LING073 - User contributions [en]

Japhug/Japhug and English

2023-05-09T22:40:32Z

Lho2: /* MT in jya-eng stats */

==Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Category:Japhug Japhug] and English==

===Developed resources===

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-eng-corpus Japhug-English corpus]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug_and_English/Lexical_selection#jya_.E2.86.92_eng Lexical selection]

==External resources==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-eng Apertium language pair for translating between Jiarong and English]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Monolingual Japhug transducer]

==Jya → Eng evaluation ==

coverage (number of forms analysed) of Japhug transducer on jya.sentences.txt: 76.98 %

coverage of bilingual transducer (jya-eng.automorf.bin) on the same file: 28.61 %

===10 sentences:===

====#1====
The original sentence:
<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu
</pre>
The intended English translation: A long time ago, there was a cat and a mouse

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^kɯɕɯŋgɯ<n><ind>/long time ago<cnjadv><ind>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^nɤki<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^lɯlu<n><ind>/cat<n><sg><ind>$ ^ci<det>/a<det><ind><sg>/one<num><sg>$ ^pjɤtu<cop><other>/be<vbser><other>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^tɕendɤre<cnj>/then<cnjadv>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^ci<det>/a<det><ind><sg>/one<num><sg>$ ^pjɤtu<cop><other>/be<vbser><other>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#long time ago , that, #cat a #be, then #mouse a #be
</pre>

====#2====
The original sentence:
<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti
</pre>

The intended English translation: The cat ate the mouse,

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^lɯlu<n><ind>/cat<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^nɤkinɯ<fill>/um<ij>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^ri<post>/at<pr>$ ^ndze<v><tv><ipfv>/eat<vblex><ipfv>$ ^ɕti<v><iv>/be<vbser>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#cat that with um, #mouse at #eat #be
</pre>

====#3====
The original sentence:

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi,
</pre>

The intended English translation: The mouse made friends with the sparrow,

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^chondɤre<com>/with<pr>$ ^nɤki<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^kumpɣɤtɕɯ<n><ind>/sparrow<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^βzaŋsa<n><ind>/friend<n><sg><ind>$ ^tonɯpa<v><tv><du>/made<vblex><pp><du>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#mouse with that, #sparrow that with #friend #made,
</pre>

====#4====
The original sentence:
<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici
</pre>

The intended English translation: The two of them become friends and got along well

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$ ^βzaŋsa<n><ind>/friend<n><sg><ind>$ ^tonɯpa<v><tv><du>/made<vblex><pp><du>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^wuma<adv>/very<adv>$ ^ɤmɯmi<v><iv><pii><du>/get along well<vblex><pii><du>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</pre>
Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#friend #made , very #get along well
</pre>

====#5====
The original sentence:
<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu
</pre>
The intended English translation: they always got together

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^maka<adv>/at all<adv>$ ^cici<adv>/sometimes<adv>$ ^ŋotɕu<prn>/wherever<adv>$ ^*jɤarɯrindʑi/*jɤarɯrindʑi$ ^*ʑo/*ʑo$ ^*tɯtɯrca/*tɯtɯrca$ ^ntsɯ<adv>/always<adv>$ ^*juɕendʑi/*juɕendʑi$ ^ŋu<v><iv><pii>/be<vbser><pii>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>
Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
at all sometimes wherever #each together always #go #be
</pre>

====#6====
The original sentence:
<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi
</pre>
The intended English translation: There was food to eat, they shared,

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^kɤndza<n><ind>/food<n><sg><ind>$ ^ci<det>/a<det><ind><sg>/one<num><sg>$ ^tu<v><iv>/be<vbser>/exist<vblex>$ ^*nɤ/*nɤ$ ^*pjɯnɯkrondʑi/*pjɯnɯkrondʑi$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>
Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#food a #be at #share
</pre>

====#7====
The original sentence:
<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl
</pre>

The intended English translation: Also, when there was something to play with, they played together

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^mɤʑɯ<adv>/again<adv>$ ^kɯmtɕhɯ<n><ind>/toy<n><sg><ind>$ ^fse<v><tv><prc><sbj><ind>/resemble<vblex><prc><sbj><ind>$ ^tu<v><iv><aor>/be<vbser><aor>/exist<vblex><aor>$ ^nɤ<post>/at<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^tɯɣrɤz<adv>/together<adv>$ ^nɤɣro<v><tv><ipfv><du>/play<vblex><inf><ipfv><du>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^ra<v><iv>/should<vbmod>$ ^ŋgrɤl<v><iv><pii>/usually like this<iv><pii>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
that again #toy #resemble #be at, together #play that #should #usually like this
</pre>

====#8====
The original sentence:
<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe
</pre>

The intended English translation: They were always trying to think of ways to evade that cat

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^tɕhi<prn>/what<prn>$ ^cha<v><iv><prc><obj><ind>/able<adj><prc><obj><ind>/can<vbmod><prc><obj><ind>$ ^pjɤl<v><tv><inf><ipfv>/evade<vblex><inf><ipfv>$ ^kowa<n><ind>/method<n><sg><ind>$ ^ntsɯ<adv>/always<adv>$ ^βzu<v><tv><ipfv><du>/make<vblex><ipfv><du>$ ^ŋu<v><iv><pii>/be<vbser><pii>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#what #able #evade #method always #make #be
</pre>

====#9====
The original sentence:
<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe.
</pre>

The intended English translation: The cat likes eating rat meat, and also likes sparrow meat.

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^lɯlu<n><ind>/cat<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^ɕa<n><px3sg>/meat<n><sg><px3sg>$ ^tɕi<adv>/also<adv>$ ^rga<v><iv><pii>/like<vblex><pii>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^pɣɤtɕɯ<n><ind>/bird<n><sg><ind>$ ^ɕa<n><px3sg>/meat<n><sg><px3sg>$ ^tɕi<adv>/also<adv>$ ^rga<v><iv><pii>/like<vblex><pii>$ ^ɕti<v><iv>/be<vbser>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#cat that with #mouse #meat also #like, #bird #meat also #like #be .
</pre>

====#10====
The original sentence:
<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe
</pre>

The intended English translation: since then, that mouse was very good at accumulating food

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$ ^nɯ maʁ nɤ<cnj>/or<cnjcoo>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^wuma<adv>/very<adv>$ ^rɤfsoʁ<v><iv><prc><obj><ind>/forage<vblex><prc><obj><ind>$ ^cha<v><iv><pii>/able<adj><pii>/can<vbmod><pii>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
or , #mouse that with very #forage #able
</pre>

===Additions ===
These are some additions we made to our bilingual transducer beyond the labs.

* 5000+ lemmas to our Japhug transducer

* 5 new features covered in our Japhug morphological analyzer, including: imperfective prefixes, the peg circumfix, proximal/distal demonstratives, redesigned verb patterns to match the slot-based prefix system in Japhug, number suffixes on verbs.

* 2 new structural transfer rules: NP rule to combine nouns and possessed nouns; DP rule to place determiner before noun, and to take ergative case from postposition; vP rule to combine adverbs and verbs. These were made in the process of meeting our original goal, to match the SVO word order in English (Japhug is usually SOV or OSV)

(details listed for our own reference)

===Final evaluation===

====Monolingual transducer stats====
*Updated precision and recall against the (updated) eval.test and eval.gold files:
<pre>
$ precisionRecall jya.eval.test.new.txt jya.eval.gold.txt
Totals: 79 forms, 221 tp, 155 fp, 0 tn, 87 fn
Precision: 58.77660%
Recall: 71.75325%
</pre>
*Coverage over the large corpus:
<pre>
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
16 ^ɣɯ/*ɣɯ$
14 ^lɤβzaŋ/*lɤβzaŋ$
11 ^cho/*cho$
10 ^qartshɤs/*qartshɤs$
8 ^rɟɤlpu/*rɟɤlpu$
8 ^rcanɯ/*rcanɯ$
8 ^qhe/*qhe$
8 ^je/*je$
8 ^jamɤn/*jamɤn$
7 ^tɕɤn/*tɕɤn$
6 ^nɯmbala/*nɯmbala$
6 ^ndɤ/*ndɤ$
6 ^lɤari/*lɤari$
6 ^kɯki/*kɯki$
5 ^wo/*wo$
5 ^tɯɣjɤn/*tɯɣjɤn$
5 ^lɤɣe/*lɤɣe$
5 ^kɯsthɯci/*kɯsthɯci$
5 ^ciŋglɯɣ/*ciŋglɯɣ$
4 ^ɲɯsɯsɤm/*ɲɯsɯsɤm$
coverage: 4463 / 5019 (~0.88922096035066746364)
remaining unknown forms: 556
ambiguity: 9939 / 5019 (~1.98027495517035265989)
jya.corpus Mon May 8 02:13:49 PM EDT 2023 4463/5019 ~0.88922096035066746364 \| 9939/5019 ~1.98027495517035265989
</pre>
*The number of words in the large corpus: 3999
*The number of stems in the transducer): 6646

====MT in jya-eng stats====
*WER and PER over longer corpus:

<pre>
Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 3013
Number of words in test: 2450
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 996
Percentage of unknown words: 40.65 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 3116
Word error rate (WER): 103.42 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 85
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 97.18 %
</pre>
*The proportion of stems translated correctly in the longer corpus: 100- 40.65 = 59.35%
*Trimmed coverage over longer corpora: ~0.90917159763313609467
*Trimmed coverage over large corpora: ~0.88922096035066746364
*The number of tokens in longer corpora: 307
*The number of tokens in large corpora: 556

[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-06T20:50:57Z

Lho2: /* Main differences from Standard Tibetan script */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106.

We try to follow the conventions for spelling Tibetan as much as possible, like keeping the vowel in the first or second consonant of a syllable.

===Main differences from Standard Tibetan script===
This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllable (a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

There are no uvular consonants in Standard Tibetan. In order to represent uvular consonants, we use the symbol "༹" to distinguish uvulars from their velar counterparts. For example, "q" is transcribed as "ཀ༹", corresponding to "k" that transcribes to "ཀ".

When continuant velar and uvular consonants are at the end of a syllable, they become "ག".

Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

There is no distinction between palatal and alveo-palatal sounds in standard Tibetan. We emailed Jacques, and he suggested us use velar+j to represent palatals, while keep alveo-palatals the same as standard Tibetan, because velar+i/j is very rare in Japhug. For example, palatal consonant "c" is transcribed as "ཀྱ", and its alveo-palatal counterpart "tɕ" is "ཅ"

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 61 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just transcribe a sample text from IPA to Tibetan script. After than, we manually check whether the transcription of each token makes sense.

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllable, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllable. We'll try to figure out some ways to standardize that.

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-06T20:48:41Z

Lho2:

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106.

We try to follow the conventions for spelling Tibetan as much as possible, like keeping the vowel in the first or second consonant of a syllable.

===Main differences from Standard Tibetan script===
This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllable (a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

There are no uvular consonants in Standard Tibetan. In order to represent uvular consonants, we use the symbol "༹" to distinguish uvulars from their velar counterparts. For example, "q" is transcribed as "ཀ༹", corresponding to "k" that transcribes to "ཀ".

