LING073 - User contributions [en]

Category:Sebat Bet Gurage

2025-05-01T16:40:56Z

Kdandy1: Created blank page

Uyghur/Transducer

2025-05-01T16:10:56Z

Kdandy1: /* Analyzer Evaluation */

Github Repository: [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-uig]

==Analyzer Evaluation==
{{comment|Awesome work! Just remember to add these up and write the total # of stems in here

--Keira}}
Total number of stems in transducer:

Counts for individual lexicons:
*Noun-Stems: 9
*Plural: 1
*Cases: 10
*Personal-Pronoun: 9
*Demonstrative-Pronoun: 7

Current coverage:

*coverage: 48 / 848 (~0.05660377358490566038)

Current ambiguity:

*904 / 848 (~1.06603773584905660377)

List of unknown words:

TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:

27 ^ۋە/*ۋە$
24 ^خۇدا/*خۇدا$
14 ^بىلەن/*بىلەن$
13 ^خىتاي/*خىتاي$
13 ^بولدى/*بولدى$
11 ^ھەر/*ھەر$
11 ^خىل/*خىل$
10 ^يەنە/*يەنە$
9 ^دېدى/*دېدى$
8 ^خۇدانىڭ/*خۇدانىڭ$
7 ^يەنى/*يەنى$
7 ^ياخشى/*ياخشى$
7 ^كېچە/*كېچە$
7 ^كۈندۈز/*كۈندۈز$
7 ^كۆردى/*كۆردى$
7 ^قىلىپ/*قىلىپ$
7 ^ئىكەنلىكىنى/*ئىكەنلىكىنى$
6 ^شۇنداق/*شۇنداق$
6 ^سوت/*سوت$
6 ^جەمئىيىتى/*جەمئىيىتى$

Tests that Pass:

Corpus 1 of 23: commonwords
4/4 (100.0%) tests pass (1/4 (25.0%) match gold)

Corpus 4 of 23: Personal Pronouns-morph
9/9 (100.0%) tests pass (8/9 (88.89%) match gold)

Corpus 5 of 10: Plurals-morph
4/4 (100.0%) tests pass (4/4 (100.0%) match gold)

Corpus 6 of 23: Demonstrative Pronouns-morph
7/7 (100.0%) tests pass (7/7 (100.0%) match gold)

Corpus 8 of 23: Nouns-morph
40/40 (100.0%) tests pass (40/40 (100.0%) match gold)

==Generator Evaluation==

===Initial evaluation of morphological generation===

====Analyzer Test====
Corpus 1 of 10: Personal Pronouns-morph
9/9 (100.0%) tests pass (8/9 (88.89%) match gold)

Corpus 2 of 10: Demonstrative Pronouns-morph
7/7 (100.0%) tests pass (7/7 (100.0%) match gold)

Corpus 3 of 10: Nouns-morph
40/40 (100.0%) tests pass (40/40 (100.0%) match gold)

Corpus 5 of 10: Plurals-morph
4/4 (100.0%) tests pass (4/4 (100.0%) match gold)

All tests pass.

====Coverage====
coverage: 48 / 848 (~0.05660377358490566038)
remaining unknown forms: 800
ambiguity: 904 / 848 (~1.06603773584905660377)

====Gen Test====

Corpus 1 of 10: Personal Pronouns-gen
9/9 (100.0%) tests pass (5/9 (55.56%) match gold)

Corpus 2 of 10: Demonstrative Pronouns-gen
7/7 (100.0%) tests pass (7/7 (100.0%) match gold)

Corpus 3 of 10: Nouns-gen
40/40 (100.0%) tests pass (12/40 (30.0%) match gold)

Corpus 5 of 10: Plurals-gen
4/4 (100.0%) tests pass (0/4 (0.0%) match gold)

===Final Assessment===

Using ten twol rules:

====Gen Test====
Corpus 1 of 10: Personal Pronouns-gen
9/9 (100.0%) tests pass (5/9 (55.56%) match gold)

Corpus 2 of 10: Demonstrative Pronouns-gen
7/7 (100.0%) tests pass (7/7 (100.0%) match gold)

Corpus 3 of 10: Nouns-gen
40/40 (100.0%) tests pass (27/40 (67.5%) match gold)

Corpus 4 of 10: Possessive Suffixes-gen
2/2 (100.0%) tests pass (0/2 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 5 of 10: Plurals-gen
4/4 (100.0%) tests pass (4/4 (100.0%) match gold)

Total: 71.67% Gold

====Coverage====

coverage: 51 / 848 (~0.06014150943396226415)
remaining unknown forms: 797
ambiguity: 899 / 848 (~1.06014150943396226415)

[[Category:Uyghur]]
[[Category: Sp25_Transducers]]

Rungus/Transducer

2025-05-01T16:07:17Z

Kdandy1:

GitHub [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-drg/tree/master]

=Evaluation=
{{comment|Looks great! I would just make this heading "Analyser Evaluation" for clarity

--Keira}}
Number of Stems: 100

Coverage: 416/1226 (~33.9314%)

Current List of Unknown Words:
*ong
*no
*di
*tu
*om
*nu
*ogi
*ku
*oku
*an
*amu
*dau
*savo
*po
*ko
*agai
*dikou
*Amu
*vokon

All tests in each of the corpus pass (I think?), but not many match gold. In fact, only 29 of them match gold.

=Generator Evaluation=
==Initial Evaluation of Morphological Generation==
I believe all tests passed initially.

Current Coverage: 416 / 1226 (~33.9148%)
*Command: <code>coverage-hfst drg.corpus.basic.txt drg.automorf.hfst</code>

Current Gold Matches for Generation Tests: <code>apertium-regtest test -c .-gen</code>
*Intransitive Prefixes: 3/6 (50.0%) match gold
*Transitive Prefixes: 0/23 (0.0%) match gold
*Pluralizing Nouns: 0/6 (0.0%) match gold
*Collectivizing Nouns: 0/3 (0.0%) match gold
*Personal Pronouns: 8/16 (50.0%) match gold
*Demonstrative Determiners: 6/6 (100.0%) match gold
*Demonstrative Pronouns: 12/13 (92.31%) match gold
*Contractions: 0/6 (0.0%) match gold
*Reduplication: 0/6 (0.0%) match gold
*Enclitics: 0/9 (0.0%) match gold

==Final Evaluation of Morphological Generation==
After adding the morphological generator, 85 tests pass and 9 tests fail (90.4% pass, 9.6% fail).

We previously did not have any twol rules. After adding the morphological generator, we have 14 twol rules.

Our new coverage is: 439 / 1226 (~35.8075%)
*Command: <code>coverage-hfst drg.corpus.basic.txt drg.automorf.hfst</code>

New Gold Matches for Generation Test: <code>apertium-regtest test -c .-gen</code>
*Intransitive Prefixes: 3/6 (50.0%) match gold
*Transitive Prefixes: 22/23 (95.65%) match gold
*Pluralizing Nouns: 6/6 (100.0%) match gold
*Collectivizing Nouns: 3/3 (100.0%) match gold
*Personal Pronouns: 10/16 (62.5%) match gold
*Demonstrative Determiners: 6/6 (100.0%) match gold
*Demonstrative Pronouns: 12/13 (92.31%) match gold
*Contractions: 0/6 (0.0%) match gold
*Reduplication: 0/6 (0.0%) match gold
*Enclitics: 0/9 (0.0%) match gold

[[Category:Rungus]]
[[Category:Sp25 Transducers]]

Plattdüütsch/Transducer

2025-05-01T16:01:49Z

Kdandy1:

{{comment|Looks great, but it would be nice to specify Analyser Evaluation in your second header and then specify Initial and Final Generator Evaluation as subheadings under your Generator Evaluation heading.

--Keira}}

==Github==

You can find the Repo for the Plattdüütsch transducer [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-nds here].

==Evaluation==

All tests passed.

Number of Stems: 91

Coverage: 233/956 (24.4%)

Unknown words:

*un

*dat

*an

*mit

*en

*Agnes

*se

*in

*sik

*Hinrich

*vun

*to

*na

*weer

==Generator Evaluation==

Coverage: 233/956 (24.4%)

*command: coverage-hfst nds.corpus.basic.txt nds.automorf.hfst

Currennt gold matches for generation:

===nouns===

*er 2/3 match gold

*en 4/4 match gold

*e 1/1 match gold

*Umlaut: 3/3 match gold

*Umlaut+er: 0/2 match gold

*umlaut+loss of final d: 1/3 match gold

*no change: 3/3 match gold

===verbs===

*all verbs: 0/21 match gold

===Pronouns===
*all prounouns: 0/26 match gold

===determiners===
All determiners: 7/20 match gold

==Final evaluation of Morphological Generatation:==

Currently, all tests pass.

We have 18 .twol rules.

Coverage is 233/956 (24.4%).

[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]
[[Category:Sp25 Transducers]]

Plattdüütsch/Transducer

2025-05-01T16:01:10Z

Kdandy1:

{{comment| Looks great, but it would be nice to specify Analyser Evaluation in your second header and then specify Initial and Final Generator Evaluation as subheadings under your Generator Evaluation heading.

--Keira
}}

==Github==

You can find the Repo for the Plattdüütsch transducer [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-nds here].

==Evaluation==

All tests passed.

Number of Stems: 91

Coverage: 233/956 (24.4%)

Unknown words:

*un

*dat

*an

*mit

*en

*Agnes

*se

*in

*sik

*Hinrich

*vun

*to

*na

*weer

==Generator Evaluation==

Coverage: 233/956 (24.4%)

*command: coverage-hfst nds.corpus.basic.txt nds.automorf.hfst

Currennt gold matches for generation:

===nouns===

*er 2/3 match gold

*en 4/4 match gold

*e 1/1 match gold

*Umlaut: 3/3 match gold

*Umlaut+er: 0/2 match gold

*umlaut+loss of final d: 1/3 match gold

*no change: 3/3 match gold

===verbs===

*all verbs: 0/21 match gold

===Pronouns===
*all prounouns: 0/26 match gold

===determiners===
All determiners: 7/20 match gold

==Final evaluation of Morphological Generatation:==

Currently, all tests pass.

We have 18 .twol rules.

Coverage is 233/956 (24.4%).

[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]
[[Category:Sp25 Transducers]]

Belizean Creole/Transducer

2025-05-01T15:56:27Z

Kdandy1: /* Evaluation */

== Resources ==

https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/20/99/21/20992139271472124394945438780794345365/The_Song_of_Kriol_UnicodeElectronic2013.pdf

== GitHub Repository ==

https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-bzj

== Evaluation ==

{{comment|Missing number of stems in the transducer (total and then by lexicon) [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Morphological_analyser#Evaluation check here for the specific directions], and then also maybe paste in which tests pass and fail (output of <code>apertium-regtest test -c .-morph</code>)

Also headers for which part is Analysis and which part is Generation would be nice!

--Keira}}

Coverage: 154/1284 (~11.9%)

Current List of Unknown Words:

di <unk>

ahn <unk>

weh <unk>

da <unk>

ih <unk>

hihn <unk>

unu <unk>

noh <unk>

fi <unk>

Ai <unk>

Di <unk>

si <unk>

Jeezas <unk>

dat <unk>

noa <unk>

du <unk>

dehn seh <unk>

Ah <unk>

blain <unk>

== Notes ==

Some of the tests didn't work because the grammar points were complicated for us to implement at this point, so we focused on the points that we could analyze more accurately.

By adding the pronoun "yoo," which is a different form of "yu," we increased the coverage from 140 to 154 out of 1284. the percentages improved from 10.9% to 11.9%.

We have 21 stems in our transducer.

==Final Evaluation==

Out of 43 tests, 37 of them are passing the gold standard. We did not have any need to add twol rules(consulted with Prof.). Rather, we added more accurate Lexicon rules to increase in accuracy.

After running on our corpus, our coverage is now 182 / 1279 (~0.1422)

[[Category:Sp25_Transducers]] [[Category: Belizean_Creole]]

Munsee/Transducer

2025-05-01T15:49:18Z

Kdandy1:

{{comment|Awesome job! Just make sure you add in those numbers for your final evaluation of morphological generation

-- Keira}}

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-umu Link to Transducer Repository]

== Analyser Evaluation ==

* Total number of stems in transducer: 20
* Current coverage over combined corpus: 33/1024
* Current list of top unknown words:
** uch
** waak
** Nal
** weemi
** ha
** mah
** ang
** ngumee
** uw
** nal
** taa
** nzhiis
** nguk
** kway
** wtulaawal
** eet
** wa
** njihnal
* Number of tests that pass in each test: 61/73 pass (0% match gold, likely due to transducer outputting multiple possible forms, some of which are not the "gold" one)

=== Notes ===
* Coverage increased from 11/1024 to 33/1024 with the addition of 'Noah' and 'Pahtamawaas' (God) as animate noun stems.

== Generator Evaluation ==

=== Initial Evaluation of Morphological Generation ===

* Number of passing morphological analysis tests: 34/82 (~41.5%)
* Number of failing morphological analysis tests: 48/82
* Current coverage over corpus: 40/1034 (~3.9%)
* Number of gold matches for the generation test: 0 :(

=== Final Evaluation of Morphological Generation ===
* Number of passing tests:
* Number of failing tests:
* Number of twol rules added:
* Current coverage over corpus:

[[Category:Sp25_Transducers]] [[Category: Munsee]]

Belizean Creole/Transducer

2025-04-10T16:25:49Z

Kdandy1: /* Evaluation */

== Resources ==

https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/20/99/21/20992139271472124394945438780794345365/The_Song_of_Kriol_UnicodeElectronic2013.pdf

== GitHub Repository ==

https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-bzj

== Evaluation ==

{{comment|Missing number of stems in the transducer (total and then by lexicon) [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Morphological_analyser#Evaluation check here for the specific directions], and then also maybe paste in which tests pass and fail (output of <code>apertium-regtest test -c .-morph</code>)

--Keira}}

Coverage: 154/1284 (~11.9%)

Current List of Unknown Words:

di <unk>

ahn <unk>

weh <unk>

da <unk>

ih <unk>

hihn <unk>

unu <unk>

noh <unk>

fi <unk>

Ai <unk>

Di <unk>

si <unk>

Jeezas <unk>

dat <unk>

noa <unk>

du <unk>

dehn seh <unk>

Ah <unk>

blain <unk>

== Notes ==

Some of the tests didn't work because the grammar points were complicated for us to implement at this point, so we focused on the points that we could analyze more accurately.

By adding the pronoun "yoo," which is a different form of "yu," we increased the coverage from 140 to 154 out of 1284. the percentages improved from 10.9% to 11.9%.

We have 21 stems in our transducer.

==Final Evaluation==

Out of 43 tests, 37 of them are passing the gold standard. We did not have any need to add twol rules(consulted with Prof.). Rather, we added more accurate Lexicon rules to increase in accuracy.

After running on our corpus, our coverage is now 182 / 1279 (~0.1422)

[[Category:Sp25_Transducers]] [[Category: Belizean_Creole]]

Belizean Creole/Transducer

2025-04-10T16:16:35Z

Kdandy1:

== Resources ==

https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/20/99/21/20992139271472124394945438780794345365/The_Song_of_Kriol_UnicodeElectronic2013.pdf

== GitHub Repository ==

https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-bzj

== Evaluation ==

{{comment|Missing number of stems in the transducer (total and then by lexicon) [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Morphological_analyser#Evaluation check here for the specific directions] --Keira}}

Coverage: 154/1284 (~11.9%)

Current List of Unknown Words:

di <unk>

ahn <unk>

weh <unk>

da <unk>

ih <unk>

hihn <unk>

unu <unk>

noh <unk>

fi <unk>

Ai <unk>

Di <unk>

si <unk>

Jeezas <unk>

dat <unk>

noa <unk>

du <unk>

dehn seh <unk>

Ah <unk>

blain <unk>

== Notes ==

Some of the tests didn't work because the grammar points were complicated for us to implement at this point, so we focused on the points that we could analyze more accurately.

By adding the pronoun "yoo," which is a different form of "yu," we increased the coverage from 140 to 154 out of 1284. the percentages improved from 10.9% to 11.9%.

We have 21 stems in our transducer.

==Final Evaluation==

Out of 43 tests, 37 of them are passing the gold standard. We did not have any need to add twol rules(consulted with Prof.). Rather, we added more accurate Lexicon rules to increase in accuracy.

After running on our corpus, our coverage is now 182 / 1279 (~0.1422)

[[Category:Sp25_Transducers]] [[Category: Belizean_Creole]]

Belizean Creole/Transducer

2025-04-10T16:16:13Z

Kdandy1: /* Evaluation */

== Resources ==

https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/20/99/21/20992139271472124394945438780794345365/The_Song_of_Kriol_UnicodeElectronic2013.pdf

== GitHub Repository ==

https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-bzj

{{comment|Missing number of stems in the transducer (total and then by lexicon) [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Morphological_analyser#Evaluation check here for the specific directions] --Keira}}

== Evaluation ==

Coverage: 154/1284 (~11.9%)

Current List of Unknown Words:

di <unk>

ahn <unk>

weh <unk>

da <unk>

ih <unk>

hihn <unk>

unu <unk>

noh <unk>

fi <unk>

Ai <unk>

Di <unk>

si <unk>

Jeezas <unk>

dat <unk>

noa <unk>

du <unk>

dehn seh <unk>

Ah <unk>

blain <unk>

== Notes ==

Some of the tests didn't work because the grammar points were complicated for us to implement at this point, so we focused on the points that we could analyze more accurately.

By adding the pronoun "yoo," which is a different form of "yu," we increased the coverage from 140 to 154 out of 1284. the percentages improved from 10.9% to 11.9%.

We have 21 stems in our transducer.

==Final Evaluation==

Out of 43 tests, 37 of them are passing the gold standard. We did not have any need to add twol rules(consulted with Prof.). Rather, we added more accurate Lexicon rules to increase in accuracy.

After running on our corpus, our coverage is now 182 / 1279 (~0.1422)

[[Category:Sp25_Transducers]] [[Category: Belizean_Creole]]

Sebat Bet Gurage/Keyboard

2025-04-10T15:31:07Z

Kdandy1:

{{comment|Missing justification section (pretty much what you have in your readme).

Also just make sure the visualization of your keyboard matches what the keyboard actually does (i.e.【 and 】aren't actually there).

And last thing is just to make sure you have an existing resources section here listing any keyboard layouts you've found that already exist for this language.

-Keira}}

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|`|~}} {{kbdkey|1|!}} {{kbdkey|2|@}} {{kbdkey|3|#}} {{kbdkey|4|$}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|^}} {{kbdkey|7|&}} {{kbdkey|8|*}} {{kbdkey|9|(}} {{kbdkey|0|)}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|ቅ|ቕ}} {{kbdkey|ው|ው}} {{kbdkey|ኧ|እ|ኤ|ዕ}} {{kbdkey|ር|ር}} {{kbdkey|ት|ጥ}} {{kbdkey|ይ|ይ}} {{kbdkey|ኡ|ዑ}} {{kbdkey|ኢ|ኢ}} {{kbdkey|ኦ|ኦ}} {{kbdkey|ፕ|ጵ}} {{kbdkey|[|【|{}} {{kbdkey|]|】|} }} {{kbdkey|\|{{!}}}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|አ|ዐ}} {{kbdkey|ስ|ጽ}} {{kbdkey|ድ|ድ}} {{kbdkey|ፍ|ፍ}} {{kbdkey|ግ|ጝ}} {{kbdkey|ሕ|𞟥}} {{kbdkey|ጅ|ጅ}} {{kbdkey|ክ|ኽ}}{{kbdkey|ል|ል}} {{kbdkey|፤|፡}} {{kbdkey|'}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|ዝ|ዥ}} {{kbdkey|ሽ|ሽ}} {{kbdkey|ች|ጭ}} {{kbdkey|ብ|ብ}} {{kbdkey|ብ|ብ}} {{kbdkey|ን|ኝ}} {{kbdkey|ም|ም}} {{kbdkey|፣|<|፥}} {{kbdkey|።|>}} {{kbdkey|/|?}} }}

== Installation ==
To install this keyboard layout:

1. Download the .mim from [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-sgw-keyboard this repo].

2. Move it into ~/.m17n.d/ on your computer.

3. Enable your layout through IBus.
*IBus may need to be restarted in order for the new layout to appear.

4. Search for the keyboard by language name, ISO code sgw, or under "Other."
[[Category:Sp25_KeyboardLayouts]][[Category:Sebat Bet Gurage]]

== Key Combinations ==

Consonant Keys followed by a Vowel create the respective character in Ge'ez script

For example:

<code>C</code> + <code>V</code>

* <code>ት</code> + <code>ኧ</code> = <code>ተ</code>
* <code>ት</code> + <code>ኡ</code> = <code>ቱ</code>
* <code>ት</code> + <code>ኢ</code> = <code>ቲ</code>
* <code>ት</code> + <code>አ</code> = <code>ታ</code>
* <code>ት</code> + <code>ኤ</code> = <code>ቴ</code>
* <code>ት</code> + <code>እ</code> = <code>ት</code>
* <code>ት</code> + <code>ኦ</code> = <code>ቶ</code>

Sebat Bet Gurage/Keyboard

2025-04-10T15:28:43Z

Kdandy1:

{{comment|Missing justification section (pretty much what you have in your readme).

