LING073 - User contributions [en]

Waray/Final Project

2021-05-21T02:50:27Z

Kthomps2:

==Developed Resources==
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-war-corpus Waray Corpus (Github)]
* [https://github.com/rebelin/Waray-Lexical-Tools Waray Lexical Tools (Github)]

==Expanding Our Morphological Transducer==
===Initial Anaylser Evaluation===
* Coverage: 742 / 1239 (~0.59887005649717514124)
* Remaining Unknown Words: 487

====Lexical Information====
* Lexicons: 17
* Lexicon entries: 120
* Patterns: 1
* Pattern entries: 9

====Counts for individual lexicon====
* NounRoot: 23
* Determiners: 13
* PluralDet: 2
* VerbPrefixes: 5
* VerbStems: 5
* Pronouns: 31
* ProperNouns: 1
* Adverbs: 11
* Auxiliary: 1
* Punctuaion: 22
* All anonymous lexicons: 6

====Tests====
* '''war.yaml''': Total passes: 57, Total fails: 14, Total: 71
* '''commonWords.yaml''': Total passes 4, Total fails: 16, Total: 20

====Current Unknown Words====
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
15 ^nagkaada/*nagkaada$
12 ^hito/*hito$
11 ^uyon/*uyon$
11 ^linarang/*linarang$
10 ^may/*may$
10 ^langit/*langit$
9 ^klase/*klase$
9 ^hayop/*hayop$
8 ^katubigan/*katubigan$
7 ^tagsa/*tagsa$
7 ^ngatanan/*ngatanan$
7 ^kalamrag/*kalamrag$
7 ^basi/*basi$
6 ^nalupad/*nalupad$
6 ^liso/*liso$
6 ^iton/*iton$
6 ^haluag/*haluag$
6 ^espasyo/*espasyo$
6 ^bawbaw/*bawbaw$
6 ^aga/*aga$

===Notes===
* Tests for verbalized nouns not implemented yet

==Initial Generator Evaluation==
Analyzer:
* Total passes: 57
* Total fails: 14
* Total tests: 71

Generator:
* Total passes: 56
* Total fails: 18
* Total tests: 74

* Currently, we have 4 rules in our twol file to handle verb conjugation.

[[Category: Sp21_Transducers]] [[Category: Waray]]

[[Category:Sp21_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Waray]]

Waray/Final Project

2021-05-21T02:49:52Z

Kthomps2:

==Developed Resources==
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-war-corpus Waray Corpus (Github)]
* [https://github.com/rebelin/Waray-Lexical-Tools]

==Expanding Our Morphological Transducer==
===Initial Anaylser Evaluation===
* Coverage: 742 / 1239 (~0.59887005649717514124)
* Remaining Unknown Words: 487

====Lexical Information====
* Lexicons: 17
* Lexicon entries: 120
* Patterns: 1
* Pattern entries: 9

====Counts for individual lexicon====
* NounRoot: 23
* Determiners: 13
* PluralDet: 2
* VerbPrefixes: 5
* VerbStems: 5
* Pronouns: 31
* ProperNouns: 1
* Adverbs: 11
* Auxiliary: 1
* Punctuaion: 22
* All anonymous lexicons: 6

====Tests====
* '''war.yaml''': Total passes: 57, Total fails: 14, Total: 71
* '''commonWords.yaml''': Total passes 4, Total fails: 16, Total: 20

====Current Unknown Words====
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
15 ^nagkaada/*nagkaada$
12 ^hito/*hito$
11 ^uyon/*uyon$
11 ^linarang/*linarang$
10 ^may/*may$
10 ^langit/*langit$
9 ^klase/*klase$
9 ^hayop/*hayop$
8 ^katubigan/*katubigan$
7 ^tagsa/*tagsa$
7 ^ngatanan/*ngatanan$
7 ^kalamrag/*kalamrag$
7 ^basi/*basi$
6 ^nalupad/*nalupad$
6 ^liso/*liso$
6 ^iton/*iton$
6 ^haluag/*haluag$
6 ^espasyo/*espasyo$
6 ^bawbaw/*bawbaw$
6 ^aga/*aga$

===Notes===
* Tests for verbalized nouns not implemented yet

==Initial Generator Evaluation==
Analyzer:
* Total passes: 57
* Total fails: 14
* Total tests: 71

Generator:
* Total passes: 56
* Total fails: 18
* Total tests: 74

* Currently, we have 4 rules in our twol file to handle verb conjugation.

[[Category: Sp21_Transducers]] [[Category: Waray]]

[[Category:Sp21_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Waray]]

Waray/Final Project

2021-05-21T02:42:00Z

Kthomps2:

==Developed Resources==
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-war-corpus Waray Corpus (Github)]

==Expanding Our Morphological Transducer==
===Initial Anaylser Evaluation===
* Coverage: 742 / 1239 (~0.59887005649717514124)
* Remaining Unknown Words: 487

====Lexical Information====
* Lexicons: 17
* Lexicon entries: 120
* Patterns: 1
* Pattern entries: 9

====Counts for individual lexicon====
* NounRoot: 23
* Determiners: 13
* PluralDet: 2
* VerbPrefixes: 5
* VerbStems: 5
* Pronouns: 31
* ProperNouns: 1
* Adverbs: 11
* Auxiliary: 1
* Punctuaion: 22
* All anonymous lexicons: 6

====Tests====
* '''war.yaml''': Total passes: 57, Total fails: 14, Total: 71
* '''commonWords.yaml''': Total passes 4, Total fails: 16, Total: 20

====Current Unknown Words====
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
15 ^nagkaada/*nagkaada$
12 ^hito/*hito$
11 ^uyon/*uyon$
11 ^linarang/*linarang$
10 ^may/*may$
10 ^langit/*langit$
9 ^klase/*klase$
9 ^hayop/*hayop$
8 ^katubigan/*katubigan$
7 ^tagsa/*tagsa$
7 ^ngatanan/*ngatanan$
7 ^kalamrag/*kalamrag$
7 ^basi/*basi$
6 ^nalupad/*nalupad$
6 ^liso/*liso$
6 ^iton/*iton$
6 ^haluag/*haluag$
6 ^espasyo/*espasyo$
6 ^bawbaw/*bawbaw$
6 ^aga/*aga$

===Notes===
* Tests for verbalized nouns not implemented yet

==Initial Generator Evaluation==
Analyzer:
* Total passes: 57
* Total fails: 14
* Total tests: 71

Generator:
* Total passes: 56
* Total fails: 18
* Total tests: 74

* Currently, we have 4 rules in our twol file to handle verb conjugation.

[[Category: Sp21_Transducers]] [[Category: Waray]]

[[Category:Sp21_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Waray]]

Waray/Final Project

2021-05-21T02:41:39Z

Kthomps2:

==Expanding Our Morphological Transducer==
===Initial Anaylser Evaluation===
* Coverage: 742 / 1239 (~0.59887005649717514124)
* Remaining Unknown Words: 487

==Developed Resources==
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-war-corpus Waray Corpus (Github)]

====Lexical Information====
* Lexicons: 17
* Lexicon entries: 120
* Patterns: 1
* Pattern entries: 9

====Counts for individual lexicon====
* NounRoot: 23
* Determiners: 13
* PluralDet: 2
* VerbPrefixes: 5
* VerbStems: 5
* Pronouns: 31
* ProperNouns: 1
* Adverbs: 11
* Auxiliary: 1
* Punctuaion: 22
* All anonymous lexicons: 6

====Tests====
* '''war.yaml''': Total passes: 57, Total fails: 14, Total: 71
* '''commonWords.yaml''': Total passes 4, Total fails: 16, Total: 20

====Current Unknown Words====
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
15 ^nagkaada/*nagkaada$
12 ^hito/*hito$
11 ^uyon/*uyon$
11 ^linarang/*linarang$
10 ^may/*may$
10 ^langit/*langit$
9 ^klase/*klase$
9 ^hayop/*hayop$
8 ^katubigan/*katubigan$
7 ^tagsa/*tagsa$
7 ^ngatanan/*ngatanan$
7 ^kalamrag/*kalamrag$
7 ^basi/*basi$
6 ^nalupad/*nalupad$
6 ^liso/*liso$
6 ^iton/*iton$
6 ^haluag/*haluag$
6 ^espasyo/*espasyo$
6 ^bawbaw/*bawbaw$
6 ^aga/*aga$

===Notes===
* Tests for verbalized nouns not implemented yet

==Initial Generator Evaluation==
Analyzer:
* Total passes: 57
* Total fails: 14
* Total tests: 71

Generator:
* Total passes: 56
* Total fails: 18
* Total tests: 74

* Currently, we have 4 rules in our twol file to handle verb conjugation.