When continuant velar and uvular consonants are at the end of a syllable, they become "ག".

Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

There are no distinguish between palatal and alveo-palatal in standard Tibetan. We emailed Jacques, and he suggested us use velar+j to represent palatals, while keep alveo-palatals the same as standard Tibetan, because velar+i/j is very rare in Japhug. For example, palatal consonant "c" is transcribed as "ཀྱ", and its alveo-palatal counterpart "tɕ" is "ཅ"

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 61 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just transcribe a sample text from IPA to Tibetan script. After than, we manually check whether the transcription of each token makes sense.

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllable, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllable. We'll try to figure out some ways to standardize that.

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

Japhug/Japhug and English

2023-05-06T19:41:18Z

Lho2:

==Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Category:Japhug Japhug] and English==

===Developed resources===

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-eng-corpus Japhug-English corpus]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug_and_English/Lexical_selection#jya_.E2.86.92_eng Lexical selection]

==External resources==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-eng Apertium language pair for translating between Jiarong and English]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Monolingual Japhug transducer]

==Jya → Eng evaluation ==

coverage (number of forms analysed) of Japhug transducer on jya.sentences.txt: 76.98 %

coverage of bilingual transducer (jya-eng.automorf.bin) on the same file: 28.61 %

===10 sentences:===

====#1====
The original sentence:
<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu
</pre>
The intended English translation: A long time ago, there was a cat and a mouse

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^kɯɕɯŋgɯ<n><ind>/long time ago<cnjadv><ind>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^nɤki<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^lɯlu<n><ind>/cat<n><sg><ind>$ ^ci<det>/a<det><ind><sg>/one<num><sg>$ ^pjɤtu<cop><other>/be<vbser><other>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^tɕendɤre<cnj>/then<cnjadv>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^ci<det>/a<det><ind><sg>/one<num><sg>$ ^pjɤtu<cop><other>/be<vbser><other>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#long time ago , that, #cat a #be, then #mouse a #be
</pre>

====#2====
The original sentence:
<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti
</pre>

The intended English translation: The cat ate the mouse,

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^lɯlu<n><ind>/cat<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^nɤkinɯ<fill>/um<ij>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^ri<post>/at<pr>$ ^ndze<v><tv><ipfv>/eat<vblex><ipfv>$ ^ɕti<v><iv>/be<vbser>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#cat that with um, #mouse at #eat #be
</pre>

====#3====
The original sentence:

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi,
</pre>

The intended English translation: The mouse made friends with the sparrow,

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^chondɤre<com>/with<pr>$ ^nɤki<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^kumpɣɤtɕɯ<n><ind>/sparrow<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^βzaŋsa<n><ind>/friend<n><sg><ind>$ ^tonɯpa<v><tv><du>/made<vblex><pp><du>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#mouse with that, #sparrow that with #friend #made,
</pre>

====#4====
The original sentence:
<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici
</pre>

The intended English translation: The two of them become friends and got along well

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$ ^βzaŋsa<n><ind>/friend<n><sg><ind>$ ^tonɯpa<v><tv><du>/made<vblex><pp><du>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^wuma<adv>/very<adv>$ ^ɤmɯmi<v><iv><pii><du>/get along well<vblex><pii><du>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</pre>
Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#friend #made , very #get along well
</pre>

====#5====
The original sentence:
<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu
</pre>
The intended English translation: they always got together

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^maka<adv>/at all<adv>$ ^cici<adv>/sometimes<adv>$ ^ŋotɕu<prn>/wherever<adv>$ ^*jɤarɯrindʑi/*jɤarɯrindʑi$ ^*ʑo/*ʑo$ ^*tɯtɯrca/*tɯtɯrca$ ^ntsɯ<adv>/always<adv>$ ^*juɕendʑi/*juɕendʑi$ ^ŋu<v><iv><pii>/be<vbser><pii>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>
Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
at all sometimes wherever #each together always #go #be
</pre>

====#6====
The original sentence:
<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi
</pre>
The intended English translation: There was food to eat, they shared,

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^kɤndza<n><ind>/food<n><sg><ind>$ ^ci<det>/a<det><ind><sg>/one<num><sg>$ ^tu<v><iv>/be<vbser>/exist<vblex>$ ^*nɤ/*nɤ$ ^*pjɯnɯkrondʑi/*pjɯnɯkrondʑi$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>
Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#food a #be at #share
</pre>

====#7====
The original sentence:
<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl
</pre>

The intended English translation: Also, when there was something to play with, they played together

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^mɤʑɯ<adv>/again<adv>$ ^kɯmtɕhɯ<n><ind>/toy<n><sg><ind>$ ^fse<v><tv><prc><sbj><ind>/resemble<vblex><prc><sbj><ind>$ ^tu<v><iv><aor>/be<vbser><aor>/exist<vblex><aor>$ ^nɤ<post>/at<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^tɯɣrɤz<adv>/together<adv>$ ^nɤɣro<v><tv><ipfv><du>/play<vblex><inf><ipfv><du>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^ra<v><iv>/should<vbmod>$ ^ŋgrɤl<v><iv><pii>/usually like this<iv><pii>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
that again #toy #resemble #be at, together #play that #should #usually like this
</pre>

====#8====
The original sentence:
<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe
</pre>

The intended English translation: They were always trying to think of ways to evade that cat

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^tɕhi<prn>/what<prn>$ ^cha<v><iv><prc><obj><ind>/able<adj><prc><obj><ind>/can<vbmod><prc><obj><ind>$ ^pjɤl<v><tv><inf><ipfv>/evade<vblex><inf><ipfv>$ ^kowa<n><ind>/method<n><sg><ind>$ ^ntsɯ<adv>/always<adv>$ ^βzu<v><tv><ipfv><du>/make<vblex><ipfv><du>$ ^ŋu<v><iv><pii>/be<vbser><pii>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#what #able #evade #method always #make #be
</pre>

====#9====
The original sentence:
<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe.
</pre>

The intended English translation: The cat likes eating rat meat, and also likes sparrow meat.

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^lɯlu<n><ind>/cat<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^ɕa<n><px3sg>/meat<n><sg><px3sg>$ ^tɕi<adv>/also<adv>$ ^rga<v><iv><pii>/like<vblex><pii>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^pɣɤtɕɯ<n><ind>/bird<n><sg><ind>$ ^ɕa<n><px3sg>/meat<n><sg><px3sg>$ ^tɕi<adv>/also<adv>$ ^rga<v><iv><pii>/like<vblex><pii>$ ^ɕti<v><iv>/be<vbser>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#cat that with #mouse #meat also #like, #bird #meat also #like #be .
</pre>

====#10====
The original sentence:
<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe
</pre>

The intended English translation: since then, that mouse was very good at accumulating food

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$ ^nɯ maʁ nɤ<cnj>/or<cnjcoo>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^wuma<adv>/very<adv>$ ^rɤfsoʁ<v><iv><prc><obj><ind>/forage<vblex><prc><obj><ind>$ ^cha<v><iv><pii>/able<adj><pii>/can<vbmod><pii>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
or , #mouse that with very #forage #able
</pre>

===Additions ===
These are some additions we made to our bilingual transducer beyond the labs.

* 5000+ lemmas to our Japhug transducer

* 5 new features covered in our Japhug morphological analyzer, including: imperfective prefixes, the peg circumfix, proximal/distal demonstratives, redesigned verb patterns to match the slot-based prefix system in Japhug, number suffixes on verbs.

* 2 new structural transfer rules: NP rule to combine nouns and possessed nouns; DP rule to place determiner before noun, and to take ergative case from postposition; vP rule to combine adverbs and verbs. These were made in the process of meeting our original goal, to match the SVO word order in English (Japhug is usually SOV or OSV)

(details listed for our own reference)

===Final evaluation===

[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug/Japhug and English

2023-05-06T19:36:03Z

Lho2:

==Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Category:Japhug Japhug] and English==

===Developed resources===

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-eng-corpus Japhug-English corpus]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug_and_English/Lexical_selection#jya_.E2.86.92_eng Lexical selection]

==External resources==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-eng Apertium language pair for translating between Jiarong and English]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Monolingual Japhug transducer]

==Jya → Eng evaluation ==

coverage (number of forms analysed) of Japhug transducer on jya.sentences.txt: 76.98 %

coverage of bilingual transducer (jya-eng.automorf.bin) on the same file: 28.61 %

===10 sentences:===

====#1====
The original sentence:
<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu
</pre>
The intended English translation: A long time ago, there was a cat and a mouse

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^kɯɕɯŋgɯ<n><ind>/long time ago<cnjadv><ind>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^nɤki<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^lɯlu<n><ind>/cat<n><sg><ind>$ ^ci<det>/a<det><ind><sg>/one<num><sg>$ ^pjɤtu<cop><other>/be<vbser><other>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^tɕendɤre<cnj>/then<cnjadv>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^ci<det>/a<det><ind><sg>/one<num><sg>$ ^pjɤtu<cop><other>/be<vbser><other>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#long time ago , that, #cat a #be, then #mouse a #be
</pre>

====#2====
The original sentence:
<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti
</pre>

The intended English translation: The cat ate the mouse,

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^lɯlu<n><ind>/cat<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^nɤkinɯ<fill>/um<ij>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^ri<post>/at<pr>$ ^ndze<v><tv><ipfv>/eat<vblex><ipfv>$ ^ɕti<v><iv>/be<vbser>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#cat that with um, #mouse at #eat #be
</pre>

====#3====
The original sentence:

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi,
</pre>

The intended English translation: The mouse made friends with the sparrow,

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^chondɤre<com>/with<pr>$ ^nɤki<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^kumpɣɤtɕɯ<n><ind>/sparrow<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^βzaŋsa<n><ind>/friend<n><sg><ind>$ ^tonɯpa<v><tv><du>/made<vblex><pp><du>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#mouse with that, #sparrow that with #friend #made,
</pre>

====#4====
The original sentence:
<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici
</pre>

The intended English translation: The two of them become friends and got along well

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$ ^βzaŋsa<n><ind>/friend<n><sg><ind>$ ^tonɯpa<v><tv><du>/made<vblex><pp><du>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^wuma<adv>/very<adv>$ ^ɤmɯmi<v><iv><pii><du>/get along well<vblex><pii><du>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</pre>
Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#friend #made , very #get along well
</pre>

====#5====
The original sentence:
<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu
</pre>
The intended English translation: they always got together

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^maka<adv>/at all<adv>$ ^cici<adv>/sometimes<adv>$ ^ŋotɕu<prn>/wherever<adv>$ ^*jɤarɯrindʑi/*jɤarɯrindʑi$ ^*ʑo/*ʑo$ ^*tɯtɯrca/*tɯtɯrca$ ^ntsɯ<adv>/always<adv>$ ^*juɕendʑi/*juɕendʑi$ ^ŋu<v><iv><pii>/be<vbser><pii>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>
Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
at all sometimes wherever #each together always #go #be
</pre>

====#6====
The original sentence:
<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi
</pre>
The intended English translation: There was food to eat, they shared,