Also just make sure the visualization of your keyboard matches what the keyboard actually does (i.e.【 and 】aren't actually there).
-Keira}}

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|`|~}} {{kbdkey|1|!}} {{kbdkey|2|@}} {{kbdkey|3|#}} {{kbdkey|4|$}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|^}} {{kbdkey|7|&}} {{kbdkey|8|*}} {{kbdkey|9|(}} {{kbdkey|0|)}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|ቅ|ቕ}} {{kbdkey|ው|ው}} {{kbdkey|ኧ|እ|ኤ|ዕ}} {{kbdkey|ር|ር}} {{kbdkey|ት|ጥ}} {{kbdkey|ይ|ይ}} {{kbdkey|ኡ|ዑ}} {{kbdkey|ኢ|ኢ}} {{kbdkey|ኦ|ኦ}} {{kbdkey|ፕ|ጵ}} {{kbdkey|[|【|{}} {{kbdkey|]|】|} }} {{kbdkey|\|{{!}}}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|አ|ዐ}} {{kbdkey|ስ|ጽ}} {{kbdkey|ድ|ድ}} {{kbdkey|ፍ|ፍ}} {{kbdkey|ግ|ጝ}} {{kbdkey|ሕ|𞟥}} {{kbdkey|ጅ|ጅ}} {{kbdkey|ክ|ኽ}}{{kbdkey|ል|ል}} {{kbdkey|፤|፡}} {{kbdkey|'}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|ዝ|ዥ}} {{kbdkey|ሽ|ሽ}} {{kbdkey|ች|ጭ}} {{kbdkey|ብ|ብ}} {{kbdkey|ብ|ብ}} {{kbdkey|ን|ኝ}} {{kbdkey|ም|ም}} {{kbdkey|፣|<|፥}} {{kbdkey|።|>}} {{kbdkey|/|?}} }}

== Installation ==
To install this keyboard layout:

1. Download the .mim from [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-sgw-keyboard this repo].

2. Move it into ~/.m17n.d/ on your computer.

3. Enable your layout through IBus.
*IBus may need to be restarted in order for the new layout to appear.

4. Search for the keyboard by language name, ISO code sgw, or under "Other."
[[Category:Sp25_KeyboardLayouts]][[Category:Sebat Bet Gurage]]

== Key Combinations ==

Consonant Keys followed by a Vowel create the respective character in Ge'ez script

For example:

<code>C</code> + <code>V</code>

* <code>ት</code> + <code>ኧ</code> = <code>ተ</code>
* <code>ት</code> + <code>ኡ</code> = <code>ቱ</code>
* <code>ት</code> + <code>ኢ</code> = <code>ቲ</code>
* <code>ት</code> + <code>አ</code> = <code>ታ</code>
* <code>ት</code> + <code>ኤ</code> = <code>ቴ</code>
* <code>ት</code> + <code>እ</code> = <code>ት</code>
* <code>ት</code> + <code>ኦ</code> = <code>ቶ</code>

Sebat Bet Gurage/Keyboard

2025-04-03T21:35:13Z

Kdandy1:

{{comment|Missing justification section (pretty much what you have in your readme). -Keira}}

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|`|~}} {{kbdkey|1|!}} {{kbdkey|2|@}} {{kbdkey|3|#}} {{kbdkey|4|$}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|^}} {{kbdkey|7|&}} {{kbdkey|8|*}} {{kbdkey|9|(}} {{kbdkey|0|)}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|ቅ|ቕ}} {{kbdkey|ው|ው}} {{kbdkey|ኧ|እ|ኤ|ዕ}} {{kbdkey|ር|ር}} {{kbdkey|ት|ጥ}} {{kbdkey|ይ|ይ}} {{kbdkey|ኡ|ዑ}} {{kbdkey|ኢ|ኢ}} {{kbdkey|ኦ|ኦ}} {{kbdkey|ፕ|ጵ}} {{kbdkey|[|【|{}} {{kbdkey|]|】|} }} {{kbdkey|\|{{!}}}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|አ|ዐ}} {{kbdkey|ስ|ጽ}} {{kbdkey|ድ|ድ}} {{kbdkey|ፍ|ፍ}} {{kbdkey|ግ|ጝ}} {{kbdkey|ሕ|𞟥}} {{kbdkey|ጅ|ጅ}} {{kbdkey|ክ|ኽ}}{{kbdkey|ል|ል}} {{kbdkey|፤|፡}} {{kbdkey|'}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|ዝ|ዥ}} {{kbdkey|ሽ|ሽ}} {{kbdkey|ች|ጭ}} {{kbdkey|ብ|ብ}} {{kbdkey|ብ|ብ}} {{kbdkey|ን|ኝ}} {{kbdkey|ም|ም}} {{kbdkey|፣|<|፥}} {{kbdkey|።|>}} {{kbdkey|/|?}} }}

== Installation ==
To install this keyboard layout:

1. Download the .mim from [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-sgw-keyboard this repo].

2. Move it into ~/.m17n.d/ on your computer.

3. Enable your layout through IBus.
*IBus may need to be restarted in order for the new layout to appear.

4. Search for the keyboard by language name, ISO code sgw, or under "Other."
[[Category:Sp25_KeyboardLayouts]][[Category:Sebat Bet Gurage]]

== Key Combinations ==

Consonant Keys followed by a Vowel create the respective character in Ge'ez script

For example:

<code>C</code> + <code>V</code>

* <code>ት</code> + <code>ኧ</code> = <code>ተ</code>
* <code>ት</code> + <code>ኡ</code> = <code>ቱ</code>
* <code>ት</code> + <code>ኢ</code> = <code>ቲ</code>
* <code>ት</code> + <code>አ</code> = <code>ታ</code>
* <code>ት</code> + <code>ኤ</code> = <code>ቴ</code>
* <code>ት</code> + <code>እ</code> = <code>ት</code>
* <code>ት</code> + <code>ኦ</code> = <code>ቶ</code>

Plattdüütsch

2025-04-03T21:21:42Z

Kdandy1: /* Internal Resources */

=Resources=
==Translation==
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Plattdüütsch_and_German Translator]
==Internal Resources==
{{comment|I think this should be called developed resources and you can include your transducer and translation things all together here. (Just for consistent organization between languages)

-Keira
}}
Plattdüütsch Keyboard

* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Plattdüütsch/Keyboard Keyboard wiki]

* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-nds-keyboard Github Repo]

==External Resources==
{{comment|Consider using bulleted lists, like I added to your first subsection. It would also be good to know licenses of the remaining corpora. -JNW}}

===Computational Resources===
* [https://www.översetter.de Hoch Deutsch - Plattdüütsch Translation]. This is an open source resource and their materials are available on [https://github.com/mmcux/de-nds-translation Github].
* [https://github.com/facebookresearch/LASER/tree/main/tasks/WikiMatrix Wikimatrix] project for mining paired data between numerous languages. Includes Standard German - Plattdüütsch

===Dictionaries/Phrasebooks/Glossaries===
*[https://www.ndr.de/kultur/norddeutsche_sprache/plattdeutsch/woerterbuch101.html Norddeutscher Rundfunk Plattdüütsch - Hoch Deutsch Dictionary], Creative Commons.

*[https://www.plattdeutsches-woerterbuch.de/search Plattdüütsch Dictionary - includes pairs with German] Open license.

===Grammatical Descriptions===
*[https://www.proquest.com/docview/302605657?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses Plattdeutsch in the Osnabrücker Südland: A Philological Study of Low German in the Districts of Osnabrück and Melle, Odhner 1971], Proquest License.

*[https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/41157/353.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Müller, Stefan. Germanic syntax. 2023.]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German Plattdüütsch wikipedia page], with detailed grammatical descriptions of basic morphology. Creative Commons

*[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://s108c0020205f3c61.jimcontent.com/download/version/1389212359/module/6255837381/name/KuGra.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiph5n7w6qLAxUHMVkFHVmBMOsQFnoECA0QAQ&usg=AOvVaw10UsVjuxw1SU5gF488bNMd Plattdeutsch in 12 Lektionen: Einige Erläuterungen vorweg] Some phonological, grammatical and lexical descriptions of Platt

===Corpora===

*[https://books.google.com/books?id=KyeaEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ViewAPI#v=onepage&q&f=false Uns Moderspraak: Plattdüütsch to'n Lesen, Högen, Vertellen]: Some sample text from stories in Plattdüütsch. Manfred A. Sahm (Kiel) 2014

*The [https://ins-bremen.de/das-ins/ Institut für Niederdeutsche Sprache] is a research institute and cultural organization for the preservation of Plattdüütsch.

*[https://ins-bremen.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Frenz_Bertram_DedeSuennsoech.pdf De de Sünn söch]: Internet novel by Frenz Bertram (Friesland) c. 2014. Unspecified license

*[https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:H%C3%B6%C3%B6ftsiet Platt Wikipedia homepage]. Creative Commons Attribution license

*[https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/44784/pg44784-images.html Plattdeutsche Briefe, Erzählungen und Gedichte] Project Gutenberg compilation of Platt letters, stories and poems. Public domain license

*[http://www.defofftigpenns.de De Fofftig Penns] Plattdüütsch Band with lyrics available.

[[Category:sp25_ResourceDocumentation]][[Category:Plattdüütsch]]

Plattdüütsch/Keyboard

2025-04-03T21:17:52Z

Kdandy1:

{{comment|Please link your repo in the installation instructions:)

Maybe also add some wiki formatting there so it doesn't all appear on one line. (i.e. bullet pts or numbered list or add an extra new line between them)

-Keira}}

==Existing Keyboards==
Plattdüütsch traditionally uses the standard German or Dutch keyboards. The language uses different orthography in each region. Because of this we have looked at a way for speakers in the two regions to communicate based on the shared phonology of the language in both regions, and not the flawed orthography that limits in language communication across borders.

==New Keyboard==
We have chosen to make a phonetic keyboard based on the standard German keyboard as it has all relevant characters for both the German and Dutch based orthography. As well, we have chosen to add phonetic characters that the language uses.

* Here's a Phonetic transcription keyboard based on the german keyboard:
{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|^|°}} {{kbdkey|1|!}} {{kbdkey|2|"}} {{kbdkey|3|§}} {{kbdkey|4|$}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|&}} {{kbdkey|7|/}} {{kbdkey|8|(}} {{kbdkey|9|)}} {{kbdkey|0|= }} {{kbdkey|ß|?|ə}} {{kbdkey|´|`}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|q|Q}} {{kbdkey|w|W}} {{kbdkey|e|E|ɛ}} {{kbdkey|r|R|ɐ}} {{kbdkey|t|T}} {{kbdkey|z|Z|ʑ}} {{kbdkey|u|U|ʊ}} {{kbdkey|I|I|ɪ}} {{kbdkey|o|O|ɔ}} {{kbdkey|p|P}} {{kbdkey|ü|Ü|ø}} {{kbdkey|+|*}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|a|A|ɑ}} {{kbdkey|s|S|ʃ}} {{kbdkey|d|D}} {{kbdkey|f|F}} {{kbdkey|g|G}} {{kbdkey|h|H}} {{kbdkey|j|J}} {{kbdkey|k|K}} {{kbdkey|l|L|@}} {{kbdkey|ö|Ö|œ}} {{kbdkey|ä|Ä| }} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|<|>}}{{kbdkey|y|Y}} {{kbdkey|x|X}} {{kbdkey|c|C}} {{kbdkey|v|V}} {{kbdkey|b|B}} {{kbdkey|n|N|ŋ}} {{kbdkey|m|M}} {{kbdkey|,|;}} {{kbdkey|.|:|ː}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} }}

===Justification===
We chose to use a phonetic transcription for Plattdüütsch as spoken in Germany and the Netherlands based on the standard German Keyboard. This allows for speakers to use all relevant keys in both regions as the spelling changes in the Netherlands vs in Germany. Because it is phonetic speakers are also to write all dialouge in the language in IPA, this allows for communication with clarity regardless of which writing system a speaker has learned.

==Installation==

To install
Download IBus
Download the .mim file from this page.
Move it into ~/.m17n.d/ on your computer
Enable your layout through IBus.
IBus may need to be restarted in order for the new layout to appear. Search for the keyboard by language name, ISO code nds, or under Low German.

[[Category:Sp25_KeyboardLayouts]]
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]
[[Category:Keyboard layouts]]
[[Category:Spring 2025]]

Plattdüütsch/Keyboard

2025-04-03T21:17:20Z

Kdandy1:

{{comment|Please link your repo in the installation instructions:)

Maybe also add some wiki formatting there so it doesn't all appear on one line. (i.e. a list or add an extra new line between them)

-Keira}}

==Existing Keyboards==
Plattdüütsch traditionally uses the standard German or Dutch keyboards. The language uses different orthography in each region. Because of this we have looked at a way for speakers in the two regions to communicate based on the shared phonology of the language in both regions, and not the flawed orthography that limits in language communication across borders.

==New Keyboard==
We have chosen to make a phonetic keyboard based on the standard German keyboard as it has all relevant characters for both the German and Dutch based orthography. As well, we have chosen to add phonetic characters that the language uses.

* Here's a Phonetic transcription keyboard based on the german keyboard:
{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|^|°}} {{kbdkey|1|!}} {{kbdkey|2|"}} {{kbdkey|3|§}} {{kbdkey|4|$}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|&}} {{kbdkey|7|/}} {{kbdkey|8|(}} {{kbdkey|9|)}} {{kbdkey|0|= }} {{kbdkey|ß|?|ə}} {{kbdkey|´|`}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|q|Q}} {{kbdkey|w|W}} {{kbdkey|e|E|ɛ}} {{kbdkey|r|R|ɐ}} {{kbdkey|t|T}} {{kbdkey|z|Z|ʑ}} {{kbdkey|u|U|ʊ}} {{kbdkey|I|I|ɪ}} {{kbdkey|o|O|ɔ}} {{kbdkey|p|P}} {{kbdkey|ü|Ü|ø}} {{kbdkey|+|*}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|a|A|ɑ}} {{kbdkey|s|S|ʃ}} {{kbdkey|d|D}} {{kbdkey|f|F}} {{kbdkey|g|G}} {{kbdkey|h|H}} {{kbdkey|j|J}} {{kbdkey|k|K}} {{kbdkey|l|L|@}} {{kbdkey|ö|Ö|œ}} {{kbdkey|ä|Ä| }} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|<|>}}{{kbdkey|y|Y}} {{kbdkey|x|X}} {{kbdkey|c|C}} {{kbdkey|v|V}} {{kbdkey|b|B}} {{kbdkey|n|N|ŋ}} {{kbdkey|m|M}} {{kbdkey|,|;}} {{kbdkey|.|:|ː}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} }}

===Justification===
We chose to use a phonetic transcription for Plattdüütsch as spoken in Germany and the Netherlands based on the standard German Keyboard. This allows for speakers to use all relevant keys in both regions as the spelling changes in the Netherlands vs in Germany. Because it is phonetic speakers are also to write all dialouge in the language in IPA, this allows for communication with clarity regardless of which writing system a speaker has learned.

==Installation==

To install
Download IBus
Download the .mim file from this page.
Move it into ~/.m17n.d/ on your computer
Enable your layout through IBus.
IBus may need to be restarted in order for the new layout to appear. Search for the keyboard by language name, ISO code nds, or under Low German.

[[Category:Sp25_KeyboardLayouts]]
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]
[[Category:Keyboard layouts]]
[[Category:Spring 2025]]

Plattdüütsch/Keyboard

2025-04-03T21:16:29Z

Kdandy1:

{{comment|Please link your repo in the installation instructions:)

-Keira}}

==Existing Keyboards==
Plattdüütsch traditionally uses the standard German or Dutch keyboards. The language uses different orthography in each region. Because of this we have looked at a way for speakers in the two regions to communicate based on the shared phonology of the language in both regions, and not the flawed orthography that limits in language communication across borders.

==New Keyboard==
We have chosen to make a phonetic keyboard based on the standard German keyboard as it has all relevant characters for both the German and Dutch based orthography. As well, we have chosen to add phonetic characters that the language uses.

* Here's a Phonetic transcription keyboard based on the german keyboard:
{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|^|°}} {{kbdkey|1|!}} {{kbdkey|2|"}} {{kbdkey|3|§}} {{kbdkey|4|$}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|&}} {{kbdkey|7|/}} {{kbdkey|8|(}} {{kbdkey|9|)}} {{kbdkey|0|= }} {{kbdkey|ß|?|ə}} {{kbdkey|´|`}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|q|Q}} {{kbdkey|w|W}} {{kbdkey|e|E|ɛ}} {{kbdkey|r|R|ɐ}} {{kbdkey|t|T}} {{kbdkey|z|Z|ʑ}} {{kbdkey|u|U|ʊ}} {{kbdkey|I|I|ɪ}} {{kbdkey|o|O|ɔ}} {{kbdkey|p|P}} {{kbdkey|ü|Ü|ø}} {{kbdkey|+|*}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|a|A|ɑ}} {{kbdkey|s|S|ʃ}} {{kbdkey|d|D}} {{kbdkey|f|F}} {{kbdkey|g|G}} {{kbdkey|h|H}} {{kbdkey|j|J}} {{kbdkey|k|K}} {{kbdkey|l|L|@}} {{kbdkey|ö|Ö|œ}} {{kbdkey|ä|Ä| }} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|<|>}}{{kbdkey|y|Y}} {{kbdkey|x|X}} {{kbdkey|c|C}} {{kbdkey|v|V}} {{kbdkey|b|B}} {{kbdkey|n|N|ŋ}} {{kbdkey|m|M}} {{kbdkey|,|;}} {{kbdkey|.|:|ː}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} }}

===Justification===
We chose to use a phonetic transcription for Plattdüütsch as spoken in Germany and the Netherlands based on the standard German Keyboard. This allows for speakers to use all relevant keys in both regions as the spelling changes in the Netherlands vs in Germany. Because it is phonetic speakers are also to write all dialouge in the language in IPA, this allows for communication with clarity regardless of which writing system a speaker has learned.

==Installation==

To install
Download IBus
Download the .mim file from this page.
Move it into ~/.m17n.d/ on your computer
Enable your layout through IBus.
IBus may need to be restarted in order for the new layout to appear. Search for the keyboard by language name, ISO code nds, or under Low German.

[[Category:Sp25_KeyboardLayouts]]
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]
[[Category:Keyboard layouts]]
[[Category:Spring 2025]]

Limbu/Keyboard

2025-04-03T20:57:47Z

Kdandy1: adding a comment

{{comment|Missing an installation instructions section on this page.

-Keira
}}

===Existing Resources:===

1) Limbu keyboard (maybe standardized already available online for desktop and android (made by a Nepali artist) [I believe this may not be ideal for the language]:

(https://sanchabirsubba.com/product/limbu-keyboard-limbu-india-keyboard-for-pc/?srsltid=AfmBOoprcUC-kpNycaEBzDCe5flHQc7EwfF6FihDcs7PMmDBHdqfuU-v)

2) Available for free online:

(https://keymanweb.com/#lif-limb,Keyboard_sil_limbu_typewriter)

===Developed resources:===

Git Repo: (https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-lif-keyboard.git)

My layout for the Limbu language in its indigenous Sirijanga script is as follows (it modifies the existing resource to be better suited for the consistency of the language [with respect to frequent usage and vowels] and streamlines it):

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey| ᤲ|~}} {{kbdkey|᥇|‍᥄}} {{kbdkey|᥈|@}} {{kbdkey|᥉|#}} {{kbdkey|᥊|रु|$}} {{kbdkey|᥋|%}} {{kbdkey|᥌|^}} {{kbdkey|᥍|&}} {{kbdkey|᥎|*}} {{kbdkey|᥏|(}} {{kbdkey|᥆|)}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|ᤀ|ᤌ}} {{kbdkey|ᤒ|ᤓ}} {{kbdkey|ᤍ|ᤎ}} {{kbdkey|ᤈ|ᤉ}} {{kbdkey|ᤃ|ᤄ}} {{kbdkey|ᤛ|ᤚ}} {{kbdkey|ᤘ|ᤫ}} {{kbdkey|ᤖ|ᤪ|ᤷ}} {{kbdkey|ᤕ|ᤩ}} {{kbdkey|ᤠ|ᤨ}} {{kbdkey|ᤧ|[|{}} {{kbdkey|ᤣ|]|} }} {{kbdkey|ᤡ|{{!}}}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|ᤏ|ᤴ}} {{kbdkey|ᤅ|ᤱ}} {{kbdkey|ᤋ|ᤳ}} {{kbdkey|ᤁ|ᤰ|ᤀᤥᤲ}} {{kbdkey|ᤐ|ᤵ}} {{kbdkey|ᤗ|ᤸ}} {{kbdkey|ᤔ|ᤶ}} {{kbdkey|ᤢ}} {{kbdkey|ᤥ|᤹}} {{kbdkey|ᤤ|:}} {{kbdkey|ᤦ|'|"}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|ᤊ|ᤝ}} {{kbdkey|ᤂ|ᤞ}} {{kbdkey|ᤑ}} {{kbdkey|ᤆ}} {{kbdkey|ᤇ|<}} {{kbdkey|ᤙ|>}} {{kbdkey|ᤜ|;}} {{kbdkey|,|᤺|᤻}} {{kbdkey|॥|।|᥀}} {{kbdkey|/|᥅}} }}

There are no deadkeys or combinations of keys for the sake of simplicity.

