Three levels ====
There are three stages of structural transfer in Apertium: chunker (t1x), interchunk (t2x), postchunk (t3x). The effect of some rules implemented at each stage are shown below:

[[File:Transfer - full.png|thumb|Each stage of structural transfer: chunker, interchunk, postchunk]]

Chunker has access to word-level lemmas and tags, interchunk has access to chunk-level names and tags, and postchunk has access only to chunk-level names.

==== The structure of a transfer file ====

The rules in a transfer file go in '''<code><section-rules>...</section-rules></code>'''. Each <code><rule>...</rule></code> consists of a <code><pattern>...</pattern></code> and an <code><action>...</action></code>.

The matched pattern is an ordered list of <code><pattern-item>...</pattern-item></code>s, whose names refer to <code><def-cat>...</def-cat></code>s, which contain <code><cat-item tags=""/></code>s (tags defined as in [[lexical selection]]) and are defined in '''<code><section-def-cats>...</section-def-cats></code>'''.

The action section of a rule can contain <code><out>...</out></code> blocks containing the general structure of what is output in place of the matched pattern, <code><let>...</let></code> statements for setting variables (defined in '''<code><section-def-vars>...</section-def-vars></code>''') or mutating tags, <code><choose>...</choose></code> conditional blocks, <code><call-macro>...</call-macro></code> statements for calling a macro.

Macros are defined in <code><def-macro>...</def-macro></code> blocks inside '''<code><section-def-macros>...</section-def-macros></code>'''. They allow any combination of parts of an action section (though <code><out>...</out></code> blocks are to be avoided) to be used within an arbitrary action section.

An <code><out>...</out></code> block should immediately contain a <code><chunk>...</chunk></code>, which in turn contains chunk <code><tags>...</tags></code> and <code><lu>...</lu></code> (lexical unit) blocks (separated by <code><b/></code> spaces) defining the lexical unit and corresponding tags to be output. For multiple units being output as a single lexical unit, <code><lu>...</lu></code> blocks should be wrapped in an <code><mlu>...</mlu></code> block.

Each lexical unit consists of <code><clip/></code>s, which contain the attributes <code>pos=""</code> for position matched in the pattern, <code>side=""</code> for the side to output, and <code>part=""</code> for the part of the material to output. Parts can be specified as <code>lem</code> for the lemma, <code>whole</code> for the entirety, and any set of tags (as a list of <code><attr-item/></code>s) you define as <code><def-attr>...</def-attr></code> in '''<code><section-def-attrs>...</section-def-attrs></code>'''.

==== Some things to note ====
* You can't match subpatterns or superpatterns. If more than one overlapping pattern match in a sentence, only one is chosen. You can write macros to call from multiple rules to deal with overlapping patterns.
*

==== Examples of implemented Apertium transfer systems ====
Plenty of examples are available:
* [https://github.com/jonorthwash/apertium-kir-eng eng-kir] transfer that covers the example above and basically nothing else.
* [http://svn.code.sf.net/p/apertium/svn/trunk/apertium-en-es/ en-es]: a mature translation pair with well developed structural transfer for English-Spanish and Spanish-English translation.
* And lots in between.
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp17/ling073-eng-spa eng-spa]: a basic example from class showing how to transfer adjective+noun from English to Spanish ("large cats → gatos largos": number and gender agreement and reordering) using chunking (chunker+interchunk).

==== Writing rules ====
One of the best documented features of Apertium are its transfer rules. Here are some places to read, in approximate order of level of complexity
* [[:apertium:Contributing to an existing pair#Adding structural transfer (grammar) rules|Adding structural transfer rules to an existing pair]]
* [[:apertium:Transfer rules examples|Examples of transfer rules]]
* [[:apertium:A long introduction to transfer rules|A long introduction to transfer rules]]
* [http://xixona.dlsi.ua.es/~fran/apertium2-documentation.pdf Full apertium documentation] (section 3.5 covers the transfer module)

== The assignment ==
This assignment is due at the end of week 12 (this semester, '''noon on Friday, April 7, 2017''').
# Add a page to the wiki called <code>Language1_and_Language2/Structural_transfer</code>, linking to it from the main page on the language pair.
#* Put the page in the category [[:Category:Sp18_StructuralTransfer]].
#* Perform WER, PER, and coverage tests on your short sentences corpus, and add this in to a pre-evaluation section.
# Implement at least one item from your contrastive grammar.
#* Each person in each group should implement at least one item for the direction that translates into the language that they have been primarily working with. The same item does not need to be used for each direction.
#* If the contrastive grammar item only involves relabelling or reordering tags within the same form, then please do at least two items.
# Add to your structural transfer wiki page:
#* Add at least one example sentence for each item you implement. Show the outputs of the following modes for your translation system: tagger, biltrans, chunker, interchunk, postchunk, and the pair itself (abc-xyz).
#* Perform WER, PER, and coverage tests again, and add into a post-evaluation section on the wiki page.

[[Category:Assignments]]
[[Category:Structural transfer]]

Spring 2019/Structural transfer

2018-04-12T15:57:06Z

Jspring1:

== Background ==

=== The basic idea of structural transfer in RBMT ===
The idea of structural transfer in RBMT is to deal with the order and tag differences encountered in translation between two languages

[[File:Transfer - basic idea.png|thumb|The arrows between the two tagged levels represent where structural transfer is needed. Colour coding shows [rough] correspondences.]]

=== How structural transfer works in Apertium ===
Transfer takes the output of the <code>biltrans</code> mode (bilingual translation), matches series of words based on patterns you define, and performs operations on and output those things. It allows you to change the order of words, change tags, etc.

==== Three levels ====
There are three stages of structural transfer in Apertium: chunker (t1x), interchunk (t2x), postchunk (t3x). The effect of some rules implemented at each stage are shown below:

[[File:Transfer - full.png|thumb|Each stage of structural transfer: chunker, interchunk, postchunk]]

Chunker has access to word-level lemmas and tags, interchunk has access to chunk-level names and tags, and postchunk has access only to chunk-level names.

==== The structure of a transfer file ====

The rules in a transfer file go in '''<code><section-rules>...</section-rules></code>'''. Each <code><rule>...</rule></code> consists of a <code><pattern>...</pattern></code> and an <code><action>...</action></code>.

The matched pattern is an ordered list of <code><pattern-item>...</pattern-item></code>s, whose names refer to <code><def-cat>...</def-cat></code>s, which contain <code><cat-item tags=""/></code>s (tags defined as in [[lexical selection]]) and are defined in '''<code><section-def-cats>...</section-def-cats></code>'''.

The action section of a rule can contain <code><out>...</out></code> blocks containing the general structure of what is output in place of the matched pattern, <code><let>...</let></code> statements for setting variables (defined in '''<code><section-def-vars>...</section-def-vars></code>''') or mutating tags, <code><choose>...</choose></code> conditional blocks, <code><call-macro>...</call-macro></code> statements for calling a macro.

Macros are defined in <code><def-macro>...</def-macro></code> blocks inside '''<code><section-def-macros>...</section-def-macros></code>'''. They allow any combination of parts of an action section (though <code><out>...</out></code> blocks are to be avoided) to be used within an arbitrary action section.

An <code><out>...</out></code> block should immediately contain a <code><chunk>...</chunk></code>, which in turn contains chunk <code><tags>...</tags></code> and <code><lu>...</lu></code> (lexical unit) blocks (separated by <code><b/></code> spaces) defining the lexical unit and corresponding tags to be output. For multiple units being output as a single lexical unit, <code><lu>...</lu></code> blocks should be wrapped in an <code><mlu>...</mlu></code> block.

Each lexical unit consists of <code><clip/></code>s, which contain the attributes <code>pos=""</code> for position matched in the pattern, <code>side=""</code> for the side to output, and <code>part=""</code> for the part of the material to output. Parts can be specified as <code>lem</code> for the lemma, <code>whole</code> for the entirety, and any set of tags (as a list of <code><attr-item/></code>s) you define as <code><def-attr>...</def-attr></code> in '''<code><section-def-attrs>...</section-def-attrs></code>'''.