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^kɤndza<n><ind>/food<n><sg><ind>$ ^ci<det>/a<det><ind><sg>/one<num><sg>$ ^tu<v><iv>/be<vbser>/exist<vblex>$ ^*nɤ/*nɤ$ ^*pjɯnɯkrondʑi/*pjɯnɯkrondʑi$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>
Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#food a #be at #share
</pre>

====#7====
The original sentence:
<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl
</pre>

The intended English translation: Also, when there was something to play with, they played together

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^mɤʑɯ<adv>/again<adv>$ ^kɯmtɕhɯ<n><ind>/toy<n><sg><ind>$ ^fse<v><tv><prc><sbj><ind>/resemble<vblex><prc><sbj><ind>$ ^tu<v><iv><aor>/be<vbser><aor>/exist<vblex><aor>$ ^nɤ<post>/at<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^tɯɣrɤz<adv>/together<adv>$ ^nɤɣro<v><tv><ipfv><du>/play<vblex><inf><ipfv><du>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^ra<v><iv>/should<vbmod>$ ^ŋgrɤl<v><iv><pii>/usually like this<iv><pii>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
that again #toy #resemble #be at, together #play that #should #usually like this
</pre>

====#8====
The original sentence:
<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe
</pre>

The intended English translation: They were always trying to think of ways to evade that cat

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^tɕhi<prn>/what<prn>$ ^cha<v><iv><prc><obj><ind>/able<adj><prc><obj><ind>/can<vbmod><prc><obj><ind>$ ^pjɤl<v><tv><inf><ipfv>/evade<vblex><inf><ipfv>$ ^kowa<n><ind>/method<n><sg><ind>$ ^ntsɯ<adv>/always<adv>$ ^βzu<v><tv><ipfv><du>/make<vblex><ipfv><du>$ ^ŋu<v><iv><pii>/be<vbser><pii>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#what #able #evade #method always #make #be
</pre>

====#9====
The original sentence:
<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe.
</pre>

The intended English translation: The cat likes eating rat meat, and also likes sparrow meat.

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^lɯlu<n><ind>/cat<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^ɕa<n><px3sg>/meat<n><sg><px3sg>$ ^tɕi<adv>/also<adv>$ ^rga<v><iv><pii>/like<vblex><pii>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^pɣɤtɕɯ<n><ind>/bird<n><sg><ind>$ ^ɕa<n><px3sg>/meat<n><sg><px3sg>$ ^tɕi<adv>/also<adv>$ ^rga<v><iv><pii>/like<vblex><pii>$ ^ɕti<v><iv>/be<vbser>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#cat that with #mouse #meat also #like, #bird #meat also #like #be .
</pre>

====#10====
The original sentence:
<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe
</pre>

The intended English translation: since then, that mouse was very good at accumulating food

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$ ^nɯ maʁ nɤ<cnj>/or<cnjcoo>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^wuma<adv>/very<adv>$ ^rɤfsoʁ<v><iv><prc><obj><ind>/forage<vblex><prc><obj><ind>$ ^cha<v><iv><pii>/able<adj><pii>/can<vbmod><pii>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
or , #mouse that with very #forage #able
</pre>

===Additions ===
These are some additions we made to our bilingual transducer beyond the labs:

* 5000+ lemmas to our Japhug transducer

* 5 new features covered in our Japhug morphological analyzer, including: imperfective prefixes, the peg circumfix, proximal/distal demonstratives, redesigned verb patterns to match the slot-based prefix system in Japhug, number suffixes on verbs.

* 2 new structural transfer rules: placing postpositions (translated to prepositions) before the noun, and placing demonstrative determiners before the noun. These were made in the process of meeting our original goal, to match the SVO word order in English (Japhug is usually SOV or OSV)

===Final evaluation===

[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug/Japhug and English

2023-05-06T19:35:02Z

Lho2:

==Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Category:Japhug Japhug] and English==

===Developed resources===

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-eng-corpus Japhug-English corpus]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug_and_English/Lexical_selection#jya_.E2.86.92_eng Lexical selection]

==External resources==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-eng Apertium language pair for translating between Jiarong and English]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Monolingual Japhug transducer]

==Jya → Eng evaluation ==

coverage (number of forms analysed) of Japhug transducer on jya.sentences.txt: 76.98 %

coverage of bilingual transducer (jya-eng.automorf.bin) on the same file: 28.61 %

===10 sentences:===

====#1====
The original sentence:
<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu
</pre>
The intended English translation: A long time ago, there was a cat and a mouse

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^kɯɕɯŋgɯ<n><ind>/long time ago<cnjadv><ind>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^nɤki<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^lɯlu<n><ind>/cat<n><sg><ind>$ ^ci<det>/a<det><ind><sg>/one<num><sg>$ ^pjɤtu<cop><other>/be<vbser><other>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^tɕendɤre<cnj>/then<cnjadv>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^ci<det>/a<det><ind><sg>/one<num><sg>$ ^pjɤtu<cop><other>/be<vbser><other>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#long time ago , that, #cat a #be, then #mouse a #be
</pre>

====#2====
The original sentence:
<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti
</pre>

The intended English translation: The cat ate the mouse,

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^lɯlu<n><ind>/cat<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^nɤkinɯ<fill>/um<ij>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^ri<post>/at<pr>$ ^ndze<v><tv><ipfv>/eat<vblex><ipfv>$ ^ɕti<v><iv>/be<vbser>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#cat that with um, #mouse at #eat #be
</pre>

====#3====
The original sentence:

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi,
</pre>

The intended English translation: The mouse made friends with the sparrow,

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^chondɤre<com>/with<pr>$ ^nɤki<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^kumpɣɤtɕɯ<n><ind>/sparrow<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^βzaŋsa<n><ind>/friend<n><sg><ind>$ ^tonɯpa<v><tv><du>/made<vblex><pp><du>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#mouse with that, #sparrow that with #friend #made,
</pre>

====#4====
The original sentence:
<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici
</pre>

The intended English translation: The two of them become friends and got along well

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$ ^βzaŋsa<n><ind>/friend<n><sg><ind>$ ^tonɯpa<v><tv><du>/made<vblex><pp><du>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^wuma<adv>/very<adv>$ ^ɤmɯmi<v><iv><pii><du>/get along well<vblex><pii><du>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</pre>
Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#friend #made , very #get along well
</pre>

====#5====
The original sentence:
<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu
</pre>
The intended English translation: they always got together

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^maka<adv>/at all<adv>$ ^cici<adv>/sometimes<adv>$ ^ŋotɕu<prn>/wherever<adv>$ ^*jɤarɯrindʑi/*jɤarɯrindʑi$ ^*ʑo/*ʑo$ ^*tɯtɯrca/*tɯtɯrca$ ^ntsɯ<adv>/always<adv>$ ^*juɕendʑi/*juɕendʑi$ ^ŋu<v><iv><pii>/be<vbser><pii>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>
Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
at all sometimes wherever #each together always #go #be
</pre>

====#6====
The original sentence:
<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi
</pre>
The intended English translation: There was food to eat, they shared,

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^kɤndza<n><ind>/food<n><sg><ind>$ ^ci<det>/a<det><ind><sg>/one<num><sg>$ ^tu<v><iv>/be<vbser>/exist<vblex>$ ^*nɤ/*nɤ$ ^*pjɯnɯkrondʑi/*pjɯnɯkrondʑi$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>
Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#food a #be at #share
</pre>

====#7====
The original sentence:
<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl
</pre>

The intended English translation: Also, when there was something to play with, they played together

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^mɤʑɯ<adv>/again<adv>$ ^kɯmtɕhɯ<n><ind>/toy<n><sg><ind>$ ^fse<v><tv><prc><sbj><ind>/resemble<vblex><prc><sbj><ind>$ ^tu<v><iv><aor>/be<vbser><aor>/exist<vblex><aor>$ ^nɤ<post>/at<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^tɯɣrɤz<adv>/together<adv>$ ^nɤɣro<v><tv><ipfv><du>/play<vblex><inf><ipfv><du>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^ra<v><iv>/should<vbmod>$ ^ŋgrɤl<v><iv><pii>/usually like this<iv><pii>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
that again #toy #resemble #be at, together #play that #should #usually like this
</pre>

====#8====
The original sentence:
<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe
</pre>

The intended English translation: They were always trying to think of ways to evade that cat

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^tɕhi<prn>/what<prn>$ ^cha<v><iv><prc><obj><ind>/able<adj><prc><obj><ind>/can<vbmod><prc><obj><ind>$ ^pjɤl<v><tv><inf><ipfv>/evade<vblex><inf><ipfv>$ ^kowa<n><ind>/method<n><sg><ind>$ ^ntsɯ<adv>/always<adv>$ ^βzu<v><tv><ipfv><du>/make<vblex><ipfv><du>$ ^ŋu<v><iv><pii>/be<vbser><pii>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#what #able #evade #method always #make #be
</pre>

====#9====
The original sentence:
<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe.
</pre>

The intended English translation: The cat likes eating rat meat, and also likes sparrow meat.

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^lɯlu<n><ind>/cat<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^ɕa<n><px3sg>/meat<n><sg><px3sg>$ ^tɕi<adv>/also<adv>$ ^rga<v><iv><pii>/like<vblex><pii>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^pɣɤtɕɯ<n><ind>/bird<n><sg><ind>$ ^ɕa<n><px3sg>/meat<n><sg><px3sg>$ ^tɕi<adv>/also<adv>$ ^rga<v><iv><pii>/like<vblex><pii>$ ^ɕti<v><iv>/be<vbser>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#cat that with #mouse #meat also #like, #bird #meat also #like #be .
</pre>

====#10====
The original sentence:
<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe
</pre>

The intended English translation: since then, that mouse was very good at accumulating food

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$ ^nɯ maʁ nɤ<cnj>/or<cnjcoo>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^wuma<adv>/very<adv>$ ^rɤfsoʁ<v><iv><prc><obj><ind>/forage<vblex><prc><obj><ind>$ ^cha<v><iv><pii>/able<adj><pii>/can<vbmod><pii>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
or , #mouse that with very #forage #able
</pre>

===Additions ===
These are some additions we made to our bilingual transducer beyond the labs:

* 5000+ lemmas to our Japhug transducer

* 5 new features covered in our Japhug morphological analyzer, including: imperfective prefixes, the peg circumfix, proximal/distal demonstratives, redesigned verb patterns to match the slot-based prefix system in Japhug, number suffixes on verbs.

* 2 new structural transfer rules. These were related to our original goal of placing the object after the verb (where Japhug is SOV or OSV usually). The rules were: placing postpositions (translated to prepositions) before the noun, and placing demonstrative determiners before the noun.