However, all vowels and some consonant endings can be counted (technically) as deadkeys as they add their diacritic mark to the existing letter to form a single glyph.

Thus:

(Markers)

ᤁ + ᤲ = '''ᤁᤲ'''

ᤁ + ᤺ = '''ᤁ᤺'''

ᤁ + ᤻ = '''ᤁ᤻'''

ᤁ + ᤹ = '''ᤁ᤹'''

(Consonant Endings)

ᤁ + ᤰ = '''ᤁᤰ'''

ᤁ + ᤱ = '''ᤁᤱ'''

ᤁ + ᤳ = '''ᤁᤳ'''

ᤁ + ᤏ = '''ᤁᤴ'''

ᤁ + ᤵ = '''ᤁᤵ'''

ᤁ + ᤸ = '''ᤁᤸ'''

ᤁ + ᤶ = '''ᤁᤶ'''

(Consonant Clusters)

ᤁ + ᤪ = '''ᤁᤪ'''

ᤁ + ᤩ = '''ᤁᤩ'''

ᤁ + ᤫ = '''ᤁᤫ'''

(Vowels)

ᤁ + ᤨ = '''ᤁᤨ'''

ᤁ + ᤠ = '''ᤁᤠ'''

ᤁ + ᤧ = '''ᤁᤧ'''

ᤁ + ᤣ = '''ᤁᤣ'''

ᤁ + ᤡ = '''ᤁᤡ'''

ᤁ + ᤢ = '''ᤁᤢ'''

ᤁ + ᤥ = '''ᤁᤥ'''

ᤁ + ᤤ = '''ᤁᤤ'''

ᤁ + ᤦ = '''ᤁᤦ'''

'''Justification:'''

I based my keyboard on the already existing one designed by a (seemingly) non-Limbu Nepali artist. I grouped the vowels together to the right for ease of access as in the old keyboard they were scattered, which in my view would lead to confusion as the vowels in languages such as Limbu which use an abugida, are not to be treated as separate letters, but only as diacritic markers, therefore, a quick way to access them to me seems desirable. Additionally, I grouped all standard forms of the consonants in the lower case, with their endings and cluster forms in the upper case. The unused and unutilized ᤨ is also grouped in the upper case. I added the lesser used letters on the upper case, keeping a pattern of letters and their aspirated forms, and the Nepali foreign language letters were also placed in the upper case as they are not used. I replaced all numbers with the Sirijanga numbers, and all punctuations with their Sirijanga forms, and grouped unused punctuation marks and glyphs in the upper case and in some cases the AltGr case. Additionally I streamlined the entire keyboard and added the “om” character in its middle as a final step, signifying Limbu’s deep ties to its religious scriptures in its indigenous religion of Kirat Mundhum.
===License:===

MIT License

Copyright (c) 2025 Avyaya Singh

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

[[Category:Sp25_KeyboardLayouts]]
[[Category:Limbu]]

Walloon/Keyboard

2025-04-03T20:51:08Z

Kdandy1:

{{comment|Keyboard issues:

Main issue: the å and Å keys do work, but maybe consider making them alt-GR instead of regular alt?

<nowiki>You haven't kept the alt-GR layer keys in the azerty keyboard, so we can't type #, {, [, |, \, ^, @, ], or }... maybe consider adding those back in?</nowiki>

<nowiki>Wiki keyboard visualization issues: = doesn't appear: take a look at the source and copy how I typed it here: =, and the */µ key seems to be on the wrong line of the keyboard.</nowiki>

-Keira}}

==Existing Resources==

Could not find any existing layouts on operating systems (IOS, macOS, etc.). However, there is a resource available online detailing a [https://colemak.com/Multilingual#Walloon_.28Walon.29 Colemak keyboard layout] for Walloon.

==Developed Resources==

===Rifondou walon keyboard===
Started fresh using a French AZERTY base (due to regional proximity, Walloon speakers' familiarity with French, and the general similarity of the two languages). Implemented specifically for the Rifondou walon orthography.

{{kbdrow1|
{{kbdkey|²|~||}}
{{kbdkey|&|1||}}
{{kbdkey|é|2||}}
{{kbdkey|"|3||}}
{{kbdkey|'|4||}}
{{kbdkey|(|5||}}
{{kbdkey|-|6||}}
{{kbdkey|è|7||}}
{{kbdkey|_|8||}}
{{kbdkey|ç|9||}}
{{kbdkey|à|0||}}
{{kbdkey|)|°||}}
{{kbdkey|=|+||}}
}}
{{kbdrow2|
{{kbdkey|a|A||}}
{{kbdkey|z|Z||}}
{{kbdkey|e|E||}}
{{kbdkey|r|R||}}
{{kbdkey|t|T||}}
{{kbdkey|y|Y||}}
{{kbdkey|u|U||}}
{{kbdkey|i|I||}}
{{kbdkey|o|O||}}
{{kbdkey|p|P||}}
{{kbdkey|^|¨||}}
{{kbdkey|$|£||}}
}}
{{kbdrow3|
{{kbdkey|q|Q||}}
{{kbdkey|s|S||}}
{{kbdkey|d|D||}}
{{kbdkey|f|F||}}
{{kbdkey|g|G||}}
{{kbdkey|h|H||}}
{{kbdkey|j|J||}}
{{kbdkey|k|K||}}
{{kbdkey|l|L||}}
{{kbdkey|m|M||}}
{{kbdkey|ù|%||}}
{{kbdkey|*|µ||}}
}}
{{kbdrow4|
{{kbdkey|<|>||}}
{{kbdkey|w|W||}}
{{kbdkey|x|X||}}
{{kbdkey|c|C||}}
{{kbdkey|v|V||}}
{{kbdkey|b|B||}}
{{kbdkey|n|N||}}
{{kbdkey|,|?||}}
{{kbdkey|;|.||}}
{{kbdkey|:|/||}}
{{kbdkey|!|§||}}
}}

<kbd>Alt + 9</kbd> THEN <kbd>q</kbd> (on QWERTY physical keyboard) -> å

<kbd>Alt + 9</kbd> THEN <kbd>Shift + q</kbd> (on QWERTY physical keyboard) -> Å

All other combinations are shared with default fr-azerty layout.

===Justification===
Decided *not* to use the Colemak keyboard, as it implements QWERTY layout, which would be inconvenient for Walloon speakers.

Again, decided instead to use the French AZERTY base input method due to practicality and the fact that most Walloon speakers would be familiar with the layout. Using AZERTY also allows for compatibility with all existing french dead keys, diacritics which French and Wallon share.

The major change made to the AZERTY base was an addition of a a ring dead key Å/å (usage provided above). Opted for this usage to avoid mapping conflicts and to retain existing Alt dead pattern.

==Instructions==
1. Install IBus @ https://github.com/ibus/ibus

2. Clone repo and copy "wa-azerty.mim" to directory ~/.m17n.d/

3. Restart IBus, select "Input Method" in IBus Preferences, "Add", and search for "Walloon"

==Licence==

<pre>
MIT License

Copyright (c) 2025 Rishi Goel

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
</pre>

[[Category:Sp25_KeyboardLayouts]]
[[Category:Keyboard_layouts]]
[[Category:Walloon]]

Munsee/Keyboard

2025-03-20T20:49:01Z

Kdandy1:

{{comment|Hi! Tested your keyboard! Everything works great and as advertised! The only thing is that I think you've mixed up the names grave and acute in the bullet points in the keyboard layout section. And then maybe a copy-paste error is you say "to type the grave accent" when you're talking about the diaeresis. But otherwise, looks great! -Keira}}

== Existing Resources ==

* [https://help.keyman.com/keyboard/fv_lunaapeewi_huluniixsuwaakan/9.1.1/fv_lunaapeewi_huluniixsuwaakan (On-screen) Keyboard layout for Lunáapeewi-hulŭniixsuwáakan (Munsee)] by KeymanHelp. Free and open source.

* [https://www.languagegeek.com/algon/keyboards/keymaps/Lunaapee.pdf Keyboard Layout from LanguageGeek]. Copyright 2007 Chris Harvey.

== Keyboard Layout ==

Below is our integrated Munsee, Unami & English keyboard layout:

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|{{green|◌̀|}}|`|~}} {{kbdkey|1|!}} {{kbdkey|2|@}} {{kbdkey|3|#}} {{kbdkey|4|$}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|^}} {{kbdkey|7|&}} {{kbdkey|8|*}} {{kbdkey|9|(}} {{kbdkey|0|)}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|q|Q}} {{kbdkey|w|W}} {{kbdkey|e|E}} {{kbdkey|r|R}} {{kbdkey|t|T}} {{kbdkey|y|Y}} {{kbdkey|u|U}} {{kbdkey|i|I}} {{kbdkey|o|O}} {{kbdkey|p|P}} {{kbdkey|{{green|◌́}}|[|{}} {{kbdkey|{{green|◌̈}}|]|} }} {{kbdkey|\|{{!}}}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|a|A}} {{kbdkey|s|S}} {{kbdkey|d|D}} {{kbdkey|f|F}} {{kbdkey|g|G}} {{kbdkey|h|H}} {{kbdkey|j|J}} {{kbdkey|k|K}} {{kbdkey|l|L}} {{kbdkey|ŭ|Ŭ|ë|Ë}} {{kbdkey|'|"}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|z|Z}} {{kbdkey|x|X}} {{kbdkey|c|C}} {{kbdkey|v|V}} {{kbdkey|b|B}} {{kbdkey|n|N}} {{kbdkey|m|M}} {{kbdkey|,|;|<}} {{kbdkey|.|:|>}} {{kbdkey|/|?}} }}

The following are [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_key dead keys]:
* '''Acute accent''': to type the acute accent (''' ` '''), use the '''top left key''' before typing the vowel.
** e.g. '''à''' is typed using '''`''' followed by '''a'''.

* '''Grave accent''': to type the grave accent (''' ´ '''), use the '''left bracket key''' before typing the vowel.
** e.g. '''á''' is typed using '''[''' followed by '''a'''.

* '''Diaeresis''': to type the grave accent (''' ¨ '''), use the '''right bracket key''' before typing the vowel.
** e.g. '''ä''' is typed using ''']''' followed by '''a'''.

== Justification ==

Due to the geographic proximity and intertwined linguistic history of Munsee and Unami, we decided to make an integrated keyboard that could support typing in both languages. Since Munsee and Unami are primarily spoken in North America, we felt it would be most practical to base our keyboard on the US English keyboard as well as the [https://www.languagegeek.com/algon/keyboards/keymaps/Lunaapee.pdf Munsee] and [https://www.languagegeek.com/algon/keyboards/keymaps/Lenape.pdf Unami] keyboards by [https://www.languagegeek.com/ LanguageGeek]. In addition, Munsee only has [https://www.ethnologue.com/language/umu/ one fluent speaker] (Dianne Snake) as of 2022, further justifying our decision to make this resource as accessible as possible.

=== Keys ===

* We decided to keep all the English alphabet letters, despite "Q" rarely being used in Munsee, to allow for a seamless transition between English and Munsee/Unami.

* Since our primary focus is Munsee, we decided to replace the " ''';''' " and " ''':''' " keys with the breve-accented "ŭ", which frequently occurs in Munsee. We then made the diaresis-marked "ë" the <kbd>AltGr</kbd> option for this key, which is compatible with Unami.

* In order to keep the " ''';''' " and " ''':''' " accessible, we moved these characters to the 'shift' form of the " ''',''' " and " '''.''' " keys. To accommodate this change, we moved the angle brackets ( < , > ) to the <kbd>AltGr</kbd> position.

* Several diacritics are important in Munsee and Unami. The grave accent ( ` ) is used in both languages, but the acute accent ( ´ ) is only used in Munsee and the diaresis ( ¨ ) in Unami. They are used as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_key dead keys] in our keyboard to allow for combination with vowels.

== Installation Instructions ==

#Clone the keyboard layout from the repository linked above by copying the ssh url and pasting it on the command line after <code>git clone</code>
#Copy the layout file into ~/.m17n.d/
##To do this, type in <code>cp umu.mim ~/.m17n.d</code> into the command line.
#Go to IBUS settings, select the English (US, alt., intl.)
##This allows the alt-gr layer to be accessed
#Add/Enable the new Munsee layout through IBUS
##You may need restart IBUS so that the new layout appears
##You can search for the Munsee layout by name, ISO code <code>umu</code>, or under 'other'

== License ==
This layout is licensed under the MIT License. Under copyright inclusion, any person may use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software.

[[Category: Sp25_KeyboardLayouts]] [[Category: Munsee]]

Walloon/Keyboard

2025-02-27T22:37:03Z

Kdandy1:

{{comment|Keyboard issues:

Main issue: the å and Å keys do work, but maybe consider making them alt-GR instead of regular alt?

<nowiki>You haven't kept the alt-GR layer keys in the azerty keyboard, so we can't type #, {, [, |, \, ^, @, ], or }... maybe consider adding those back in?</nowiki>

<nowiki>I don't know if this is an issue from a keyboard you used as a base or your own, but there's a stray "-" when you use altgr + - (on a qwerty keyboard). It should remain ) if you don't want to add any of the altgr stuff back, or ] if you do. </nowiki>

<nowiki>Wiki keyboard visualization issues: = doesn't appear: take a look at the source and copy how I typed it here: =, and the */µ key seems to be on the wrong line of the keyboard.</nowiki>

-Keira}}

==Existing Resources==

Could not find any existing layouts on operating systems (IOS, macOS, etc.). However, there is a resource available online detailing a [https://colemak.com/Multilingual#Walloon_.28Walon.29 Colemak keyboard layout] for Walloon.

==Developed Resources==

===Rifondou walon keyboard===
Started fresh using a French AZERTY base (due to regional proximity, Walloon speakers' familiarity with French, and the general similarity of the two languages). Implemented specifically for the Rifondou walon orthography.

{{kbdrow1|
{{kbdkey|²|~||}}
{{kbdkey|&|1||}}
{{kbdkey|é|2||}}
{{kbdkey|"|3||}}
{{kbdkey|'|4||}}
{{kbdkey|(|5||}}
{{kbdkey|-|6||}}
{{kbdkey|è|7||}}
{{kbdkey|_|8||}}
{{kbdkey|ç|9||}}
{{kbdkey|à|0||}}
{{kbdkey|)|°||}}
{{kbdkey|=|+||}}
}}
{{kbdrow2|
{{kbdkey|a|A||}}
{{kbdkey|z|Z||}}
{{kbdkey|e|E||}}
{{kbdkey|r|R||}}
{{kbdkey|t|T||}}
{{kbdkey|y|Y||}}
{{kbdkey|u|U||}}
{{kbdkey|i|I||}}
{{kbdkey|o|O||}}
{{kbdkey|p|P||}}
{{kbdkey|^|¨||}}
{{kbdkey|$|£||}}
}}
{{kbdrow3|
{{kbdkey|q|Q||}}
{{kbdkey|s|S||}}
{{kbdkey|d|D||}}
{{kbdkey|f|F||}}
{{kbdkey|g|G||}}
{{kbdkey|h|H||}}
{{kbdkey|j|J||}}
{{kbdkey|k|K||}}
{{kbdkey|l|L||}}
{{kbdkey|m|M||}}
{{kbdkey|ù|%||}}
{{kbdkey|*|µ||}}
}}
{{kbdrow4|
{{kbdkey|<|>||}}
{{kbdkey|w|W||}}
{{kbdkey|x|X||}}
{{kbdkey|c|C||}}
{{kbdkey|v|V||}}
{{kbdkey|b|B||}}
{{kbdkey|n|N||}}
{{kbdkey|,|?||}}
{{kbdkey|;|.||}}
{{kbdkey|:|/||}}
{{kbdkey|!|§||}}
}}

<kbd>Alt + 9</kbd> THEN <kbd>q</kbd> (on QWERTY physical keyboard) -> å

<kbd>Alt + 9</kbd> THEN <kbd>Shift + q</kbd> (on QWERTY physical keyboard) -> Å

All other combinations are shared with default fr-azerty layout.

===Justification===
Decided *not* to use the Colemak keyboard, as it implements QWERTY layout, which would be inconvenient for Walloon speakers.

Again, decided instead to use the French AZERTY base input method due to practicality and the fact that most Walloon speakers would be familiar with the layout. Using AZERTY also allows for compatibility with all existing french dead keys, diacritics which French and Wallon share.

The major change made to the AZERTY base was an addition of a a ring dead key Å/å (usage provided above). Opted for this usage to avoid mapping conflicts and to retain existing Alt dead pattern.

==Instructions==
1. Install IBus @ https://github.com/ibus/ibus

2. Clone repo and copy "wa-azerty.mim" to directory ~/.m17n.d/

3. Restart IBus, select "Input Method" in IBus Preferences, "Add", and search for "Walloon"

==Licence==

<pre>
MIT License

Copyright (c) 2025 Rishi Goel

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
</pre>

[[Category:Sp25_KeyboardLayouts]]
[[Category:Keyboard_layouts]]
[[Category:Walloon]]

Walloon/Keyboard

2025-02-27T22:33:24Z

Kdandy1:

{{comment|Keyboard issues:

Main issue: the å and Å keys do work, but maybe consider making them alt-GR instead of regular alt?

<nowiki>You haven't kept the alt-GR layer keys in the azerty keyboard, so we can't type #, {, [, |, \, ^, @, ], or }... maybe consider adding those back in?</nowiki>

<nowiki>I don't know if this is an issue from a keyboard you used as a base or your own, but there's a stray "-" when you use altgr + - (on a qwerty keyboard). It should remain ) if you don't want to add any of the altgr stuff back, or ] if you do. </nowiki>

<nowiki>Wiki visualization issues: Replace = with = and the */µ key seems to be on the wrong line of the keyboard.</nowiki>

-Keira}}

==Existing Resources==

Could not find any existing layouts on operating systems (IOS, macOS, etc.). However, there is a resource available online detailing a [https://colemak.com/Multilingual#Walloon_.28Walon.29 Colemak keyboard layout] for Walloon.

==Developed Resources==

===Rifondou walon keyboard===
Started fresh using a French AZERTY base (due to regional proximity, Walloon speakers' familiarity with French, and the general similarity of the two languages). Implemented specifically for the Rifondou walon orthography.

{{kbdrow1|
{{kbdkey|²|~||}}
{{kbdkey|&|1||}}
{{kbdkey|é|2||}}
{{kbdkey|"|3||}}
{{kbdkey|'|4||}}
{{kbdkey|(|5||}}
{{kbdkey|-|6||}}
{{kbdkey|è|7||}}
{{kbdkey|_|8||}}
{{kbdkey|ç|9||}}
{{kbdkey|à|0||}}
{{kbdkey|)|°||}}
{{kbdkey|=|+||}}
}}
{{kbdrow2|
{{kbdkey|a|A||}}
{{kbdkey|z|Z||}}
{{kbdkey|e|E||}}
{{kbdkey|r|R||}}
{{kbdkey|t|T||}}
{{kbdkey|y|Y||}}
{{kbdkey|u|U||}}
{{kbdkey|i|I||}}
{{kbdkey|o|O||}}
{{kbdkey|p|P||}}
{{kbdkey|^|¨||}}
{{kbdkey|$|£||}}
}}
{{kbdrow3|
{{kbdkey|q|Q||}}
{{kbdkey|s|S||}}
{{kbdkey|d|D||}}
{{kbdkey|f|F||}}
{{kbdkey|g|G||}}
{{kbdkey|h|H||}}
{{kbdkey|j|J||}}
{{kbdkey|k|K||}}
{{kbdkey|l|L||}}
{{kbdkey|m|M||}}
{{kbdkey|ù|%||}}
{{kbdkey|*|µ||}}
}}
{{kbdrow4|
{{kbdkey|<|>||}}
{{kbdkey|w|W||}}
{{kbdkey|x|X||}}
{{kbdkey|c|C||}}
{{kbdkey|v|V||}}
{{kbdkey|b|B||}}
{{kbdkey|n|N||}}
{{kbdkey|,|?||}}
{{kbdkey|;|.||}}
{{kbdkey|:|/||}}
{{kbdkey|!|§||}}
}}

<kbd>Alt + 9</kbd> THEN <kbd>q</kbd> (on QWERTY physical keyboard) -> å

<kbd>Alt + 9</kbd> THEN <kbd>Shift + q</kbd> (on QWERTY physical keyboard) -> Å

All other combinations are shared with default fr-azerty layout.

===Justification===
Decided *not* to use the Colemak keyboard, as it implements QWERTY layout, which would be inconvenient for Walloon speakers.