==== Some things to note ====
* You can't match subpatterns or superpatterns. If more than one overlapping pattern match in a sentence, only one is chosen. You can write macros to call from multiple rules to deal with overlapping patterns.
*

==== Examples of implemented Apertium transfer systems ====
Plenty of examples are available:
* [https://github.com/jonorthwash/apertium-kir-eng eng-kir] transfer that covers the example above and basically nothing else.
* [http://svn.code.sf.net/p/apertium/svn/trunk/apertium-en-es/ en-es]: a mature translation pair with well developed structural transfer for English-Spanish and Spanish-English translation.
* And lots in between.
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp17/ling073-eng-spa eng-spa]: a basic example from class showing how to transfer adjective+noun from English to Spanish ("large cats → gatos largos": number and gender agreement and reordering) using chunking (chunker+interchunk).

==== Writing rules ====
One of the best documented features of Apertium are its transfer rules. Here are some places to read, in approximate order of level of complexity
* [[:apertium:Contributing to an existing pair#Adding structural transfer (grammar) rules|Adding structural transfer rules to an existing pair]]
* [[:apertium:Transfer rules examples|Examples of transfer rules]]
* [[:apertium:A long introduction to transfer rules|A long introduction to transfer rules]]
* [http://xixona.dlsi.ua.es/~fran/apertium2-documentation.pdf Full apertium documentation] (section 3.5 covers the transfer module)

== The assignment ==
This assignment is due at the end of week 12 (this semester, '''noon on Friday, April 7, 2017''').
# Add a page to the wiki called <code>Language1_and_Language2/Structural_transfer</code>, linking to it from the main page on the language pair.
#* Put the page in the category [[:Category:Sp18_Structural_transfer]].
#* Perform WER, PER, and coverage tests on your short sentences corpus, and add this in to a pre-evaluation section.
# Implement at least one item from your contrastive grammar.
#* Each person in each group should implement at least one item for the direction that translates into the language that they have been primarily working with. The same item does not need to be used for each direction.
#* If the contrastive grammar item only involves relabelling or reordering tags within the same form, then please do at least two items.
# Add to your structural transfer wiki page:
#* Add at least one example sentence for each item you implement. Show the outputs of the following modes for your translation system: tagger, biltrans, chunker, interchunk, postchunk, and the pair itself (abc-xyz).
#* Perform WER, PER, and coverage tests again, and add into a post-evaluation section on the wiki page.

[[Category:Assignments]]
[[Category:Structural transfer]]

Category:Sp18 StructuralTransfer

2018-04-12T15:56:00Z

Jspring1: Created blank page

Berik and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-12T15:55:14Z

Jspring1:

=== Pre-Evaluation ===
* Edit distance: 61
* Word Error Rate (WER): 89.71 %
* Number of position-independent correct words: 8
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 88.24 %

=== Copulas ===

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai taneyan.|I am not a child.}} ("I am not a child.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} child{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==== Ai taneyan. ====

<pre>echo "Ai taneyan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl bkl-tagger
^Ai<prn><subj>$ ^tane<n>+yan<neg>$^..<sent>$</pre>

<pre>echo "Ai taneyan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl-eng bkl-eng-biltrans
^Ai<prn><subj>/Prpers<prn><p1><mf><sg><subj>$ ^tane<n>/child<n>$ ^yan<neg>/not<adv>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</pre>

<pre>echo "Ai taneyan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl-eng bkl-eng-chunker

apertium-transfer: Rule 6 Ai<prn><subj>/Prpers<prn><p1><mf><sg><subj>

apertium-transfer: Rule 3 tane<n>/child<n>

apertium-transfer: Rule 4 yan<neg>/not<adv>

apertium-transfer: Rule 1 .<sent>/.<sent>

apertium-transfer: Rule 1 .<sent>/.<sent>
^prn<PRN><p1><sg>{^Prpers<prn><p1><mf><sg><subj>$}$ ^n<SN><sg>{^child<n><2>$}$ ^neg<NEG>{^not<adv>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$</pre>

<pre>echo "Ai taneyan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl-eng bkl-eng-interchunk

apertium-interchunk: Rule 2 prn<PRN><p1><sg>{^Prpers<prn><p1><mf><sg><subj>$} n<SN><sg>{^child<n><2>$} neg<NEG>{^not<adv>$}
^prn<PRN><p1><sg>{^Prpers<prn><p1><mf><sg><subj>$}$ ^be<V><p1><sg>{^be<vbser><pres><2><3>$}$ ^neg<NEG>{^not<adv>$}$ ^n<SN><sg>{^child<n><2>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$</pre>

<pre>echo "Ai taneyan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl-eng bkl-eng-postchunk
^Prpers<prn><p1><mf><sg><subj>$ ^be<vbser><pres><p1><sg>$ ^not<adv>$ ^child<n><sg>$^.<sent>$^.<sent>$</pre>

<pre>echo "Ai taneyan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl-eng bkl-eng
I am not child.</pre>

==== Je namwer bwernabaryan. ====

<pre>coconut[ling073-bkl-eng]$ echo "Je namwer bwernabaryan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl bkl-tagger
^Je<prn><subj>$ ^namwer<adv>$ ^bwernabar<n>+yan<neg>$^..<sent>$</pre>

<pre>coconut[ling073-bkl-eng]$ echo "Je namwer bwernabaryan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl-eng bkl-eng-biltrans
^Je<prn><subj>/Prpers<prn><p3><m><sg><subj>/Prpers<prn><p3><f><sg><subj>/Prpers<prn><p3><nt><sg><subj>$ ^namwer<adv>/now<adv>$ ^bwernabar<n>/sickness<n>/sick<adj>$ ^yan<neg>/not<adv>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</pre>

<pre>coconut[ling073-bkl-eng]$ echo "Je namwer bwernabaryan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl-eng bkl-eng-chunker

apertium-transfer: Rule 6 Je<prn><subj>/Prpers<prn><p3><m><sg><subj>/Prpers<prn><p3><f><sg><subj>/Prpers<prn><p3><nt><sg><subj>

apertium-transfer: Rule 5 namwer<adv>/now<adv>

apertium-transfer: Rule 3 bwernabar<n>/sick<adj>

apertium-transfer: Rule 4 yan<neg>/not<adv>

apertium-transfer: Rule 1 .<sent>/.<sent>

apertium-transfer: Rule 1 .<sent>/.<sent>
^prn<PRN><p3><sg>{^Prpers<prn><p3><m><sg><subj>$}$ ^adv<ADV>{^now<adv>$}$ ^n<SA><sg>{^sick<adj><sint>$}$ ^neg<NEG>{^not<adv>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$</pre>

<pre>coconut[ling073-bkl-eng]$ echo "Je namwer bwernabaryan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl-eng bkl-eng-interchunk

apertium-interchunk: Rule 1 prn<PRN><p3><sg>{^Prpers<prn><p3><m><sg><subj>$} adv<ADV>{^now<adv>$} n<SA><sg>{^sick<adj><sint>$} neg<NEG>{^not<adv>$}
^prn<PRN><p3><sg>{^Prpers<prn><p3><m><sg><subj>$}$ ^be<V><p3><sg>{^be<vbser><pres><2><3>$}$ ^neg<NEG>{^not<adv>$}$ ^n<SA><sg>{^sick<adj><sint>$}$ ^adv<ADV>{^now<adv>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$</pre>

<pre>coconut[ling073-bkl-eng]$ echo "Je namwer bwernabaryan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl-eng bkl-eng-postchunk
^Prpers<prn><p3><m><sg><subj>$ ^be<vbser><pres><p3><sg>$ ^not<adv>$ ^sick<adj><sint>$ ^now<adv>$^.<sent>$^.<sent>$</pre>

<pre>coconut[ling073-bkl-eng]$ echo "Je namwer bwernabaryan." | apertium -d ../ling073-bkl-eng bkl-eng
He is not sick now.</pre>

[[Category:Sp18_StructuralTransfer]]

Berik and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-12T15:55:03Z

Jspring1:

Berik and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-12T15:54:22Z

Jspring1: /* Je namwer bwernabaryan. */

Berik and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-12T15:53:45Z

Jspring1: /* Copulas */

Berik and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-12T15:49:26Z

Jspring1: /* Copulas */

Berik and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-12T15:48:48Z

Jspring1: /* Copulas */

Berik and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-12T15:48:30Z

Jspring1: /* Copulas */

Berik and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-12T15:42:00Z

Jspring1: /* Copulas */

Berik and English/Lexical selection

2018-04-05T16:32:31Z

Jspring1: /* Berik → English */

[[Category:Sp18_LexicalSelection]]

= English → Berik =

= Berik → English =

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Wa fona jam orotona.|Oh, the water is boiling.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|wa{{tag|ij}} fo{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} orotona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|lg}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pres}}|Oh{{tag|ij}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|n}} water{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} boil{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}}}}

todo: add other example about the river

Berik and English/Lexical selection

2018-04-05T16:26:18Z

Jspring1: /* Berik → English */

Berik and English/Lexical selection

2018-04-05T15:55:31Z

Jspring1:

[[Category:Sp18_LexicalSelection]]

= English → Berik =

= Berik → English =

Berik and English/Lexical selection

2018-04-05T15:54:29Z

Jspring1: Created page with "Category:Sp18_LexicalSelection"

[[Category:Sp18_LexicalSelection]]

Berik and English

2018-03-31T04:05:34Z

Jspring1: /* bkl -> eng evaluation */

Resources for machine translation between [[Berik]] and English.

= bkl -> eng evaluation =

Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 55

Number of words in test: 40

Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 15

Percentage of unknown words: 37.50 %

-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 54

Word error rate (WER): 98.18 %

Number of position-independent correct words: 1

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 98.18 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 55

Word Error Rate (WER): 100.00 %

Number of position-independent correct words: 0

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100.00 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 1

Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 6.67 %

[[Category:Sp17_TranslationPairs]]

Berik and English

2018-03-31T04:04:25Z

Jspring1:

Resources for machine translation between [[Berik]] and English.

= bkl -> eng evaluation =

Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 55
Number of words in test: 40
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 15
Percentage of unknown words: 37.50 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 54
Word error rate (WER): 98.18 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 1
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 98.18 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 55
Word Error Rate (WER): 100.00 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 0
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100.00 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 1
Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 6.67 %

[[Category:Sp17_TranslationPairs]]

Berik and English

2018-03-31T04:03:52Z

Jspring1:

Resources for machine translation between [[Berik]] and English.

# bkl -> eng evaluation

Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 55
Number of words in test: 40
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 15
Percentage of unknown words: 37.50 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 54
Word error rate (WER): 98.18 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 1
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 98.18 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 55
Word Error Rate (WER): 100.00 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 0
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100.00 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 1
Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 6.67 %

[[Category:Sp17_TranslationPairs]]

Berik and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-27T16:06:08Z

Jspring1: /* Copulas */

=== Word Order ===
* English is SVO, Berik is SOV.
{{comment|examples?}}
=== Copulas ===
* English has copulas, Berik doesn't.
* Negative copulas are "copula adverb" in English, in Berik it's a negative suffix on the object.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai taneyan.|I am not a child.}} ("I am not a child.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} child{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je namwer bwernabaryan.|He is not sick now.}} ("He is not sick now.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} namwer{{tag|temp}} bwernabar{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} sick{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} now{{tag|adv}}}}


=== Lists ===
* In Berik, lists do not include a conjunction to follow the penultimate element, instead use comitative on last element.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai, Daud, Sekati, Piterfar twensar.|David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.}} ("David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} Daud{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Sekati{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Piter{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} twensar{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|David{{tag|np}}{{tag|cog}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Scotty{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Peter{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} together{{tag|adv}}}}



=== Tools and definiteness ===

* Berik has a separate case for tools, English uses prepositions.
* Berik does not mark definiteness.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Korano atem difnant.|The chief came with a canoe.}} ("The chief came with a canoe.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} at{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} difna{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} chief{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} come{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} canoe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je twena ginem tana.|He killed the pig with an arrow.}} ("He killed the pig with an arrow.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} tana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|light}}{{tag|pst}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} kill{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} arrow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Plurality and subject repetition ===

* Berik nouns do not mark plurality.
* A noun phrase in Berik with multiple modifiers will be split by the verb and/or a repetition of the subject. {{inlineComment|I don't get this...}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai twena anesus ai damtabili unggunfena setetina.|I see many large black pigs.}} ("I see many large black pigs.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} ane{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}} ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} damtabili{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}} unggunfena{{tag|adj}} setetina{{tag|adj}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} many{{tag|det}}{{tag|qnt}}{{tag|pl}} large{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} black{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

[[Category:Sp18_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Berik and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-27T16:05:15Z

Jspring1: /* Lists */

=== Word Order ===
* English is SVO, Berik is SOV.
{{comment|examples?}}
=== Copulas ===
* English has copulas, Berik doesn't.
* Negative copulas are "copula adverb" in English, in Berik it's a negative suffix on the object.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai taneyan.|I am not a child.}} ("I am not a child.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} child{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je namwer bwernabaryan.|He is not sick now.}} ("He is not sick now.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} namwer{{tag|temp}} bwernabar{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} sick{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} now{{tag|adv}}}}
{{comment|is the word for "sick" a noun in Berik?}}

=== Lists ===
* In Berik, lists do not include a conjunction to follow the penultimate element, instead use comitative on last element.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai, Daud, Sekati, Piterfar twensar.|David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.}} ("David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} Daud{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Sekati{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Piter{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} twensar{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|David{{tag|np}}{{tag|cog}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Scotty{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Peter{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} together{{tag|adv}}}}



=== Tools and definiteness ===

* Berik has a separate case for tools, English uses prepositions.
* Berik does not mark definiteness.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Korano atem difnant.|The chief came with a canoe.}} ("The chief came with a canoe.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} at{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} difna{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} chief{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} come{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} canoe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je twena ginem tana.|He killed the pig with an arrow.}} ("He killed the pig with an arrow.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} tana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|light}}{{tag|pst}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} kill{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} arrow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Plurality and subject repetition ===

* Berik nouns do not mark plurality.
* A noun phrase in Berik with multiple modifiers will be split by the verb and/or a repetition of the subject. {{inlineComment|I don't get this...}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai twena anesus ai damtabili unggunfena setetina.|I see many large black pigs.}} ("I see many large black pigs.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} ane{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}} ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} damtabili{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}} unggunfena{{tag|adj}} setetina{{tag|adj}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} many{{tag|det}}{{tag|qnt}}{{tag|pl}} large{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} black{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

[[Category:Sp18_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Berik and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-27T16:04:48Z

Jspring1: /* Lists */

=== Word Order ===
* English is SVO, Berik is SOV.
{{comment|examples?}}
=== Copulas ===
* English has copulas, Berik doesn't.
* Negative copulas are "copula adverb" in English, in Berik it's a negative suffix on the object.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai taneyan.|I am not a child.}} ("I am not a child.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} child{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je namwer bwernabaryan.|He is not sick now.}} ("He is not sick now.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} namwer{{tag|temp}} bwernabar{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} sick{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} now{{tag|adv}}}}
{{comment|is the word for "sick" a noun in Berik?}}

=== Lists ===
* In Berik, lists do not include a conjunction to follow the penultimate element, instead use comitative on last element.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai, Daud, Sekati, Piterfar twensar.|David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.}} ("David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} Daud{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Sekati{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Piter{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} twensar{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|David{{tag|np}}{{tag|cog}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Scotty{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Peter{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} together{{tag|adv}}}}

{{comment|I find the conjoining construction for the list more interesting than which pronoun comes first. In part because in English it's not so bad to say "me, David, Scotty, and Peter eat together", and in part because that's the other main difference here.)}}