===Final evaluation===

[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug/Japhug and English

2023-05-06T19:34:45Z

Lho2:

==Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Category:Japhug Japhug] and English==

===Developed resources===

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-eng-corpus Japhug-English corpus]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug_and_English/Lexical_selection#jya_.E2.86.92_eng Lexical selection]

==External resources==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-eng Apertium language pair for translating between Jiarong and English]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Monolingual Japhug transducer]

==Jya → Eng evaluation ==

coverage (number of forms analysed) of Japhug transducer on jya.sentences.txt: 76.98 %

coverage of bilingual transducer (jya-eng.automorf.bin) on the same file: 28.61 %

===10 sentences:===

====#1====
The original sentence:
<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu
</pre>
The intended English translation: A long time ago, there was a cat and a mouse

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^kɯɕɯŋgɯ<n><ind>/long time ago<cnjadv><ind>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^nɤki<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^lɯlu<n><ind>/cat<n><sg><ind>$ ^ci<det>/a<det><ind><sg>/one<num><sg>$ ^pjɤtu<cop><other>/be<vbser><other>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^tɕendɤre<cnj>/then<cnjadv>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^ci<det>/a<det><ind><sg>/one<num><sg>$ ^pjɤtu<cop><other>/be<vbser><other>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#long time ago , that, #cat a #be, then #mouse a #be
</pre>

====#2====
The original sentence:
<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti
</pre>

The intended English translation: The cat ate the mouse,

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^lɯlu<n><ind>/cat<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^nɤkinɯ<fill>/um<ij>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^ri<post>/at<pr>$ ^ndze<v><tv><ipfv>/eat<vblex><ipfv>$ ^ɕti<v><iv>/be<vbser>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#cat that with um, #mouse at #eat #be
</pre>

====#3====
The original sentence:

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi,
</pre>

The intended English translation: The mouse made friends with the sparrow,

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^chondɤre<com>/with<pr>$ ^nɤki<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^kumpɣɤtɕɯ<n><ind>/sparrow<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^βzaŋsa<n><ind>/friend<n><sg><ind>$ ^tonɯpa<v><tv><du>/made<vblex><pp><du>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#mouse with that, #sparrow that with #friend #made,
</pre>

====#4====
The original sentence:
<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici
</pre>

The intended English translation: The two of them become friends and got along well

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$ ^βzaŋsa<n><ind>/friend<n><sg><ind>$ ^tonɯpa<v><tv><du>/made<vblex><pp><du>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^wuma<adv>/very<adv>$ ^ɤmɯmi<v><iv><pii><du>/get along well<vblex><pii><du>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</pre>
Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#friend #made , very #get along well
</pre>

====#5====
The original sentence:
<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu
</pre>
The intended English translation: they always got together

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^maka<adv>/at all<adv>$ ^cici<adv>/sometimes<adv>$ ^ŋotɕu<prn>/wherever<adv>$ ^*jɤarɯrindʑi/*jɤarɯrindʑi$ ^*ʑo/*ʑo$ ^*tɯtɯrca/*tɯtɯrca$ ^ntsɯ<adv>/always<adv>$ ^*juɕendʑi/*juɕendʑi$ ^ŋu<v><iv><pii>/be<vbser><pii>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>
Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
at all sometimes wherever #each together always #go #be
</pre>

====#6====
The original sentence:
<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi
</pre>
The intended English translation: There was food to eat, they shared,

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^kɤndza<n><ind>/food<n><sg><ind>$ ^ci<det>/a<det><ind><sg>/one<num><sg>$ ^tu<v><iv>/be<vbser>/exist<vblex>$ ^*nɤ/*nɤ$ ^*pjɯnɯkrondʑi/*pjɯnɯkrondʑi$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>
Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#food a #be at #share
</pre>

====#7====
The original sentence:
<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl
</pre>

The intended English translation: Also, when there was something to play with, they played together

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^mɤʑɯ<adv>/again<adv>$ ^kɯmtɕhɯ<n><ind>/toy<n><sg><ind>$ ^fse<v><tv><prc><sbj><ind>/resemble<vblex><prc><sbj><ind>$ ^tu<v><iv><aor>/be<vbser><aor>/exist<vblex><aor>$ ^nɤ<post>/at<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^tɯɣrɤz<adv>/together<adv>$ ^nɤɣro<v><tv><ipfv><du>/play<vblex><inf><ipfv><du>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^ra<v><iv>/should<vbmod>$ ^ŋgrɤl<v><iv><pii>/usually like this<iv><pii>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
that again #toy #resemble #be at, together #play that #should #usually like this
</pre>

====#8====
The original sentence:
<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe
</pre>

The intended English translation: They were always trying to think of ways to evade that cat

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^tɕhi<prn>/what<prn>$ ^cha<v><iv><prc><obj><ind>/able<adj><prc><obj><ind>/can<vbmod><prc><obj><ind>$ ^pjɤl<v><tv><inf><ipfv>/evade<vblex><inf><ipfv>$ ^kowa<n><ind>/method<n><sg><ind>$ ^ntsɯ<adv>/always<adv>$ ^βzu<v><tv><ipfv><du>/make<vblex><ipfv><du>$ ^ŋu<v><iv><pii>/be<vbser><pii>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#what #able #evade #method always #make #be
</pre>

====#9====
The original sentence:
<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe.
</pre>

The intended English translation: The cat likes eating rat meat, and also likes sparrow meat.

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^lɯlu<n><ind>/cat<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^ɕa<n><px3sg>/meat<n><sg><px3sg>$ ^tɕi<adv>/also<adv>$ ^rga<v><iv><pii>/like<vblex><pii>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^pɣɤtɕɯ<n><ind>/bird<n><sg><ind>$ ^ɕa<n><px3sg>/meat<n><sg><px3sg>$ ^tɕi<adv>/also<adv>$ ^rga<v><iv><pii>/like<vblex><pii>$ ^ɕti<v><iv>/be<vbser>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#cat that with #mouse #meat also #like, #bird #meat also #like #be .
</pre>

====#10====
The original sentence:
<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe
</pre>

The intended English translation: since then, that mouse was very good at accumulating food

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$ ^nɯ maʁ nɤ<cnj>/or<cnjcoo>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^wuma<adv>/very<adv>$ ^rɤfsoʁ<v><iv><prc><obj><ind>/forage<vblex><prc><obj><ind>$ ^cha<v><iv><pii>/able<adj><pii>/can<vbmod><pii>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
or , #mouse that with very #forage #able
</pre>

===Additions ===
These are some additions we made to our bilingual transducer beyond the labs:

* 5000+ lemmas to our Japhug transducer

* 2 new structural transfer rules. These were related to our original goal of placing the object after the verb (where Japhug is SOV or OSV usually). The rules were: placing postpositions (translated to prepositions) before the noun, and placing demonstrative determiners before the noun.

* 5 new features covered in our Japhug morphological analyzer, including: imperfective prefixes, the peg circumfix, proximal/distal demonstratives, redesigned verb patterns to match the slot-based prefix system in Japhug, number suffixes on verbs.

===Final evaluation===

[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-05-04T18:03:53Z

Lho2:

{{comment|all transferMorphTests should include lemmas with the tags, not full forms -JNW}}

1. For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpa{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}} make{{tag|vblex}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.|These (the children) like school.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} rga{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}}

2. Japhug generally uses postpositions to express relative position (i.e., locative postpositions zɯ, tɕu and ri), whereas English uses prepositions.
{{comment|no need for subcategory tags on your postpositions, just like English doesn't have them for prepositions. Just use <tag>post</tag>. -JNW}}
* {{transferTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe tɕe, tʂu tɕu ɲɤmtsɯr.|They went, and on the road they were hungry.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɕe{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|auto}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}, tʂu{{tag|n}} tɕu{{tag|post}} mtsɯr{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} go{{tag|vblex}}, and{{tag|lnk}} on{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} be{{tag|aux}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|pl}} hungry{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ambro ɯjme zɯ kɤzo.|Land on my horse's tail.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|mbro{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}} jme{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} zɯ{{tag|post}} zo{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|Land{{tag|vblex}} on{{tag|pr}} my{{tag|adv}} horse{{tag|n}}{{tag|poss}} tail{{tag|n}}}}

3. Japhug expresses negation by a prefix on the verb, where English requires an adverb like "not" (and often an auxiliary verb like "did").

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|aʑo mɯpɯrɤʑia.|I was not present.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|aʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} rɤʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|1sg}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} be{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}}{{tag|neg}} present{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|khramba kɤβzu mɤpe.|Telling lies is not good.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|khramba{{tag|n}} βzu{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} pe{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}|Telli{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ipfv}} lie{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|v}} not{{tag|adv}} good{{tag|adj}}}}
{{comment|Where's negation in this second example? -JNW }}

4. The Japhug causative prefix on verbs would generally require a complementary clause with a verb like "made" on the "original" subject of the verb (i.e., the agent being "caused" to perform the action described by the verb).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo kɯ nɤʑo pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa.|They caused me to see you.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} kɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|erg}} nɤʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}} mto{{tag|v}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|caus}}{{tag|1sg}}|He{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} cause{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}}{{tag|obj}} to{{tag|aux}} see{{tag|vblex}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|tɤʑɣɤɕɯfka.|Eat your fill!}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|fka{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|refl}}{{tag|caus}}|Eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} fill{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}

{{comment|Is this "eat until you're full" or "eat your fill"? -JNW}}

5. Japhug verbs can take dual (-ndʑi) and plural (-nɯ) indexation suffixes, that can take the place of second or third person dual/plural pronouns as the object of the verb. E.g., a clause can consist of an intransitive verb alone, with a dual prefix in place of its argument. However it doesn't always do this, it can simply be an agreement with the object(s).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ nɯ ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ toβzundʑi tɕe.|They made two piles from the bones.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ{{tag|n}} nɯ{{tag|dem}} ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ{{tag|n}} βzu{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|du}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}} make{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} two{{tag|adj}} pile{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} from{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} bone{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|maka ɯtaʁ mɯpjɤpenɯ.|They were not good to him.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|maka{{tag|adv}} ɯtaʁ{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} mɯpjɤpenɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|pl}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}} were{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}} good{{tag|adj}} to{{tag|pr}} him{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-05-04T17:54:51Z

Lho2:

{{comment|all transferMorphTests should include lemmas with the tags, not full forms -JNW}}

1. For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpa{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}} make{{tag|vblex}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.|These (the children) like school.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} rga{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}}

2. Japhug generally uses postpositions to express relative position (i.e., locative postpositions zɯ, tɕu and ri), whereas English uses prepositions.
{{comment|no need for subcategory tags on your postpositions, just like English doesn't have them for prepositions. Just use <tag>post</tag>. -JNW}}
* {{transferTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe tɕe, tʂu tɕu ɲɤmtsɯr.|They went, and on the road they were hungry.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɕe{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|auto}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}, tʂu{{tag|n}} tɕu{{tag|post}} mtsɯr{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} go{{tag|vblex}}, and{{tag|lnk}} on{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} be{{tag|aux}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|pl}} hungry{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ambro ɯjme zɯ kɤzo.|Land on my horse's tail.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|mbro{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}} jme{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} zɯ{{tag|post}} zo{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|Land{{tag|vblex}} on{{tag|pr}} my{{tag|adv}} horse{{tag|n}}{{tag|poss}} tail{{tag|n}}}}

3. Japhug expresses negation by a prefix on the verb, where English requires an adverb like "not" (and often an auxiliary verb like "did").