Again, decided instead to use the French AZERTY base input method due to practicality and the fact that most Walloon speakers would be familiar with the layout. Using AZERTY also allows for compatibility with all existing french dead keys, diacritics which French and Wallon share.

The major change made to the AZERTY base was an addition of a a ring dead key Å/å (usage provided above). Opted for this usage to avoid mapping conflicts and to retain existing Alt dead pattern.

==Instructions==
1. Install IBus @ https://github.com/ibus/ibus

2. Clone repo and copy "wa-azerty.mim" to directory ~/.m17n.d/

3. Restart IBus, select "Input Method" in IBus Preferences, "Add", and search for "Walloon"

==Licence==

<pre>
MIT License

Copyright (c) 2025 Rishi Goel

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
</pre>

[[Category:Sp25_KeyboardLayouts]]
[[Category:Keyboard_layouts]]
[[Category:Walloon]]

Belizean Creole/Keyboard

2025-02-27T16:55:46Z

Kdandy1:

{{comment|Some of the alt-GR keys aren't working correctly: ɔ, ɛ, ʃ, and ŋ are all good, but ʒ and dʒ don't appear, and tʃ has replaced the normal c, and c is on the Alt-GR layer instead. Also I would recommend moving this page to Belizean Creole/Keyboard (go to more at the top right and move), and putting it under <nowiki>[[Category:Belizean_Creole]]</nowiki> instead of BelizeCreole, or moving everything under Belize Creole instead (but the former would be fewer steps) just to have everything easily accessible under one category. -Keira}}

== IPA Keyboard Resources ==
https://apics-online.info/surveys/9

== Existing Belize Creole Keyboard ==
https://www.dsi-keyboards.com/shop/keyboards-categories/parts-and-components/belieze-english-keyboard-labels/

This keyboard has the same layout as a standard American English keyboard, so all operating systems have this keyboard. There is only one layout for Belize Creole keyboards. A strength is that users are also able to type in English. A weakness is that using the same layout as standard American English could send the message that Belize Creole is just a variety of English, which could be interpreted from a colonial perspective.

== Justification ==
Our base keyboard was the standard American English keyboard because the structure and layout are the same as the keyboard typically used for Belize Creole. Instead of simply copying the American English keyboard, we created a keyboard using the IPA symbols for phonemes used in Belize Creole. We used the Alt Gr function to include the IPA symbols that are not similar to existing English characters, and tried to put those IPA symbols on the keys of existing characters with similar manners or places of articulation.

== Belize Creole IPA Keyboard Layout ==

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|`|~}} {{kbdkey|1|!}} {{kbdkey|2|@}} {{kbdkey|3|#}} {{kbdkey|4|$}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|^}} {{kbdkey|7|&}} {{kbdkey|8|*}} {{kbdkey|9|(}} {{kbdkey|0|)}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|q|Q}} {{kbdkey|w|W}} {{kbdkey|e|E}} {{kbdkey|r|R}} {{kbdkey|t|T}} {{kbdkey|y|Y|ɛ}} {{kbdkey|u|U}} {{kbdkey|i|I}} {{kbdkey|o|O|ɔ}} {{kbdkey|p|P}} {{kbdkey|[|{}} {{kbdkey|]|} }} {{kbdkey|\|{{!}}}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|a|A}} {{kbdkey|s|S|ʃ}} {{kbdkey|d|D|dʒ}} {{kbdkey|f|F}} {{kbdkey|g|G}} {{kbdkey|h|H}} {{kbdkey|j|J}} {{kbdkey|k|K}} {{kbdkey|l|L}} {{kbdkey|;|:|:}} {{kbdkey|'|"}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|z|Z|ʒ}} {{kbdkey|x|X}} {{kbdkey|c|C|tʃ}} {{kbdkey|v|V}} {{kbdkey|b|B}} {{kbdkey|n|N|ŋ}} {{kbdkey|m|M}} {{kbdkey|,|<}} {{kbdkey|.|>}} {{kbdkey|/|?}} }}

== Installation ==
[steps needed to install keyboard]
[how keyboard layout is licensed]

[[Category:Sp25_KeyboardLayouts]]
[[Category:Belize_Creole]]

Language selection

2025-01-23T17:08:46Z

Kdandy1: /* The assignment */ sp23->25

In Ling 073, everyone will be applying the topics of the class to an under-resourced language of their choice throughout the semester. Students will [for the most part] work in pairs on a single language, but no two pairs will work on the same language.

Note: ''If you have a strong desire to work on language that is normally regarded as entirely "isolating", some accommodations may be made, but you should talk with the professor about it immediately.''

== Morphological typology ==

'''Morphological typology''' is a simple way of talking in approximate terms about how words in a language are generally formed.

You can reference the [[:wikipedia:Morphological typology|Wikipedia article on Morphological typology]] to get a good overview of the possible categories and to figure out how a given language (whose grammar you're able to learn a little bit about) might fit the typology.

== Considerations for language selection ==

* Ideally, you should choose a language with '''at least some interesting morphological processes'''.
* You'll need some ''authentic text'' (i.e., text produced by native speakers, even if not standardised) in this language, whether from documents found online, an excerpt of published text that you type up, someone's twitter account, or sample sentences from a grammar. See [[Building Corpora#Places to look for corpora|Places to look for corpora]] for more info.
* Because of the above, it's easiest to choose a language with '''a written standard''' of one sort or other. Some languages have more than one written standard (which is fine!) and some are subsumed under some other language's written standard (which makes it harder). If the documentation and corpora you identify all use linguist transcriptions, this can also work, but isn't ideal.
* You need to choose a language that doesn't have [many] existing computational resources; '''specific exclusions''' listed below:

=== Languages you may not choose ===
* No languages supported by big corporate translation systems like '''[http://translate.google.com Google translate]''', '''[https://www.bing.com/translator Bing Translator]''', or '''[https://translate.yandex.com/ Yandex Translate]''', however poor-quality.
* No languages supported by '''[https://beta.apertium.org Apertium]''' (you should check either the [https://apertium.github.io/apertium-on-github/source-browser.html Apertium source browser] or the packages listed on [https://github.com/apertium/ Apertium's Github account]).
:: Note: ''If you really want, you may indicate your preference to work on an Apertium language listed as "[https://github.com/apertium/apertium-incubator incubator]", but if you do end up working on it, you will basically be expected to start from scratch for each assignment and ignore what's available from Apertium except to augment your resources later''
* No [http://giellatekno.uit.no/all-lang.eng.html languages supported by '''Giellatekno'''].
* No '''historical languages''' unless with special permission; there should be <em>some</em> current speech community—ideally L1—even if small. Here I do not mean to exclude languages which may have recently lost their last fluent speakers, but languages like Classical Maya, Middle Japanese, or Old Church Slavonic.
* No '''conlangs''' unless with special permission; again, the point is to build tools that are potentially useful to a language community (of conlangs with L1 speakers, Esperanto speakers have plenty of resources, and the rest—e.g. Klingon-speakers—can fend for themselves)
* No languages chosen in a '''previous semester''' (see below)

=== Languages chosen in previous semesters ===
Again, these are '''languages to avoid''' in your selection.
<div style="column-count:3;-moz-column-count:3;-webkit-column-count:3">
* [[Adyghe]] (2022)
* [[Ainu]] (2017)
* [[Amis]] (2023)
* [[Berik]] (2018)
* [[Biak]] (2021)
* [[Bikol]] (2017)
* ''[[Blackfoot]]'' (2017)
* [[Burushaski]] (2019)
* [[Chamorro]] (2017)
* [[Chechen]] (2019)
* [[Dhivehi]] (2019)
* [[Dzongkha]] (2021)
* [[Extremaduran]] (2018)
* ''[[Even]]'' (2023)
* [[Fijian]] (2018)
* [[Guarani]] (2017)
* [[Hokkien]] (2022)
* ''[[Hiaki]]'' (2017)
* [[Huaylas Quechua]] (2023)
* ''[[Innu]]'' (2017)
* [[Japhug]] (2023)
* [[Jeju]] (2017)
* [[Judeo-Tat]] (2017)
* [[Kaingang]] (2019)
* [[Kalmyk]] (2017)
* [[Kamba]] (2023)
* [[Khasi]] (2017)
* [[Kikuyu]] (2017)
* [[Ladino]] (2021)
* [[Lakota]] (2022)
* [[Lingala]] (2017)
* [[Magahi]] (2021)
* [[Mirandese|Mirandés]] (2023)
* [[Miskito]] (2021)
* [[Mixe|Totontepec Mixe]] (2022)
* [[Miyako]] (2017)
* [[Navajo]] (2022)
* ''[[Neapolitan]]'' (2017)
* [[Nheengatú]] (2022)
* ''[[Neo-Aramaic (Assyrian)]]'' (2018)
* [[Nivkh]] (2019)
* [[Nuosu]] (2022)
* [[Okinawan]] (2017)
* [[Purépecha|Pʼurhépecha]] (2021)
* [[Siberian Yupik]] (2022)
* [[Shan]] (2023)
* [[Central Kurdish|Sorani Kurdish]] (2021)
* ''[[Standard Tibetan]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Tigrinya]]'' (2018)
* [[Tiwi]] (2021)
* [[Tongan]] (2017)
* [[Urum]] (2023)
* [[Wamesa]] (2017)
* [[Waray]] (2021)
* [[Western Abenaki]] (2023)
* [[Wolof]] (Senegalese) (2023)
* [[Wôpanâak]] (2017)
* [[Warlpiri]] (2017)
* ''[[Yoruba]]'' (2021)

</div>

''Languages in italics were not implemented in translation pipelines.''

== Random list of languages that might work ==
The following is a list of languages with few to no relevant computational resources which otherwise appear to meet the criteria I set up. If you need some <b>inspiration, a place to start,</b> or just <b>a language to work on</b>, this list could be a good place to start.
<div style="column-count:3;-moz-column-count:3;-webkit-column-count:3">
* Kabardian
* Shor
* Ndebele (Northern)
* Arrernte
* Iatmul
* Beja
* Garifuna
* Arhuaco/Ikʉ
* Mapudungun
* Rohingya
* Platduuts (nds-nl) or Plattdüütsch (nds)
* Alemannisch (any southern German)
* Lepcha
* Pontic Greek
* Tigre
* Kabyle
* Mandinka
* Lezgian
* Denaʼina
* Wakhi
* Luri
* Lari
* a Mixe variety (other than <code>mto</code>)
* Chatino
* Tamasheq
* Kanza
* Jicarilla Apache
* Mazandarani
* Udege
* Lenakel/Netwar
* Nauru
* Newari
* Garhwali
* Kimwani
* (Serer-)Noon
* Gambian Wolof
* Dagbani
* Totonac (Sierra, Misantla, or Upper Necaxa)
* Ingush
* Lak
* Benchnon
* Turkana
* Marshallese
* Dolgan
* Rgyalrong (other than Japhug)
* Dangaura Tharu
* a Zapotec variety (other than <code>zab</code>)
* a Cree variety (other than <code>moe</code>)
* Sebat Bet Gurage
* Ladakhi
* a Mixtec variety
* Balti
* Akan
* Zazaki
* Gorani
* Khowar/Chitrali
* Tai Nüa
* Tai Lue
* Muysca
* Chindali
* Otoro
* a Lahuli variety
* Crow / Apsáalooke
* Ayer Tuareg / Air Tamajeq
* Hadza
* Apurinã
* Jola-Fonyi
* Eastern Maninka
* Rapa Nui
* Atikamekw
* Nobiin
* Talysh
* Yanyuwa
* Ojibwemowin / Anishinaabemowin (any variety)
* Kimîîru / Meru
* Jahai
* Khoekhoe / Nama
* Natchez
* Mru
* Kosraean
* Pohnpeian
* Chuukese
* Yapese
* Emiliano-Romagnolo
* Walon
* Banjarese
* Doteli
* Chabacano
* Seneca
* Shehri/Jibbali
* Soqotri
* Oroqen
* Oroch
* Negidal
* Belizean Creole
* Arikara
* Wichita
* Caddo
* Pawnee
* Nez Perce / Nimipuutímt
* Yakan
* A'ingae
* Sranan
* Kabuverdianu (Cape Verdean Creole)
* Kalabari/Ibani
* Oʼodham
* Ute
* Krio (Sierra Leone Creole)
* Klamath-Modoc
* Cahuilla / Ivilyuat
* Kickapoo
* Aleut / Unangam Tunuu
* Zuni / Shiwiʼma
* Tutelo
* Kweyol Dominik
* Trinidadian Creole
</div>

A few languages that used to be on this list but have had other people (elsewhere, e.g. Apertium) do some work on them since being put on the list: Evenki, Bhojpuri, Santali, Konkani, Saraiki

Removed from list because now covered by Google: Kinyarwanda, Oromo, Maithili, Somali, Twi, Hunsrik, Fula/Pular/Fulani/Fulfulde, Siswati, Kabiye, Dinka, Balinese, Balochi, Mam, Afar, Mizo

== The assignment ==

By the beginning of class on Tuesday of the second week of classes (this semester: '''11:20 on 28 January 2025'''), turn in the following:
# Make a page on the wiki:
#* '''Create a "Language selection" page''' under your userpage (<code>wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/User:student1/Language_selection</code>, replacing <code>student1</code> with your username).
#* At the very top, mention '''who you might like to work with''' in a pair. This could be anything from "someone who knows linguistics really well" or "someone who is good with computers" or even a specific person (in which case, link to their language selection page!) or a note that you're not sure or don't care.
#* List in order of preference '''three languages''' you might like to work on this semester. There are some examples given above, but don't limit yourself to those. There are thousands of languages to choose from! (It might be good to make each one a separate section on the page.)
# Document some things for each language:
#* For each language, determine as best you can with the resources available '''a [[:wikipedia:Morphological typology|morphological typology]] of the language'''. E.g., is it primarily isolating, agglutinative, etc., and how do you know? Are there patterns in that language that reflect more than one morphological type? If there is inflectional morphology (ideally the language you choose will have some!), what sorts of strategies are used (prefixation, suffixation, etc.)?
#* Determine '''basic information about each language'''. How many speakers are there, where do they live, what other languages might they know, what is the status of the language in terms of its transmission to current and future generations, is there a normative orthography of some sort? What is the orthography like (what script / any interesting features / multiple official/historical orthographies / etc.)? Provide ISO codes used for the language, especially three-letter ones. Basically all of this information should be findable on [http://ethnologue.com ethnologue] (not paywalled if accessed on campus or through TriPod) and [http://wikipedia.org/ wikipedia] (in one language or other), but feel free to use any source that seems reliable (academic papers, census data, etc.). Cite the sources you use (at least add a link).
#* Give some estimation of how likely it will be for you to find at least '''a few pages' worth of text''' in this language. In other words, see if you can find something online quickly—websites in the language, a translation or the bible or universal declaration of human rights, a blog, a grammar book with lots of examples, etc. Don't limit yourself to online resources—if library resources exist (even if not available at Swarthmore), that can also work! (If it's not at all likely that you can have some amount of text in the language on your screen or in your hand within a week or two, you probably should find some other language to work on!)
# Clean up the page
#* Include a category tag for <code>[[:Category:sp25_LanguageSelection|sp25_LanguageSelection]]</code> and one for the name of each language. You should have '''four category tags''' on your page, e.g. <code><NOWIKI>[[Category:sp25_LanguageSelection]], [[Category:Abkhaz]],</NOWIKI></code> and one each for the other two languages.
#* Make use of MediaWiki formatting markup. E.g., each language can be a section, data can be formatted as bullet points or in tables, citations should make use of proper macros, etc. You can see how MW markup works simply by going to edit an existing page and examining the source used to produce various elements.
* NOTES
** Note that conflicts of first choice will be resolved in class, but in cases of an impasse, the first person to post their interest in the language to the wiki will get their earlier choice, and the other party will get a subsequent choice.
** Feel free to examine language selection pages from previous years (e.g., [[:Category:sp17_LanguageSelection|sp17_LanguageSelection]], [[:Category:sp18_LanguageSelection|sp18_LanguageSelection]], [[:Category:sp19_LanguageSelection|sp19_LanguageSelection]], [[:Category:sp21_LanguageSelection|sp21_LanguageSelection]], [[:Category:sp22_LanguageSelection|sp22_LanguageSelection]], [[:Category:sp23_LanguageSelection|sp23_LanguageSelection]]), but don't copy stuff wholesale—and note that a number of those languages have already been done so you can't choose them anyway :)

By the beginning of the first class of the second week ('''11:20 on 28 January 2025'''), add the following:
# Peruse your classmates' language selection pages at [[:Category:sp25_LanguageSelection|sp25_LanguageSelection]], once they're all submitted.
# Find at least one classmate you feel like you'd be interested in working with this semester, and reach out to them to see if they might be interested in working with you.
#* You can base this on any number of factors, e.g. who you already know, what languages your classmates listed, what sort of partner they said they were looking for, or what they said on their user page for the [[:Category:Sp25_students|first day assignment]], such as background in linguistics or CS that might complement your own background, or even class year.
#* People may form pairs before you reach out to them (and don't feel shy about letting someone know that you've already formed a pair with someone else), so be prepared to reach out to someone else, or ask more than one person from the beginning (but being open with the people you ask that you've asked someone else too).
# When you've made an agreement with a classmate to be partners (at least tentatively), at the very top of your language selection page, mention who you'll be working with.

[[Category:Assignments]]
[[Category:Language selection]]

Environment setup

2025-01-21T17:02:37Z

Kdandy1: /* Using git for version control */

== Logging in on the lab machines ==

You'll want access to the Swarthmore CS lab machines for working on assignments and projects.

You can also [[Using the tools on your own system|use your own system]] (optional!) if you want, but getting the tools set up can be difficult, and it's better if everyone begins with equal access to the tools, so I '''recommend against it for now'''. Instead, set up your account on the CS lab machines, and see activities below for connecting to and interacting with them.

'''Day 1 activity #1: get comfortable with lab machines''':
* If you haven't previously used the CS lab machines, you should have received an email for setting up login information. Set up an account according the the instructions.
* If you don't have access and didn't get an email, let the instructor or course assistant know right away.
* Once/if you do have an account, check to see if those around you need any help logging in.

== Acclimating to the tools we'll be using in class ==
The exercises below will familiarise you with a few aspects of the tools we'll be using in the course, including using a command line.

=== Editing a wiki ===

Wikis offer a great way to collaboratively publish information online. Using this course wiki, you will be publishing publicly-visible materials related to this class throughout the semester. All submissions are logged, so vandalism is easily identified and reverted, and the timestamp of any submitted work is also available.

'''Day 1 activity #2: edit this wiki''':
* Log in to the class wiki using your Swarthmore login credentials (link at very top of any page on this wiki), and create a user page. Your user page will have a URL ending in <code>User:student1</code>, where "student1" is your username. It's also linked to at the top of the page after you log in (as your username in red).
** '''TL;DR''': log in, click your username at the top, and click the "Create" tab.
* '''Write a short introduction''' including any information you care to share (e.g., name, major, etc.) and a short bulleted list of a couple languages you're considering for your work in this class (or any languages you're interested in generally, if you haven't thought about this yet). If there's someone in the course you'd like to work with this semester, you can mention that here too.
** You should use [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Formatting mediawiki markup] to format what you write.
** {{Notice-inline|'''Warning: anything you put on the wiki is publicly visible.'''}} You may not want to include personal information like your name. If you prefer for your work in this course to not even be linked to your Swarthmore username, let me know and I will attempt to make an accommodation.
* Add the page to the category <code>[[:Category:sp25_students|sp25_students]]</code> by adding <code><NOWIKI>[[Category:sp25_students]]</NOWIKI></code> at the very bottom of the page.
* Enter an edit summary and click "Save page" when you're done. An edit summary is a way of keeping track of what you did, so you could say something like "wrote a short introduction".
* All pages added to the category above will be listed on the category page—double check that yours is, and feel free to peruse what your classmates wrote.

=== Using IRC ===
Internet Relay Chat is a tried-and-tested technology that allows for convenient real-time online messaging for large groups of people, and also between individuals.

The official IRC channel for this class (and unofficial Swarthmore Computational Linguistics IRC channel) is <code>#swatling</code> on [https://oftc.net/ irc.oftc.net].

There are good, Free IRC clients for nearly every operating system. Many GNU/Linux installations (including the '''lab computers''') come with HexChat, which presents a good balance of features and ease of use. It's available for Windows too (it should be free). Limechat is a good option for macOS (also should be free). There are good clients for '''mobile OSes''' also. Plenty of IRC clients are free—you shouldn't have to pay anything—and some of those are Free as well, meaning you have the freedom to redistribute or modify them.

If you prefer a more "modern" feel (with persistent conversation history even when you're not logged in), you may also '''[[Connecting to OFTC using Matrix|connect to IRC using Matrix]]''' and any of its clients (e.g., element.io).

You can also join easily '''through a web browser''' by using [http://webchat.oftc.net/?channels=swatling http://webchat.oftc.net/?channels=swatling]. I recommend against this as a solution for the semester—it's better to use it as a once-off backup solution.