=== Tools and definiteness ===

* Berik has a separate case for tools, English uses prepositions.
* Berik does not mark definiteness.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Korano atem difnant.|The chief came with a canoe.}} ("The chief came with a canoe.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} at{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} difna{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} chief{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} come{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} canoe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je twena ginem tana.|He killed the pig with an arrow.}} ("He killed the pig with an arrow.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} tana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|light}}{{tag|pst}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} kill{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} arrow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Plurality and subject repetition ===

* Berik nouns do not mark plurality.
* A noun phrase in Berik with multiple modifiers will be split by the verb and/or a repetition of the subject. {{inlineComment|I don't get this...}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai twena anesus ai damtabili unggunfena setetina.|I see many large black pigs.}} ("I see many large black pigs.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} ane{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}} ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} damtabili{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}} unggunfena{{tag|adj}} setetina{{tag|adj}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} many{{tag|det}}{{tag|qnt}}{{tag|pl}} large{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} black{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

[[Category:Sp18_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Berik and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-27T15:31:28Z

Jspring1: /* Lists */

=== Word Order ===
* English is SVO, Berik is SOV.
{{comment|examples?}}
=== Copulas ===
* English has copulas, Berik doesn't.
* Negative copulas are "copula adverb" in English, in Berik it's a negative suffix on the object.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai taneyan.|I am not a child.}} ("I am not a child.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} child{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je namwer bwernabaryan.|He is not sick now.}} ("He is not sick now.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} namwer{{tag|temp}} bwernabar{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} sick{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} now{{tag|adv}}}}
{{comment|is the word for "sick" a noun in Berik?}}

=== Lists ===
* In Berik, lists do not include a conjunction to follow the penultimate element.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai, Daud, Sekati, Piterfar twensar.|David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.}} ("David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} Daud{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Sekati{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Piter{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} twensar{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|David{{tag|np}}{{tag|cog}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Scotty{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Peter{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} together{{tag|adv}}}}

{{comment|I find the conjoining construction for the list more interesting than which pronoun comes first. In part because in English it's not so bad to say "me, David, Scotty, and Peter eat together", and in part because that's the other main difference here.)}}

=== Tools and definiteness ===

* Berik has a separate case for tools, English uses prepositions.
* Berik does not mark definiteness.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Korano atem difnant.|The chief came with a canoe.}} ("The chief came with a canoe.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} at{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} difna{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} chief{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} come{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} canoe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je twena ginem tana.|He killed the pig with an arrow.}} ("He killed the pig with an arrow.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} tana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|light}}{{tag|pst}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} kill{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} arrow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Plurality and subject repetition ===

* Berik nouns do not mark plurality.
* A noun phrase in Berik with multiple modifiers will be split by the verb and/or a repetition of the subject. {{inlineComment|I don't get this...}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai twena anesus ai damtabili unggunfena setetina.|I see many large black pigs.}} ("I see many large black pigs.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} ane{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}} ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} damtabili{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}} unggunfena{{tag|adj}} setetina{{tag|adj}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} many{{tag|det}}{{tag|qnt}}{{tag|pl}} large{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} black{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

[[Category:Sp18_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Berik and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-22T15:36:45Z

Jspring1: /* Nouns */

=== Word Order ===
* English is SVO, Berik is SOV.
=== Copulas ===
* English has copulas, Berik doesn't.
* Negative copulas are "copula adverb" in English, in Berik it's a negative suffix on the object.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai taneyan.|I am not a child.}} ("I am not a child.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} child{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je namwer bwernabaryan.|He is not sick now.}} ("He is not sick now.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} namwer{{tag|temp}} bwernabar{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} sick{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} now{{tag|adv}}}}

=== Lists ===
* In Berik, first person pronouns come first in lists, in English last.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai, Daud, Sekati, Piterfar twensar.|David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.}} ("David, Scotty, Peter, and I eat together.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} Daud{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Sekati{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} Piter{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}} twensar{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}}|David{{tag|np}}{{tag|cog}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Scotty{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} Peter{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ,{{tag|cm}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} together{{tag|adv}}}}

== Nouns ==

=== Tools and definiteness ===

* Berik has a separate case for tools, English uses prepositions.
* Berik does not mark definiteness.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Korano atem difnant.|The chief came with a canoe.}} ("The chief came with a canoe.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}} at{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} difna{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|light}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} chief{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} come{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} canoe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Je twena ginem tana.|He killed the pig with an arrow.}} ("He killed the pig with an arrow.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}} tana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|light}}{{tag|pst}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} kill{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} with{{tag|pr}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} arrow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Plurality and subject repetition ===

* Berik nouns do not mark plurality.
* A noun phrase in Berik with multiple modifiers will be split by the verb and/or a repetition of the subject.

* {{transferTest|bkl|eng|Ai twena anesus ai damtabili unggunfena setetina.|I see many large black pigs.}} ("I see many large black pigs.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|bkl|eng|ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} twin{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}} ane{{tag|adj}}{{tag|int}} ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}} damtabili{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|light}} unggunfena{{tag|adj}} setetina{{tag|adj}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} many{{tag|det}}{{tag|qnt}}{{tag|pl}} large{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} black{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} pig{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

== eng-bkl tests ==

[[Category:Sp18_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Berik/Transducer

2018-03-06T01:05:42Z

Jspring1:

Code: [https://github.swarthmore.edu/jspring1/ling073-bkl https://github.swarthmore.edu/jspring1/ling073-bkl]

=== General Evaluation ===

* Current corpus coverage: 44.80%
* Number of stems: 112
** Does not include pronouns (4?) and verbs (3?)
* Top unknown words:
** aa (64)
** jeta (42)
** ge (31)
** taterisi (11)
** aane (11)
** jebe (9)
** bosna (9)
** anes (9)
** asal (8)
** asala (8)
** Aamai (8)
** temawer (8)
** Jepga (8)
** aaiserem (8)
** enggame (7)
** Taterisi (7)
** Sanbagiri (6)

* Corpus tests passing: 14/33 (42.42%)

=== Analyzer Evaluation ===

* Analyzer tests passing: 92/118 (77.97%)

=== Generator Evaluation ===

* Generator tests passing: 92/136 (67.65%)

== Notes ==

Initial corpus coverage was 21.98%.

Coverage was raised to 34.65% by adding
* {{morphTest|jamere{{tag|locl}}|jamere}}
* {{morphTest|Yesus{{tag|n}}|Yesus}}
* {{morphTest|Yusuf{{tag|n}}|Yusuf}}
* {{morphTest|Maria{{tag|n}}|Maria}}
* {{morphTest|Daud{{tag|n}}|Daud}}
* {{morphTest|angtane{{tag|n}}|angtane}}
* {{morphTest|raja{{tag|n}}|raja}}
* {{morphTest|taman{{tag|n}}|taman}}
* {{morphTest|kapka{{tag|adj}}|kapka}}
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|imp}}|se}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|jemna}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}|jam}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}+wer{{tag|post}}|jewer}}
* {{morphTest|gam{{tag|part}}|gam}}

Adding "jei" as a form of "je" raised coverage to 42.84%.
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}|jei}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|part}}|jeiserem}}

=== Certain tests still do not work ===

Distance
* {{morphTest|disultena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dst}}|disultetna}}
* {{morphTest|gwerana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dst}}|gwerantetna}}

Gender
* {{morphTest|sarbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|sarbili}}
* {{morphTest|eyebana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|eyebili}}
* {{morphTest|gwebana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|gwebili}}
* {{morphTest|gerbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|golbili}}
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|domola}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|sofola}}

Number
* {{morphTest|jila{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge jila}}
* {{morphTest|sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge sofwa}}
* {{morphTest|nasona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge nasona}}
* {{morphTest|fina{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge fina}}
* {{morphTest|jila{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge jalbili}}
* {{morphTest|sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge sofwabili}}
* {{morphTest|nasona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge nasbawena}}
* {{morphTest|fina{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge fibili}}

These tests do not work since we did not get around to implementing them, and were not common enough in our corpus to warrant implementing, compared to other more common forms.