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|aʑo mɯpɯrɤʑia.|I was not present.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|aʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} rɤʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|1sg}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} be{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}}{{tag|neg}} present{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|khramba kɤβzu mɤpe.|Telling lies is not good.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|khramba{{tag|n}} βzu{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} pe{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}|Telling{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ipfv}} lie{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|v}} not{{tag|adv}} good{{tag|adj}}}}
{{comment|Where's negation in this second example? -JNW }}

4. The Japhug causative prefix on verbs would generally require a complementary clause with a verb like "made" on the "original" subject of the verb (i.e., the agent being "caused" to perform the action described by the verb).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo kɯ nɤʑo pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa.|They caused me to see you.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} kɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|erg}} nɤʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}} mto{{tag|v}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|caus}}{{tag|1sg}}|He{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} cause{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}}{{tag|obj}} to{{tag|aux}} see{{tag|vblex}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|tɤʑɣɤɕɯfka.|Eat your fill!}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|fka{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|refl}}{{tag|caus}}|Eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} fill{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}

{{comment|Is this "eat until you're full" or "eat your fill"? -JNW}}

5. Japhug verbs can take dual (-ndʑi) and plural (-nɯ) indexation suffixes, that can take the place of second or third person dual/plural pronouns as the object of the verb. E.g., a clause can consist of an intransitive verb alone, with a dual prefix in place of its argument. However it doesn't always do this, it can simply be an agreement with the object(s).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ nɯ ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ toβzundʑi tɕe.|They made two piles from the bones.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ{{tag|n}} nɯ{{tag|dem}} ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ{{tag|n}} βzu{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|du}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}} make{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} two{{tag|adj}} pile{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} from{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} bone{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|maka ɯtaʁ mɯpjɤpenɯ.|They were not good to him.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|maka{{tag|adv}} ɯtaʁ{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} mɯpjɤpenɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|pl}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}} were{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}} good{{tag|adj}} to{{tag|pr}} him{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-05-04T17:23:21Z

Lho2:

{{comment|all transferMorphTests should include lemmas with the tags, not full forms -JNW}}

1. For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpa{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}} make{{tag|vblex}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.|These (the children) like school.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} ɲɯrganɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}}

2. Japhug generally uses postpositions to express relative position (i.e., locative postpositions zɯ, tɕu and ri), whereas English uses prepositions.
{{comment|no need for subcategory tags on your postpositions, just like English doesn't have them for prepositions. Just use <tag>post</tag>. -JNW}}
* {{transferTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe tɕe, tʂu tɕu ɲɤmtsɯr.|They went, and on the road they were hungry.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|auto}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}, tʂu{{tag|n}} tɕu{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} ɲɤmtsɯr{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} went{{tag|vblex}}, and{{tag|lnk}} on{{tag|pr}}{{tag|loc}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} were{{tag|aux}}{{tag|past}} hungry{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ambro ɯjme zɯ kɤzo.|Land on my horse's tail.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ambro{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}} ɯjme{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} zɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} kɤzo{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|Land{{tag|vblex}} on{{tag|pr}}{{tag|loc}} my{{tag|adv}} horse's{{tag|n}}{{tag|poss}} tail{{tag|n}}}}

3. Japhug expresses negation by a prefix on the verb, where English requires an adverb like "not" (and often an auxiliary verb like "did").

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|aʑo mɯpɯrɤʑia.|I was not present.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|aʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} mɯpɯrɤʑia{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pst}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} was{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}}{{tag|neg}} present{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|khramba kɤβzu mɤpe.|Telling lies is not good.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|khramba{{tag|n}} kɤβzu{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} mɤpe{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}|Telling{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ipfv}} lies{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} is{{tag|v}} not{{tag|adv}} good{{tag|adj}}}}
{{comment|Where's negation in this second example? -JNW }}

4. The Japhug causative prefix on verbs would generally require a complementary clause with a verb like "made" on the "original" subject of the verb (i.e., the agent being "caused" to perform the action described by the verb).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo kɯ nɤʑo pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa.|They caused me to see you.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} kɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|erg}} nɤʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}} pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa{{tag|v}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|caus}}{{tag|1sg}}|He{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} caused{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}}{{tag|obj}} to{{tag|aux}} see{{tag|vblex}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|tɤʑɣɤɕɯfka.|Eat to your fill!}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|tɤʑɣɤɕɯfka{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|caus}}|Eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} to{{tag|pr}} your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} fill{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}

{{comment|Is this "eat until you're full" or "eat your fill"? -JNW}}

5. Japhug verbs can take dual (-ndʑi) and plural (-nɯ) indexation suffixes, that can take the place of second or third person dual/plural pronouns as the object of the verb. E.g., a clause can consist of an intransitive verb alone, with a dual prefix in place of its argument. However it doesn't always do this, it can simply be an agreement with the object(s).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ nɯ ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ toβzundʑi tɕe.|They made two piles from the bones.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ{{tag|n}} nɯ{{tag|dem}} ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ{{tag|n}} toβzundʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|du}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} two{{tag|adj}} piles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} from{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} bones{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|maka ɯtaʁ mɯpjɤpenɯ.|They were not good to him.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|maka{{tag|adv}} ɯtaʁ{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} mɯpjɤpenɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|pl}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}} were{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}} good{{tag|adj}} to{{tag|pr}} him{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug and English/Structural Transfer

2023-04-27T15:15:39Z

Lho2:

Initial WER: 100%

Initial PER: 100%

[[Category: Japhug]] [[Category: Sp23 StructuralTransfer]]

Japhug and English/Structural Transfer

2023-04-27T15:15:13Z

Lho2: Created page with "Category: Japhug Category: Sp23 StructuralTransfer"

[[Category: Japhug]] [[Category: Sp23 StructuralTransfer]]

Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-27T14:44:37Z

Lho2:

1. For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpandʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.|These (the children) like school.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} ɲɯrganɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}}

2. Japhug generally uses postpositions to express relative position (i.e., locative postpositions zɯ, tɕu and ri), whereas English uses prepositions.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe tɕe, tʂu tɕu ɲɤmtsɯr.|They went, and on the road they were hungry.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|auto}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}, tʂu{{tag|n}} tɕu{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} ɲɤmtsɯr{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} went{{tag|vblex}}, and{{tag|lnk}} on{{tag|pr}}{{tag|loc}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} were{{tag|aux}}{{tag|past}} hungry{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ambro ɯjme zɯ kɤzo.|Land on my horse's tail.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ambro{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}} ɯjme{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} zɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} kɤzo{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|Land{{tag|vblex}} on{{tag|pr}}{{tag|loc}} my{{tag|adv}} horse's{{tag|n}}{{tag|poss}} tail{{tag|n}}}}

3. Japhug expresses negation by a prefix on the verb, where English requires an adverb like "not" (and often an auxiliary verb like "did").

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|aʑo mɯpɯrɤʑia.|I was not present.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|aʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} mɯpɯrɤʑia{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pst}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} was{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}}{{tag|neg}} present{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|khramba kɤβzu mɤpe.|Telling lies is bad.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|khramba{{tag|n}} kɤβzu{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} mɤpe{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}|Telling{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ipfv}} lies{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} is{{tag|v}} bad{{tag|adj}}}}

4. The Japhug causative prefix on verbs would generally require a complementary clause with a verb like "made" on the "original" subject of the verb (i.e., the agent being "caused" to perform the action described by the verb).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo kɯ nɤʑo pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa.|They caused me to see you.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} kɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|erg}} nɤʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}} pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa{{tag|v}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|caus}}{{tag|1sg}}|He{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} caused{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}}{{tag|obj}} to{{tag|aux}} see{{tag|vblex}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}}}}

5. Japhug verbs can take dual (-ndʑi) and plural (-nɯ) indexation suffixes, that can take the place of second or third person dual/plural pronouns as the object of the verb. E.g., a clause can consist of an intransitive verb alone, with a dual prefix in place of its argument. However it doesn't always do this, it can simply be an agreement with the object(s).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ nɯ ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ toβzundʑi tɕe.|They made two piles from the bones.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ{{tag|n}} nɯ{{tag|dem}} ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ{{tag|n}} toβzundʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|du}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} two{{tag|adj}} piles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} from{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} bones{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|maka ɯtaʁ mɯpjɤpenɯ.|They were not good to him.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|maka{{tag|adv}} ɯtaʁ{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} mɯpjɤpenɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|pl}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}} were{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}} good{{tag|adj}} to{{tag|pr}} him{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-27T14:32:12Z

Lho2:

1. For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpandʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.|Those (the children) like school.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} ɲɯrganɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}}

2. Japhug generally uses postpositions to express relative position (i.e., locative postpositions zɯ, tɕu and ri), whereas English uses prepositions.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe tɕe, tʂu tɕu ɲɤmtsɯr.|They went, and on the road they were hungry.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|auto}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}, tʂu{{tag|n}} tɕu{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} ɲɤmtsɯr{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} went{{tag|vblex}}, and{{tag|lnk}} on{{tag|pr}}{{tag|loc}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} were{{tag|aux}}{{tag|past}} hungry{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ambro ɯjme zɯ kɤzo.|Land on my horse's tail.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ambro{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}} ɯjme{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} zɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} kɤzo{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|Land{{tag|vblex}} on{{tag|pr}}{{tag|loc}} my{{tag|adv}} horse's{{tag|n}}{{tag|poss}} tail{{tag|n}}}}

3. Japhug expresses negation by a prefix on the verb, where English requires an adverb like "not" (and often an auxiliary verb like "did").

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|aʑo mɯpɯrɤʑia.|I was not present.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|aʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} mɯpɯrɤʑia{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pst}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} was{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}}{{tag|neg}} present{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|khramba kɤβzu mɤpe.|Telling lies is bad.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|khramba{{tag|n}} kɤβzu{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} mɤpe{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}|Telling{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ipfv}} lies{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} is{{tag|v}} bad{{tag|adj}}}}

4. The Japhug causative prefix on verbs would generally require a complementary clause with a verb like "made" on the "original" subject of the verb (i.e., the agent being "caused" to perform the action described by the verb).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo kɯ nɤʑo pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa.|They caused me to see you.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} kɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|erg}} nɤʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}} pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa{{tag|v}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|caus}}{{tag|1sg}}|He{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} caused{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}}{{tag|obj}} to{{tag|aux}} see{{tag|vblex}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}}}}

5. Japhug verbs can take dual (-ndʑi) and plural (-nɯ) indexation suffixes, that can take the place of second or third person dual/plural pronouns as the object of the verb. E.g., a clause can consist of an intransitive verb alone, with a dual prefix in place of its argument. However it doesn't always do this, it can simply be an agreement with the object(s).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ nɯ ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ toβzundʑi tɕe.|They made two piles from the bones.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ{{tag|n}} nɯ{{tag|dem}} ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ{{tag|n}} toβzundʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|du}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} two{{tag|adj}} piles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} from{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} bones{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|maka ɯtaʁ mɯpjɤpenɯ.|They were not good to him.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|maka{{tag|adv}} ɯtaʁ{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} mɯpjɤpenɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|pl}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}} were{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}} good{{tag|adj}} to{{tag|pr}} him{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-27T14:30:04Z

Lho2:

1. For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpandʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.|Those (the children) like school.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} ɲɯrganɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}}

2. Japhug generally uses postpositions to express relative position (i.e., locative postpositions zɯ, tɕu and ri), whereas English uses prepositions.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe tɕe, tʂu tɕu ɲɤmtsɯr.|They went, and on the road they were hungry.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|auto}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}, tʂu{{tag|n}} tɕu{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} ɲɤmtsɯr{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} went{{tag|vblex}}, and{{tag|lnk}} on{{tag|pr}}{{tag|loc}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} were{{tag|aux}}{{tag|past}} hungry{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ambro ɯjme zɯ kɤzo.|Land on my horse's tail.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ambro{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}} ɯjme{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} zɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} kɤzo{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|Land{{tag|vblex}} on{{tag|pr}}{{tag|loc}} my{{tag|adv}} horse's{{tag|n}}{{tag|poss}} tail{{tag|n}}}}

3. Japhug expresses negation by a prefix on the verb, where English requires an adverb like "not" (and often an auxiliary verb like "did").