We will be using IRC as a way to interact outside of the classroom, and sometimes in. It can be a good way to ask me for help or clarification on an assignment, in which case your classmates could benefit too. You can also use it to have general discussion among yourselves, or work remotely in groups. Keep in mind that any arbitrary channel can be started by any user, and you can always tell which users are in a channel. 

There's also an [[:apertium:IRC|IRC channel for Apertium]]. We will be using Apertium and related software throughout the course, so this can be a good place to ask for assistance and tech support.

'''Day 1 activity #3: log in to IRC''':
# Start up an IRC client (see above paragraphs for options)
# Connect to OFTC, set your username (e.g., to match your Swarthmore login name), and connect to the network.
# Join the class channel (see above), and greet anyone already in the channel. Stay until the end of class to greet others who join.
# Did you notice the channel "topic" / welcome message?

=== Using a command line ===

The command line makes a linux system particularly powerful, and is useful for activities such as those we'll be doing in this class. There is an endless amount of information online about how to use the command line.

'''Day 1 activity #4: use some basic commands'''
# Once you're connected, create a directory for this class. The easiest would be by typing something like <code>mkdir ling073</code>. Then change into that directory, e.g. <code>cd ling073</code>.
# Referencing a [http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/a-quick-guide-to-get-started-with-the-linux-command-line/ guide to using the linux command line like this one], use <code>cat</code> to create a file in that new directory, use <code>nano</code> to change the contents, and use <code>cat</code> to display the new contents of the file.
# When you're done, see if anyone else needs help doing this.

'''Day 1 activity #5: download linguistic data''':
# Follow [[Installing_existing_Apertium_data#Get_the_data|the "Get the data" instructions here]] (but not the compiling instructions, yet) to download the code and linguistic data for an existing Italian-to-Sardinian machine translation system.
# Use a [http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/a-quick-guide-to-get-started-with-the-linux-command-line/ guide to using the linux command line like this one] to get the last line of the Italian morphological analyser—specifically the file named <code>apertium-ita.ita.dix</code>. Once you've found it, do '''not''' announce what you've found—instead, help your neighbour find it, or if they already have, see if it's the same.

'''Day 1 activity #6: compile a machine translation system''':
# Finish the [[Installing existing Apertium data|compiling instructions]] for the Italian-Sardinian translation system.
# Test the system as described. Try a different Italian input sentence: "Un corpus è un insieme di testi che sono stati selezionati in modo da essere funzionali per l'analisi linguistica." ([https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica_computazionale source]). What's the output? What do you think the <code>*</code> symbol might mean?

=== Using a text editor ===

In this class you will be writing a lot of code (though no programming is required!) so you will want to get comfortable with a text editor.

The easiest option for everyone will be to use [https://code.visualstudio.com/ VS Code], with a series of extensions. If there's another editor you're comfortable with, feel free to use that instead.

'''Day 1 activity #7: use a text editor'''
# Open VS Code on the lab machine.
# Find and open the dictionary that you opened in the earlier activity.
# It should auto-detect that the file is in an XML dialect and enable syntax highlighting (i.e., colourising the text so it's easier to read).
#* If it doesn't colourise the text, click the "Select Language Mode" button at the bottom of VS Code (probably the third from the right, will probably be labelled "Plain Text"), and choose XML.

There will be instructions available soon on how to connect to the lab machines remotely using an extension.

You can also collaborate with a partner remotely using an extension which allows you to edit the same file simultaneously.

If you prefer to use an editor other than VS Code on your own machine, you can use [https://www.cs.swarthmore.edu/~zpalmer/guides/sshfs/ sshfs] (instructions here from macOS and Windows) to make a directory on the CS lab machine act like a folder on your computer. To use sshfs in GNU/Linux you can follow a tutorial like [https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-use-sshfs-to-mount-remote-file-systems-over-ssh this one].

== Using git for version control ==
Git is software that tracks collaborative work on projects. It stores work (files) in "repositories" and gives you access to previous "revisions". You "clone" an existing repository. You can "commit" changes to your local copy, and "push" the commits back to a remote server. You should "pull" from the server if you think someone else may have also pushed commits.

There is info available about [https://www.cs.swarthmore.edu/~newhall/unixhelp/git.php using git at Swarthmore], which includes the commands for the actions just described.

GitHub is a service that stores repositories and provides access both using git clients and a web interface. You can think of it as kind of like a much more advanced version of Google Drive.

'''Day 1 activity #8: make a git repository''':
# Use ssh to connect to the CS lab machines.
# Follow [https://www.cs.swarthmore.edu/~newhall/cs31/resources/githubsetup.html these instructions to set up an SSH key] (unless you have done this before).
#* You'll want to set up a single SSH key for the lab machines, and then one for each additional system you use (like your own computer).
# On the command line, go into your <code>ling073</code> directory (<code>cd ~/ling073</code>)
# If you completed the wiki activity correctly and I'm keeping up with everyone, I'll have given you access to the [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/day1 day1 repository] on Swarthmore github. If you're a BiCo student (Bryn Mawr or Haverford), you'll also need to have logged into the GitHub web interface at least once. Assuming that's done, proceed.
# Clone the ''day1'' repository (<code>git clone git@github.swarthmore.edu:Ling073-sp25/day1.git</code>)
# Add a file named your username in the new directory, and add a short message. You can use a text editor for this (good practice using VS Code!), or just do it on the command line (<code>cd day1; cat > student1</code>; type your message; hit <kbd>Enter</kbd> followed by <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>C</kbd>).
# Add the file to the repository (on the command line: <code>git add student1</code>), then commit it with some comment about what you're doing (<code>git commit student1 -m "adding my new file"</code>)
# Push your changes (<code>git push</code>) and pull the changes of your classmates (<code>git pull</code>). Once your classmates have pushed and you've pulled, you can read their messages (<code>cat student2</code>).
#* If it gives you an error message when you try to push, you may need to run <code>git pull</code> first, to pull and merge in your classmates' changes first.
#* When you pull, you may encounter a screen telling you to type a merge message. You can just quit this. If it's in nano, use the shortcuts at the bottom of the screen to save and exit (probably <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>O</kbd> followed by <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>X</kbd>). If it's in vim, hit <kbd>Esc</kbd>, type <code>:wq</code>, and press <kbd>Enter</kbd>.
# Go to the GitHub web interface for the [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/day1 day1 repository] to make sure your file made it there.

== Up next ==
'''If you've successfully completed all of these activities''', you can get started on '''[[Language selection]]''', your assignment for the next class meeting.

[[Category:Tutorials]]
[[Category:Activities]]

Kamba and English

2023-05-12T00:39:17Z

Kdandy1: /* MT Tests */

=Resources for Machine Translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Kamba Kamba] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English]=

==External Resources==
Kamba Transducer: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-kam

English Transducer: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-eng

Kamba → English Parallel Corpus: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-kam-eng-corpus/tree/main

Kamba --> English Translation Pair: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-kam-eng

==Kamba → English Evaluation==
* Coverage for monolingual transducer: 149 / 310
* Coverage for bilingual transducer: 129 / 308

===10 Sentences===
1) '''Original Sentence:''' Ilinda yii ni yaasa.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This dress is long.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^linda<n><cl5><sg>/dress<n><cl5><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl5><sg>/this<dem><det><cl5><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^asa<adj><cl5><sg>/long<adj><sint><cl5><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #dress #this #be #long

2) '''Original Sentence:''' Vulana ii ni nene.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This jersey is big.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^vulana<n><cl9><sg>/jersey<n><cl9><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl9><sg>/this<dem><det><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nene<adj><cl9><sg>/big<adj><sint><cl9><sg>/great<adj><sint> <cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #jersey #this #be #big

3) '''Original Sentence:''' Muvuko uu ni munene.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This bag is big.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^Vuko<n><cl3><sg>/Bag<n><cl3><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl1><sg>/this<dem><det><cl1><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nene<adj><cl1><sg>/big<adj><sint><cl1><sg>/great<adj><sint> <cl1><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #bag #this #be #big

4) '''Original Sentence:''' Ngovia ii ni nini.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This hat is small.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^govia<n><cl9><sg>/hat<n><cl9><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl9><sg>/this<dem><det><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nene<adj><cl9><sg>/big<adj><sint><cl9><sg>/great<adj><sint> <cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #hat #this #be #big

5) '''Original Sentence:''' Sokisi ni nguvi.

'''Intended English Translation:''' The socks are short.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^sokisi<n><cl9><sg>/socks<n><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^guvi<adj><cl9><sg>/short<adj><sint> <cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #socks #be #short

6) '''Original Sentence:''' Na syaatu ii ni nzau.

'''Intended English Translation:''' But these shoes are new.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^aatu<n><cl8><pl>/shoes<n><cl8><pl>$ ^a<dem><det><cl9><sg>/this<dem><det><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^*nzaũ/*nzaũ$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' but #shoes #this #be *nzaũ

7) '''Original Sentence:''' Mbui, Ngiti na Ng’ombe mai anyanyae anene.

'''Intended English Translation:''' Dog, and Cow were great friends.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^bũi<n><cl9><sg>/goat<n><cl9><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^giti<n><cl9><sg>/dog<n><cl9><sg>$ ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^G’ombe<n><cl9><sg>/Cow<n><cl9><sg>$ ^*mai/*mai$ ^nyanya<n><cl2><pl>/friend<n><cl2><pl>$ ^nene<adj><cl2><pl>/big<adj><sint><cl2><pl>/great<adj><sint> <cl2><pl>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #goat, #dog but #Cow *mai #friend #big

8) '''Original Sentence:''' Muthenyia umwe maendie kyalo na ngali.

'''Intended English Translation:''' One day they went on a journey in a taxi.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^thenya<n><cl3><sg>/day<n><cl3><sg>$ ^mwe<num><cl3><sg>/one<num><cl3><sg>$ ^*maendi/*maendi$ ^alo<n><cl7><sg>/journey<n><cl7><sg>$ ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^gali<n><cl9><sg>/taxi<n><cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #day #one *maendi #journey but #taxi

9) '''Original Sentence:''' Mavika kwisho wa kyaloi, ndeleva amea maive tikiti.

'''Intended English Translation:''' When they reached the end of their
journey, the driver asked them to pay their fares.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^Vik<vblex><perf><p3><pl>/Go<vblex><perf><p3><pl>$ ^*kwisho/*kwisho$ ^wa<pr>/of<pr>$ ^alo<n><cl7><sg>/journey<n><cl7><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^deleva<n><cl9><sg>/driver<n><cl9><sg>$ ^*amea/*amea$ ^*maive/*maive$ ^tikiti<n><cl9><sg>/fare<n><cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #Go *kwisho of #journey, #driver *amea *maive #fare.

10) '''Original Sentence:''' Ng’ombe aiva tikiti wake

'''Intended English Translation:''' Cow paid her fare.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^g’ombe<n><cl9><sg>/cow<n><cl9><sg>$ ^*aiva/*aiva$ ^tikiti<n><cl9><sg>/fare<n><cl9><sg>$ ^ake<prn>/her<prn>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #cow *aiva #fare #her

==Additions==

1. Additional Stems: added 87 noun stems and 38 adjective stems!

2. Expanded morphology: implemented noun prefix morphology for classes 10/11, 12/13, 14/6, and 15/6. Then added adjective prefix morphology as well for those (which follows the same patterns mostly that noun prefixes do, but there are some classes with variations, so we still had to do them separately instead of using the same set of prefixes for both.

3. More twol rules: added 6 more to deal with producing the right forms for the added noun classes above.

=Final Evaluation=

'''Updated Transducer Precision:''' 99.71182%

'''Updated Transducer Recall:''' 44.81865%

'''Totals:''' 364 forms, 346 tp, 1 fp, 0 tn, 426 fn

'''kam.corpus.large.txt'''
Coverage: ~0.44848334981866139136
Number of words: 116K

'''Transducer Stems Entries'''

Total Lexicon Entries: 350

Counts for individual lexicons:

Punctuation: 22

Preposition: 3

CoorConj: 1

Interjection: 2

Anthroponym: 1

Adverb: 4

Pronoun: 1

ClassPrefix: 18

NounStem: 128

PossessedSuffix: 2

PossessivePrnPrefix: 4

PossessivePrnStem: 6

AdjClassPrefix: 18

AdjectiveStem: 47

NumAdjPrefix: 3

NumeralAdjStem: 1

DemPrefix: 10

DemonstrativeStem: 3

PresentContinuousCircumfix: 1

SubjectPrefix: 9

TenseSign: 5

VerbRoot: 14

PerfectPrefix: 1

PerfectSubjectPrefix: 6

PerfectSuffix: 2

PositiveRecentPastCircumfix: 1

NRPSubjectPrefix: 6

NegativeRecentPastSuffix: 1

PositiveImmediatePastPrefix: 1

PositiveImmediatePastSuffix: 1

FUTSubjectPrefix: 6

Suffix: 1

CopPrefix: 6

CTensePrefix: 3

CopRoot: 1

Numeral: 10

All anonymous lexicons: 1

===MT Tests===

'''On kam.longer.txt:'''

'''WER:''' 106.89%

'''PER:''' 98.10%

'''33/1792 (2%)''' words translated correctly (because most of the words we would be able to translate just translate into hashed ones since the tag mismatch/mostly extra kamba tags issue hasn't been fixed. For reference, the % of non-starred words is 18%)

'''Trimmed coverage:'''

kam.longer.txt: 29.63% of 1792 tokens

kam.corpus.large.txt: 27.75% of 22,965 tokens

[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]] [[Category:Kamba]] [[Category:English]]

Kamba and English

2023-05-12T00:38:51Z

Kdandy1: /* MT Tests: */

=Resources for Machine Translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Kamba Kamba] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English]=

==External Resources==
Kamba Transducer: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-kam

English Transducer: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-eng

Kamba → English Parallel Corpus: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-kam-eng-corpus/tree/main

Kamba --> English Translation Pair: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-kam-eng

==Kamba → English Evaluation==
* Coverage for monolingual transducer: 149 / 310
* Coverage for bilingual transducer: 129 / 308

===10 Sentences===
1) '''Original Sentence:''' Ilinda yii ni yaasa.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This dress is long.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^linda<n><cl5><sg>/dress<n><cl5><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl5><sg>/this<dem><det><cl5><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^asa<adj><cl5><sg>/long<adj><sint><cl5><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #dress #this #be #long

2) '''Original Sentence:''' Vulana ii ni nene.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This jersey is big.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^vulana<n><cl9><sg>/jersey<n><cl9><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl9><sg>/this<dem><det><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nene<adj><cl9><sg>/big<adj><sint><cl9><sg>/great<adj><sint> <cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #jersey #this #be #big

3) '''Original Sentence:''' Muvuko uu ni munene.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This bag is big.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^Vuko<n><cl3><sg>/Bag<n><cl3><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl1><sg>/this<dem><det><cl1><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nene<adj><cl1><sg>/big<adj><sint><cl1><sg>/great<adj><sint> <cl1><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #bag #this #be #big

4) '''Original Sentence:''' Ngovia ii ni nini.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This hat is small.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^govia<n><cl9><sg>/hat<n><cl9><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl9><sg>/this<dem><det><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nene<adj><cl9><sg>/big<adj><sint><cl9><sg>/great<adj><sint> <cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #hat #this #be #big

5) '''Original Sentence:''' Sokisi ni nguvi.

'''Intended English Translation:''' The socks are short.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^sokisi<n><cl9><sg>/socks<n><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^guvi<adj><cl9><sg>/short<adj><sint> <cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #socks #be #short

6) '''Original Sentence:''' Na syaatu ii ni nzau.

'''Intended English Translation:''' But these shoes are new.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^aatu<n><cl8><pl>/shoes<n><cl8><pl>$ ^a<dem><det><cl9><sg>/this<dem><det><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^*nzaũ/*nzaũ$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' but #shoes #this #be *nzaũ

7) '''Original Sentence:''' Mbui, Ngiti na Ng’ombe mai anyanyae anene.

'''Intended English Translation:''' Dog, and Cow were great friends.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^bũi<n><cl9><sg>/goat<n><cl9><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^giti<n><cl9><sg>/dog<n><cl9><sg>$ ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^G’ombe<n><cl9><sg>/Cow<n><cl9><sg>$ ^*mai/*mai$ ^nyanya<n><cl2><pl>/friend<n><cl2><pl>$ ^nene<adj><cl2><pl>/big<adj><sint><cl2><pl>/great<adj><sint> <cl2><pl>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #goat, #dog but #Cow *mai #friend #big

8) '''Original Sentence:''' Muthenyia umwe maendie kyalo na ngali.

'''Intended English Translation:''' One day they went on a journey in a taxi.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^thenya<n><cl3><sg>/day<n><cl3><sg>$ ^mwe<num><cl3><sg>/one<num><cl3><sg>$ ^*maendi/*maendi$ ^alo<n><cl7><sg>/journey<n><cl7><sg>$ ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^gali<n><cl9><sg>/taxi<n><cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #day #one *maendi #journey but #taxi

9) '''Original Sentence:''' Mavika kwisho wa kyaloi, ndeleva amea maive tikiti.

'''Intended English Translation:''' When they reached the end of their
journey, the driver asked them to pay their fares.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^Vik<vblex><perf><p3><pl>/Go<vblex><perf><p3><pl>$ ^*kwisho/*kwisho$ ^wa<pr>/of<pr>$ ^alo<n><cl7><sg>/journey<n><cl7><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^deleva<n><cl9><sg>/driver<n><cl9><sg>$ ^*amea/*amea$ ^*maive/*maive$ ^tikiti<n><cl9><sg>/fare<n><cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #Go *kwisho of #journey, #driver *amea *maive #fare.

10) '''Original Sentence:''' Ng’ombe aiva tikiti wake

'''Intended English Translation:''' Cow paid her fare.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^g’ombe<n><cl9><sg>/cow<n><cl9><sg>$ ^*aiva/*aiva$ ^tikiti<n><cl9><sg>/fare<n><cl9><sg>$ ^ake<prn>/her<prn>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #cow *aiva #fare #her

==Additions==

1. Additional Stems: added 87 noun stems and 38 adjective stems!

2. Expanded morphology: implemented noun prefix morphology for classes 10/11, 12/13, 14/6, and 15/6. Then added adjective prefix morphology as well for those (which follows the same patterns mostly that noun prefixes do, but there are some classes with variations, so we still had to do them separately instead of using the same set of prefixes for both.

3. More twol rules: added 6 more to deal with producing the right forms for the added noun classes above.

=Final Evaluation=

'''Updated Transducer Precision:''' 99.71182%

'''Updated Transducer Recall:''' 44.81865%

'''Totals:''' 364 forms, 346 tp, 1 fp, 0 tn, 426 fn

'''kam.corpus.large.txt'''
Coverage: ~0.44848334981866139136
Number of words: 116K

'''Transducer Stems Entries'''

Total Lexicon Entries: 350

Counts for individual lexicons:

Punctuation: 22

Preposition: 3

CoorConj: 1

Interjection: 2

Anthroponym: 1

Adverb: 4

Pronoun: 1

ClassPrefix: 18

NounStem: 128

PossessedSuffix: 2

PossessivePrnPrefix: 4

PossessivePrnStem: 6

AdjClassPrefix: 18

AdjectiveStem: 47

NumAdjPrefix: 3

NumeralAdjStem: 1

DemPrefix: 10

DemonstrativeStem: 3

PresentContinuousCircumfix: 1

SubjectPrefix: 9

TenseSign: 5

VerbRoot: 14

PerfectPrefix: 1

PerfectSubjectPrefix: 6

PerfectSuffix: 2

PositiveRecentPastCircumfix: 1

NRPSubjectPrefix: 6

NegativeRecentPastSuffix: 1

PositiveImmediatePastPrefix: 1

PositiveImmediatePastSuffix: 1

FUTSubjectPrefix: 6

Suffix: 1

CopPrefix: 6

CTensePrefix: 3

CopRoot: 1

Numeral: 10

All anonymous lexicons: 1

===MT Tests===

'''On kam.longer.txt:'''

'''WER:''' 106.89%

'''PER:''' 98.10%

'''33/1792 (2%)''' words translated correctly (because most of the words we would be able to translate just translate into hashed ones since the tag mismatch/mostly extra kamba tags issue hasn't been fixed. For reference, the % of non-starred words is 18%)

'''Trimmed coverage:'''
kam.longer.txt: 29.63% of 1792 tokens

kam.corpus.large.txt: 27.75% of 22,965 tokens

[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]] [[Category:Kamba]] [[Category:English]]

Kamba and English

2023-05-12T00:09:23Z

Kdandy1: /* Final Evaluation */

=Resources for Machine Translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Kamba Kamba] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English]=

==External Resources==
Kamba Transducer: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-kam

English Transducer: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-eng

Kamba → English Parallel Corpus: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-kam-eng-corpus/tree/main

Kamba --> English Translation Pair: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-kam-eng

==Kamba → English Evaluation==
* Coverage for monolingual transducer: 149 / 310
* Coverage for bilingual transducer: 129 / 308

===10 Sentences===
1) '''Original Sentence:''' Ilinda yii ni yaasa.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This dress is long.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^linda<n><cl5><sg>/dress<n><cl5><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl5><sg>/this<dem><det><cl5><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^asa<adj><cl5><sg>/long<adj><sint><cl5><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #dress #this #be #long

2) '''Original Sentence:''' Vulana ii ni nene.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This jersey is big.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^vulana<n><cl9><sg>/jersey<n><cl9><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl9><sg>/this<dem><det><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nene<adj><cl9><sg>/big<adj><sint><cl9><sg>/great<adj><sint> <cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #jersey #this #be #big

3) '''Original Sentence:''' Muvuko uu ni munene.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This bag is big.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^Vuko<n><cl3><sg>/Bag<n><cl3><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl1><sg>/this<dem><det><cl1><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nene<adj><cl1><sg>/big<adj><sint><cl1><sg>/great<adj><sint> <cl1><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #bag #this #be #big

4) '''Original Sentence:''' Ngovia ii ni nini.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This hat is small.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^govia<n><cl9><sg>/hat<n><cl9><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl9><sg>/this<dem><det><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nene<adj><cl9><sg>/big<adj><sint><cl9><sg>/great<adj><sint> <cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #hat #this #be #big

5) '''Original Sentence:''' Sokisi ni nguvi.

'''Intended English Translation:''' The socks are short.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^sokisi<n><cl9><sg>/socks<n><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^guvi<adj><cl9><sg>/short<adj><sint> <cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #socks #be #short

6) '''Original Sentence:''' Na syaatu ii ni nzau.

'''Intended English Translation:''' But these shoes are new.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^aatu<n><cl8><pl>/shoes<n><cl8><pl>$ ^a<dem><det><cl9><sg>/this<dem><det><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^*nzaũ/*nzaũ$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' but #shoes #this #be *nzaũ

7) '''Original Sentence:''' Mbui, Ngiti na Ng’ombe mai anyanyae anene.

'''Intended English Translation:''' Dog, and Cow were great friends.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^bũi<n><cl9><sg>/goat<n><cl9><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^giti<n><cl9><sg>/dog<n><cl9><sg>$ ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^G’ombe<n><cl9><sg>/Cow<n><cl9><sg>$ ^*mai/*mai$ ^nyanya<n><cl2><pl>/friend<n><cl2><pl>$ ^nene<adj><cl2><pl>/big<adj><sint><cl2><pl>/great<adj><sint> <cl2><pl>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #goat, #dog but #Cow *mai #friend #big

8) '''Original Sentence:''' Muthenyia umwe maendie kyalo na ngali.

'''Intended English Translation:''' One day they went on a journey in a taxi.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^thenya<n><cl3><sg>/day<n><cl3><sg>$ ^mwe<num><cl3><sg>/one<num><cl3><sg>$ ^*maendi/*maendi$ ^alo<n><cl7><sg>/journey<n><cl7><sg>$ ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^gali<n><cl9><sg>/taxi<n><cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #day #one *maendi #journey but #taxi

9) '''Original Sentence:''' Mavika kwisho wa kyaloi, ndeleva amea maive tikiti.

'''Intended English Translation:''' When they reached the end of their
journey, the driver asked them to pay their fares.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^Vik<vblex><perf><p3><pl>/Go<vblex><perf><p3><pl>$ ^*kwisho/*kwisho$ ^wa<pr>/of<pr>$ ^alo<n><cl7><sg>/journey<n><cl7><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^deleva<n><cl9><sg>/driver<n><cl9><sg>$ ^*amea/*amea$ ^*maive/*maive$ ^tikiti<n><cl9><sg>/fare<n><cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #Go *kwisho of #journey, #driver *amea *maive #fare.

10) '''Original Sentence:''' Ng’ombe aiva tikiti wake

'''Intended English Translation:''' Cow paid her fare.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^g’ombe<n><cl9><sg>/cow<n><cl9><sg>$ ^*aiva/*aiva$ ^tikiti<n><cl9><sg>/fare<n><cl9><sg>$ ^ake<prn>/her<prn>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #cow *aiva #fare #her

==Additions==

1. Additional Stems: added 87 noun stems and 38 adjective stems!

2. Expanded morphology: implemented noun prefix morphology for classes 10/11, 12/13, 14/6, and 15/6. Then added adjective prefix morphology as well for those (which follows the same patterns mostly that noun prefixes do, but there are some classes with variations, so we still had to do them separately instead of using the same set of prefixes for both.

3. More twol rules: added 6 more to deal with producing the right forms for the added noun classes above.

=Final Evaluation=

'''Updated Transducer Precision:''' 99.71182%

'''Updated Transducer Recall:''' 44.81865%

'''Totals:''' 364 forms, 346 tp, 1 fp, 0 tn, 426 fn

'''kam.corpus.large.txt'''
Coverage: ~0.44848334981866139136
Number of words: 116K

'''Transducer Stems Entries'''

Total Lexicon Entries: 350

Counts for individual lexicons:

Punctuation: 22

Preposition: 3

CoorConj: 1

Interjection: 2

Anthroponym: 1

Adverb: 4

Pronoun: 1

ClassPrefix: 18

NounStem: 128

PossessedSuffix: 2

PossessivePrnPrefix: 4

PossessivePrnStem: 6

AdjClassPrefix: 18

AdjectiveStem: 47

NumAdjPrefix: 3

NumeralAdjStem: 1

DemPrefix: 10

DemonstrativeStem: 3

PresentContinuousCircumfix: 1

SubjectPrefix: 9

TenseSign: 5

VerbRoot: 14

PerfectPrefix: 1

PerfectSubjectPrefix: 6

PerfectSuffix: 2

PositiveRecentPastCircumfix: 1

NRPSubjectPrefix: 6

NegativeRecentPastSuffix: 1

PositiveImmediatePastPrefix: 1

PositiveImmediatePastSuffix: 1

FUTSubjectPrefix: 6

Suffix: 1

CopPrefix: 6

CTensePrefix: 3

CopRoot: 1

Numeral: 10

All anonymous lexicons: 1

===MT Tests:===

'''On kam.longer.txt:'''

'''WER:''' 106.89%

'''PER:''' 98.10%

'''33''' words translated correctly (because most other words translate into hashed ones since the tag mismatch/mostly extra kamba tags issue hasn't been fixed)

[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]] [[Category:Kamba]] [[Category:English]]

Kamba and English

2023-05-12T00:08:23Z

Kdandy1: /* Final Evaluation */

=Resources for Machine Translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Kamba Kamba] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English]=

==External Resources==
Kamba Transducer: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-kam

English Transducer: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-eng

Kamba → English Parallel Corpus: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-kam-eng-corpus/tree/main

Kamba --> English Translation Pair: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-kam-eng

==Kamba → English Evaluation==
* Coverage for monolingual transducer: 149 / 310
* Coverage for bilingual transducer: 129 / 308

===10 Sentences===
1) '''Original Sentence:''' Ilinda yii ni yaasa.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This dress is long.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^linda<n><cl5><sg>/dress<n><cl5><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl5><sg>/this<dem><det><cl5><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^asa<adj><cl5><sg>/long<adj><sint><cl5><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #dress #this #be #long

2) '''Original Sentence:''' Vulana ii ni nene.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This jersey is big.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^vulana<n><cl9><sg>/jersey<n><cl9><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl9><sg>/this<dem><det><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nene<adj><cl9><sg>/big<adj><sint><cl9><sg>/great<adj><sint> <cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #jersey #this #be #big

3) '''Original Sentence:''' Muvuko uu ni munene.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This bag is big.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^Vuko<n><cl3><sg>/Bag<n><cl3><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl1><sg>/this<dem><det><cl1><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nene<adj><cl1><sg>/big<adj><sint><cl1><sg>/great<adj><sint> <cl1><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #bag #this #be #big

4) '''Original Sentence:''' Ngovia ii ni nini.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This hat is small.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^govia<n><cl9><sg>/hat<n><cl9><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl9><sg>/this<dem><det><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nene<adj><cl9><sg>/big<adj><sint><cl9><sg>/great<adj><sint> <cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #hat #this #be #big

5) '''Original Sentence:''' Sokisi ni nguvi.

'''Intended English Translation:''' The socks are short.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^sokisi<n><cl9><sg>/socks<n><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^guvi<adj><cl9><sg>/short<adj><sint> <cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #socks #be #short

6) '''Original Sentence:''' Na syaatu ii ni nzau.

'''Intended English Translation:''' But these shoes are new.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^aatu<n><cl8><pl>/shoes<n><cl8><pl>$ ^a<dem><det><cl9><sg>/this<dem><det><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^*nzaũ/*nzaũ$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' but #shoes #this #be *nzaũ

7) '''Original Sentence:''' Mbui, Ngiti na Ng’ombe mai anyanyae anene.

'''Intended English Translation:''' Dog, and Cow were great friends.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^bũi<n><cl9><sg>/goat<n><cl9><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^giti<n><cl9><sg>/dog<n><cl9><sg>$ ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^G’ombe<n><cl9><sg>/Cow<n><cl9><sg>$ ^*mai/*mai$ ^nyanya<n><cl2><pl>/friend<n><cl2><pl>$ ^nene<adj><cl2><pl>/big<adj><sint><cl2><pl>/great<adj><sint> <cl2><pl>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #goat, #dog but #Cow *mai #friend #big

8) '''Original Sentence:''' Muthenyia umwe maendie kyalo na ngali.

'''Intended English Translation:''' One day they went on a journey in a taxi.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^thenya<n><cl3><sg>/day<n><cl3><sg>$ ^mwe<num><cl3><sg>/one<num><cl3><sg>$ ^*maendi/*maendi$ ^alo<n><cl7><sg>/journey<n><cl7><sg>$ ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^gali<n><cl9><sg>/taxi<n><cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #day #one *maendi #journey but #taxi

9) '''Original Sentence:''' Mavika kwisho wa kyaloi, ndeleva amea maive tikiti.

'''Intended English Translation:''' When they reached the end of their
journey, the driver asked them to pay their fares.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^Vik<vblex><perf><p3><pl>/Go<vblex><perf><p3><pl>$ ^*kwisho/*kwisho$ ^wa<pr>/of<pr>$ ^alo<n><cl7><sg>/journey<n><cl7><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^deleva<n><cl9><sg>/driver<n><cl9><sg>$ ^*amea/*amea$ ^*maive/*maive$ ^tikiti<n><cl9><sg>/fare<n><cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #Go *kwisho of #journey, #driver *amea *maive #fare.

10) '''Original Sentence:''' Ng’ombe aiva tikiti wake

'''Intended English Translation:''' Cow paid her fare.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^g’ombe<n><cl9><sg>/cow<n><cl9><sg>$ ^*aiva/*aiva$ ^tikiti<n><cl9><sg>/fare<n><cl9><sg>$ ^ake<prn>/her<prn>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #cow *aiva #fare #her

==Additions==

1. Additional Stems: added 87 noun stems and 38 adjective stems!

2. Expanded morphology: implemented noun prefix morphology for classes 10/11, 12/13, 14/6, and 15/6. Then added adjective prefix morphology as well for those (which follows the same patterns mostly that noun prefixes do, but there are some classes with variations, so we still had to do them separately instead of using the same set of prefixes for both.

3. More twol rules: added 6 more to deal with producing the right forms for the added noun classes above.

=Final Evaluation=

'''Updated Transducer Precision:''' 99.71182%

'''Updated Transducer Recall:''' 44.81865%

'''Totals:''' 364 forms, 346 tp, 1 fp, 0 tn, 426 fn

'''kam.corpus.large.txt'''
Coverage: ~0.44848334981866139136
Number of words: 116K

'''Transducer Stems Entries'''

Total Lexicon Entries: 350

Counts for individual lexicons:

Punctuation: 22

Preposition: 3

CoorConj: 1

Interjection: 2

Anthroponym: 1

Adverb: 4

Pronoun: 1

ClassPrefix: 18

NounStem: 128

PossessedSuffix: 2

PossessivePrnPrefix: 4

PossessivePrnStem: 6

AdjClassPrefix: 18

AdjectiveStem: 47

NumAdjPrefix: 3

NumeralAdjStem: 1

DemPrefix: 10

DemonstrativeStem: 3

PresentContinuousCircumfix: 1

SubjectPrefix: 9

TenseSign: 5

VerbRoot: 14

PerfectPrefix: 1

PerfectSubjectPrefix: 6

PerfectSuffix: 2

PositiveRecentPastCircumfix: 1

NRPSubjectPrefix: 6

NegativeRecentPastSuffix: 1

PositiveImmediatePastPrefix: 1

PositiveImmediatePastSuffix: 1

FUTSubjectPrefix: 6

Suffix: 1

CopPrefix: 6

CTensePrefix: 3

CopRoot: 1

Numeral: 10

All anonymous lexicons: 1

'''MT Tests'''

On kam.longer.txt:

WER: 106.89%

PER: 98.10%

33 words translated correctly (because most other words translate into hashed ones since the tag mismatch/mostly extra kamba tags issue hasn't been fixed)

[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]] [[Category:Kamba]] [[Category:English]]

Kamba and English

2023-05-12T00:05:21Z

Kdandy1: /* Final Evaluation */

=Resources for Machine Translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Kamba Kamba] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English]=

==External Resources==
Kamba Transducer: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-kam

English Transducer: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-eng

Kamba → English Parallel Corpus: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-kam-eng-corpus/tree/main

Kamba --> English Translation Pair: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-kam-eng

==Kamba → English Evaluation==
* Coverage for monolingual transducer: 149 / 310
* Coverage for bilingual transducer: 129 / 308

===10 Sentences===
1) '''Original Sentence:''' Ilinda yii ni yaasa.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This dress is long.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^linda<n><cl5><sg>/dress<n><cl5><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl5><sg>/this<dem><det><cl5><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^asa<adj><cl5><sg>/long<adj><sint><cl5><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #dress #this #be #long

2) '''Original Sentence:''' Vulana ii ni nene.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This jersey is big.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^vulana<n><cl9><sg>/jersey<n><cl9><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl9><sg>/this<dem><det><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nene<adj><cl9><sg>/big<adj><sint><cl9><sg>/great<adj><sint> <cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #jersey #this #be #big

3) '''Original Sentence:''' Muvuko uu ni munene.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This bag is big.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^Vuko<n><cl3><sg>/Bag<n><cl3><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl1><sg>/this<dem><det><cl1><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nene<adj><cl1><sg>/big<adj><sint><cl1><sg>/great<adj><sint> <cl1><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #bag #this #be #big

4) '''Original Sentence:''' Ngovia ii ni nini.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This hat is small.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^govia<n><cl9><sg>/hat<n><cl9><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl9><sg>/this<dem><det><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nene<adj><cl9><sg>/big<adj><sint><cl9><sg>/great<adj><sint> <cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #hat #this #be #big

5) '''Original Sentence:''' Sokisi ni nguvi.

'''Intended English Translation:''' The socks are short.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^sokisi<n><cl9><sg>/socks<n><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^guvi<adj><cl9><sg>/short<adj><sint> <cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #socks #be #short

6) '''Original Sentence:''' Na syaatu ii ni nzau.

'''Intended English Translation:''' But these shoes are new.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^aatu<n><cl8><pl>/shoes<n><cl8><pl>$ ^a<dem><det><cl9><sg>/this<dem><det><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^*nzaũ/*nzaũ$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' but #shoes #this #be *nzaũ

7) '''Original Sentence:''' Mbui, Ngiti na Ng’ombe mai anyanyae anene.

'''Intended English Translation:''' Dog, and Cow were great friends.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^bũi<n><cl9><sg>/goat<n><cl9><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^giti<n><cl9><sg>/dog<n><cl9><sg>$ ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^G’ombe<n><cl9><sg>/Cow<n><cl9><sg>$ ^*mai/*mai$ ^nyanya<n><cl2><pl>/friend<n><cl2><pl>$ ^nene<adj><cl2><pl>/big<adj><sint><cl2><pl>/great<adj><sint> <cl2><pl>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #goat, #dog but #Cow *mai #friend #big

8) '''Original Sentence:''' Muthenyia umwe maendie kyalo na ngali.

'''Intended English Translation:''' One day they went on a journey in a taxi.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^thenya<n><cl3><sg>/day<n><cl3><sg>$ ^mwe<num><cl3><sg>/one<num><cl3><sg>$ ^*maendi/*maendi$ ^alo<n><cl7><sg>/journey<n><cl7><sg>$ ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^gali<n><cl9><sg>/taxi<n><cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #day #one *maendi #journey but #taxi

9) '''Original Sentence:''' Mavika kwisho wa kyaloi, ndeleva amea maive tikiti.

'''Intended English Translation:''' When they reached the end of their
journey, the driver asked them to pay their fares.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^Vik<vblex><perf><p3><pl>/Go<vblex><perf><p3><pl>$ ^*kwisho/*kwisho$ ^wa<pr>/of<pr>$ ^alo<n><cl7><sg>/journey<n><cl7><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^deleva<n><cl9><sg>/driver<n><cl9><sg>$ ^*amea/*amea$ ^*maive/*maive$ ^tikiti<n><cl9><sg>/fare<n><cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #Go *kwisho of #journey, #driver *amea *maive #fare.

10) '''Original Sentence:''' Ng’ombe aiva tikiti wake

'''Intended English Translation:''' Cow paid her fare.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^g’ombe<n><cl9><sg>/cow<n><cl9><sg>$ ^*aiva/*aiva$ ^tikiti<n><cl9><sg>/fare<n><cl9><sg>$ ^ake<prn>/her<prn>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #cow *aiva #fare #her

==Additions==

1. Additional Stems: added 87 noun stems and 38 adjective stems!

2. Expanded morphology: implemented noun prefix morphology for classes 10/11, 12/13, 14/6, and 15/6. Then added adjective prefix morphology as well for those (which follows the same patterns mostly that noun prefixes do, but there are some classes with variations, so we still had to do them separately instead of using the same set of prefixes for both.

3. More twol rules: added 6 more to deal with producing the right forms for the added noun classes above.

=Final Evaluation=

'''Updated Transducer Precision:''' 99.71182%

'''Updated Transducer Recall:''' 44.81865%

'''Totals:''' 364 forms, 346 tp, 1 fp, 0 tn, 426 fn

'''kam.corpus.large.txt'''
Coverage: ~0.44848334981866139136
Number of words: 116K

'''Transducer Stems Entries'''

Total Lexicon Entries: 350

Counts for individual lexicons:

Punctuation: 22

Preposition: 3

CoorConj: 1

Interjection: 2

Anthroponym: 1

Adverb: 4

Pronoun: 1

ClassPrefix: 18

NounStem: 128

PossessedSuffix: 2

PossessivePrnPrefix: 4

PossessivePrnStem: 6

AdjClassPrefix: 18

AdjectiveStem: 47

NumAdjPrefix: 3

NumeralAdjStem: 1

DemPrefix: 10

DemonstrativeStem: 3

PresentContinuousCircumfix: 1

SubjectPrefix: 9

TenseSign: 5

VerbRoot: 14

PerfectPrefix: 1

PerfectSubjectPrefix: 6

PerfectSuffix: 2

PositiveRecentPastCircumfix: 1

NRPSubjectPrefix: 6

NegativeRecentPastSuffix: 1

PositiveImmediatePastPrefix: 1

PositiveImmediatePastSuffix: 1

FUTSubjectPrefix: 6

Suffix: 1

CopPrefix: 6

CTensePrefix: 3

CopRoot: 1

Numeral: 10

All anonymous lexicons: 1

[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]] [[Category:Kamba]] [[Category:English]]

Kamba and English

2023-05-11T22:02:33Z

Kdandy1: /* Additions */

=Resources for Machine Translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Kamba Kamba] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English]=

==External Resources==
Kamba Transducer: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-kam

English Transducer: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-eng

Kamba → English Parallel Corpus: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-kam-eng-corpus/tree/main

Kamba --> English Translation Pair: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-kam-eng

==Kamba → English Evaluation==
* Coverage for monolingual transducer: 149 / 310
* Coverage for bilingual transducer: 129 / 308

===10 Sentences===
1) '''Original Sentence:''' Ilinda yii ni yaasa.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This dress is long.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^linda<n><cl5><sg>/dress<n><cl5><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl5><sg>/this<dem><det><cl5><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^asa<adj><cl5><sg>/long<adj><sint><cl5><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #dress #this #be #long

2) '''Original Sentence:''' Vulana ii ni nene.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This jersey is big.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^vulana<n><cl9><sg>/jersey<n><cl9><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl9><sg>/this<dem><det><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nene<adj><cl9><sg>/big<adj><sint><cl9><sg>/great<adj><sint> <cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #jersey #this #be #big

3) '''Original Sentence:''' Muvuko uu ni munene.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This bag is big.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^Vuko<n><cl3><sg>/Bag<n><cl3><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl1><sg>/this<dem><det><cl1><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nene<adj><cl1><sg>/big<adj><sint><cl1><sg>/great<adj><sint> <cl1><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #bag #this #be #big

4) '''Original Sentence:''' Ngovia ii ni nini.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This hat is small.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^govia<n><cl9><sg>/hat<n><cl9><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl9><sg>/this<dem><det><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nene<adj><cl9><sg>/big<adj><sint><cl9><sg>/great<adj><sint> <cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #hat #this #be #big

5) '''Original Sentence:''' Sokisi ni nguvi.

'''Intended English Translation:''' The socks are short.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^sokisi<n><cl9><sg>/socks<n><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^guvi<adj><cl9><sg>/short<adj><sint> <cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #socks #be #short

6) '''Original Sentence:''' Na syaatu ii ni nzau.

'''Intended English Translation:''' But these shoes are new.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^aatu<n><cl8><pl>/shoes<n><cl8><pl>$ ^a<dem><det><cl9><sg>/this<dem><det><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^*nzaũ/*nzaũ$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' but #shoes #this #be *nzaũ

7) '''Original Sentence:''' Mbui, Ngiti na Ng’ombe mai anyanyae anene.

'''Intended English Translation:''' Dog, and Cow were great friends.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^bũi<n><cl9><sg>/goat<n><cl9><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^giti<n><cl9><sg>/dog<n><cl9><sg>$ ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^G’ombe<n><cl9><sg>/Cow<n><cl9><sg>$ ^*mai/*mai$ ^nyanya<n><cl2><pl>/friend<n><cl2><pl>$ ^nene<adj><cl2><pl>/big<adj><sint><cl2><pl>/great<adj><sint> <cl2><pl>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #goat, #dog but #Cow *mai #friend #big

8) '''Original Sentence:''' Muthenyia umwe maendie kyalo na ngali.

'''Intended English Translation:''' One day they went on a journey in a taxi.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^thenya<n><cl3><sg>/day<n><cl3><sg>$ ^mwe<num><cl3><sg>/one<num><cl3><sg>$ ^*maendi/*maendi$ ^alo<n><cl7><sg>/journey<n><cl7><sg>$ ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^gali<n><cl9><sg>/taxi<n><cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #day #one *maendi #journey but #taxi

9) '''Original Sentence:''' Mavika kwisho wa kyaloi, ndeleva amea maive tikiti.

'''Intended English Translation:''' When they reached the end of their
journey, the driver asked them to pay their fares.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^Vik<vblex><perf><p3><pl>/Go<vblex><perf><p3><pl>$ ^*kwisho/*kwisho$ ^wa<pr>/of<pr>$ ^alo<n><cl7><sg>/journey<n><cl7><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^deleva<n><cl9><sg>/driver<n><cl9><sg>$ ^*amea/*amea$ ^*maive/*maive$ ^tikiti<n><cl9><sg>/fare<n><cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #Go *kwisho of #journey, #driver *amea *maive #fare.

10) '''Original Sentence:''' Ng’ombe aiva tikiti wake

'''Intended English Translation:''' Cow paid her fare.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^g’ombe<n><cl9><sg>/cow<n><cl9><sg>$ ^*aiva/*aiva$ ^tikiti<n><cl9><sg>/fare<n><cl9><sg>$ ^ake<prn>/her<prn>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #cow *aiva #fare #her

==Additions==

1. Additional Stems: added 87 noun stems and 38 adjective stems!

2. Expanded morphology: implemented noun prefix morphology for classes 10/11, 12/13, 14/6, and 15/6. Then added adjective prefix morphology as well for those (which follows the same patterns mostly that noun prefixes do, but there are some classes with variations, so we still had to do them separately instead of using the same set of prefixes for both.

3. More twol rules: added 6 more to deal with producing the right forms for the added noun classes above.

[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]] [[Category:Kamba]] [[Category:English]]

Kamba and English

2023-05-11T21:35:24Z

Kdandy1:

=Resources for Machine Translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Kamba Kamba] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English]=

==External Resources==
Kamba Transducer: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-kam

English Transducer: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-eng

Kamba → English Parallel Corpus: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-kam-eng-corpus/tree/main

Kamba --> English Translation Pair: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-kam-eng

==Kamba → English Evaluation==
* Coverage for monolingual transducer: 149 / 310
* Coverage for bilingual transducer: 129 / 308

===10 Sentences===
1) '''Original Sentence:''' Ilinda yii ni yaasa.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This dress is long.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^linda<n><cl5><sg>/dress<n><cl5><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl5><sg>/this<dem><det><cl5><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^asa<adj><cl5><sg>/long<adj><sint><cl5><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #dress #this #be #long

2) '''Original Sentence:''' Vulana ii ni nene.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This jersey is big.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^vulana<n><cl9><sg>/jersey<n><cl9><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl9><sg>/this<dem><det><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nene<adj><cl9><sg>/big<adj><sint><cl9><sg>/great<adj><sint> <cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #jersey #this #be #big

3) '''Original Sentence:''' Muvuko uu ni munene.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This bag is big.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^Vuko<n><cl3><sg>/Bag<n><cl3><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl1><sg>/this<dem><det><cl1><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nene<adj><cl1><sg>/big<adj><sint><cl1><sg>/great<adj><sint> <cl1><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #bag #this #be #big

4) '''Original Sentence:''' Ngovia ii ni nini.

'''Intended English Translation:''' This hat is small.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^govia<n><cl9><sg>/hat<n><cl9><sg>$ ^a<dem><det><cl9><sg>/this<dem><det><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nene<adj><cl9><sg>/big<adj><sint><cl9><sg>/great<adj><sint> <cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #hat #this #be #big

5) '''Original Sentence:''' Sokisi ni nguvi.

'''Intended English Translation:''' The socks are short.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^sokisi<n><cl9><sg>/socks<n><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^guvi<adj><cl9><sg>/short<adj><sint> <cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #socks #be #short

6) '''Original Sentence:''' Na syaatu ii ni nzau.

'''Intended English Translation:''' But these shoes are new.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^aatu<n><cl8><pl>/shoes<n><cl8><pl>$ ^a<dem><det><cl9><sg>/this<dem><det><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^*nzaũ/*nzaũ$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' but #shoes #this #be *nzaũ

7) '''Original Sentence:''' Mbui, Ngiti na Ng’ombe mai anyanyae anene.

'''Intended English Translation:''' Dog, and Cow were great friends.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^bũi<n><cl9><sg>/goat<n><cl9><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^giti<n><cl9><sg>/dog<n><cl9><sg>$ ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^G’ombe<n><cl9><sg>/Cow<n><cl9><sg>$ ^*mai/*mai$ ^nyanya<n><cl2><pl>/friend<n><cl2><pl>$ ^nene<adj><cl2><pl>/big<adj><sint><cl2><pl>/great<adj><sint> <cl2><pl>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #goat, #dog but #Cow *mai #friend #big

8) '''Original Sentence:''' Muthenyia umwe maendie kyalo na ngali.

'''Intended English Translation:''' One day they went on a journey in a taxi.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^thenya<n><cl3><sg>/day<n><cl3><sg>$ ^mwe<num><cl3><sg>/one<num><cl3><sg>$ ^*maendi/*maendi$ ^alo<n><cl7><sg>/journey<n><cl7><sg>$ ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^gali<n><cl9><sg>/taxi<n><cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #day #one *maendi #journey but #taxi

9) '''Original Sentence:''' Mavika kwisho wa kyaloi, ndeleva amea maive tikiti.

'''Intended English Translation:''' When they reached the end of their
journey, the driver asked them to pay their fares.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^Vik<vblex><perf><p3><pl>/Go<vblex><perf><p3><pl>$ ^*kwisho/*kwisho$ ^wa<pr>/of<pr>$ ^alo<n><cl7><sg>/journey<n><cl7><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^deleva<n><cl9><sg>/driver<n><cl9><sg>$ ^*amea/*amea$ ^*maive/*maive$ ^tikiti<n><cl9><sg>/fare<n><cl9><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #Go *kwisho of #journey, #driver *amea *maive #fare.

10) '''Original Sentence:''' Ng’ombe aiva tikiti wake

'''Intended English Translation:''' Cow paid her fare.

'''The output of your xyz-abc-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode:''' ^g’ombe<n><cl9><sg>/cow<n><cl9><sg>$ ^*aiva/*aiva$ ^tikiti<n><cl9><sg>/fare<n><cl9><sg>$ ^ake<prn>/her<prn>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''The output of your xyz-abc (full translation) mode:''' #cow *aiva #fare #her

==Additions==

1. Additional Stems: added

2. Expanded morphology: implemented noun prefix morphology for classes 10/11, 12/13, 14/6, and 15/6. Then added adjective prefix morphology as well for those (which follows the same patterns mostly that noun prefixes do, but there are some classes with variations, so we still had to do them separately instead of using the same set of prefixes for both.

3. More twol rules: added 6 more to deal with producing the right forms for the added noun classes above.

[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]] [[Category:Kamba]] [[Category:English]]

Kamba and English/Structural transfer

2023-05-11T20:00:12Z

Kdandy1: /* Post-Evaluation */

== Pre-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER): 100%

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100%

Coverage: 97.91%

== Outputs ==

'''Noun-adjective to adjective-noun order:'''

'''Example sentence:''' "Mbũi Ngiti na Ng’ombe nĩ anyanyae anene." --> "Goat, Dog, and Cow are great friends."

'''Tagger output:''' ^Bũi<n><cl9><sg>$ ^Giti<n><cl9><sg>$ ^na<cnjcoo>$ ^G’ombe<n><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>$ ^nyanya<n><cl2><pl>$ ^nene<adj><cl2><pl>$^.<sent>$^.<sent>$

'''Lex output:''' ^Bũi<n><cl9><sg>/Goat<n><cl9><sg>$ ^Giti<n><cl9><sg>/Dog<n><cl9><sg>$ ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^G’ombe<n><cl9><sg>/Cow<n><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nyanya<n><cl2><pl>/friend<n><cl2><pl>$ ^nene<adj><cl2><pl>/big<adj><sint><cl2><pl>/great<adj><sint> <cl2><pl>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''Transfer output:''' No rule specified: ^Bũi<n><cl9><sg>/Goat<n><cl9><sg>$

No rule specified: ^Giti<n><cl9><sg>/Dog<n><cl9><sg>$

No rule specified: ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$

No rule specified: ^G’ombe<n><cl9><sg>/Cow<n><cl9><sg>$

No rule specified: ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$

No rule specified: ^nyanya<n><cl2><pl>/friend<n><cl2><pl>$

No rule specified: ^nene<adj><cl2><pl>/big<adj><sint><cl2><pl>$

No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$

No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$
^Goat<n><cl9><sg>$ ^Dog<n><cl9><sg>$ ^but<cnjcoo>$ ^Cow<n><cl9><sg>$ ^be<vbser><prc>$ ^friend<n><cl2><pl>$ ^big<adj><sint><cl2><pl>$^.<sent>$^.<sent>$

'''Kam-eng output:''' #Goat #Dog but #Cow #be #friend #big.

== Post-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER): 100%

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100%

Coverage: 100% (yay! improvement from adding the last stem from the small corpus that we didn't add while completing the contrastive grammar)

'''Why are the numbers the same?'''
So we tried to implement a rule to switch the order of the nouns and adjectives, but after an excruciating amount of trial and error, it still seems to not be working. We have many theories, but it seems likely that it could be a result of the fact that we still have extra tags from Kamba on our English nouns and adjectives, like the class number. So we attempted to make rules to format the output of nouns to only have the number and adjectives to only have the type, but this hasn't seemed to work either, so we eventually had to move on without getting this to work.

[[Category:Kamba]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp23_StructuralTransfer]]

Kamba and English/Structural transfer

2023-05-11T19:56:27Z

Kdandy1: /* Outputs */

== Pre-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER): 100%

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100%

Coverage: 97.91%

== Outputs ==

'''Noun-adjective to adjective-noun order:'''

'''Example sentence:''' "Mbũi Ngiti na Ng’ombe nĩ anyanyae anene." --> "Goat, Dog, and Cow are great friends."

'''Tagger output:''' ^Bũi<n><cl9><sg>$ ^Giti<n><cl9><sg>$ ^na<cnjcoo>$ ^G’ombe<n><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>$ ^nyanya<n><cl2><pl>$ ^nene<adj><cl2><pl>$^.<sent>$^.<sent>$

'''Lex output:''' ^Bũi<n><cl9><sg>/Goat<n><cl9><sg>$ ^Giti<n><cl9><sg>/Dog<n><cl9><sg>$ ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^G’ombe<n><cl9><sg>/Cow<n><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nyanya<n><cl2><pl>/friend<n><cl2><pl>$ ^nene<adj><cl2><pl>/big<adj><sint><cl2><pl>/great<adj><sint> <cl2><pl>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''Transfer output:''' No rule specified: ^Bũi<n><cl9><sg>/Goat<n><cl9><sg>$

No rule specified: ^Giti<n><cl9><sg>/Dog<n><cl9><sg>$

No rule specified: ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$

No rule specified: ^G’ombe<n><cl9><sg>/Cow<n><cl9><sg>$

No rule specified: ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$

No rule specified: ^nyanya<n><cl2><pl>/friend<n><cl2><pl>$

No rule specified: ^nene<adj><cl2><pl>/big<adj><sint><cl2><pl>$

No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$

No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$
^Goat<n><cl9><sg>$ ^Dog<n><cl9><sg>$ ^but<cnjcoo>$ ^Cow<n><cl9><sg>$ ^be<vbser><prc>$ ^friend<n><cl2><pl>$ ^big<adj><sint><cl2><pl>$^.<sent>$^.<sent>$

'''Kam-eng output:''' #Goat #Dog but #Cow #be #friend #big.

== Post-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER): 100%

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100%

Coverage: 100% (yay! improvement from adding the last stem from the small corpus that we didn't add while completing the contrastive grammar)

[[Category:Kamba]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp23_StructuralTransfer]]

Kamba and English/Structural transfer

2023-05-11T19:55:54Z

Kdandy1: /* Outputs */

== Pre-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER): 100%

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100%

Coverage: 97.91%

== Outputs ==

Noun-adjective to adjective-noun order

Example sentence: "Mbũi Ngiti na Ng’ombe nĩ anyanyae anene." --> "Goat, Dog, and Cow are great friends."

'''Tagger output:''' ^Bũi<n><cl9><sg>$ ^Giti<n><cl9><sg>$ ^na<cnjcoo>$ ^G’ombe<n><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>$ ^nyanya<n><cl2><pl>$ ^nene<adj><cl2><pl>$^.<sent>$^.<sent>$

'''Lex output:''' ^Bũi<n><cl9><sg>/Goat<n><cl9><sg>$ ^Giti<n><cl9><sg>/Dog<n><cl9><sg>$ ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^G’ombe<n><cl9><sg>/Cow<n><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nyanya<n><cl2><pl>/friend<n><cl2><pl>$ ^nene<adj><cl2><pl>/big<adj><sint><cl2><pl>/great<adj><sint> <cl2><pl>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

'''Transfer output:''' No rule specified: ^Bũi<n><cl9><sg>/Goat<n><cl9><sg>$

No rule specified: ^Giti<n><cl9><sg>/Dog<n><cl9><sg>$

No rule specified: ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$

No rule specified: ^G’ombe<n><cl9><sg>/Cow<n><cl9><sg>$

No rule specified: ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$

No rule specified: ^nyanya<n><cl2><pl>/friend<n><cl2><pl>$

No rule specified: ^nene<adj><cl2><pl>/big<adj><sint><cl2><pl>$

No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$

No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$
^Goat<n><cl9><sg>$ ^Dog<n><cl9><sg>$ ^but<cnjcoo>$ ^Cow<n><cl9><sg>$ ^be<vbser><prc>$ ^friend<n><cl2><pl>$ ^big<adj><sint><cl2><pl>$^.<sent>$^.<sent>$

'''Kam-eng output:''' #Goat #Dog but #Cow #be #friend #big.

== Post-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER): 100%

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100%

Coverage: 100% (yay! improvement from adding the last stem from the small corpus that we didn't add while completing the contrastive grammar)

[[Category:Kamba]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp23_StructuralTransfer]]

Kamba and English/Structural transfer

2023-05-11T19:54:58Z

Kdandy1:

== Pre-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER): 100%

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100%

Coverage: 97.91%

== Outputs ==

Noun-adjective to adjective-noun order

Example sentence: "Mbũi Ngiti na Ng’ombe nĩ anyanyae anene." --> "Goat, Dog, and Cow are great friends."

Tagger output: ^Bũi<n><cl9><sg>$ ^Giti<n><cl9><sg>$ ^na<cnjcoo>$ ^G’ombe<n><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>$ ^nyanya<n><cl2><pl>$ ^nene<adj><cl2><pl>$^.<sent>$^.<sent>$

Lex output: ^Bũi<n><cl9><sg>/Goat<n><cl9><sg>$ ^Giti<n><cl9><sg>/Dog<n><cl9><sg>$ ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^G’ombe<n><cl9><sg>/Cow<n><cl9><sg>$ ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$ ^nyanya<n><cl2><pl>/friend<n><cl2><pl>$ ^nene<adj><cl2><pl>/big<adj><sint><cl2><pl>/great<adj><sint> <cl2><pl>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

Transfer output: No rule specified: ^Bũi<n><cl9><sg>/Goat<n><cl9><sg>$

No rule specified: ^Giti<n><cl9><sg>/Dog<n><cl9><sg>$

No rule specified: ^na<cnjcoo>/but<cnjcoo>$

No rule specified: ^G’ombe<n><cl9><sg>/Cow<n><cl9><sg>$

No rule specified: ^ĩ<vbser><prc>/be<vbser><prc>$

No rule specified: ^nyanya<n><cl2><pl>/friend<n><cl2><pl>$

No rule specified: ^nene<adj><cl2><pl>/big<adj><sint><cl2><pl>$

No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$

No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$
^Goat<n><cl9><sg>$ ^Dog<n><cl9><sg>$ ^but<cnjcoo>$ ^Cow<n><cl9><sg>$ ^be<vbser><prc>$ ^friend<n><cl2><pl>$ ^big<adj><sint><cl2><pl>$^.<sent>$^.<sent>$

Kam-eng output: #Goat #Dog but #Cow #be #friend #big.

== Post-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER): 100%

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100%

Coverage: 100% (yay! improvement from adding the last stem from the small corpus that we didn't add while completing the contrastive grammar)

[[Category:Kamba]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp23_StructuralTransfer]]

Kamba and English/Structural transfer

2023-05-11T01:51:02Z

Kdandy1:

== Pre-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER): 100%

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100%

Coverage: 97.91%

== Post-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER):

Position-independent word error rate (PER):

Coverage:

== Outputs ==

[[Category:Kamba]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp23_StructuralTransfer]]

Kamba and English/Structural transfer

2023-05-11T01:48:13Z

Kdandy1:

== Pre-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER): 100%

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100%

Coverage: 97.91%

== Outputs ==

== Post-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER):

Position-independent word error rate (PER):

Coverage:

== Outputs ==

[[Category:Kamba]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp23_StructuralTransfer]]

Kamba and English/Structural transfer

2023-05-10T02:45:42Z

Kdandy1: /* Pre-Evaluation */

== Pre-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER): 100%

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100%

Coverage: 97.91%

== Coverage Tests ==

== Outputs ==

== Post-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER):

Position-independent word error rate (PER):

Coverage:

== Coverage Tests ==

== Outputs ==

[[Category:Kamba]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp23_StructuralTransfer]]

Kamba and English/Structural transfer

2023-05-10T02:41:17Z

Kdandy1:

== Pre-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER): 100%

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 100%

Coverage:

== Coverage Tests ==

== Outputs ==

== Post-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER):

Position-independent word error rate (PER):

Coverage:

== Coverage Tests ==

== Outputs ==

[[Category:Kamba]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp23_StructuralTransfer]]

Kamba and English/Structural transfer

2023-05-10T02:34:36Z

Kdandy1:

== Pre-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER):

Position-independent word error rate (PER):

== Coverage Tests ==

== Outputs ==

== Post-Evaluation ==
Word error rate (WER):

Position-independent word error rate (PER):

Coverage:

== Coverage Tests ==

== Outputs ==

[[Category:Kamba]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp23_StructuralTransfer]]

Kamba and English/ContrastiveGrammar

2023-05-10T02:28:28Z

Kdandy1: /* No Definite articles */

== Kam-Eng Tests ==
=== Noun - Determiner --> Determiner - Noun ===

Because Kamba is a noun-modifier language, its nouns precede the determiner, in these cases, the demonstrative that modifies it, whereas in English, a modifier-noun language, the demonstrative precedes the noun it modifies.
* {{transferTest|kam|eng|ilinda yĩĩ nĩ yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|linda{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|dem}}{{tag|det}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} asa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}}|This{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} long{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Vulana ĩĩ nĩ nene.| This jersey is big.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Vulana{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} a{{tag|dem}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} asa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}}|This{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} jersey{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}

=== Noun - Possessive Pronoun --> Possessive Pronoun - Noun ===

For similar reasons as described above, nouns precede possessive pronouns in Kamba. In English, possessive pronouns precede nouns because it is a modifier-noun language.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Ng’ombe aĩva tikiti wake. | Cow paid her fare.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} iv{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} tikiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ake{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|Cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} pay{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} her{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} fare{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng| Mutui wakwa nunuukama ng’ombe siaku | My neighbor is milking your cows}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Mutui{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl}}{{tag|}} akwa{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}} kama{{tag|v}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl10}}{{tag|pl}} siaku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|My{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} neighbor{{tag|n}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} milk{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} cows{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

=== Noun - Adjective --> Adjective - Noun ===
Again, because modifiers generally follow their nouns in Kamba, whereas the opposite is true in English, this is also true for adjectives, and we will have to have some structural transfer rules for this case as well.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Mbũi Ngiti na Ng’ombe nĩ anyanyae anene.|Goat, Dog, and Cow are great friends.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|bũi{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}}giti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} na{{tag|cnjcoo}} g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} nyanya{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}} anene{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}}|Goat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} great{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Nĩtũũtandĩthya mĩkonzo myeũ.|We are trading new poles.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|tandĩthy{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} konzo{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}} eũ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} trade{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} new{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} poles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

=== Complex Verb Tense System ===

Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers. In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem. The subject is also optional if it can be determined from the person and number of the verb in Kamba, so pronoun insertion also needs to happen. (Also good to mention that there's no distinction between the present and future, which is a more disambiguation-ish thing, but also is more about the larger context than that can handle probably).

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Atui nĩmeũvinga mĩomo.| The blacksmiths are closing the doors.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|tui{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}} nĩmeũvinga{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} mĩomo{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} blacksmith{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} close{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} door{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Nĩtwavinga mũomo oyu.| We have closed the door now.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Nĩtwavinga{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} mũomo{{tag|cl3}}{{tag|sg}} oyu{{tag|adv}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} close{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} door{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} now{{tag|adv}}}}

=== No Definite articles ===
In English, we use the definite article "the" to refer to specific or previously mentioned nouns. For example, "the dog" refers to a particular dog that has already been mentioned or is known to both the speaker and listener. However, in Kamba, there is no equivalent definite article. Instead, the noun classes and contextual information are used to indicate specificity.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi nĩ nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl10}}{{tag|pl}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} guvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl10}}{{tag|pl}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} sock{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} short{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Mwasũvya nũnũũkũna mũtui.|The carver is hitting the blacksmith.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|asũvya{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl1}}{{tag|sg}} kũn{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} tui{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl1}}{{tag|sg}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} carver{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} hit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} blacksmith{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Kamba]][[Category:English]]

Kamba and English/ContrastiveGrammar

2023-05-10T02:25:38Z

Kdandy1:

== Kam-Eng Tests ==
=== Noun - Determiner --> Determiner - Noun ===

Because Kamba is a noun-modifier language, its nouns precede the determiner, in these cases, the demonstrative that modifies it, whereas in English, a modifier-noun language, the demonstrative precedes the noun it modifies.
* {{transferTest|kam|eng|ilinda yĩĩ nĩ yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|linda{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|dem}}{{tag|det}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} asa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}}|This{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} long{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Vulana ĩĩ nĩ nene.| This jersey is big.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Vulana{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} a{{tag|dem}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} asa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}}|This{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} jersey{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}

=== Noun - Possessive Pronoun --> Possessive Pronoun - Noun ===

For similar reasons as described above, nouns precede possessive pronouns in Kamba. In English, possessive pronouns precede nouns because it is a modifier-noun language.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Ng’ombe aĩva tikiti wake. | Cow paid her fare.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} iv{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} tikiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ake{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|Cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} pay{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} her{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} fare{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng| Mutui wakwa nunuukama ng’ombe siaku | My neighbor is milking your cows}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Mutui{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl}}{{tag|}} akwa{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}} kama{{tag|v}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl10}}{{tag|pl}} siaku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|My{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} neighbor{{tag|n}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} milk{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} cows{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

=== Noun - Adjective --> Adjective - Noun ===
Again, because modifiers generally follow their nouns in Kamba, whereas the opposite is true in English, this is also true for adjectives, and we will have to have some structural transfer rules for this case as well.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Mbũi Ngiti na Ng’ombe nĩ anyanyae anene.|Goat, Dog, and Cow are great friends.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|bũi{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}}giti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} na{{tag|cnjcoo}} g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} nyanya{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}} anene{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}}|Goat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} great{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Nĩtũũtandĩthya mĩkonzo myeũ.|We are trading new poles.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|tandĩthy{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} konzo{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}} eũ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} trade{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} new{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} poles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

=== Complex Verb Tense System ===

Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers. In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem. The subject is also optional if it can be determined from the person and number of the verb in Kamba, so pronoun insertion also needs to happen. (Also good to mention that there's no distinction between the present and future, which is a more disambiguation-ish thing, but also is more about the larger context than that can handle probably).

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Atui nĩmeũvinga mĩomo.| The blacksmiths are closing the doors.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|tui{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}} nĩmeũvinga{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} mĩomo{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} blacksmith{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} close{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} door{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Nĩtwavinga mũomo oyu.| We have closed the door now.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Nĩtwavinga{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} mũomo{{tag|cl3}}{{tag|sg}} oyu{{tag|adv}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} close{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} door{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} now{{tag|adv}}}}

=== No Definite articles ===
In English, we use the definite article "the" to refer to specific or previously mentioned nouns. For example, "the dog" refers to a particular dog that has already been mentioned or is known to both the speaker and listener. However, in Kamba, there is no equivalent definite article. Instead, the noun classes and contextual information are used to indicate specificity.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi nĩ nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl10}}{{tag|pl}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} guvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl10}}{{pl}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} sock{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} short{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Mwasũvya nũnũũkũna mũtui.|The carver is hitting the blacksmith.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|asũvya{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl1}}{{tag|sg}} kũn{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} tui{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl1}}{{tag|sg}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} carver{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} hit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} blacksmith{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Kamba]][[Category:English]]

Kamba and English/ContrastiveGrammar

2023-05-10T02:12:57Z

Kdandy1: /* No Definite articles */

== Kam-Eng Tests ==
=== Noun - Determiner --> Determiner - Noun ===

Because Kamba is a noun-modifier language, its nouns precede the determiner, in these cases, the demonstrative that modifies it, whereas in English, a modifier-noun language, the demonstrative precedes the noun it modifies.
* {{transferTest|kam|eng|ilinda yĩĩ nĩ yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|linda{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|dem}}{{tag|det}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} asa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}}|This{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} long{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Vulana ĩĩ nĩ nene.| This jersey is big.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Vulana{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} a{{tag|dem}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} asa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}}|This{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} jersey{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}

=== Noun - Possessive Pronoun --> Possessive Pronoun - Noun ===

For similar reasons as described above, nouns precede possessive pronouns in Kamba. In English, possessive pronouns precede nouns because it is a modifier-noun language.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Ng’ombe aĩva tikiti wake. | Cow paid her fare.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} iv{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} tikiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ake{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|Cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} pay{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} her{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} fare{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng| Mutui wakwa nunuukama ng’ombe siaku | My neighbor is milking your cows}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Mutui{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl}}{{tag|}} akwa{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}} kama{{tag|v}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl10}}{{tag|pl}} siaku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|My{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} neighbor{{tag|n}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} milk{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} cows{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

=== Noun - Adjective --> Adjective - Noun ===
Again, because modifiers generally follow their nouns in Kamba, whereas the opposite is true in English, this is also true for adjectives, and we will have to have some structural transfer rules for this case as well.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Mbũi Ngiti na Ng’ombe nĩ anyanyae anene.|Goat, Dog, and Cow are great friends.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|bũi{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}}giti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} na{{tag|cnjcoo}} g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} nyanya{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}} anene{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}}|Goat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} great{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Nĩtũũtandĩthya mĩkonzo myeũ.|We are trading new poles.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|tandĩthy{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} konzo{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}} eũ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} trade{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} new{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} poles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

=== Complex Verb Tense System ===

Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers. In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem. The subject is also optional if it can be determined from the person and number of the verb in Kamba, so pronoun insertion also needs to happen. (Also good to mention that there's no distinction between the present and future, which is a more disambiguation-ish thing, but also is more about the larger context than that can handle probably).

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Atui nĩmeũvinga mĩomo.| The blacksmiths are closing the doors.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Atui{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}} nĩmeũvinga{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} mĩomo{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} blacksmith{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} close{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} door{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Nĩtwavinga mũomo oyu.| We have closed the door now.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Nĩtwavinga{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} mũomo{{tag|cl3}}{{tag|sg}} oyu{{tag|adv}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} close{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} door{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} now{{tag|adv}}}}

=== No Definite articles ===
In English, we use the definite article "the" to refer to specific or previously mentioned nouns. For example, "the dog" refers to a particular dog that has already been mentioned or is known to both the speaker and listener. However, in Kamba, there is no equivalent definite article. Instead, the noun classes and contextual information are used to indicate specificity.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi ni nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}} guvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} sock{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}} short{{tag|adj}}}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi.|The carver is hitting the blacksmith.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Mwas{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}} guvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} sock{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}} short{{tag|adj}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Kamba]][[Category:English]]

Kamba and English/ContrastiveGrammar

2023-05-10T01:58:03Z

Kdandy1: /* Noun - Possessive Pronoun --> Possessive Pronoun - Noun */

== Kam-Eng Tests ==
=== Noun - Determiner --> Determiner - Noun ===

Because Kamba is a noun-modifier language, its nouns precede the determiner, in these cases, the demonstrative that modifies it, whereas in English, a modifier-noun language, the demonstrative precedes the noun it modifies.
* {{transferTest|kam|eng|ilinda yĩĩ nĩ yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|linda{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|dem}}{{tag|det}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} asa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}}|This{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} long{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Vulana ĩĩ nĩ nene.| This jersey is big.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Vulana{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} a{{tag|dem}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} asa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}}|This{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} jersey{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}

=== Noun - Possessive Pronoun --> Possessive Pronoun - Noun ===

For similar reasons as described above, nouns precede possessive pronouns in Kamba. In English, possessive pronouns precede nouns because it is a modifier-noun language.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Ng’ombe aĩva tikiti wake. | Cow paid her fare.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} iv{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} tikiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ake{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|Cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} pay{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} her{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} fare{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng| Mutui wakwa nunuukama ng’ombe siaku | My neighbor is milking your cows}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Mutui{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl}}{{tag|}} akwa{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}} kama{{tag|v}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl10}}{{tag|pl}} siaku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|My{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} neighbor{{tag|n}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} milk{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} cows{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

=== Noun - Adjective --> Adjective - Noun ===
Again, because modifiers generally follow their nouns in Kamba, whereas the opposite is true in English, this is also true for adjectives, and we will have to have some structural transfer rules for this case as well.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Mbũi Ngiti na Ng’ombe nĩ anyanyae anene.|Goat, Dog, and Cow are great friends.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|bũi{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}}giti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} na{{tag|cnjcoo}} g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} nyanya{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}} anene{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}}|Goat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} great{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Nĩtũũtandĩthya mĩkonzo myeũ.|We are trading new poles.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|tandĩthy{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} konzo{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}} eũ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} trade{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} new{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} poles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

=== Complex Verb Tense System ===

Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers. In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem. The subject is also optional if it can be determined from the person and number of the verb in Kamba, so pronoun insertion also needs to happen. (Also good to mention that there's no distinction between the present and future, which is a more disambiguation-ish thing, but also is more about the larger context than that can handle probably).

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Atui nĩmeũvinga mĩomo.| The blacksmiths are closing the doors.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Atui{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}} nĩmeũvinga{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} mĩomo{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} blacksmith{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} close{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} door{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Nĩtwavinga mũomo oyu.| We have closed the door now.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Nĩtwavinga{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} mũomo{{tag|cl3}}{{tag|sg}} oyu{{tag|adv}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} close{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} door{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} now{{tag|adv}}}}

=== No Definite articles ===
In English, we use the definite article "the" to refer to specific or previously mentioned nouns. For example, "the dog" refers to a particular dog that has already been mentioned or is known to both the speaker and listener. However, in Kamba, there is no equivalent definite article. Instead, the noun classes and contextual information are used to indicate specificity.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi ni nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}} guvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} sock{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}} short{{tag|adj}}}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi ni nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}} guvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} sock{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}} short{{tag|adj}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Kamba]][[Category:English]]

Kamba and English/ContrastiveGrammar

2023-05-10T01:57:50Z

Kdandy1: Updated contrastive grammar!

== Kam-Eng Tests ==
=== Noun - Determiner --> Determiner - Noun ===

Because Kamba is a noun-modifier language, its nouns precede the determiner, in these cases, the demonstrative that modifies it, whereas in English, a modifier-noun language, the demonstrative precedes the noun it modifies.
* {{transferTest|kam|eng|ilinda yĩĩ nĩ yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|linda{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|dem}}{{tag|det}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} asa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}}|This{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} long{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Vulana ĩĩ nĩ nene.| This jersey is big.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Vulana{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} a{{tag|dem}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} asa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}}|This{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} jersey{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}

=== Noun - Possessive Pronoun --> Possessive Pronoun - Noun ===

For similar reasons as described above, nouns precede possessive pronouns in Kamba. In English, possessive pronouns precede nouns because it is a modifier-noun language.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Ng’ombe aĩva tikiti wake. | Cow paid her fare.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} iv{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} tikiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ake{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|Cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} pay{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} her{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} fare{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng| Mutui wakwa nunuukama ng’ombe siaku | My neighbor is milking your cows}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Mutui{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl}}{{tag|}} akwa{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}} kama{{tag|v}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl10}}{{tag|pl}} siaku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|My{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} neighbor{{tag|n}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} milk{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} cows{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

=== Noun - Adjective --> Adjective - Noun ===
Again, because modifiers generally follow their nouns in Kamba, whereas the opposite is true in English, this is also true for adjectives, and we will have to have some structural transfer rules for this case as well.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Mbũi Ngiti na Ng’ombe nĩ anyanyae anene.|Goat, Dog, and Cow are great friends.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|bũi{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}}giti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} na{{tag|cnjcoo}} g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} nyanya{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}} anene{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}}|Goat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} great{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Nĩtũũtandĩthya mĩkonzo myeũ.|We are trading new poles.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|tandĩthy{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} konzo{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}} eũ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} trade{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} new{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} poles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

=== Complex Verb Tense System ===

Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers. In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem. The subject is also optional if it can be determined from the person and number of the verb in Kamba, so pronoun insertion also needs to happen. (Also good to mention that there's no distinction between the present and future, which is a more disambiguation-ish thing, but also is more about the larger context than that can handle probably).

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Atui nĩmeũvinga mĩomo.| The blacksmiths are closing the doors.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Atui{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}} nĩmeũvinga{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} mĩomo{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} blacksmith{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} close{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} door{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Nĩtwavinga mũomo oyu.| We have closed the door now.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Nĩtwavinga{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} mũomo{{tag|cl3}}{{tag|sg}} oyu{{tag|adv}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} close{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} door{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} now{{tag|adv}}}}

=== No Definite articles ===
In English, we use the definite article "the" to refer to specific or previously mentioned nouns. For example, "the dog" refers to a particular dog that has already been mentioned or is known to both the speaker and listener. However, in Kamba, there is no equivalent definite article. Instead, the noun classes and contextual information are used to indicate specificity.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi ni nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}} guvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} sock{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}} short{{tag|adj}}}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi ni nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}} guvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} sock{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}} short{{tag|adj}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Kamba]][[Category:English]]

Kamba and English/ContrastiveGrammar

2023-05-10T01:52:47Z

Kdandy1:

== Kam-Eng Tests ==
=== Noun - Determiner --> Determiner - Noun ===

Because Kamba is a noun-modifier language, its nouns precede the determiner, in these cases, the demonstrative that modifies it, whereas in English, a modifier-noun language, the demonstrative precedes the noun it modifies.
* {{transferTest|kam|eng|ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|linda{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|dem}}{{tag|det}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} asa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}}|This{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} long{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Vulana ĩĩ nĩ nene.| This jersey is big.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Vulana{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} a{{tag|dem}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} asa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}}|This{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} jersey{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}

=== Noun - Possessive Pronoun --> Possessive Pronoun - Noun ===

For similar reasons as described above, nouns precede possessive pronouns in Kamba. In English, possessive pronouns precede nouns because it is a modifier-noun language.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Ng’ombe aĩva tikiti wake. | Cow paid her fare.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} iv{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} tikiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ake{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|Cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} pay{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} her{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} fare{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng| Mutui wakwa nunuukama ng’ombe siaku | My neighbor is milking your cows}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Mutui{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl}}{{tag|}} akwa{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}} kama{{tag|v}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl10}}{{tag|pl}} siaku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|My{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} neighbor{{tag|n}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} milk{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} cows{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

=== Noun - Adjective --> Adjective - Noun ===
Again, because modifiers generally follow their nouns in Kamba, whereas the opposite is true in English, this is also true for adjectives, and we will have to have some structural transfer rules for this case as well.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Mbũi Ngiti na Ng’ombe nĩ anyanyae anene.|Goat, Dog, and Cow are great friends.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|bũi{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}}giti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} na{{tag|cnjcoo}} g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} nyanya{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}} anene{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}}|Goat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} great{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Nĩtũũtandĩthya mĩkonzo myeũ.|We are trading new poles.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|tandĩthy{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} konzo{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}} eũ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} trade{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} new{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} poles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

=== Complex Verb Tense System ===

Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers. In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem. The subject is also optional if it can be determined from the person and number of the verb in Kamba, so pronoun insertion also needs to happen. (Also good to mention that there's no distinction between the present and future, which is a more disambiguation-ish thing, but also is more about the larger context than that can handle probably).

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Atui nĩmeũvinga mĩomo.| The blacksmiths are closing the doors.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Atui{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}} nĩmeũvinga{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} mĩomo{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} blacksmith{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} close{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} door{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Nĩtwavinga mũomo oyu.| We have closed the door now.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Nĩtwavinga{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} mũomo{{tag|cl3}}{{tag|sg}} oyu{{tag|adv}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} close{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} door{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} now{{tag|adv}}}}

=== No Definite articles ===
In English, we use the definite article "the" to refer to specific or previously mentioned nouns. For example, "the dog" refers to a particular dog that has already been mentioned or is known to both the speaker and listener. However, in Kamba, there is no equivalent definite article. Instead, the noun classes and contextual information are used to indicate specificity.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi ni nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}} guvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} sock{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}} short{{tag|adj}}}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi ni nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}} guvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} sock{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}} short{{tag|adj}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Kamba]][[Category:English]]

Kamba and English/ContrastiveGrammar

2023-05-10T00:19:33Z

Kdandy1:

== Kam-Eng Tests ==
=== Noun - Determiner --> Determiner - Noun ===

Because Kamba is a noun-modifier language, its nouns precede the determiner, in these cases, the demonstrative that modifies it, whereas in English, a modifier-noun language, the demonstrative precedes the noun it modifies.
* {{transferTest|kam|eng|ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|linda{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|dem}}{{tag|det}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} asa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}}|This{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} long{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Vulana ĩĩ nĩ nene.| This jersey is big.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Vulana{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} a{{tag|dem}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} asa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}}|This{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} jersey{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}

=== Noun - Possessive Pronoun --> Possessive Pronoun - Noun ===

=== Noun - Adjective --> Adjective - Noun ===
Again, because modifiers generally follow their nouns in Kamba, whereas the opposite is true in English, this is also true for adjectives, and we will have to have some structural transfer rules for this case as well.

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Mbũi Ngiti na Ng’ombe nĩ anyanyae anene.|Goat, Dog, and Cow are great friends.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|bũi{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}}giti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} na{{tag|cnjcoo}} g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} nyanya{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}} anene{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}}|Goat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} great{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Nĩtũũtandĩthya mĩkonzo myeũ.|We are trading new poles.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|tandĩthy{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} konzo{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}} eũ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} trade{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} new{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} poles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

=== Complex Verb Tense System ===

Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers. In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem. The subject is also optional if it can be determined from the person and number of the verb in Kamba, so pronoun insertion also needs to happen. (Also good to mention that there's no distinction between the present and future, which is a more disambiguation-ish thing, but also is more about the larger context than that can handle probably).

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Atui nĩmeũvinga mĩomo.| The blacksmiths are closing the doors.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Atui{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}} nĩmeũvinga{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} mĩomo{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} blacksmith{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} close{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} door{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Nĩtwavinga mũomo oyu.| We have closed the door now.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Nĩtwavinga{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} mũomo{{tag|cl3}}{{tag|sg}} oyu{{tag|adv}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} close{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} door{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} now{{tag|adv}}}}

=== No Definite articles ===
In English, we use the definite article "the" to refer to specific or previously mentioned nouns. For example, "the dog" refers to a particular dog that has already been mentioned or is known to both the speaker and listener. However, in Kamba, there is no equivalent definite article. Instead, the noun classes and contextual information are used to indicate specificity.

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi ni nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}} guvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} sock{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}} short{{tag|adj}}}}

{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi ni nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}} guvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} sock{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}} short{{tag|adj}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Kamba]][[Category:English]]

Kamba and English/ContrastiveGrammar

2023-05-09T23:35:15Z

Kdandy1:

Kamba and English/ContrastiveGrammar

2023-05-09T23:26:48Z

Kdandy1: /* Complex Verb Tense System */