[[Category:Sp18_Transducers]]

Berik/Transducer

2018-03-06T01:00:41Z

Jspring1: /* Evaluation */

Code: [https://github.swarthmore.edu/jspring1/ling073-bkl https://github.swarthmore.edu/jspring1/ling073-bkl]

=== General Evaluation ===

* Current corpus coverage: 44.80%
* Number of stems: 112
** Does not include pronouns (4?) and verbs (3?)
* Top unknown words:
** aa (64)
** jeta (42)
** ge (31)
** taterisi (11)
** aane (11)
** jebe (9)
** bosna (9)
** anes (9)
** asal (8)
** asala (8)
** Aamai (8)
** temawer (8)
** Jepga (8)
** aaiserem (8)
** enggame (7)
** Taterisi (7)
** Sanbagiri (6)

=== Analyzer Evaluation ===

* Analyzer tests passing: 92/118 (77.97%)

=== Generator Evaluation ===

* Generator tests passing: 92/136 (67.65%)
* Corpus tests passing: 14/33 (42.42%)

== Notes ==

Initial corpus coverage was 21.98%.

Coverage was raised to 34.65% by adding
* {{morphTest|jamere{{tag|locl}}|jamere}}
* {{morphTest|Yesus{{tag|n}}|Yesus}}
* {{morphTest|Yusuf{{tag|n}}|Yusuf}}
* {{morphTest|Maria{{tag|n}}|Maria}}
* {{morphTest|Daud{{tag|n}}|Daud}}
* {{morphTest|angtane{{tag|n}}|angtane}}
* {{morphTest|raja{{tag|n}}|raja}}
* {{morphTest|taman{{tag|n}}|taman}}
* {{morphTest|kapka{{tag|adj}}|kapka}}
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|imp}}|se}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|jemna}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}|jam}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}+wer{{tag|post}}|jewer}}
* {{morphTest|gam{{tag|part}}|gam}}

Adding "jei" as a form of "je" raised coverage to 42.84%.
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}|jei}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|part}}|jeiserem}}

=== Certain tests still do not work ===

Distance
* {{morphTest|disultena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dst}}|disultetna}}
* {{morphTest|gwerana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dst}}|gwerantetna}}

Gender
* {{morphTest|sarbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|sarbili}}
* {{morphTest|eyebana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|eyebili}}
* {{morphTest|gwebana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|gwebili}}
* {{morphTest|gerbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|golbili}}
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|domola}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|sofola}}

Number
* {{morphTest|jila{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge jila}}
* {{morphTest|sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge sofwa}}
* {{morphTest|nasona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge nasona}}
* {{morphTest|fina{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge fina}}
* {{morphTest|jila{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge jalbili}}
* {{morphTest|sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge sofwabili}}
* {{morphTest|nasona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge nasbawena}}
* {{morphTest|fina{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge fibili}}

These tests do not work since we did not get around to implementing them, and were not common enough in our corpus to warrant implementing, compared to other more common forms.

[[Category:Sp18_Transducers]]

Berik/Transducer

2018-03-05T23:50:05Z

Jspring1: /* Notes */

Code: [https://github.swarthmore.edu/jspring1/ling073-bkl https://github.swarthmore.edu/jspring1/ling073-bkl]

== Evaluation ==

* Current corpus coverage: 42.84%
* Number of stems: 112
** Does not include pronouns (4?) and verbs (3?)
* Top unknown words:
** aa (64)
** jeta (42)
** ge (31)
** taterisi (11)
** aane (11)
** jebe (9)
** bosna (9)
** anes (9)
** asal (8)
** asala (8)
** Aamai (8)
** temawer (8)
** Jepga (8)
** aaiserem (8)
** enggame (7)
** Taterisi (7)
** Sanbagiri (6)
* Analyzer tests passing: 85/117 (72.65%)
* Generator tests passing: 85/152 (55.92%)
* Corpus tests passing: 14/33 (42.42%)

== Notes ==

Initial corpus coverage was 21.98%.

Coverage was raised to 34.65% by adding
* {{morphTest|jamere{{tag|locl}}|jamere}}
* {{morphTest|Yesus{{tag|n}}|Yesus}}
* {{morphTest|Yusuf{{tag|n}}|Yusuf}}
* {{morphTest|Maria{{tag|n}}|Maria}}
* {{morphTest|Daud{{tag|n}}|Daud}}
* {{morphTest|angtane{{tag|n}}|angtane}}
* {{morphTest|raja{{tag|n}}|raja}}
* {{morphTest|taman{{tag|n}}|taman}}
* {{morphTest|kapka{{tag|adj}}|kapka}}
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|imp}}|se}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|jemna}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}|jam}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}+wer{{tag|post}}|jewer}}
* {{morphTest|gam{{tag|part}}|gam}}

Adding "jei" as a form of "je" raised coverage to 42.84%.
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}|jei}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|part}}|jeiserem}}

=== Certain tests still do not work ===

Distance
* {{morphTest|disultena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dst}}|disultetna}}
* {{morphTest|gwerana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dst}}|gwerantetna}}

Gender
* {{morphTest|sarbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|sarbili}}
* {{morphTest|eyebana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|eyebili}}
* {{morphTest|gwebana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|gwebili}}
* {{morphTest|gerbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|golbili}}
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|domola}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|sofola}}

Number
* {{morphTest|jila{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge jila}}
* {{morphTest|sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge sofwa}}
* {{morphTest|nasona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge nasona}}
* {{morphTest|fina{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge fina}}
* {{morphTest|jila{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge jalbili}}
* {{morphTest|sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge sofwabili}}
* {{morphTest|nasona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge nasbawena}}
* {{morphTest|fina{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge fibili}}

These tests do not work since we did not get around to implementing them, and were not common enough in our corpus to warrant implementing, compared to other more common forms.

[[Category:Sp18_Transducers]]

Berik/Transducer

2018-03-05T23:49:39Z

Jspring1: /* Notes */

Code: [https://github.swarthmore.edu/jspring1/ling073-bkl https://github.swarthmore.edu/jspring1/ling073-bkl]

== Evaluation ==

* Current corpus coverage: 42.84%
* Number of stems: 112
** Does not include pronouns (4?) and verbs (3?)
* Top unknown words:
** aa (64)
** jeta (42)
** ge (31)
** taterisi (11)
** aane (11)
** jebe (9)
** bosna (9)
** anes (9)
** asal (8)
** asala (8)
** Aamai (8)
** temawer (8)
** Jepga (8)
** aaiserem (8)
** enggame (7)
** Taterisi (7)
** Sanbagiri (6)
* Analyzer tests passing: 85/117 (72.65%)
* Generator tests passing: 85/152 (55.92%)
* Corpus tests passing: 14/33 (42.42%)

== Notes ==

Initial corpus coverage was 21.98%.

Coverage was raised to 34.65% by adding
* {{morphTest|jamere{{tag|locl}}|jamere}}
* {{morphTest|Yesus{{tag|n}}|Yesus}}
* {{morphTest|Yusuf{{tag|n}}|Yusuf}}
* {{morphTest|Maria{{tag|n}}|Maria}}
* {{morphTest|Daud{{tag|n}}|Daud}}
* {{morphTest|angtane{{tag|n}}|angtane}}
* {{morphTest|raja{{tag|n}}|raja}}
* {{morphTest|taman{{tag|n}}|taman}}
* {{morphTest|kapka{{tag|adj}}|kapka}}
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|imp}}|se}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|jemna}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}|jam}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}+wer{{tag|post}}|jewer}}
* {{morphTest|gam{{tag|part}}|gam}}

Adding "jei" as a form of "je" raised coverage to 42.84%.
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}|jei}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|part}}|jeiserem}}

Certain tests still do not work:

Distance
* {{morphTest|disultena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dst}}|disultetna}}
* {{morphTest|gwerana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dst}}|gwerantetna}}

Gender
* {{morphTest|sarbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|sarbili}}
* {{morphTest|eyebana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|eyebili}}
* {{morphTest|gwebana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|gwebili}}
* {{morphTest|gerbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|golbili}}
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|domola}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|sofola}}

Number
* {{morphTest|jila{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge jila}}
* {{morphTest|sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge sofwa}}
* {{morphTest|nasona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge nasona}}
* {{morphTest|fina{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge fina}}
* {{morphTest|jila{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge jalbili}}
* {{morphTest|sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge sofwabili}}
* {{morphTest|nasona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge nasbawena}}
* {{morphTest|fina{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge fibili}}

These tests do not work since we did not get around to implementing them, and were not common enough in our corpus to warrant implementing, compared to other more common forms.