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|aʑo mɯpɯrɤʑia.|I was not present.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|aʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} mɯpɯrɤʑia{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pst}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} was{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}}{{tag|neg}} present{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|khramba kɤβzu mɤpe.|Telling lies is bad.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|khramba{{tag|n}} kɤβzu{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} mɤpe{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}|Telling{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ipfv}} lies{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} is{{tag|v}} bad{{tag|adj}}}}

4. The Japhug causative prefix on verbs would generally require a complementary clause with a verb like "made" on the "original" subject of the verb (i.e., the agent being "caused" to perform the action described by the verb).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo kɯ nɤʑo pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa.|They caused me to see you.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} kɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|erg}} nɤʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}} pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa{{tag|v}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|caus}}{{tag|1sg}}|He{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} caused{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}}{{tag|obj}} to{{tag|aux}} see{{tag|vblex}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}}}}

5. Japhug verbs can take dual (-ndʑi) and plural (-nɯ) indexation suffixes, that can take the place of second or third person dual/plural pronouns as the object of the verb. E.g., a clause can consist of an intransitive verb alone, with a dual prefix in place of its argument. However it doesn't always do this, it can simply be an agreement with the object(s).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ nɯ ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ toβzundʑi tɕe.|They made two piles from the bones.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ{{tag|n}} nɯ{{tag|dem}} ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ{{tag|n}} toβzundʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|du}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} two{{tag|adj}} piles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} from{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} bones{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|maka ɯtaʁ mɯpjɤpenɯ.|They were not good to him.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|maka{{tag|adv}} ɯtaʁ{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} mɯpjɤpenɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|pl}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-20T22:15:04Z

Lho2:

1. For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpandʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.|Those (the children) like school.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} ɲɯrganɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}}

2. Japhug generally uses postpositions to express relative position (i.e., locative postpositions zɯ, tɕu and ri), whereas English uses prepositions.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe tɕe, tʂu ɲɤmtsɯr.|They went, and on the road they were hungry.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|auto}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}, tʂu{{tag|n}} tɕu{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} ɲɤmtsɯr{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} went{{tag|vblex}}, and{{tag|lnk}} on{{tag|pr}}{{tag|loc}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} were{{tag|aux}}{{tag|past}} hungry{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ambro ɯjme zɯ kɤzo.|Land on my horse's tail.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ambro{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}} ɯjme{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} zɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} kɤzo{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|Land{{tag|vblex}} on{{tag|pr}}{{tag|loc}} my{{tag|adv}} horse's{{tag|n}}{{tag|poss}} tail{{tag|n}}}}

3. Japhug expresses negation by a prefix on the verb, where English requires an adverb like "not" (and often an auxiliary verb like "did").

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|aʑo mɯpɯrɤʑia.|I was not present.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|aʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} mɯpɯrɤʑia{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pst}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} was{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}}{{tag|neg}} present{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|khramba kɤβzu mɤpe.|Telling lies is bad.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|khramba{{tag|n}} kɤβzu{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} mɤpe{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}|Telling{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ipfv}} lies{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} is{{tag|v}} bad{{tag|adj}}}}

4. The Japhug causative prefix on verbs would generally require a complementary clause with a verb like "made" on the "original" subject of the verb (i.e., the agent being "caused" to perform the action described by the verb).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo kɯ nɤʑo pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa.|They caused me to see you.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} kɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|erg}} nɤʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}} pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa{{tag|v}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|caus}}{{tag|1sg}}|He{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} caused{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}}{{tag|obj}} to{{tag|aux}} see{{tag|vblex}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}}}}

5. Japhug verbs can take dual (-ndʑi) and plural (-nɯ) indexation suffixes, that can take the place of second or third person dual/plural pronouns as the object of the verb. E.g., a clause can consist of an intransitive verb alone, with a dual prefix in place of its argument. However it doesn't always do this, it can simply be an agreement with the object(s).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ nɯ ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ toβzundʑi tɕe.|They made two piles from the bones.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ{{tag|n}} nɯ{{tag|dem}} ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ{{tag|n}} toβzundʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|du}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} two{{tag|adj}} piles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} from{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} bones{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|maka ɯtaʁ mɯpjɤpenɯ.|They were not good to him.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|maka{{tag|adv}} ɯtaʁ{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} mɯpjɤpenɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|pl}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-20T22:02:32Z

Lho2:

1. For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpandʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.|Those (the children) like school.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} ɲɯrganɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}}

2. Japhug generally uses postpositions to express relative position (i.e., locative postpositions zɯ, tɕu and ri), whereas English uses prepositions.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe tɕe, tʂu ɲɤmtsɯr.|They went, and on the road they were hungry.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|auto}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}, tʂu{{tag|n}} tɕu{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} ɲɤmtsɯr{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} went{{tag|vblex}}, and{{tag|lnk}} on{{tag|p}}{{tag|loc}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} were{{tag|aux}}{{tag|past}} hungry{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ambro ɯjme zɯ kɤzo.|Land on my horse's tail.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ambro{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}} ɯjme{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} zɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} kɤzo{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|Land{{tag|vblex}} on{{tag|p}}{{tag|loc}} my{{tag|adv}} horse's{{tag|n}}{{tag|poss}} tail{{tag|n}}}}

3. Japhug expresses negation by a prefix on the verb, where English requires an adverb like "not" (and often an auxiliary verb like "did").

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|aʑo mɯpɯrɤʑia.|I was not present.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|aʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} mɯpɯrɤʑia{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pst}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} was{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}}{{tag|neg}} present{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|khramba kɤβzu mɤpe.|Telling lies is bad.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|khramba{{tag|n}} kɤβzu{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} mɤpe{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}|Telling{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ipfv}} lies{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} is{{tag|v}} bad{{tag|adj}}}}

4. The Japhug causative prefix on verbs would generally require a complementary clause with a verb like "made" on the "original" subject of the verb (i.e., the agent being "caused" to perform the action described by the verb).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo kɯ nɤʑo pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa.|They caused me to see you.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} kɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|erg}} nɤʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}} pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa{{tag|v}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|caus}}{{tag|1sg}}|He{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} caused{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}}{{tag|obj}} to{{tag|aux}} see{{tag|vblex}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}}}}

5. Japhug verbs can take dual (-ndʑi) and plural (-nɯ) indexation suffixes, that can take the place of second or third person dual/plural pronouns as the object of the verb. E.g., a clause can consist of an intransitive verb alone, with a dual prefix in place of its argument. However it doesn't always do this, it can simply be an agreement with the object(s).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ nɯ ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ toβzundʑi tɕe.|They made two piles from the bones.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ{{tag|n}} nɯ{{tag|dem}} ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ{{tag|n}} toβzundʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|du}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} two{{tag|adj}} piles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} from{{tag|p}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} bones{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|maka ɯtaʁ mɯpjɤpenɯ.|They were not good to him.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|maka{{tag|adv}} ɯtaʁ{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} mɯpjɤpenɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|pl}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-20T21:52:48Z

Lho2:

1. For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpandʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.|Those (the children) like school.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} ɲɯrganɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}}

2. Japhug generally uses postpositions to express relative position (i.e., locative postpositions zɯ, tɕu and ri), whereas English uses prepositions.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe tɕe, tʂu ɲɤmtsɯr.|They went, and on the road they were hungry.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|auto}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}, tʂu{{tag|n}} tɕu{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} ɲɤmtsɯr{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} went{{tag|vblex}}, and{{tag|lnk}} on{{tag|p}}{{tag|loc}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} were{{tag|aux}}{{tag|past}} hungry{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ambro ɯjme zɯ kɤzo.|Land on my horse's tail.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ambro{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}} ɯjme{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} zɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} kɤzo{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|Land{{tag|vblex}} on{{tag|p}}{{tag|loc}} my{{tag|adv}} horse's{{tag|n}}{{tag|poss}} tail{{tag|n}}}}

3. Japhug expresses negation by a prefix on the verb, where English requires an adverb like "not" (and often an auxiliary verb like "did").

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|aʑo mɯpɯrɤʑia.|I was not present.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|aʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} mɯpɯrɤʑia{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pst}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} was{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}}{{tag|neg}} present{{tag|vblex}}}}

4. The Japhug causative prefix on verbs would generally require a complementary clause with a verb like "made" on the "original" subject of the verb (i.e., the agent being "caused" to perform the action described by the verb).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo kɯ nɤʑo pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa.|They caused me to see you.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} kɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|erg}} nɤʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}} pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa{{tag|v}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|caus}}{{tag|1sg}}|He{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} caused{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}}{{tag|obj}} to{{tag|aux}} see{{tag|vblex}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}}}}

5. Japhug verbs can take dual (-ndʑi) and plural (-nɯ) indexation suffixes, that can take the place of second or third person dual/plural pronouns as the object of the verb. E.g., a clause can consist of an intransitive verb alone, with a dual prefix in place of its argument. However it doesn't always do this, it can simply be an agreement with the object(s).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ nɯ ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ toβzundʑi tɕe.|They made two piles from the bones.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ{{tag|n}} nɯ{{tag|dem}} ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ{{tag|n}} toβzundʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|du}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} two{{tag|adj}} piles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} from{{tag|p}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} bones{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|maka ɯtaʁ mɯpjɤpenɯ.|They were not good to him.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|maka{{tag|adv}} ɯtaʁ{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} mɯpjɤpenɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|pl}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-20T21:52:03Z

Lho2:

1. For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpandʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.|Those (the children) like school.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} ɲɯrganɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}}

2. Japhug generally uses postpositions to express relative position (i.e., locative postpositions zɯ, tɕu and ri), whereas English uses prepositions.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe tɕe, tʂu ɲɤmtsɯr.|They went, and on the road they were hungry.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|auto}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}, tʂu{{tag|n}} tɕu{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} ɲɤmtsɯr{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} went{{tag|vblex}}, and{{tag|lnk}} on{{tag|p}}{{tag|loc}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} were{{tag|aux}}{{tag|past}} hungry{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ambro ɯjme zɯ kɤzo.|Land on my horse's tail.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ambro{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}} ɯjme{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} zɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} kɤzo{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|Land{{tag|vblex}} on{{tag|p}}{{tag|loc}} my{{tag|adv}} horse's{{tag|n}}{{tag|poss}} tail{{tag|n}}}}

3. Japhug expresses negation by a prefix on the verb, where English requires an adverb like "not" (and often an auxiliary verb like "did").