[[Category: Sp21_Transducers]] [[Category: Waray]]

[[Category:Sp21_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Waray]]

Waray and English/Contrastive Grammar

2021-05-20T04:03:22Z

Kthomps2:

==Question Marker==

In Waray, there is a question marker that has the similar function as か(''ka'') in Japanese. Unlike Waray, English relies on inversion and intonation when asking a question. ''Ba'' emphasizes that a phrase is a question in Waray. ''Ba'' is placed after the verb and can be placed before the rest of the sentence.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Maampo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} hi Bong.|Bong{{tag|prn}} will pray{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}}.}}
** {{transferTest|war|eng|Maampo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} hi Bong{{tag|prn}}?|Will Bong{{tag|prn}} pray{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng| Nasulod{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} ha sinehan{{tag|n}}.|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} went{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} inside the movie house{{tag|n}}.}}
** {{transferTest|war|eng|Nasulod{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} ha sinehan{{tag|n}}?|Did they go inside the movie house{{tag|n}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Mabalhin{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} ka{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} didto{{tag|dem}}?|Will you ''(singular)''{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} move{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} there{{tag|dem}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Matuok{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} ka{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}}?|Did you ''(singular)''{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} cry{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}?}}

==''Nga'' Linker==

''Nga'' is a linker that connects adjectives and nouns together to create descriptive nouns. Unlike Waray, English does not need a linker to create descriptive words; the adjective can be easily placed in front of the noun and modify it.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Asul{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' bola{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|blue{{tag|adj}} ball{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Busag{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' balay{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|white{{tag|adj}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|matig-a{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' bato{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|hard{{tag|adj}} rock{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When ''nga'' is used in equational sentences, the word order is as follows:
; Descriptive word + ''nga'' + noun + Class I Marker + . . .
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Hataas{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi Ruth{{tag|prn}}.|Ruth{{tag|prn}} is a tall{{tag|adj}} woman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Matambok{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' lalake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi George{{tag|prn}}.|George{{tag|prn}} is a fat{{tag|adj}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Malipayon{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' tawo{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi Paul{{tag|prn}}.|Paul{{tag|prn}} is a happy{{tag|adj}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Daragita{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} an bugto{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ni{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}} Jess{{tag|prn}}.|Jess{{tag|prn}} '{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}} sister{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is a young{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

; Descriptive word + Class I Personal/General Pronoun + ''nga'' + noun + . . .
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Makusog{{tag|adj}} hiya '''nga''' lalake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|He{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} is a strong man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Hubya{{tag|adj}} hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|hira}} '''nga''' mga maestra{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} are lazy teachers{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Habubo{{tag|adj}} kami{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} '''nga''' mga misyonero{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|We(excl){{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} missionaries{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are short{{tag|adj}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Padlas{{tag|adj}} ini{{tag|dem}} '''nga''' tawo{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|This{{tag|dem}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is crazy{{tag|adj}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Maupay iton{{tag|dem}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|That{{tag|dem}} woman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is pretty{{tag|adj}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Madig-on adto{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' bangko{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|That{{tag|dem}} chair{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} “over there” is strong{{tag|adj}}.}}

==Reduplication==

When conjugating verbs into the present tense in Waray, some verb groups conjugate them by adding the prefix ''nag'' and the reduplication of the first syllable of the root of the verb to create the verb in the present tense. English does not use reduplication when conjugating verbs into the present tense.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''mamando{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} hi Jesus{{tag|n}} ha iya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} mga tinun-an{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|Jesus{{tag|n}} is commanding{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} his{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} disciples{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''tratrabaho{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} ako{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}.| I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} am working{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''-aaram hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} hin Tagalog{{tag|n}}.|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} are learning Tagalog{{tag|n}}.}}

== Grammatical Gender==

Waray is a gender-neutral language, unlike English where personal pronouns have grammatical gender.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Estudyante{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hiya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|He/She{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} is a student{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Uyab{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} niya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}}.|His{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} girlfriend/her boyfriend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

==''Mga'' Marker==

''Mga'' acts as a pluralizer, where if it is placed in front of a singular noun, it modifies it into a plural noun. In English, there is no pluralizer like ''mga'' as an –s can be added into the end of a noun or English has a different word that acts as the plural form for certain words.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Mga''' Philipino kami{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}.|We (exclusive){{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} are Filipinos{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Mga''' libro{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} ini{{tag|dem}}.|These{{tag|dem}} are books{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Malabad{{tag|adj}} an '''mga''' bata{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|The children{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are naughty{{tag|adj}}.}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Waray]]

Waray and English/Contrastive Grammar

2021-05-20T04:01:59Z

Kthomps2:

==Question Marker==

In Waray, there is a question marker that has the similar function as か(''ka'') in Japanese. Unlike Waray, English relies on inversion and intonation when asking a question. ''Ba'' emphasizes that a phrase is a question in Waray. ''Ba'' is placed after the verb and can be placed before the rest of the sentence.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Maampo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} hi Bong.|Bong{{tag|prn}} will pray{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}}.}}
** {{transferTest|war|eng|Maampo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} hi Bong{{tag|prn}}?|Will Bong{{tag|prn}} pray{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng| Nasulod{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} ha sinehan{{tag|n}}.|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} went{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} inside the movie house{{tag|n}}.}}
** {{transferTest|war|eng|Nasulod{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} ha sinehan{{tag|n}}?|Did they go inside the movie house{{tag|n}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Mabalhin{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} ka{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} didto{{tag|dem}}?|Will you ''(singular)''{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} move{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} there{{tag|dem}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Matuok{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} ka{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}}?|Did you ''(singular)''{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} cry{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}?}}

==''Nga'' Linker==

''Nga'' is a linker that connects adjectives and nouns together to create descriptive nouns. Unlike Waray, English does not need a linker to create descriptive words; the adjective can be easily placed in front of the noun and modify it.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Asul{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' bola{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|blue{{tag|adj}} ball{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Busag{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' balay{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|white{{tag|adj}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|matig-a{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' bato{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|hard{{tag|adj}} rock{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When ''nga'' is used in equational sentences, the word order is as follows:
; Descriptive word + ''nga'' + noun + Class I Marker + . . .
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Hataas{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi Ruth{{tag|prn}}.|Ruth{{tag|prn}} is a tall{{tag|adj}} woman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Matambok{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' lalake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi George{{tag|prn}}.|George{{tag|prn}} is a fat{{tag|adj}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Malipayon{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' tawo{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi Paul{{tag|prn}}.|Paul{{tag|prn}} is a happy{{tag|adj}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Daragita{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} an bugto{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ni{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}} Jess{{tag|prn}}.|Jess{{tag|prn}} '{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}} sister{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is a young{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

; Descriptive word + Class I Personal/General Pronoun + ''nga'' + noun + . . .
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Makusog{{tag|adj}} hiya '''nga''' lalake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|He{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} is a strong man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Hubya{{tag|adj}} hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|hira}} '''nga''' mga maestra{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|hira}} are lazy teachers{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Habubo{{tag|adj}} kami{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} '''nga''' mga misyonero{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|We(excl){{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} missionaries{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are short{{tag|adj}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Padlas{{tag|adj}} ini{{tag|dem}} '''nga''' tawo{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|This{{tag|dem}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is crazy{{tag|adj}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Maupay iton{{tag|dem}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|That{{tag|dem}} woman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is pretty{{tag|adj}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Madig-on adto{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' bangko{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|That{{tag|dem}} chair{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} “over there” is strong{{tag|adj}}.}}

==Reduplication==

When conjugating verbs into the present tense in Waray, some verb groups conjugate them by adding the prefix ''nag'' and the reduplication of the first syllable of the root of the verb to create the verb in the present tense. English does not use reduplication when conjugating verbs into the present tense.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''mamando{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} hi Jesus{{tag|n}} ha iya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} mga tinun-an{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|Jesus{{tag|n}} is commanding{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} his{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} disciples{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''tratrabaho{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} ako{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}.| I{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} am working{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''-aaram hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} hin Tagalog{{tag|n}}.|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} are learning Tagalog{{tag|n}}.}}

== Grammatical Gender==

Waray is a gender-neutral language, unlike English where personal pronouns have grammatical gender.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Estudyante{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hiya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|He/She{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} is a student{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Uyab{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} niya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}}.|His{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} girlfriend/her boyfriend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

==''Mga'' Marker==

''Mga'' acts as a pluralizer, where if it is placed in front of a singular noun, it modifies it into a plural noun. In English, there is no pluralizer like ''mga'' as an –s can be added into the end of a noun or English has a different word that acts as the plural form for certain words.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Mga''' Philipino kami{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}.|We (exclusive){{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} are Filipinos{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Mga''' libro{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} ini{{tag|dem}}.|These{{tag|dem}} are books{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Malabad{{tag|adj}} an '''mga''' bata{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|The children{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are naughty{{tag|adj}}.}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Waray]]

Waray and English/Contrastive Grammar

2021-05-20T03:59:35Z

Kthomps2:

==Question Marker==

In Waray, there is a question marker that has the similar function as か(''ka'') in Japanese. Unlike Waray, English relies on inversion and intonation when asking a question. ''Ba'' emphasizes that a phrase is a question in Waray. ''Ba'' is placed after the verb and can be placed before the rest of the sentence.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Maampo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} hi Bong.|Bong{{tag|prn}} will pray{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}}.}}
** {{transferTest|war|eng|Maampo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} hi Bong{{tag|prn}}?|Will Bong{{tag|prn}} pray{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng| Nasulod{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} ha sinehan{{tag|n}}.|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} went{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} inside the movie house{{tag|n}}.}}
** {{transferTest|war|eng|Nasulod{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} ha sinehan{{tag|n}}?|Did they go inside the movie house{{tag|n}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Mabalhin{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} ka{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} didto{{tag|dem}}?|Will you ''(singular)''{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} move{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} there{{tag|dem}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Matuok{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} ka{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}}?|Did you ''(singular)''{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} cry{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}?}}

==''Nga'' Linker==

''Nga'' is a linker that connects adjectives and nouns together to create descriptive nouns. Unlike Waray, English does not need a linker to create descriptive words; the adjective can be easily placed in front of the noun and modify it.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Asul{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' bola{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|blue ball{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Busag{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' balay{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|white house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|matig-a{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' bato{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|hard rock{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When ''nga'' is used in equational sentences, the word order is as follows:
; Descriptive word + ''nga'' + noun + Class I Marker + . . .
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Hataas{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi Ruth{{tag|prn}}.|Ruth{{tag|prn}} is a tall{{tag|adj}} woman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Matambok{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' lalake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi George{{tag|prn}}.|George{{tag|prn}} is a fat{{tag|adj}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Malipayon{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' tawo{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi Paul{{tag|prn}}.|Paul{{tag|prn}} is a happy{{tag|adj}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Daragita{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} an bugto{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ni{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}} Jess{{tag|prn}}.|Jess{{tag|prn}} '{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}} sister{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is a young{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

; Descriptive word + Class I Personal/General Pronoun + ''nga'' + noun + . . .
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Makusog{{tag|adj}} hiya '''nga''' lalake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|He is a strong man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Hubya{{tag|adj}} hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|hira}} '''nga''' mga maestra{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|hira}} are lazy teachers{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Habubo{{tag|adj}} kami{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} '''nga''' mga misyonero{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|We(excl){{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} missionaries{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are short{{tag|adj}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Padlas{{tag|adj}} ini{{tag|dem}} '''nga''' tawo{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|This{{tag|dem}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is crazy{{tag|adj}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Maupay iton{{tag|dem}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|That{{tag|dem}} woman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is pretty{{tag|adj}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Madig-on adto{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' bangko{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|That{{tag|dem}} chair{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} “over there” is strong{{tag|adj}}.}}

==Reduplication==

When conjugating verbs into the present tense in Waray, some verb groups conjugate them by adding the prefix ''nag'' and the reduplication of the first syllable of the root of the verb to create the verb in the present tense. English does not use reduplication when conjugating verbs into the present tense.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''mamando{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} hi Jesus{{tag|n}} ha iya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} mga tinun-an{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|Jesus{{tag|n}} is commanding{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} his{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} disciples{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''tratrabaho{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} ako{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}.| I{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} am working{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''-aaram hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} hin Tagalog{{tag|n}}.|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} are learning Tagalog{{tag|n}}.}}

== Grammatical Gender==

Waray is a gender-neutral language, unlike English where personal pronouns have grammatical gender.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Estudyante{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hiya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|He/She{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} is a student{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Uyab{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} niya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}}.|His{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} girlfriend/her boyfriend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

==''Mga'' Marker==

''Mga'' acts as a pluralizer, where if it is placed in front of a singular noun, it modifies it into a plural noun. In English, there is no pluralizer like ''mga'' as an –s can be added into the end of a noun or English has a different word that acts as the plural form for certain words.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Mga''' Philipino kami{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}.|We (exclusive){{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} are Filipinos{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Mga''' libro{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} ini{{tag|dem}}.|These{{tag|dem}} are books{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Malabad{{tag|adj}} an '''mga''' bata{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|The children{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are naughty{{tag|adj}}.}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Waray]]

Waray and English/Contrastive Grammar

2021-05-20T03:53:44Z

Kthomps2:

==Question Marker==

In Waray, there is a question marker that has the similar function as か(''ka'') in Japanese. Unlike Waray, English relies on inversion and intonation when asking a question. ''Ba'' emphasizes that a phrase is a question in Waray. ''Ba'' is placed after the verb and can be placed before the rest of the sentence.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Maampo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} hi Bong.|Bong{{tag|prn}} will pray{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}}.}}
** {{transferTest|war|eng|Maampo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} hi Bong{{tag|prn}}?|Will Bong{{tag|prn}} pray{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng| Nasulod{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} ha sinehan{{tag|n}}.|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} went{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} inside the movie house{{tag|n}}.}}
** {{transferTest|war|eng|Nasulod{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} ha sinehan{{tag|n}}?|Did they go inside the movie house{{tag|n}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Mabalhin{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} ka{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} didto{{tag|dem}}?|Will you ''(singular)''{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} move{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} there{{tag|dem}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Matuok{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} ka{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}}?|Did you ''(singular)''{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} cry{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}?}}

==''Nga'' Linker==

''Nga'' is a linker that connects adjectives and nouns together to create descriptive nouns. Unlike Waray, English does not need a linker to create descriptive words; the adjective can be easily placed in front of the noun and modify it.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Asul{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' bola{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|blue ball{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Busag{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' balay{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|white house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|matig-a{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' bato{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|hard rock{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When ''nga'' is used in equational sentences, the word order is as follows:
; Descriptive word + ''nga'' + noun + Class I Marker + . . .
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Hataas{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi Ruth{{tag|prn}}.|Ruth{{tag|prn}} is a tall{{tag|adj}} woman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Matambok{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' lalake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi George{{tag|prn}}.|George{{tag|prn}} is a fat{{tag|adj}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Malipayon{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' tawo{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi Paul{{tag|prn}}.|Paul{{tag|prn}} is a happy{{tag|adj}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Daragita{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} an bugto{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ni{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}} Jess{{tag|prn}}.|Jess{{tag|prn}} '{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}|ni}} sister{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is a young{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

; Descriptive word + Class I Personal/General Pronoun + ''nga'' + noun + . . .
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Makusog hiya '''nga''' lalake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|He is a strong man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Hubya hira '''nga''' mga maestra{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|They are lazy teachers{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Habubo kami '''nga''' mga misyonero{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|We(excl) missionaries{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are short.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Padlas ini{{tag|dem}} '''nga''' tawo{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|This{{tag|dem}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is crazy.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Maupay iton{{tag|dem}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|That{{tag|dem}} woman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is pretty.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Madig-on adto '''nga''' bangko{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|That{{tag|dem}} chair “over there” is strong.}}

==Reduplication==

When conjugating verbs into the present tense in Waray, some verb groups conjugate them by adding the prefix ''nag'' and the reduplication of the first syllable of the root of the verb to create the verb in the present tense. English does not use reduplication when conjugating verbs into the present tense.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''mamando{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} hi Jesus{{tag|n}} ha iya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} mga tinun-an{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|Jesus{{tag|n}} is commanding{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} his{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} disciples{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''tratrabaho{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} ako{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}.| I{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} am working{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''-aaram hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} hin Tagalog{{tag|n}}.|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} are learning Tagalog{{tag|n}}.}}

== Grammatical Gender==

Waray is a gender-neutral language, unlike English where personal pronouns have grammatical gender.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Estudyante{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hiya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|He/She{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} is a student{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Uyab{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} niya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}}.|His{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} girlfriend/her boyfriend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

==''Mga'' Marker==

''Mga'' acts as a pluralizer, where if it is placed in front of a singular noun, it modifies it into a plural noun. In English, there is no pluralizer like ''mga'' as an –s can be added into the end of a noun or English has a different word that acts as the plural form for certain words.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Mga''' Philipino kami{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}.|We (exclusive){{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} are Filipinos{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Mga''' libro{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} ini{{tag|dem}}.|These{{tag|dem}} are books{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Malabad{{tag|adj}} an '''mga''' bata{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|The children{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are naughty{{tag|adj}}.}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Waray]]

Waray and English/Contrastive Grammar

2021-05-20T03:53:15Z

Kthomps2:

==Question Marker==

In Waray, there is a question marker that has the similar function as か(''ka'') in Japanese. Unlike Waray, English relies on inversion and intonation when asking a question. ''Ba'' emphasizes that a phrase is a question in Waray. ''Ba'' is placed after the verb and can be placed before the rest of the sentence.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Maampo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} hi Bong.|Bong{{tag|prn}} will pray{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}}.}}
** {{transferTest|war|eng|Maampo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} hi Bong{{tag|prn}}?|Will Bong{{tag|prn}} pray{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng| Nasulod{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} ha sinehan{{tag|n}}.|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} went{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} inside the movie house{{tag|n}}.}}
** {{transferTest|war|eng|Nasulod{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} ha sinehan{{tag|n}}?|Did they go inside the movie house{{tag|n}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Mabalhin{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} ka{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} didto{{tag|dem}}?|Will you ''(singular)''{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} move{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} there{{tag|dem}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Matuok{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} ka{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}}?|Did you ''(singular)''{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} cry{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}?}}

==''Nga'' Linker==

''Nga'' is a linker that connects adjectives and nouns together to create descriptive nouns. Unlike Waray, English does not need a linker to create descriptive words; the adjective can be easily placed in front of the noun and modify it.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Asul{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' bola{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|blue ball{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Busag{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' balay{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|white house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|matig-a{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' bato{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|hard rock{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When ''nga'' is used in equational sentences, the word order is as follows:
; Descriptive word + ''nga'' + noun + Class I Marker + . . .
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Hataas{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi Ruth{{tag|prn}}.|Ruth{{tag|prn}} is a tall{{tag|adj}} woman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Matambok{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' lalake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi George{{tag|prn}}.|George{{tag|prn}} is a fat{{tag|adj}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Malipayon{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' tawo{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi Paul{{tag|prn}}.|Paul{{tag|prn}} is a happy{{tag|adj}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Daragita{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} an bugto{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ni{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}} Jess{{tag|prn}}.|Jess{{tag|prn}} '{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}|ni}} sister{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is a young{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

; Descriptive word + Class I Personal/General Pronoun + ''nga'' + noun + . . .
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Makusog hiya '''nga''' lalake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|He is a strong man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Hubya hira '''nga''' mga maestra{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|They are lazy teachers{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Habubo kami '''nga''' mga misyonero{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|We(excl) missionaries{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are short.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Padlas ini{{tag|dem}} '''nga''' tawo{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|This{{tag|dem}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is crazy.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Maupay iton{{tag|dem}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|That{{tag|dem}} woman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is pretty.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Madig-on adto '''nga''' bangko{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|That{{tag|dem}} chair “over there” is strong.}}

==Reduplication==

When conjugating verbs into the present tense in Waray, some verb groups conjugate them by adding the prefix ''nag'' and the reduplication of the first syllable of the root of the verb to create the verb in the present tense. English does not use reduplication when conjugating verbs into the present tense.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''mamando{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} hi Jesus{{tag|n}} ha iya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} mga tinun-an{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|Jesus{{tag|n}} is commanding{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} his{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} disciples{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''tratrabaho{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} ako{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}.| I{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} am working{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''-aaram hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} hin Tagalog{{tag|n}}.|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} are learning Tagalog{{tag|n}}.}}

== Grammatical Gender==

Waray is a gender-neutral language, unlike English where personal pronouns have grammatical gender.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Estudyante{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hiya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|He/She{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} is a student{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Uyab{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} niya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}}.|His{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} girlfriend/her boyfriend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

==''Mga'' Marker==

''Mga'' acts as a pluralizer, where if it is placed in front of a singular noun, it modifies it into a plural noun. In English, there is no pluralizer like ''mga'' as an –s can be added into the end of a noun or English has a different word that acts as the plural form for certain words.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Mga''' Philipino kami{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|kami}}.|We (exclusive){{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} are Filipinos{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Mga''' libro{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} ini{{tag|dem}}.|These{{tag|dem}} are books{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Malabad{{tag|adj}} an '''mga''' bata{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|The children{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are naughty{{tag|adj}}.}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Waray]]

Waray and English/Contrastive Grammar

2021-05-20T03:52:42Z

Kthomps2:

==Question Marker==

In Waray, there is a question marker that has the similar function as か(''ka'') in Japanese. Unlike Waray, English relies on inversion and intonation when asking a question. ''Ba'' emphasizes that a phrase is a question in Waray. ''Ba'' is placed after the verb and can be placed before the rest of the sentence.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Maampo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} hi Bong.|Bong{{tag|prn}} will pray{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}}.}}
** {{transferTest|war|eng|Maampo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} hi Bong{{tag|prn}}?|Will Bong{{tag|prn}} pray{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng| Nasulod{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} ha sinehan{{tag|n}}.|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} went{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} inside the movie house{{tag|n}}.}}
** {{transferTest|war|eng|Nasulod{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} ha sinehan{{tag|n}}?|Did they go inside the movie house{{tag|n}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Mabalhin{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} ka{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} didto{{tag|dem}}?|Will you ''(singular)''{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} move{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} there{{tag|dem}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Matuok{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} ka{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}}?|Did you ''(singular)''{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} cry{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}?}}

==''Nga'' Linker==

''Nga'' is a linker that connects adjectives and nouns together to create descriptive nouns. Unlike Waray, English does not need a linker to create descriptive words; the adjective can be easily placed in front of the noun and modify it.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Asul{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' bola{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|blue ball{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Busag{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' balay{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|white house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|matig-a{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' bato{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|hard rock{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When ''nga'' is used in equational sentences, the word order is as follows:
; Descriptive word + ''nga'' + noun + Class I Marker + . . .
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Hataas{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi Ruth{{tag|prn}}.|Ruth{{tag|prn}} is a tall{{tag|adj}} woman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Matambok{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' lalake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi George{{tag|prn}}.|George{{tag|prn}} is a fat{{tag|adj}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Malipayon{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' tawo{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi Paul{{tag|prn}}.|Paul{{tag|prn}} is a happy{{tag|adj}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Daragita{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} an bugto{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ni{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}} Jess{{tag|prn}}.|Jess{{tag|prn}} '{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}|ni}} sister{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is a young{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

; Descriptive word + Class I Personal/General Pronoun + ''nga'' + noun + . . .
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Makusog hiya '''nga''' lalake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|He is a strong man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Hubya hira '''nga''' mga maestra{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|They are lazy teachers{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Habubo kami '''nga''' mga misyonero{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|We(excl) missionaries{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are short.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Padlas ini{{tag|dem}} '''nga''' tawo{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|This{{tag|dem}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is crazy.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Maupay iton{{tag|dem}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|That{{tag|dem}} woman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is pretty.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Madig-on adto '''nga''' bangko{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|That{{tag|dem}} chair “over there” is strong.}}

==Reduplication==

When conjugating verbs into the present tense in Waray, some verb groups conjugate them by adding the prefix ''nag'' and the reduplication of the first syllable of the root of the verb to create the verb in the present tense. English does not use reduplication when conjugating verbs into the present tense.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''mamando{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} hi Jesus{{tag|n}} ha iya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} mga tinun-an{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|Jesus{{tag|n}} is commanding{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} his{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} disciples{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''tratrabaho{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} ako{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}.| I{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} am working{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''-aaram hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} hin Tagalog{{tag|n}}.|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} are learning Tagalog{{tag|n}}.}}

== Grammatical Gender==

Waray is a gender-neutral language, unlike English where personal pronouns have grammatical gender.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Estudyante{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hiya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|He/She{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} is a student{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Uyab{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} niya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}}.|His{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} girlfriend/her boyfriend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

==''Mga'' Marker==

''Mga'' acts as a pluralizer, where if it is placed in front of a singular noun, it modifies it into a plural noun. In English, there is no pluralizer like ''mga'' as an –s can be added into the end of a noun or English has a different word that acts as the plural form for certain words.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Mga''' Philipino kami{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|kami}}.|We (exclusive){{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|kami}} are Filipinos{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Mga''' libro{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} ini{{tag|dem}}.|These{{tag|dem}} are books{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Malabad{{tag|adj}} an '''mga''' bata{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|The children{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are naughty{{tag|adj}}.}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Waray]]

Waray and English/Contrastive Grammar

2021-05-20T03:49:14Z

Kthomps2:

==Question Marker==

In Waray, there is a question marker that has the similar function as か(''ka'') in Japanese. Unlike Waray, English relies on inversion and intonation when asking a question. ''Ba'' emphasizes that a phrase is a question in Waray. ''Ba'' is placed after the verb and can be placed before the rest of the sentence.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Maampo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} hi Bong.|Bong{{tag|prn}} will pray{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}}.}}
** {{transferTest|war|eng|Maampo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} hi Bong{{tag|prn}}?|Will Bong{{tag|prn}} pray{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng| Nasulod{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} ha sinehan{{tag|n}}.|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} went{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} inside the movie house{{tag|n}}.}}
** {{transferTest|war|eng|Nasulod{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} ha sinehan{{tag|n}}?|Did they go inside the movie house{{tag|n}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Mabalhin{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} ka{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} didto{{tag|dem}}?|Will you ''(singular)''{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} move{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} there{{tag|dem}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Matuok{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} ka{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}}?|Did you ''(singular)''{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} cry{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}?}}

==''Nga'' Linker==

''Nga'' is a linker that connects adjectives and nouns together to create descriptive nouns. Unlike Waray, English does not need a linker to create descriptive words; the adjective can be easily placed in front of the noun and modify it.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Asul{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' bola{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|blue ball{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Busag{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' balay{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|white house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|matig-a{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' bato{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|hard rock{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When ''nga'' is used in equational sentences, the word order is as follows:
; Descriptive word + ''nga'' + noun + Class I Marker + . . .
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Hataas{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi Ruth{{tag|prn}}.|Ruth{{tag|prn}} is a tall{{tag|adj}} woman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Matambok{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' lalake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi George{{tag|prn}}.|George{{tag|prn}} is a fat{{tag|adj}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Malipayon{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' tawo{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi Paul{{tag|prn}}.|Paul{{tag|prn}} is a happy{{tag|adj}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Daragita{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} an bugto{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ni{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}|ni}} Jess{{tag|prn}}.|Jess{{tag|prn}} ’{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}|ni}} sister{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is a young{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

; Descriptive word + Class I Personal/General Pronoun + ''nga'' + noun + . . .
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Makusog hiya '''nga''' lalake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|He is a strong man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Hubya hira '''nga''' mga maestra{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|They are lazy teachers{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Habubo kami '''nga''' mga misyonero{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|We(excl) missionaries{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are short.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Padlas ini{{tag|dem}} '''nga''' tawo{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|This{{tag|dem}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is crazy.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Maupay iton{{tag|dem}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|That{{tag|dem}} woman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is pretty.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Madig-on adto '''nga''' bangko{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|That{{tag|dem}} chair “over there” is strong.}}

==Reduplication==

When conjugating verbs into the present tense in Waray, some verb groups conjugate them by adding the prefix ''nag'' and the reduplication of the first syllable of the root of the verb to create the verb in the present tense. English does not use reduplication when conjugating verbs into the present tense.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''mamando{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} hi Jesus{{tag|n}} ha iya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} mga tinun-an{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|Jesus{{tag|n}} is commanding{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} his{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} disciples{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''tratrabaho{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} ako{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}.|I{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} am working{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''-aaram hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} hin Tagalog{{tag|n}}.|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} are learning Tagalog{{tag|n}}.}}

== Grammatical Gender==

Waray is a gender-neutral language, unlike English where personal pronouns have grammatical gender.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Estudyante{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hiya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|He/She{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} is a student{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Uyab{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} niya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}}.|His{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} girlfriend/her boyfriend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

==''Mga'' Marker==

''Mga'' acts as a pluralizer, where if it is placed in front of a singular noun, it modifies it into a plural noun. In English, there is no pluralizer like ''mga'' as an –s can be added into the end of a noun or English has a different word that acts as the plural form for certain words.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Mga''' Philipino kami{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|kami}}.|We (exclusive){{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|kami}} are Filipinos{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Mga''' libro{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} ini{{tag|dem}}.|These{{tag|dem}} are books{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Malabad{{tag|adj}} an '''mga''' bata{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|The children{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are naughty{{tag|adj}}.}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Waray]]

Waray and English/Contrastive Grammar

2021-05-20T03:47:54Z

Kthomps2:

==Question Marker==

In Waray, there is a question marker that has the similar function as か(''ka'') in Japanese. Unlike Waray, English relies on inversion and intonation when asking a question. ''Ba'' emphasizes that a phrase is a question in Waray. ''Ba'' is placed after the verb and can be placed before the rest of the sentence.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Maampo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} hi Bong.|Bong will pray.}}
** {{transferTest|war|eng|Maampo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} hi Bong{{tag|prn}}?|Will Bong{{tag|prn}} pray{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng| Nasulod{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} ha sinehan{{tag|n}}.|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} went{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} inside the movie house{{tag|n}}.}}
** {{transferTest|war|eng|Nasulod{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} ha sinehan{{tag|n}}?|Did they go inside the movie house{{tag|n}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Mabalhin{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} ka{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} didto{{tag|dem}}?|Will you ''(singular)''{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} move{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} there{{tag|dem}}?}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Matuok{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} ka{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}}?|Did you ''(singular)''{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} cry{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}?}}

==''Nga'' Linker==

''Nga'' is a linker that connects adjectives and nouns together to create descriptive nouns. Unlike Waray, English does not need a linker to create descriptive words; the adjective can be easily placed in front of the noun and modify it.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Asul{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' bola{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|blue ball{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Busag{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' balay{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|white house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|matig-a{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' bato{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|hard rock{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When ''nga'' is used in equational sentences, the word order is as follows:
; Descriptive word + ''nga'' + noun + Class I Marker + . . .
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Hataas{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi Ruth{{tag|prn}}.|Ruth{{tag|prn}} is a tall{{tag|adj}} woman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Matambok{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' lalake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi George{{tag|prn}}.|George{{tag|prn}} is a fat{{tag|adj}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Malipayon{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' tawo{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi Paul{{tag|prn}}.|Paul{{tag|prn}} is a happy{{tag|adj}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Daragita{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} an bugto{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ni{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}|ni}} Jess{{tag|prn}}.|Jess{{tag|prn}} ’{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}|ni}} sister{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is a young{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

; Descriptive word + Class I Personal/General Pronoun + ''nga'' + noun + . . .
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Makusog hiya '''nga''' lalake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|He is a strong man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Hubya hira '''nga''' mga maestra{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|They are lazy teachers{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Habubo kami '''nga''' mga misyonero{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|We(excl) missionaries{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are short.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Padlas ini{{tag|dem}} '''nga''' tawo{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|This{{tag|dem}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is crazy.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Maupay iton{{tag|dem}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|That{{tag|dem}} woman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is pretty.}}
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Madig-on adto '''nga''' bangko{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|That{{tag|dem}} chair “over there” is strong.}}

==Reduplication==

When conjugating verbs into the present tense in Waray, some verb groups conjugate them by adding the prefix ''nag'' and the reduplication of the first syllable of the root of the verb to create the verb in the present tense. English does not use reduplication when conjugating verbs into the present tense.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''mamando{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} hi Jesus{{tag|n}} ha iya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} mga tinun-an{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|Jesus{{tag|n}} is commanding{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} his{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} disciples{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''tratrabaho{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} ako{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}.|I{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} am working{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''-aaram hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} hin Tagalog{{tag|n}}.|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} are learning Tagalog{{tag|n}}.}}

== Grammatical Gender==

Waray is a gender-neutral language, unlike English where personal pronouns have grammatical gender.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Estudyante{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hiya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|He/She{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} is a student{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Uyab{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} niya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}}.|His{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} girlfriend/her boyfriend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}

==''Mga'' Marker==

''Mga'' acts as a pluralizer, where if it is placed in front of a singular noun, it modifies it into a plural noun. In English, there is no pluralizer like ''mga'' as an –s can be added into the end of a noun or English has a different word that acts as the plural form for certain words.

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Mga''' Philipino kami{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|kami}}.|We (exclusive){{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|kami}} are Filipinos{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Mga''' libro{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} ini{{tag|dem}}.|These{{tag|dem}} are books{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}

* {{transferTest|war|eng|Malabad{{tag|adj}} an '''mga''' bata{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|The children{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are naughty{{tag|adj}}.}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Waray]]

Waray and English/Contrastive Grammar

2021-05-20T02:52:41Z

Kthomps2:

Waray and English/Contrastive Grammar

2021-04-29T18:43:48Z

Kthomps2:

==Question Marker==

In Waray, there is a question marker that has the similar function as か(ka) in Japanese. Unlike Waray, English relies on inversion and intonation when asking a question. Ba emphasizes that a phrase is a question in Waray. Ba is placed after the verb and can be placed before the rest of the sentence.

*Maampo hi Bong. -> Bong will pray.

*Maampo ba hi Bong? Will Bong pray?

*Nasulod hira ha sinehan. They went inside the movie house.
*Nasulod ba hira ha sinehan? Did they go inside the movie house?

*Mabalhin ka ba didto? Will you (singular) move there?

*Matuok ka ba? Did you (singular) cry?

==Nga Linker==

Nga is a linker that connects adjectives and nouns together to create descriptive nouns. Unlike Waray, English does not need a linker to create descriptive words; the adjective can be easily placed in front of the noun and modify it.

*Asul nga bola -> blue ball
*Busag nga balay -> white house
*matig-a nga bato –> hard rock

==Reduplication==

When conjugating verbs into the present tense in Waray, some verb groups conjugate the by adding the suffix Nag and the reduplication of the first syllable of the root of the verb to create the verb in the present tense. English does not use reduplication when conjugating verbs into the present tense.

*Nagmamando hi Jesus ha iya mga tinun-an.
*Jesus is commanding his disciples.

*Nagtratrabaho ako. I am working.

*Nag-aaram hira hin Tagalog. They are learning Tagalog.

== Grammatical Gender==

Waray is a gender neutral language, unlike English where personal pronouns have grammatical gender.

*Estudyante hiya. He/She is a student.

*Uyab niya. His girlfriend/her boyfriend.

==Mga Marker==

Mga acts as a pluralizer, where if it is placed in front of a singular noun, it modifies it into a plural noun. In English, there is no pluralizer like mga as an –s can be added into the end of a noun or English has a different word that acts as the plural form for certain words.

*Mga Philipino kami. We (exclusive) are filipinos.

*Mga libro ini. These are books.

*Malabad an mga bata. The children are naughty.

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Waray]]

Waray and English/Contrastive Grammar

2021-04-29T18:42:56Z

Kthomps2:

==Question Marker==

In Waray, there is a question marker that has the similar function as か(ka) in Japanese. Unlike Waray, English relies on inversion and intonation when asking a question. Ba emphasizes that a phrase is a question in Waray. Ba is placed after the verb and can be placed before the rest of the sentence.

*Maampo hi Bong. -> Bong will pray.

*Maampo ba hi Bong? Will Bong pray?

Nasulod hira ha sinehan. They went inside the movie house.
Nasulod ba hira ha sinehan? Did they go inside the movie house?

Mabalhin ka ba didto? Will you (singular) move there?

Matuok ka ba? Did you (singular) cry?

==Nga Linker==

Nga is a linker that connects adjectives and nouns together to create descriptive nouns. Unlike Waray, English does not need a linker to create descriptive words; the adjective can be easily placed in front of the noun and modify it.

Asul nga bola -> blue ball
Busag nga balay -> white house
matig-a nga bato –> hard rock

==Reduplication==

When conjugating verbs into the present tense in Waray, some verb groups conjugate the by adding the suffix Nag and the reduplication of the first syllable of the root of the verb to create the verb in the present tense. English does not use reduplication when conjugating verbs into the present tense.

Nagmamando hi Jesus ha iya mga tinun-an.
Jesus is commanding his disciples.

Nagtratrabaho ako. I am working.

Nag-aaram hira hin Tagalog. They are learning Tagalog.

== Grammatical Gender==

Waray is a gender neutral language, unlike English where personal pronouns have grammatical gender.

Estudyante hiya. He/She is a student.

Uyab niya. His girlfriend/her boyfriend.

==Mga Marker==

Mga acts as a pluralizer, where if it is placed in front of a singular noun, it modifies it into a plural noun. In English, there is no pluralizer like mga as an –s can be added into the end of a noun or English has a different word that acts as the plural form for certain words.

Mga Philipino kami. We (exclusive) are filipinos.

Mga libro ini. These are books.

Malabad an mga bata. The children are naughty.

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Waray]]

Waray and English/Contrastive Grammar

2021-04-29T18:40:29Z

Kthomps2:

==Question Marker==

In Waray, there is a question marker that has the similar function as か(ka) in Japanese. Unlike Waray, English relies on inversion and intonation when asking a question. Ba emphasizes that a phrase is a question in Waray. Ba is placed after the verb and can be placed before the rest of the sentence.

Maampo hi Bong. -> Bong will pray.

Maampo ba hi Bong? Will Bong pray?

Nasulod hira ha sinehan. They went inside the movie house.
Nasulod ba hira ha sinehan? Did they go inside the movie house?

Mabalhin ka ba didto? Will you (singular) move there?

Matuok ka ba? Did you (singular) cry?

==Nga Linker==

Nga is a linker that connects adjectives and nouns together to create descriptive nouns. Unlike Waray, English does not need a linker to create descriptive words; the adjective can be easily placed in front of the noun and modify it.

Asul nga bola -> blue ball
Busag nga balay -> white house
matig-a nga bato –> hard rock

==Reduplication==

When conjugating verbs into the present tense in Waray, some verb groups conjugate the by adding the suffix Nag and the reduplication of the first syllable of the root of the verb to create the verb in the present tense. English does not use reduplication when conjugating verbs into the present tense.

Nagmamando hi Jesus ha iya mga tinun-an.
Jesus is commanding his disciples.

Nagtratrabaho ako. I am working.

Nag-aaram hira hin Tagalog. They are learning Tagalog.

== Grammatical Gender==

Waray is a gender neutral language, unlike English where personal pronouns have grammatical gender.

Estudyante hiya. He/She is a student.

Uyab niya. His girlfriend/her boyfriend.

==Mga Marker==

Mga acts as a pluralizer, where if it is placed in front of a singular noun, it modifies it into a plural noun. In English, there is no pluralizer like mga as an –s can be added into the end of a noun or English has a different word that acts as the plural form for certain words.

Mga Philipino kami. We (exclusive) are filipinos.

Mga libro ini. These are books.

Malabad an mga bata. The children are naughty.

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Waray]]

Waray/Grammar

2021-03-14T19:50:39Z

Kthomps2:

==Parts of Speech==

===Nouns===

* {{morphTest|Estudyante{{tag|n}}|estudyante}} ("Student")
* {{morphTest|Amerikano{{tag|n}}|Amerikano}} ("American")
* {{morphTest|Sangkay{{tag|n}}| Friend}} ("Friend")
* {{morphTest|Lalake{{tag|n}}|lalake}} ("Man")
* {{morphTest|Babaye{{tag|n}}|babaye}} ("Woman")
* {{morphTest|Mga{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}}|mga}}

===Personal Nouns===

* {{morphTest|Ako{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Ako}} ("I")
* {{morphTest|Ikaw{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|Ikaw}} ("You")
* {{morphTest|Ikaw{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|Ka}} ("You")
* {{morphTest|Hiya {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Hiya}} ("He")
* {{morphTest|Hiya {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Hiya}} ("She")
* {{morphTest|Kita{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|incl}}{{tag|pl}}|Kita}} ("Our")
* {{morphTest|Kami{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}|Kami}} ("Our")
* {{morphTest|Kamo {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|Kamo}} ("You")
* {{morphTest|Hira {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|Hira}} ("They")

* {{morphTest|Akon{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Ako}} ("My/Mine")
* {{morphTest|Imo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|Ha imo}} ("Your/Yours")
* {{morphTest|Iya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Ha iya}} ("His/His")
* {{morphTest|Iya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Ha iya}} ("Her/Hers")
* {{morphTest|Aton{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|incl}}{{tag|pl}}|Ha aton}} ("Our/Ours")
* {{morphTest|Amon{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}|Ha amon}} ("Our/Ours")
* {{morphTest|Iyo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|Ha iyo}} ("Your/Yours")
* {{morphTest|Ira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|Ha ira}} ("Their/Theirs")

===Verbalizing Nouns===

====Nag====

«nag»:
* {{morphTest|tv{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}|nag-TV}}
* {{morphTest|adobo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}|nag-aadobo}}
* {{morphTest|dyaket{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}|magdyaket }}

====Mag====

«mag»:
* {{morphTest|computer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}|mag-computer}}
* {{morphTest|kape{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}|magkape}}
* {{morphTest|guitar{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}|mag-guitar}}

====Pag====

«pag»:
* {{morphTest|piano {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}|pagpiano}}
* {{morphTest|bus {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}|pagbus}}

=== Verbs ===

«dara» (''To Bring'') :
* {{morphTest|dara{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}|nagdara}}
* {{morphTest|dara {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}|nagdadara}}
* {{morphTest|dara {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}|magdara}}
* {{morphTest|dara {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}|pagdara}}

«bantay» (''To Guard'') :
* {{morphTest|bantay {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}|nagbantay}}
* {{morphTest|bantay {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}|nagbabantay}}
* {{morphTest|bantay {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}|magbantay}}
* {{morphTest|bantay {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}|pagbantay}}

«trabaho» (''To Work'') :
* {{morphTest|trabaho {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}|nagtrabaho}}
* {{morphTest|trabaho {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}|nagtratrabaho}}
* {{morphTest|trabaho {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}|magtrabaho}}
* {{morphTest|trabaho {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}|pagtrabaho}}

«mando» (''To Command'') :
* {{morphTest|–Mando {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}|nagmando}}
* {{morphTest|–Mando {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}|nagmamando}}
* {{morphTest|–Mando {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}|magmando}}
* {{morphTest|–Mando {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}|pagmando}}

«aram» (”To Learn”) :
* {{morphTest|aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}|nag-aram}}
* {{morphTest|aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}|nag-aaram}}
* {{morphTest|aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}|mag-aram}}
* {{morphTest|aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}|pag-aram}}

===Possessions===
* {{morphTest|ni{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sg}}|ni}} ("of")
* {{morphTest|nira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}}|nira}} ("of")
* {{morphTest|han/hin{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sg}}|han/hin}} ("of")
* {{morphTest|han mga{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}}|han mag}} ("of")

===Demonstrative Pronouns===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Demonstrative (The Objects as Topics)
|-
! demonstrative !! meaning
|-
| ini || this
|-
| iton || that
|-
| adto || that over there
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Demonstrative (W/Direct Objects)
|-
! demonstrative !! meaning
|-
| hini || this
|-
| hiton || that
|-
| hadto || that over there
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Demonstrative (Location)
|-
! demonstrative !! meaning
|-
| dinhi || this
|-
| dida || that
|-
| didto || that over there
|}

===Question Markers===
* {{morphTest|ka{{tag|pr}}|ka}}
* {{morphTest|ba{{tag|part}}|ba}}

===Negatives===
* {{morphTest|waray{{tag|adv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|pres}}|waray}} ("Not or No")
* {{morphTest|diri{{tag|adv}}{{tag|fut}}|diri}} ("Not or No")

===Beneficiary===
* {{morphTest|kan{{tag|prep}}{{tag|sg}}|kan}}
* {{morphTest|ha{{tag|prep}}{{tag|sg}}|ha}}
* {{morphTest|kan...ngan kan...{{tag|prep}}{{tag|pl}}|kan...ngan kan..}}
* {{morphTest|han mga{{tag|prep}}{{tag|pl}}|han mga}}
* {{morphTest|para{{tag|prep}}|}} ("for")

* {{morphTest|ngan {{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}}|ngan}}
* {{morphTest|mga{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}}|mga}}

===Actions Completed/In Progress===
* {{morphTest| na/pa {{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|pres}}|na/pa}} ("Not now or already")
* {{morphTest| ka {{tag|pr}}{{tag|fut}}|ka}} ("Not yet")

We got this information from the source "Waray: A Major Language in the Philippines."

[[Category: Waray]]
[[Category:sp21_GrammarDocumentation]]

Waray/Grammar

2021-03-14T19:49:03Z

Kthomps2:

==Parts of Speech==

===Nouns===

* {{morphTest|Estudyante{{tag|n}}|estudyante}} ("Student")
* {{morphTest|Amerikano{{tag|n}}|Amerikano}} ("American")
* {{morphTest|Sangkay{{tag|n}}| Friend}} ("Friend")
* {{morphTest|Lalake{{tag|n}}|lalake}} ("Man")
* {{morphTest|Babaye{{tag|n}}|babaye}} ("Woman")
* {{morphTest|Mga{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}}|mga}}

===Personal Nouns===

* {{morphTest|Ako{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Ako}} ("I")
* {{morphTest|Ikaw{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|Ikaw}} ("You")
* {{morphTest|Ikaw{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|Ka}} ("You")
* {{morphTest|Hiya {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Hiya}} ("He")
* {{morphTest|Hiya {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Hiya}} ("She")
* {{morphTest|Kita{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|incl}}{{tag|pl}}|Kita}} ("Our")
* {{morphTest|Kami{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}|Kami}} ("Our")
* {{morphTest|Kamo {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|Kamo}} ("You")
* {{morphTest|Hira {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|Hira}} ("They")

* {{morphTest|Akon {{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Ako}} ("My/Mine")
* {{morphTest|Imo {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|Ha imo}} ("Your/Yours")
* {{morphTest|Iya {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Ha iya}} ("His/His")
* {{morphTest|Iya {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Ha iya}} ("Her/Hers")
* {{morphTest|Aton/amon (inc./ex.) {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|incl}}{{tag|pl}}|Ha aton/amon}} ("Our/Ours")
* {{morphTest|Aton/amon (inc./ex.) {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}|Ha aton/amon}} ("Our/Ours")
* {{morphTest|Iyo {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|Ha iyo}} ("Your/Yours")
* {{morphTest|Ira {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|Ha ira}} ("Their/Theirs")

===Verbalizing Nouns===

====Nag====

«nag»:
* {{morphTest|tv{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}|nag-TV}}
* {{morphTest|adobo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}|nag-aadobo}}
* {{morphTest|dyaket{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}|magdyaket }}

====Mag====

«mag»:
* {{morphTest|computer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}|mag-computer}}
* {{morphTest|kape{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}|magkape}}
* {{morphTest|guitar{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}|mag-guitar}}

====Pag====

«pag»:
* {{morphTest|piano {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}|pagpiano}}
* {{morphTest|bus {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}|pagbus}}

=== Verbs ===

«dara» (''To Bring'') :
* {{morphTest|dara{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}|nagdara}}
* {{morphTest|dara {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}|nagdadara}}
* {{morphTest|dara {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}|magdara}}
* {{morphTest|dara {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}|pagdara}}

«bantay» (''To Guard'') :
* {{morphTest|bantay {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}|nagbantay}}
* {{morphTest|bantay {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}|nagbabantay}}
* {{morphTest|bantay {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}|magbantay}}
* {{morphTest|bantay {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}|pagbantay}}

«trabaho» (''To Work'') :
* {{morphTest|trabaho {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}|nagtrabaho}}
* {{morphTest|trabaho {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}|nagtratrabaho}}
* {{morphTest|trabaho {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}|magtrabaho}}
* {{morphTest|trabaho {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}|pagtrabaho}}

«mando» (''To Command'') :
* {{morphTest|–Mando {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}|nagmando}}
* {{morphTest|–Mando {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}|nagmamando}}
* {{morphTest|–Mando {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}|magmando}}
* {{morphTest|–Mando {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}|pagmando}}

«aram» (”To Learn”) :
* {{morphTest|aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}|nag-aram}}
* {{morphTest|aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}|nag-aaram}}
* {{morphTest|aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}|mag-aram}}
* {{morphTest|aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}|pag-aram}}

===Possessions===
* {{morphTest|ni{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sg}}|ni}} ("of")
* {{morphTest|nira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}}|nira}} ("of")
* {{morphTest|han/hin{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sg}}|han/hin}} ("of")
* {{morphTest|han mga{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}}|han mag}} ("of")

===Demonstrative Pronouns===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Demonstrative (The Objects as Topics)
|-
! demonstrative !! meaning
|-
| ini || this
|-
| iton || that
|-
| adto || that over there
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Demonstrative (W/Direct Objects)
|-
! demonstrative !! meaning
|-
| hini || this
|-
| hiton || that
|-
| hadto || that over there
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Demonstrative (Location)
|-
! demonstrative !! meaning
|-
| dinhi || this
|-
| dida || that
|-
| didto || that over there
|}

===Question Markers===
* {{morphTest|ka{{tag|pr}}|ka}}
* {{morphTest|ba{{tag|part}}|ba}}

===Negatives===
* {{morphTest|waray{{tag|adv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|pres}}|waray}} ("Not or No")
* {{morphTest|diri{{tag|adv}}{{tag|fut}}|diri}} ("Not or No")

===Beneficiary===
* {{morphTest|kan{{tag|prep}}{{tag|sg}}|kan}}
* {{morphTest|ha{{tag|prep}}{{tag|sg}}|ha}}
* {{morphTest|kan...ngan kan...{{tag|prep}}{{tag|pl}}|kan...ngan kan..}}
* {{morphTest|han mga{{tag|prep}}{{tag|pl}}|han mga}}
* {{morphTest|para{{tag|prep}}|}} ("for")

* {{morphTest|ngan {{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}}|ngan}}
* {{morphTest|mga{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}}|mga}}

===Actions Completed/In Progress===
* {{morphTest| na/pa {{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|pres}}|na/pa}} ("Not now or already")
* {{morphTest| ka {{tag|pr}}{{tag|fut}}|ka}} ("Not yet")

We got this information from the source "Waray: A Major Language in the Philippines."

[[Category: Waray]]
[[Category:sp21_GrammarDocumentation]]

User talk:Kthomps2

2021-03-07T06:41:49Z

Kthomps2: Blanked the page

User talk:Kthomps2

2021-03-07T06:40:59Z

Kthomps2: /* Waray/Grammar */ new section

== Waray/Grammar ==

==Nouns==

* {{morphTest| Estudyante {{tag|n}}| (Student)}}
* {{morphTest| Amerikano {{tag|n}}| American}}
* {{morphTest| Sangkay {{tag|n}}| Friend}}
* {{morphTest| Lalake {{tag|n}}| Man}}
* {{morphTest| Babaye {{tag|n}}| Woman}}
* {{morphTest| Mga {{tag|part}}{{tag|pl}}|}}

== Personal Nouns ==

* {{morphTest|I {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Ako}}
* {{morphTest|You {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|Ikaw/ka}}
* {{morphTest|He/She {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|hiya}}
* {{morphTest|Our (inc./ex.) {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|kita/kami}}
* {{morphTest|You {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|kamo}}
* {{morphTest|They {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|hira}}

* {{morphTest|Akon {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Ako}}
* {{morphTest|Imo {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|Ha imo}}
* {{morphTest|Iya {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Ha iya}}
* {{morphTest|Aton/amon (inc./ex.) {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|Ha aton/amon}}
* {{morphTest|Iyo {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|Ha iyo}}
* {{morphTest|Ira {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|Ha ira}}

== Verbs ==
{{comment| }}

«–Dara» (''To Bring'') :
* {{morphTest|–Dara {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}| nagdara}}
* {{morphTest|–Dara {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}| nagdadara}}
* {{morphTest|–Dara {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}| magdara}}
* {{morphTest|–Dara {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}| pagdara}}

«–Bantay» (''To Guard'') :
* {{morphTest|–Bantay {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}| nagbantay}}
* {{morphTest|–Bantay {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}| nagbabantay}}
* {{morphTest|–Bantay {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}| magbantay}}
* {{morphTest|–Bantay {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}| pagbantay}}

«–Trabaho» (''To Work'') :
* {{morphTest|–Trabaho {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}| nagtrabaho}}
* {{morphTest|–Trabaho {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}| nagtratrabaho}}
* {{morphTest|–Trabaho {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}| magtrabaho}}
* {{morphTest|–Trabaho {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}| pagtrabaho}}

«–Mando» (''To Command'') :
* {{morphTest|–Mando {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}| nagmando}}
* {{morphTest|–Mando {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}| nagmamando}}
* {{morphTest|–Mando {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}| magmando}}
* {{morphTest|–Mando {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}| pagmando}}

«–Aram» (”To Learn”) :
* {{morphTest|–Aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}| nag-aram}}
* {{morphTest|–Aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}| nag-aaram}}
* {{morphTest|–Aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}| mag-aram}}
* {{morphTest|–Aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}| pag-aram}}

«Nag–»:
* {{morphTest|–Aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}| nag-TV}}
* {{morphTest|–Aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}| nag-aadobo}}
* {{morphTest|–Aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}| magdyaket }}

«Mag–»:
* {{morphTest|–Aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}| mag-computer}}
* {{morphTest|–Aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}| magkape}}
* {{morphTest|–Aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}| mag-guitar}}

«Pag–»:
* {{morphTest|piano {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}| pagpiano}}
* {{morphTest|bus {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}| pagbus}}

==Possessions==
* {{morphTest|ni {{tag|pr}}{{tag|sg}}|}}
* {{morphTest|nira {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pl}}|}}
* {{morphTest|han/hin {{tag|pr}}{{tag|sg}}|}}
* {{morphTest|han mga {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pl}}|}}

==Demonstrative Pronouns==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Demonstrative (The Objects as Topics)
|-
! demonstrative !! meaning
|-
| ini || this
|-
| iton || that
|-
| adto || that over there
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Demonstrative (W/Direct Objects)
|-
! demonstrative !! meaning
|-
| hini || this
|-
| hiton || that
|-
| hadto || that over there
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Demonstrative (Location)
|-
! demonstrative !! meaning
|-
| dinhi || this
|-
| dida || that
|-
| didto || that over there
|}

==Question Markers==
* {{morphTest| ka {{tag|pr}}|}}
* {{morphTest| ba {{tag|part}}|}}

==Negatives==
* {{morphTest| waray {{tag|adv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|pres}}|Not or No}}
* {{morphTest| diri {{tag|adv}}{{tag|fut}}| Not or No}}

==Beneficiary==
* {{morphTest|kan {{tag|prep}}{{tag|sg}}|}}
* {{morphTest|ha {{tag|prep}}{{tag|sg}}|}}
* {{morphTest|kan _ ngan kan _{{tag|prep}}{{tag|pl}}|}}
* {{morphTest|han mga {{tag|prep}}{{tag|pl}}|}}
* {{morphTest| para {{tag|prep}}|}}

* {{morphTest|ngan {{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}}|}}
* {{morphTest|mga {{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}}|}}

==Actions Completed/In Progress==
* {{morphTest| na/pa {{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|pres}}|Not now or already}}
* {{morphTest| ka {{tag|pr}}{{tag|fut}}| Not yet}}

We got this information from the source "Waray: A Major Language in the Philippines."

[[Category:Grammar documentation]]

Category:Sp21 GrammarDocumentation

2021-03-07T06:34:00Z

Kthomps2: Replaced content with "Category:Grammar documentation Category:Spring 2021 Category:Assignments"

[[Category:Grammar documentation]]
[[Category:Spring 2021]]
[[Category:Assignments]]

Category:Sp21 GrammarDocumentation

2021-03-07T06:33:36Z

Kthomps2:

==Nouns==

* {{morphTest| Estudyante {{tag|n}}| (Student)}}
* {{morphTest| Amerikano {{tag|n}}| American}}
* {{morphTest| Sangkay {{tag|n}}| Friend}}
* {{morphTest| Lalake {{tag|n}}| Man}}
* {{morphTest| Babaye {{tag|n}}| Woman}}
* {{morphTest| Mga {{tag|part}}{{tag|pl}}|}}

== Personal Nouns ==

* {{morphTest|I {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Ako}}
* {{morphTest|You {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|Ikaw/ka}}
* {{morphTest|He/She {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|hiya}}
* {{morphTest|Our (inc./ex.) {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|kita/kami}}
* {{morphTest|You {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|kamo}}
* {{morphTest|They {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|hira}}

* {{morphTest|Akon {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|Ako}}
* {{morphTest|Imo {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|Ha imo}}
* {{morphTest|Iya {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Ha iya}}
* {{morphTest|Aton/amon (inc./ex.) {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|Ha aton/amon}}
* {{morphTest|Iyo {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|Ha iyo}}
* {{morphTest|Ira {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|Ha ira}}

== Verbs ==
{{comment| }}

«–Dara» (''To Bring'') :
* {{morphTest|–Dara {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}| nagdara}}
* {{morphTest|–Dara {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}| nagdadara}}
* {{morphTest|–Dara {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}| magdara}}
* {{morphTest|–Dara {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}| pagdara}}

«–Bantay» (''To Guard'') :
* {{morphTest|–Bantay {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}| nagbantay}}
* {{morphTest|–Bantay {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}| nagbabantay}}
* {{morphTest|–Bantay {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}| magbantay}}
* {{morphTest|–Bantay {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}| pagbantay}}

«–Trabaho» (''To Work'') :
* {{morphTest|–Trabaho {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}| nagtrabaho}}
* {{morphTest|–Trabaho {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}| nagtratrabaho}}
* {{morphTest|–Trabaho {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}| magtrabaho}}
* {{morphTest|–Trabaho {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}| pagtrabaho}}

«–Mando» (''To Command'') :
* {{morphTest|–Mando {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}| nagmando}}
* {{morphTest|–Mando {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}| nagmamando}}
* {{morphTest|–Mando {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}| magmando}}
* {{morphTest|–Mando {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}| pagmando}}

«–Aram» (”To Learn”) :
* {{morphTest|–Aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}| nag-aram}}
* {{morphTest|–Aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}| nag-aaram}}
* {{morphTest|–Aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}| mag-aram}}
* {{morphTest|–Aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}| pag-aram}}

«Nag–»:
* {{morphTest|–Aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}| nag-TV}}
* {{morphTest|–Aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}| nag-aadobo}}
* {{morphTest|–Aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}| magdyaket }}

«Mag–»:
* {{morphTest|–Aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}| mag-computer}}
* {{morphTest|–Aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}| magkape}}
* {{morphTest|–Aram {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}| mag-guitar}}

«Pag–»:
* {{morphTest|piano {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}| pagpiano}}
* {{morphTest|bus {{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}| pagbus}}

==Possessions==
* {{morphTest|ni {{tag|pr}}{{tag|sg}}|}}
* {{morphTest|nira {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pl}}|}}
* {{morphTest|han/hin {{tag|pr}}{{tag|sg}}|}}
* {{morphTest|han mga {{tag|pr}}{{tag|pl}}|}}

==Demonstrative Pronouns==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Demonstrative (The Objects as Topics)
|-
! demonstrative !! meaning
|-
| ini || this
|-
| iton || that
|-
| adto || that over there
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Demonstrative (W/Direct Objects)
|-
! demonstrative !! meaning
|-
| hini || this
|-
| hiton || that
|-
| hadto || that over there
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Demonstrative (Location)
|-
! demonstrative !! meaning
|-
| dinhi || this
|-
| dida || that
|-
| didto || that over there
|}

==Question Markers==
* {{morphTest| ka {{tag|pr}}|}}
* {{morphTest| ba {{tag|part}}|}}

==Negatives==
* {{morphTest| waray {{tag|adv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|pres}}|Not or No}}
* {{morphTest| diri {{tag|adv}}{{tag|fut}}| Not or No}}

==Beneficiary==
* {{morphTest|kan {{tag|prep}}{{tag|sg}}|}}
* {{morphTest|ha {{tag|prep}}{{tag|sg}}|}}
* {{morphTest|kan _ ngan kan _{{tag|prep}}{{tag|pl}}|}}
* {{morphTest|han mga {{tag|prep}}{{tag|pl}}|}}
* {{morphTest| para {{tag|prep}}|}}

* {{morphTest|ngan {{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}}|}}
* {{morphTest|mga {{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}}|}}

==Actions Completed/In Progress==
* {{morphTest| na/pa {{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|pres}}|Not now or already}}
* {{morphTest| ka {{tag|pr}}{{tag|fut}}| Not yet}}

[[Category:Grammar documentation]]

[[Category:Grammar documentation]]
[[Category:Spring 2021]]
[[Category:Assignments]]

User talk:Kthomps2

2021-03-07T06:30:42Z

Kthomps2: Blanked the page

User talk:Kthomps2

2021-03-07T06:30:23Z

Kthomps2: Created page with "==Nouns== * {{morphTest| Estudyante {{tag|n}}| (Student)}} * {{morphTest| Amerikano {{tag|n}}| American}} * {{morphTest| Sangkay {{tag|n}}| Friend}} * {{morphTest| Lalake {{..."

User:Kthomps2/Language selection

2021-02-23T17:35:52Z

Kthomps2:

A Filipino dialect (Waray) (1st choice)
- 2.6 million speakers
- Eastern Visayas, some parts of Masbate, and some parts of Sorsogon
- Cebuano, Tagalog, English
- Its transmission: regional language, used in the local government, used in visual media, but not print media; taught in school from K to 3rd grade; in Mass (Waray Bible)
- ISO code: war

A Japanese dialect (Ainu) (2nd possible choice?)
- 10 speakers left
- Hokkaido
- Japanese
- Its transmission: Rarely any as there’s only single digit number speakers at this point I believe; I think the estimate of finding text will be very small; I found this document about Ainu, but I had a hard time making it accessible https://www.degruyter.com/document/isbn/9781501502859/html.
- ISO Code: ain

Tiwi (3rd choice)
- Polysynthetic language
- 2,040 speakers
- ISO code: tiw
- Bathurst and Melville Islands, Northern Terrority
- English
- Its transmission: 10% of it is taught to children
- https://ebible.org/tiw/MAT01.htm

[[Category:sp21_LanguageSelection]], [[Category:Waray]], [[Category:Ainu]], [[Category:Tiwi]]

User:Kthomps2/Language selection

2021-02-23T17:34:15Z

Kthomps2:

User:Kthomps2/Language selection

2021-02-23T17:33:12Z

Kthomps2:

A Filipino dialect (Waray) (1st choice)
- 2.6 million speakers
- Eastern Visayas, some parts of Masbate, and some parts of Sorsogon
- Cebuano, Tagalog, English
- Its transmission: regional language, used in the local government, used in visual media, but not print media; taught in school from K to 3rd grade; in Mass (Waray Bible)
- ISO code: war

A Japanese dialect (Ainu) (2nd possible choice?)
10 speakers left, Hokkaido, Japanese, Its transmission: Rarely any as there’s only single digit number speakers at this point I believe; I think the estimate of finding text will be very small; I found this document about Ainu, but I had a hard time making it accessible https://www.degruyter.com/document/isbn/9781501502859/html. ISO Code: ain

Tiwi (3rd choice)
- Polysynthetic language
- 2,040 speakers
- ISO code: tiw
- Bathurst and Melville Islands, Northern Terrority
- English
- Its transmission: 10% of it is taught to children
- https://ebible.org/tiw/MAT01.htm

[[Category:sp21_LanguageSelection]], [[Category:Waray]], [[Category:Ainu]], [[Category:Tiwi]]

User:Kthomps2/Language selection

2021-02-23T17:32:24Z

Kthomps2:

A Filipino dialect (Waray) (1st choice)
- 2.6 million speakers
- Eastern Visayas, some parts of Masbate, and some parts of Sorsogon
- Cebuano, Tagalog, English
- Its transmission: regional language, used in the local government, used in visual media, but not print media; taught in school from K to 3rd grade; in Mass (Waray Bible)
- ISO code: war

A Japanese dialect (Ainu) (2nd possible choice?)
- 10
- Hokkaido
- Japanese
- Its transmission: Rarely any as there’s only single digit number speakers at this point I believe.
- I think the estimate of finding text will be very small; I found this document about Ainu, but I had a hard time making it accessible https://www.degruyter.com/document/isbn/9781501502859/html
- ISO Code: ain

Tiwi (3rd choice)
- Polysynthetic language
- 2,040 speakers
- ISO code: tiw
- Bathurst and Melville Islands, Northern Terrority
- English
- Its transmission: 10% of it is taught to children
- https://ebible.org/tiw/MAT01.htm

[[Category:sp21_LanguageSelection]], [[Category:Waray]], [[Category:Ainu]], [[Category:Tiwi]]

User:Kthomps2/Language selection

2021-02-23T17:31:55Z

Kthomps2: Created page with "A Filipino dialect (Waray) (1st choice) - 2.6 million speakers - Eastern Visayas, some parts of Masbate, and some parts of Sorsogon - Cebuano, Tagalog, English - Its trans..."

A Filipino dialect (Waray) (1st choice)
- 2.6 million speakers
- Eastern Visayas, some parts of Masbate, and some parts of Sorsogon
- Cebuano, Tagalog, English
- Its transmission: regional language, used in the local government, used in visual media, but not print media; taught in school from K to 3rd grade; in Mass (Waray Bible)
-
- ISO code: war

- A Japanese dialect (Ainu) (2nd possible choice?)
- 10
- Hokkaido
- Japanese
- Its transmission: Rarely any as there’s only single digit number speakers at this point I believe.
- I think the estimate of finding text will be very small; I found this document about Ainu, but I had a hard time making it accessible https://www.degruyter.com/document/isbn/9781501502859/html
- ISO Code: ain

- Tiwi (3rd choice)
- Polysynthetic language
- 2,040 speakers
- ISO code: tiw
- Bathurst and Melville Islands, Northern Terrority
- English
- Its transmission: 10% of it is taught to children
- https://ebible.org/tiw/MAT01.htm

[[Category:sp21_LanguageSelection]], [[Category:Waray]], [[Category:Ainu]], [[Category:Tiwi]]

User:Kthomps2

2021-02-23T17:31:11Z

Kthomps2:

Hi! My name is Kayla (Kthomps2).
I am a French major and, hopefully at this point of time, will be a CS minor as well.

Some potential languages for I would like to work for class:
A Filipino dialect (Waray), A Japanese dialect (Ainu), Non-Asian dialect Tiwi

[[Category:sp21_students]]

User:Kthomps2

2021-02-23T16:46:33Z

Kthomps2:

User:Kthomps2

2021-02-16T18:55:56Z

Kthomps2:

Hi! My name is Kayla (Kthomps2).
I am a French major and, hopefully at this point of time, will be a CS minor as well.

Some potential languages for I would like to work for class:
- A Filipino dialect (Waray) (1)
- 2.6 million speakers
- Eastern Visayas, some parts of Masbate, and some parts of Sorsogon
- Cebuano, Tagalog, English
- Its transmission: regional language, used in the local government, used in visual media, but not print media; taught in school from K to 3rd grade; in Mass (Waray Bible)
- ISO code: war
- A Japanese dialect (Ainu)
- 10
- Hokkaido
- Japanese
- Its transmission: Rarely any as there’s only single digit number speakers at this point I believe.
https://www.degruyter.com/document/isbn/9781501502859/html
- ISO Code: ain

Tiwi
- Polysynthetic language
- 2,040 speakers
- ISO code: tiw
- Bathurst and Melville Islands, Northern Terrority
- English
- Its transmission: 10% of it is taught to children
- https://ebible.org/tiw/MAT01.htm

User:Kthomps2

2021-02-16T18:28:11Z

Kthomps2: My short introduction.

Hi! My name is Kayla (Kthomps2).
I am a French major and, hopefully at this point of time, will be a CS minor as well.

Some potential languages for I would like to work for class:
- Yukchin (A Korean dialect)
- (Waray) A Filipino dialect
- (Ainu) A Japanese dialect