[[Category:Sp18_Transducers]]

Berik/Transducer

2018-03-05T23:42:14Z

Jspring1:

Berik/Grammar

2018-02-20T17:21:07Z

Jspring1: /* To Place */

== Classes ==

The [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/37537 Grammatical Sketch] lists the uninflectable closed classes as:
* Response words ("yes", "no", "don't want") {{tag|resp}}
* Pseudo-Imperatives ("come", "watch out", but not related to the verbs) {{tag|psimp}}
* Exclamatory words ("(amazement)", "(pity)") {{tag|ij}}
* Interrogatives ("what", "who", "why") {{tag|itg}}
* Numerals (only "1", "2", "3", "4") {{tag|num}}
* Manner Adverbs ("also", "again", "already") {{tag|adv}}{{tag|man}}
* Temporals ("today", "yesterday", "tomorrow") {{tag|temp}}
* Locationals ("middle of", "on", "behind", it's unclear how these relate to prepositions) {{tag|locl}}
* Conjunctions ("and", "or", "then") {{tag|conj}}

The inflectable classes are:
* Nouns (below) {{tag|n}}
* Verbs (below) {{tag|v}}
* Pronouns (there should perhaps be a distinction between subject and non-subject pronouns) {{tag|prn}}
* Modifiers (adjectives, with regular derivation to adverbs) {{tag|adj}}

== Nouns ==

Nouns occurring as the subject of a sentence typically receive the suffix «-'''na'''». However, not every noun receives this inflection.

Consider the following examples where subjects receive the suffix «-'''na'''»
* {{morphTest|bangge{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}}|bangge'''na'''}}

Locational suffixes « -ap » "towards" and « -wer » "away from" occur on nouns.

* {{morphTest|jina{{tag|n}}+ap{{tag|post}}|jin'''ap'''}}
* {{morphTest|jina{{tag|n}}+wer{{tag|post}}|jina'''wer'''}}

When the direction irrelevant, either may be used.

* {{morphTest|sita{{tag|n}}+ap{{tag|post}}|sit'''ap'''}}
* {{morphTest|sita{{tag|n}}+wer{{tag|post}}|sita'''wer'''}}

The suffix « -yan » sometimes occurs on nouns in non-transitive clauses and is used to negate the clause.

* {{morphTest|tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|tane'''yan'''}}
* {{morphTest|bwernabar{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|bwernabar'''yan'''}}
* {{morphTest|domol{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|domol'''yan'''}}

The suffix « -em » occurs on nouns as an instrument.

* {{morphTest|at{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}}|at'''em'''}}
* {{morphTest|gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}}|gin'''em'''}}
{{comment|Something's wrong here. Either do {{morphTest|gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}}|ginem}} or {{morphTest|gin{{tag|n}}+em{{tag|post}}|ginem}}.}}

The suffix « -far » (sometimes « -bar ») occurs on nouns as comitative.

* {{morphTest|uwa{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}}|uwa'''far'''}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|com}}|je'''bar'''}}
* {{morphTest|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}}|Korano'''far'''}}
{{comment|Same here}}

The suffix « -bara » indicates a special form of accompanying relationship between a noun and a pronoun. It carries the meaning 'to have,' as in "I have a daughter.'

* {{morphTest|yafontoi{{tag|n}}{{tag|relational}}|yafontoi'''bara'''}}
* {{morphTest|gwora{{tag|n}}{{tag|relational}}|gwora'''bara'''}}
{{comment|Same here}}

The suffix « -mana » occurs on nouns as a possessor.

* {{morphTest|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}|Korano'''mana'''}}
* {{morphTest|uwa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}|uwa'''mana'''}}
{{comment|Same here}}

If the possessor precedes the item it possesses, the suffix « -em » is used instead.

* {{morphTest|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}|Korano'''em'''}}
{{comment|Same here}}

== Verbs ==
{{comment|It looks like you have enough data to get a good idea of what's going on. And you really need to figure it out.}}

=== Number ===
Intransitive verbs agree with the subject for dual number by adding the pluralizer word «ge» before the verb.
* {{morphTest|jila{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge jila}}
* {{morphTest|sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge sofwa}}
* {{morphTest|nasona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge nasona}}
* {{morphTest|fina{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge fina}}

For plurals 4 examples are given, but the pattern isn't clear.
* {{morphTest|jila{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge jalbili}}
* {{morphTest|sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge sofwabili}}
* {{morphTest|nasona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge nasbawena}}
* {{morphTest|fina{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge fibili}}

Transitive verbs mark the number of the object.

In dual, the ending appears to be «-sona» for verbs ending in «-(b)ana», which is sometimes accompanied by a vowel change in the stem. There is not enough data to find a pattern for other types of verbs.
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|domsona}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|sofsona}}
* {{morphTest|nasbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|nasona}}
* {{morphTest|telbese{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|telmisi}}
* {{morphTest|wirusu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|wirsosa}}

Plural is again difficult to make out.
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|damtabili}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|saftabana}}
* {{morphTest|nasbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|nasbabili}}
* {{morphTest|telbese{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|telbebesi}}
* {{morphTest|wirusu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|wirtababisi}}

=== Gender ===
Many verbs agree with the gender of the object. Some these have a regular suffix alteration between «-bana» and «-bili».
* {{morphTest|sarbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|sarbili}}
* {{morphTest|eyebana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|eyebili}}
* {{morphTest|gwebana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|gwebili}}

Others undergo stem changes. Some of these are very similar to the suffix alteration.
* {{morphTest|gerbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|golbili}}

Whereas others (those ending in «-tana», it seems) change the first syllable and change the suffix to «-ola».
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|domola}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|sofola}}

=== Distance ===
When the action takes place far away, the infix «-tet-» is inserted before the final syllable. If the verb ends in «-tena» the result is «-tetna», otherwise the «n» is doubled and «-tet-» is inserted between them.
* {{morphTest|disultena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dst}}|disultetna}}
* {{morphTest|gwerana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dst}}|gwerantetna}}

=== To Give ===
Since verbs are really messy and the grammar documentation is minimal, here's conjugations to "to give", for which the dictionary lists the root as "gubana" or "gobali", for the male and female versions, respectively. Forms are given for both genders in past, present, and future tenses, for singular, dual and plural object number, and with both sunlight and darkness forms.

* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|gulbana}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|gulbanant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|gulbafa}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|gulbasa}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|gulbafant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|gubafa}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|terbene}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|terbenent}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|terbefe}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|terbese}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|terbefent}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|terbefe}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|kitobana}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|kitulbanant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|kitobafo}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|kitobasa}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|kitulbafant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|kitobafo}}

And the feminine:
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|gobili}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|golbilint}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|golbifi}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|gobisi}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|golbifint}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|golbifi}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|terbili}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|terbilint}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|terbifi}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|terbese}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|terbefint}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|terbifi}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|kitobili}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|kitulbilint}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|kitulbifi}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|kitobisi}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|kitulbifint}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|kitulbifi}}
{{comment|shouldn't these have the same lemma, and {{tag|m}} and {{tag|f}} tags?}}

=== To Tie ===
The dictionary documents "to tie up" as "fwirna."

* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|fwirena}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|fwiresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|faarena}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|faaresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|taferebili}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|taferebisi}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|fwirenant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|fwirenant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|faarefant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|faarenant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|taferebilint}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|taferebifint}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|fwirena}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|fwiresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|faarefa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|faaresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|taferebifi}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|taferebisi}}

=== To Place ===
The dictionary documents 'gwarantena' as 'to place'

* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|low}}|gwerantena}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|high}}|gweransona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|low}}|tosontona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|high}}|tosonsona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|low}}|bununtona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|high}}|bununsona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|low}}|gwerantetfa}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|high}}|gweranswetna}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|low}}|tosontetfa}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|high}}|tosonswetna}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|low}}|bununtetfa}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|high}}|bununswetna}}

[[Category:Grammar_documentation]]
[[Category:Berik]]

Berik/Grammar

2018-02-20T17:11:19Z

Jspring1: /* Verbs */

== Classes ==

The [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/37537 Grammatical Sketch] lists the uninflectable closed classes as:
* Response words ("yes", "no", "don't want") {{tag|resp}}
* Pseudo-Imperatives ("come", "watch out", but not related to the verbs) {{tag|psimp}}
* Exclamatory words ("(amazement)", "(pity)") {{tag|ij}}
* Interrogatives ("what", "who", "why") {{tag|itg}}
* Numerals (only "1", "2", "3", "4") {{tag|num}}
* Manner Adverbs ("also", "again", "already") {{tag|adv}}{{tag|man}}
* Temporals ("today", "yesterday", "tomorrow") {{tag|temp}}
* Locationals ("middle of", "on", "behind", it's unclear how these relate to prepositions) {{tag|locl}}
* Conjunctions ("and", "or", "then") {{tag|conj}}

The inflectable classes are:
* Nouns (below) {{tag|n}}
* Verbs (below) {{tag|v}}
* Pronouns (there should perhaps be a distinction between subject and non-subject pronouns) {{tag|prn}}
* Modifiers (adjectives, with regular derivation to adverbs) {{tag|adj}}

== Nouns ==

Nouns occurring as the subject of a sentence typically receive the suffix «-'''na'''». However, not every noun receives this inflection.

Consider the following examples where subjects receive the suffix «-'''na'''»
* {{morphTest|bangge{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}}|bangge'''na'''}}

Locational suffixes « -ap » "towards" and « -wer » "away from" occur on nouns.

* {{morphTest|jina{{tag|n}}+ap{{tag|post}}|jin'''ap'''}}
* {{morphTest|jina{{tag|n}}+wer{{tag|post}}|jina'''wer'''}}

When the direction irrelevant, either may be used.

* {{morphTest|sita{{tag|n}}+ap{{tag|post}}|sit'''ap'''}}
* {{morphTest|sita{{tag|n}}+wer{{tag|post}}|sita'''wer'''}}

The suffix « -yan » sometimes occurs on nouns in non-transitive clauses and is used to negate the clause.

* {{morphTest|tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|tane'''yan'''}}
* {{morphTest|bwernabar{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|bwernabar'''yan'''}}
* {{morphTest|domol{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|domol'''yan'''}}

The suffix « -em » occurs on nouns as an instrument.

* {{morphTest|at{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}}|at'''em'''}}
* {{morphTest|gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}}|gin'''em'''}}
{{comment|Something's wrong here. Either do {{morphTest|gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}}|ginem}} or {{morphTest|gin{{tag|n}}+em{{tag|post}}|ginem}}.}}

The suffix « -far » (sometimes « -bar ») occurs on nouns as comitative.

* {{morphTest|uwa{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}}|uwa'''far'''}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|com}}|je'''bar'''}}
* {{morphTest|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}}|Korano'''far'''}}
{{comment|Same here}}

The suffix « -bara » indicates a special form of accompanying relationship between a noun and a pronoun. It carries the meaning 'to have,' as in "I have a daughter.'

* {{morphTest|yafontoi{{tag|n}}{{tag|relational}}|yafontoi'''bara'''}}
* {{morphTest|gwora{{tag|n}}{{tag|relational}}|gwora'''bara'''}}
{{comment|Same here}}

The suffix « -mana » occurs on nouns as a possessor.

* {{morphTest|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}|Korano'''mana'''}}
* {{morphTest|uwa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}|uwa'''mana'''}}
{{comment|Same here}}

If the possessor precedes the item it possesses, the suffix « -em » is used instead.

* {{morphTest|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}|Korano'''em'''}}
{{comment|Same here}}

== Verbs ==
{{comment|It looks like you have enough data to get a good idea of what's going on. And you really need to figure it out.}}

=== Number ===
Intransitive verbs agree with the subject for dual number by adding the pluralizer word «ge» before the verb.
* {{morphTest|jila{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge jila}}
* {{morphTest|sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge sofwa}}
* {{morphTest|nasona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge nasona}}
* {{morphTest|fina{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge fina}}

For plurals 4 examples are given, but the pattern isn't clear.
* {{morphTest|jila{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge jalbili}}
* {{morphTest|sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge sofwabili}}
* {{morphTest|nasona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge nasbawena}}
* {{morphTest|fina{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge fibili}}

Transitive verbs mark the number of the object.

In dual, the ending appears to be «-sona» for verbs ending in «-(b)ana», which is sometimes accompanied by a vowel change in the stem. There is not enough data to find a pattern for other types of verbs.
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|domsona}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|sofsona}}
* {{morphTest|nasbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|nasona}}
* {{morphTest|telbese{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|telmisi}}
* {{morphTest|wirusu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|wirsosa}}

Plural is again difficult to make out.
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|damtabili}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|saftabana}}
* {{morphTest|nasbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|nasbabili}}
* {{morphTest|telbese{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|telbebesi}}
* {{morphTest|wirusu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|wirtababisi}}

=== Gender ===
Many verbs agree with the gender of the object. Some these have a regular suffix alteration between «-bana» and «-bili».
* {{morphTest|sarbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|sarbili}}
* {{morphTest|eyebana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|eyebili}}
* {{morphTest|gwebana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|gwebili}}

Others undergo stem changes. Some of these are very similar to the suffix alteration.
* {{morphTest|gerbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|golbili}}

Whereas others (those ending in «-tana», it seems) change the first syllable and change the suffix to «-ola».
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|domola}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|sofola}}

=== Distance ===
When the action takes place far away, the infix «-tet-» is inserted before the final syllable. If the verb ends in «-tena» the result is «-tetna», otherwise the «n» is doubled and «-tet-» is inserted between them.
* {{morphTest|disultena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dst}}|disultetna}}
* {{morphTest|gwerana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dst}}|gwerantetna}}

=== To Give ===
Since verbs are really messy and the grammar documentation is minimal, here's conjugations to "to give", for which the dictionary lists the root as "gubana" or "gobali", for the male and female versions, respectively. Forms are given for both genders in past, present, and future tenses, for singular, dual and plural object number, and with both sunlight and darkness forms.

* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|gulbana}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|gulbanant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|gulbafa}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|gulbasa}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|gulbafant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|gubafa}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|terbene}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|terbenent}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|terbefe}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|terbese}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|terbefent}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|terbefe}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|kitobana}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|kitulbanant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|kitobafo}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|kitobasa}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|kitulbafant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|kitobafo}}

And the feminine:
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|gobili}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|golbilint}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|golbifi}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|gobisi}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|golbifint}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|golbifi}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|terbili}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|terbilint}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|terbifi}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|terbese}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|terbefint}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|terbifi}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|kitobili}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|kitulbilint}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|kitulbifi}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|kitobisi}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|kitulbifint}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|kitulbifi}}
{{comment|shouldn't these have the same lemma, and {{tag|m}} and {{tag|f}} tags?}}

=== To Tie ===
The dictionary documents "to tie up" as "fwirna."

* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|fwirena}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|fwiresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|faarena}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|faaresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|taferebili}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|taferebisi}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|fwirenant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|fwirenant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|faarefant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|faarenant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|taferebilint}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|taferebifint}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|fwirena}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|fwiresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|faarefa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|faaresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|taferebifi}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|taferebisi}}

=== To Place ===
The dictionary documents 'gwarantena' as 'to place'

* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|close}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|low}}|gwerantena}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|close}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|high}}|gweransona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|close}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|low}}|tosontona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|close}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|high}}|tosonsona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|close}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|low}}|bununtona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|close}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|high}}|bununsona}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|distant}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|low}}|gwerantetfa}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|distant}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|high}}|gweranswetna}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|distant}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|low}}|tosontetfa}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|distant}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|high}}|tosonswetna}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|distant}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|low}}|bununtetfa}}
* {{morphTest|gwarantena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|distant}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|high}}|bununswetna}}

[[Category:Grammar_documentation]]
[[Category:Berik]]

Berik/Grammar

2018-02-20T17:02:04Z

Jspring1:

== Classes ==

The [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/37537 Grammatical Sketch] lists the uninflectable closed classes as:
* Response words ("yes", "no", "don't want") {{tag|resp}}
* Pseudo-Imperatives ("come", "watch out", but not related to the verbs) {{tag|psimp}}
* Exclamatory words ("(amazement)", "(pity)") {{tag|ij}}
* Interrogatives ("what", "who", "why") {{tag|itg}}
* Numerals (only "1", "2", "3", "4") {{tag|num}}
* Manner Adverbs ("also", "again", "already") {{tag|adv}}{{tag|man}}
* Temporals ("today", "yesterday", "tomorrow") {{tag|temp}}
* Locationals ("middle of", "on", "behind", it's unclear how these relate to prepositions) {{tag|locl}}
* Conjunctions ("and", "or", "then") {{tag|conj}}

The inflectable classes are:
* Nouns (below) {{tag|n}}
* Verbs (below) {{tag|v}}
* Pronouns (there should perhaps be a distinction between subject and non-subject pronouns) {{tag|prn}}
* Modifiers (adjectives, with regular derivation to adverbs) {{tag|adj}}

== Nouns ==

Nouns occurring as the subject of a sentence typically receive the suffix «-'''na'''». However, not every noun receives this inflection.

Consider the following examples where subjects receive the suffix «-'''na'''»
* {{morphTest|bangge{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}}|bangge'''na'''}}

Locational suffixes « -ap » "towards" and « -wer » "away from" occur on nouns.

* {{morphTest|jina{{tag|n}}+ap{{tag|post}}|jin'''ap'''}}
* {{morphTest|jina{{tag|n}}+wer{{tag|post}}|jina'''wer'''}}

When the direction irrelevant, either may be used.

* {{morphTest|sita{{tag|n}}+ap{{tag|post}}|sit'''ap'''}}
* {{morphTest|sita{{tag|n}}+wer{{tag|post}}|sita'''wer'''}}

The suffix « -yan » sometimes occurs on nouns in non-transitive clauses and is used to negate the clause.

* {{morphTest|tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|tane'''yan'''}}
* {{morphTest|bwernabar{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|bwernabar'''yan'''}}
* {{morphTest|domol{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|domol'''yan'''}}

The suffix « -em » occurs on nouns as an instrument.

* {{morphTest|at{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}}|at'''em'''}}
* {{morphTest|gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}}|gin'''em'''}}
{{comment|Something's wrong here. Either do {{morphTest|gin{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}}|ginem}} or {{morphTest|gin{{tag|n}}+em{{tag|post}}|ginem}}.}}

The suffix « -far » (sometimes « -bar ») occurs on nouns as comitative.

* {{morphTest|uwa{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}}|uwa'''far'''}}
* {{morphTest|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|com}}|je'''bar'''}}
* {{morphTest|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}}|Korano'''far'''}}
{{comment|Same here}}

The suffix « -bara » indicates a special form of accompanying relationship between a noun and a pronoun. It carries the meaning 'to have,' as in "I have a daughter.'

* {{morphTest|yafontoi{{tag|n}}{{tag|relational}}|yafontoi'''bara'''}}
* {{morphTest|gwora{{tag|n}}{{tag|relational}}|gwora'''bara'''}}
{{comment|Same here}}

The suffix « -mana » occurs on nouns as a possessor.

* {{morphTest|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}|Korano'''mana'''}}
* {{morphTest|uwa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}|uwa'''mana'''}}
{{comment|Same here}}

If the possessor precedes the item it possesses, the suffix « -em » is used instead.

* {{morphTest|Korano{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}|Korano'''em'''}}
{{comment|Same here}}

== Verbs ==
{{comment|It looks like you have enough data to get a good idea of what's going on. And you really need to figure it out.}}

=== Number ===
Intransitive verbs agree with the subject for dual number by adding the pluralizer word «ge» before the verb.
* {{morphTest|jila{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge jila}}
* {{morphTest|sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge sofwa}}
* {{morphTest|nasona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge nasona}}
* {{morphTest|fina{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|du}}|ge fina}}

For plurals 4 examples are given, but the pattern isn't clear.
* {{morphTest|jila{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge jalbili}}
* {{morphTest|sofwa{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge sofwabili}}
* {{morphTest|nasona{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge nasbawena}}
* {{morphTest|fina{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pl}}|ge fibili}}

Transitive verbs mark the number of the object.

In dual, the ending appears to be «-sona» for verbs ending in «-(b)ana», which is sometimes accompanied by a vowel change in the stem. There is not enough data to find a pattern for other types of verbs.
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|domsona}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|sofsona}}
* {{morphTest|nasbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|nasona}}
* {{morphTest|telbese{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|telmisi}}
* {{morphTest|wirusu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|du}}|wirsosa}}

Plural is again difficult to make out.
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|damtabili}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|saftabana}}
* {{morphTest|nasbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|nasbabili}}
* {{morphTest|telbese{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|telbebesi}}
* {{morphTest|wirusu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pl}}|wirtababisi}}

=== Gender ===
Many verbs agree with the gender of the object. Some these have a regular suffix alteration between «-bana» and «-bili».
* {{morphTest|sarbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|sarbili}}
* {{morphTest|eyebana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|eyebili}}
* {{morphTest|gwebana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|gwebili}}

Others undergo stem changes. Some of these are very similar to the suffix alteration.
* {{morphTest|gerbana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|golbili}}

Whereas others (those ending in «-tana», it seems) change the first syllable and change the suffix to «-ola».
* {{morphTest|damtana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|domola}}
* {{morphTest|saftana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|f}}|sofola}}

=== Distance ===
When the action takes place far away, the infix «-tet-» is inserted before the final syllable. If the verb ends in «-tena» the result is «-tetna», otherwise the «n» is doubled and «-tet-» is inserted between them.
* {{morphTest|disultena{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dst}}|disultetna}}
* {{morphTest|gwerana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dst}}|gwerantetna}}

=== Give ===
Since verbs are really messy and the grammar documentation is minimal, here's conjugations to "to give", for which the dictionary lists the root as "gubana" or "gobali", for the male and female versions, respectively. Forms are given for both genders in past, present, and future tenses, for singular, dual and plural object number, and with both sunlight and darkness forms.

* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|gulbana}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|gulbanant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|gulbafa}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|gulbasa}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|gulbafant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|gubafa}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|terbene}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|terbenent}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|terbefe}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|terbese}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|terbefent}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|terbefe}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|kitobana}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|kitulbanant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|kitobafo}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|kitobasa}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|kitulbafant}}
* {{morphTest|gubana{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|kitobafo}}

And the feminine:
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|gobili}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|golbilint}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|golbifi}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|gobisi}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|golbifint}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|golbifi}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|terbili}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|terbilint}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|terbifi}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|terbese}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|terbefint}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|terbifi}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|kitobili}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|kitulbilint}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|kitulbifi}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|kitobisi}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|kitulbifint}}
* {{morphTest|gobali{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|kitulbifi}}
{{comment|shouldn't these have the same lemma, and {{tag|m}} and {{tag|f}} tags?}}

=== Tie ===

* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|fwirena}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|fwiresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|faarena}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|faaresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|taferebili}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|taferebisi}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|fwirenant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|fwirenant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|faarefant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|faarenant}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|taferebilint}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|taferebifint}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sun}}|fwirena}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dark}}|fwiresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|sun}}|faarefa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|dark}}|faaresa}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|sun}}|taferebifi}}
* {{morphTest|fwirna{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dark}}|taferebisi}}

[[Category:Grammar_documentation]]
[[Category:Berik]]