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|aʑo mɯpɯrɤʑia.|I was not present.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|aʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} mɯpɯrɤʑia{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pst}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} was{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}}{{tag|neg}} present{{tag|vblex}}}}

4. The Japhug causative prefix on verbs would generally require a complementary clause with a verb like "made" on the "original" subject of the verb (i.e., the agent being "caused" to perform the action described by the verb).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo kɯ nɤʑo pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa.|They caused me to see you.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} kɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|erg}} nɤʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}} pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa{{tag|v}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|caus}}{{tag|1sg}}|He{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} caused{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}}{{tag|obj}} to{{tag|aux}} see{{tag|vblex}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}}}}

4. Japhug verbs can take dual (-ndʑi) and plural (-nɯ) indexation suffixes, that can take the place of second or third person dual/plural pronouns as the object of the verb. E.g., a clause can consist of an intransitive verb alone, with a dual prefix in place of its argument. However it doesn't always do this, it can simply be an agreement with the object(s).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ nɯ ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ toβzundʑi tɕe.|They made two piles from the bones.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ{{tag|n}} nɯ{{tag|dem}} ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ{{tag|n}} toβzundʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|du}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} two{{tag|adj}} piles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} from{{tag|p}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} bones{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|maka ɯtaʁ mɯpjɤpenɯ.|They were not good to him.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|maka{{tag|adv}} ɯtaʁ{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} mɯpjɤpenɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|pl}}}}

5. (No hard rule) Certain adverbs in English (like "together") generally come after the verb, whereas their equivalents in Japhug generally come before.

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-20T21:48:40Z

Lho2:

1. For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpandʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.|Those (the children) like school.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} ɲɯrganɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}}

2. Japhug generally uses postpositions to express relative position (i.e., locative postpositions zɯ, tɕu and ri), whereas English uses prepositions.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe tɕe, tʂu ɲɤmtsɯr.|They went, and on the road they were hungry.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|auto}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}, tʂu{{tag|n}} tɕu{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} ɲɤmtsɯr{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} went{{tag|vblex}}, and{{tag|lnk}} on{{tag|p}}{{tag|loc}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} were{{tag|aux}}{{tag|past}} hungry{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ambro ɯjme zɯ kɤzo.|Land on my horse's tail.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ambro{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}} ɯjme{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} zɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} kɤzo{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|Land{{tag|vblex}} on{{tag|p}}{{tag|loc}} my{{tag|adv}} horse's{{tag|n}}{{tag|poss}} tail{{tag|n}}}}

3. The negation prefix and causative prefixes (among other verb prefixes) in Japhug would generally need to be expressed using separate words in English, like "not" or "cause to". In the case of the (simple) negative prefix, generally the adverb "not" would need to be added before the verb; if no auxiliary is present, the auxiliary "did" (agreeing with tense) would be added too. In the case of the causative prefix, an additional verb like "caused (to)" would need to be added before the "original" subject of the verb (i.e., "cat" in the sentence "I caused the cat to purr.").

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|aʑo mɯpɯrɤʑia.|I was not present.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|aʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} mɯpɯrɤʑia{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pst}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} was{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}}{{tag|neg}} present{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo kɯ nɤʑo pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa.|They caused me to see you.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} kɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|erg}} nɤʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}} pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa{{tag|v}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|caus}}{{tag|1sg}}|He{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} caused{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}}{{tag|obj}} to{{tag|aux}} see{{tag|vblex}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}}}}

4. Japhug verbs can take dual (-ndʑi) and plural (-nɯ) indexation suffixes, that can take the place of second or third person dual/plural pronouns as the object of the verb. E.g., a clause can consist of an intransitive verb alone, with a dual prefix in place of its argument. However it doesn't always do this, it can simply be an agreement with the object(s).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ nɯ ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ toβzundʑi tɕe.|They made two piles from the bones.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ{{tag|n}} nɯ{{tag|dem}} ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ{{tag|n}} toβzundʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|du}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} two{{tag|adj}} piles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} from{{tag|p}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} bones{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|maka ɯtaʁ mɯpjɤpenɯ.|They were not good to him.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|maka{{tag|adv}} ɯtaʁ{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} mɯpjɤpenɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|pl}}}}

5. (No hard rule) Certain adverbs in English (like "together") generally come after the verb, whereas their equivalents in Japhug generally come before.

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-20T21:45:18Z

Lho2:

1. For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpandʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.|Those (the children) like school.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} ɲɯrganɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}}

2. Japhug generally uses postpositions to express relative position (i.e., locative postpositions zɯ, tɕu and ri), whereas English uses prepositions.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe tɕe, tʂu ɲɤmtsɯr.|They went, and on the road they were hungry.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|auto}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}, tʂu{{tag|n}} tɕu{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} ɲɤmtsɯr{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} went{{tag|vblex}}, and{{tag|lnk}} on{{tag|p}}{{tag|loc}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} were{{tag|aux}}{{tag|past}} hungry{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ambro ɯjme zɯ kɤzo.|Land on my horse's tail.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ambro{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}} ɯjme{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} zɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} kɤzo{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|Land{{tag|vblex}} on{{tag|p}}{{tag|loc}} my{{tag|adv}} horse's{{tag|n}}{{tag|poss}} tail{{tag|n}}}}

3. The negation prefix and causative prefixes (among other verb prefixes) in Japhug would generally need to be expressed using separate words in English, like "not" or "cause to". In the case of the (simple) negative prefix, generally the adverb "not" would need to be added before the verb; if no auxiliary is present, the auxiliary "did" (agreeing with tense) would be added too. In the case of the causative prefix, an additional verb like "caused (to)" would need to be added before the "original" subject of the verb (i.e., "cat" in the sentence "I caused the cat to purr.").

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|aʑo mɯpɯrɤʑia.|I was not present.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|aʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} mɯpɯrɤʑia{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pst}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} was{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}}{{tag|neg}} present{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo kɯ nɤʑo pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa.|They caused me to see you.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} kɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|erg}} nɤʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}} pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa{{tag|v}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|caus}}{{tag|1sg}}|He{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} caused{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}}{{tag|obj}} to{{tag|aux}} see{{tag|vblex}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}}}}

4. Japhug verbs can take dual (-ndʑi) and plural (-nɯ) indexation suffixes, that can take the place of second or third person dual/plural pronouns as the object of the verb. E.g., a clause can consist of an intransitive verb alone, with a dual prefix in place of its argument. However it doesn't always do this, it can simply be an agreement with the object(s).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ nɯ ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ toβzundʑi tɕe.|They made two piles from the bones.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ{{tag|n}} nɯ{{tag|dem}} ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ{{tag|n}} toβzundʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|du}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} two{{tag|adj}} piles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} from{{tag|p}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} bones{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

5. (No hard rule) Certain adverbs in English (like "together") generally come after the verb, whereas their equivalents in Japhug generally come before.

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-20T21:42:15Z

Lho2:

1. For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpandʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.|Those (the children) like school.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} ɲɯrganɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}}

2. Japhug generally uses postpositions to express relative position (i.e., locative postpositions zɯ, tɕu and ri), whereas English uses prepositions.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe tɕe, tʂu ɲɤmtsɯr.|They went, and on the road they were hungry.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|auto}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}, tʂu{{tag|n}} tɕu{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} ɲɤmtsɯr{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} went{{tag|vblex}}, and{{tag|lnk}} on{{tag|p}}{{tag|loc}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} were{{tag|aux}}{{tag|past}} hungry{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ambro ɯjme zɯ kɤzo.|Land on my horse's tail.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ambro{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}} ɯjme{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} zɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} kɤzo{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|Land{{tag|vblex}} on{{tag|p}}{{tag|loc}} my{{tag|adv}} horse's{{tag|n}}{{tag|poss}} tail{{tag|n}}}}

3. The negation prefix and causative prefixes (among other verb prefixes) in Japhug would generally need to be expressed using separate words in English, like "not" or "cause to". In the case of the (simple) negative prefix, generally the adverb "not" would need to be added before the verb; if no auxiliary is present, the auxiliary "did" (agreeing with tense) would be added too. In the case of the causative prefix, an additional verb like "caused (to)" would need to be added before the "original" subject of the verb (i.e., "cat" in the sentence "I caused the cat to purr.").

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|aʑo mɯpɯrɤʑia.|I was not present.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|aʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} mɯpɯrɤʑia{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pst}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} was{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}}{{tag|neg}} present{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo kɯ nɤʑo pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa.|They caused me to see you.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} kɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|erg}} nɤʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}} pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa{{tag|v}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|caus}}{{tag|1sg}}|He{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} caused{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}}{{tag|obj}} to{{tag|aux}} see{{tag|vblex}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}}}}

4. Japhug verbs can take dual (-ndʑi) and plural (-nɯ) indexation suffixes, that can take the place of second or third person dual/plural pronouns as the object of the verb. E.g., a clause can consist of an intransitive verb alone, with a dual prefix in place of its argument.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ nɯ ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ toβzundʑi tɕe.|They made two piles from the bones.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ{{tag|n}} nɯ{{tag|dem}} ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ{{tag|n}} toβzundʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|du}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} two{{tag|adj}} piles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} from{{tag|p}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} bones{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

5. (No hard rule) Certain adverbs in English (like "together") generally come after the verb, whereas their equivalents in Japhug generally come before.

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-20T21:25:50Z

Lho2:

1. For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpandʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.|Those (the children) like school.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} ɲɯrganɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}}

2. Japhug generally uses postpositions to express relative position (i.e., locative postpositions zɯ, tɕu and ri), whereas English uses prepositions.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe tɕe, tʂu ɲɤmtsɯr.|They went, and on the road they were hungry.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|auto}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}, tʂu{{tag|n}} tɕu{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} ɲɤmtsɯr{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} went{{tag|vblex}}, and{{tag|lnk}} on{{tag|p}}{{tag|loc}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} were{{tag|aux}}{{tag|past}} hungry{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ambro ɯjme zɯ kɤzo.|Land on my horse's tail.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ambro{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}} ɯjme{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} zɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} kɤzo{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|Land{{tag|vblex}} on{{tag|p}}{{tag|loc}} my{{tag|adv}} horse's{{tag|n}}{{tag|poss}} tail{{tag|n}}}}

3. The negation prefix and causative prefixes (among other verb prefixes) in Japhug would generally need to be expressed using separate words in English, like "not" or "cause to". In the case of the (simple) negative prefix, generally the adverb "not" would need to be added before the verb; if no auxiliary is present, the auxiliary "did" (agreeing with tense) would be added too. In the case of the causative prefix, an additional verb like "caused (to)" would need to be added before the "original" subject of the verb (i.e., "cat" in the sentence "I caused the cat to purr.").

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|aʑo mɯpɯrɤʑia.|I was not present.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|aʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} mɯpɯrɤʑia{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pst}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} was{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}}{{tag|neg}} present{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo kɯ nɤʑo pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa.|They caused me to see you.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} kɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|erg}} nɤʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}} pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa{{tag|v}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|caus}}{{tag|1sg}}|He{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} caused{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}}{{tag|obj}} to{{tag|aux}} see{{tag|vblex}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}}}}

4. Japhug verbs can have number suffixes that agree with the subject, that can obviate an explicit object in the clause. An equivalent English clause would require an explicit object like "them" or "them both" to express the same thing.

5. (No hard rule) Certain adverbs in English (like "together") generally come after the verb, whereas their equivalents in Japhug generally come before.

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-20T21:21:50Z

Lho2:

1. For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpandʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.|Those (the children) like school.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} ɲɯrganɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}}

2. Japhug generally uses postpositions to express relative position (i.e., locative postpositions zɯ, tɕu and ri), whereas English uses prepositions.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe tɕe, tʂu ɲɤmtsɯr.|They went, and on the road they were hungry.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|auto}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}, tʂu{{tag|n}} tɕu{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} ɲɤmtsɯr{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} went{{tag|vblex}}, and{{tag|lnk}} on{{tag|p}}{{tag|loc}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} were{{tag|aux}}{{tag|past}} hungry{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ambro ɯjme zɯ kɤzo.|Land on my horse's tail.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ambro{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}} ɯjme{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} zɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} kɤzo{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|Land{{tag|vblex}} on{{tag|p}}{{tag|loc}} my{{tag|adv}} horse's{{tag|n}}{{tag|poss}} tail{{tag|n}}}}

3. The negation prefix and causative prefixes (among other verb prefixes) in Japhug would generally need to be expressed using separate words in English, like "not" or "cause to".

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|aʑo mɯpɯrɤʑia.|I was not present.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|aʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} mɯpɯrɤʑia{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pst}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} was{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}}{{tag|neg}} present{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo kɯ nɤʑo pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa.|They caused me to see you.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} kɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|erg}} nɤʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}} pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa{{tag|v}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|caus}}{{tag|1sg}}|He{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} caused{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}}{{tag|obj}} to{{tag|aux}} see{{tag|vblex}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}}}}

4. Japhug verbs can have number suffixes that agree with the subject, that can obviate an explicit object in the clause. An equivalent English clause would require an explicit object like "them" or "them both" to express the same thing.

5. (No hard rule) Certain adverbs in English (like "together") generally come after the verb, whereas their equivalents in Japhug generally come before.

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-20T21:15:32Z

Lho2:

Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-20T21:14:37Z

Lho2:

Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-20T21:14:21Z

Lho2:

Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-20T21:05:31Z

Lho2:

Japhug/Japhug and English/Contrastive grammar

2023-04-20T20:57:51Z

Lho2: Replaced content with "moved to https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug_and_English/ContrastiveGrammars"

moved to https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug_and_English/ContrastiveGrammars

Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-20T20:57:35Z

Lho2:

Japhug/Japhug and English/Contrastive grammar

2023-04-20T15:39:05Z

Lho2:

Japhug/Japhug and English/Contrastive grammar

2023-04-20T15:38:47Z

Lho2:

Japhug/Japhug and English/Contrastive grammar

2023-04-20T15:31:02Z

Lho2:

Japhug/Japhug and English/Contrastive grammar

2023-04-20T15:29:50Z

Lho2:

Japhug/Japhug and English/Contrastive grammar

2023-04-20T15:28:47Z

Lho2:

Japhug/Japhug and English/Contrastive grammar

2023-04-20T15:27:24Z

Lho2:

For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpandʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.|Those (the children) like school.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} ɲɯrganɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}}

* Japhug generally uses postpositions, whereas English uses prepositions.

* The negation prefix and causative prefixes in Japhug would generally need to be expressed using separate words in English, like "not" or "cause to".

* Japhug verbs can have number suffixes that agree with the subject, that can obviate an explicit object in the clause. An equivalent English clause would require an explicit object like "them" or "them both" to express the same thing.

* (No hard rule) Certain adverbs in English (like "together") generally come after the verb, whereas their equivalents in Japhug generally come before.

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug/Japhug and English/Contrastive grammar

2023-04-20T15:27:15Z

Lho2:

For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
\t : {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpandʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

\t (Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.|Those (the children) like school.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} ɲɯrganɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}}

* Japhug generally uses postpositions, whereas English uses prepositions.

* The negation prefix and causative prefixes in Japhug would generally need to be expressed using separate words in English, like "not" or "cause to".

* Japhug verbs can have number suffixes that agree with the subject, that can obviate an explicit object in the clause. An equivalent English clause would require an explicit object like "them" or "them both" to express the same thing.

* (No hard rule) Certain adverbs in English (like "together") generally come after the verb, whereas their equivalents in Japhug generally come before.

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug/Japhug and English/Contrastive grammar

2023-04-20T15:25:45Z

Lho2:

Japhug/Japhug and English/Contrastive grammar

2023-04-20T15:25:32Z

Lho2:

* For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

{{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpandʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

{{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.|Those (the children) like school.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} ɲɯrganɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}}

* Japhug generally uses postpositions, whereas English uses prepositions.

* The negation prefix and causative prefixes in Japhug would generally need to be expressed using separate words in English, like "not" or "cause to".

* Japhug verbs can have number suffixes that agree with the subject, that can obviate an explicit object in the clause. An equivalent English clause would require an explicit object like "them" or "them both" to express the same thing.

* (No hard rule) Certain adverbs in English (like "together") generally come after the verb, whereas their equivalents in Japhug generally come before.

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug/Japhug and English/Contrastive grammar

2023-04-20T15:18:45Z

Lho2:

* For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

{{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpandʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|(They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}}) made{{tag|vblex}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

* Japhug generally uses postpositions, whereas English uses prepositions.

* The negation prefix and causative prefixes in Japhug would generally need to be expressed using separate words in English, like "not" or "cause to".

* Japhug verbs can have number suffixes that agree with the subject, that can obviate an explicit object in the clause. An equivalent English clause would require an explicit object like "them" or "them both" to express the same thing.

* (No hard rule) Certain adverbs in English (like "together") generally come after the verb, whereas their equivalents in Japhug generally come before.

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug/Japhug and English/Contrastive grammar

2023-04-20T15:17:33Z

Lho2:

* For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi ^βzaŋsa<n><ind>/friend<n><sg><ind>$ ^tonɯpa<v><tv><du>/made<vblex><pp><du>$

(They) made friends. (Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

{{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpandʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|(They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* Japhug generally uses postpositions, whereas English uses prepositions.

* The negation prefix and causative prefixes in Japhug would generally need to be expressed using separate words in English, like "not" or "cause to".

* Japhug verbs can have number suffixes that agree with the subject, that can obviate an explicit object in the clause. An equivalent English clause would require an explicit object like "them" or "them both" to express the same thing.

* (No hard rule) Certain adverbs in English (like "together") generally come after the verb, whereas their equivalents in Japhug generally come before.

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug/Japhug and English/Contrastive grammar

2023-04-20T15:13:42Z

Lho2:

* For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi ^βzaŋsa<n><ind>/friend<n><sg><ind>$ ^tonɯpa<v><tv><du>/made<vblex><pp><du>$

(They) made friends. (Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

* Japhug generally uses postpositions, whereas English uses prepositions.

* The negation prefix and causative prefixes in Japhug would generally need to be expressed using separate words in English, like "not" or "cause to".

* Japhug verbs can have number suffixes that agree with the subject, that can obviate an explicit object in the clause. An equivalent English clause would require an explicit object like "them" or "them both" to express the same thing.

* (No hard rule) Certain adverbs in English (like "together") generally come after the verb, whereas their equivalents in Japhug generally come before.

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug/Japhug and English/Contrastive grammar

2023-04-20T15:13:09Z

Lho2: Created page with "* For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb. βzaŋsa ton..."

* For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi ^βzaŋsa<n><ind>/friend<n><sg><ind>$ ^tonɯpa<v><tv><du>/made<vblex><pp><du>$

(They) made friends. (Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

* Japhug generally uses postpositions, whereas English uses prepositions.

* The negation prefix and causative prefixes in Japhug would generally need to be expressed using separate words in English, like "not" or "cause to".

* Japhug verbs can have number suffixes that agree with the subject, that can obviate an explicit object in the clause. An equivalent English clause would require an explicit object like "them" or "them both" to express the same thing.

* (No hard rule) Certain adverbs in English (like "together") generally come after the verb, whereas their equivalents in Japhug generally come before.

Japhug/Japhug and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-04-20T15:12:32Z

Lho2:

* For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi ^βzaŋsa<n><ind>/friend<n><sg><ind>$ ^tonɯpa<v><tv><du>/made<vblex><pp><du>$

(They) made friends. (Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

* Japhug generally uses postpositions, whereas English uses prepositions.

* The negation prefix and causative prefixes in Japhug would generally need to be expressed using separate words in English, like "not" or "cause to".

* Japhug verbs can have number suffixes that agree with the subject, that can obviate an explicit object in the clause. An equivalent English clause would require an explicit object like "them" or "them both" to express the same thing.

* (No hard rule) Certain adverbs in English (like "together") generally come after the verb, whereas their equivalents in Japhug generally come before.

Japhug/Japhug and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-04-20T15:12:07Z

Lho2:

* For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi ^βzaŋsa<n><ind>/friend<n><sg><ind>$ ^tonɯpa<v><tv><du>/made<vblex><pp><du>$

(They) made friends.

* Japhug generally uses postpositions, whereas English uses prepositions.

* The negation prefix and causative prefixes in Japhug would generally need to be expressed using separate words in English, like "not" or "cause to".

* Japhug verbs can have number suffixes that agree with the subject, that can obviate an explicit object in the clause. An equivalent English clause would require an explicit object like "them" or "them both" to express the same thing.

* (No hard rule) Certain adverbs in English (like "together") generally come after the verb, whereas their equivalents in Japhug generally come before.

Japhug/Japhug and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-04-20T15:09:04Z

Lho2:

* For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

* Japhug generally uses postpositions, whereas English uses prepositions.

* The negation prefix and causative prefixes in Japhug would generally need to be expressed using separate words in English, like "not" or "cause to".

* Japhug verbs can have number suffixes that agree with the object, that can obviate an explicit object in the clause. An equivalent English clause would require an explicit object like "them" or "them both" to express the same thing.

* (No hard rule) Certain adverbs in English (like "together") generally come after the verb, whereas their equivalents in Japhug generally come before.

Japhug/Japhug and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-04-20T15:03:03Z

Lho2:

* For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

* Japhug generally uses postpositions, whereas English uses prepositions.

* The negation prefix and causative prefixes in Japhug would generally need to be expressed using separate words in English, like "not" or "cause to".

* Japhug verbs can have number suffixes that agree with the object, that can obviate an explicit object in the clause. An equivalent English clause would require an explicit object like "them" or "them both" to express the same thing.

* (Not as strong) Certain adverbs in English (like "together") generally come after the verb, whereas their equivalents in Japhug generally come before.

Japhug/Japhug and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-04-20T14:59:06Z

Lho2:

Japhug/Japhug and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-04-20T14:55:36Z

Lho2: Created page with "* For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb."

* For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

Japhug/Japhug and English

2023-04-13T22:42:28Z

Lho2: