LING073 - User contributions [en]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T19:05:50Z

Mchalfo1: /* Next Steps */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan. Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script. There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

==Process==

===Difficulties===
Any work with languages will face difficulties. Below are some of the difficulties I am dealing with:
====Language and Resources====
Being an Indigenous language from Taiwan, there is not as wide of acess and number of resources and documentation when compared to a language such as Chinese. Resources and documentation available on Paiwan have a variety of issues such as being non-copyable (makes problems for compiling a corpus); not in a language I can read (I do not know Chinese); have lots of Chinese or English words spread throughout; or are from linguistics publications and have morpheme boundaries built into teh Paiwan sentences (useful for anaysis but not for compiling the corpus).
====Dialects====
There are multiple dialects and dialect groups in Paiwan. These groupings are not consistent from author to author. In addition, there are a number of ways teh dilaects and dialect groups are named and called, including within the literature, making it even more difficult to find multiple publications on a single Paiwan dialect.
====Orthography====
There are a few different orthographies and spelling, some which are varied because of dialect, some which are varied because of the author. This provides difficulty not just because of the problems with dialect categorization, but because it is not always clear which characters in the Paiwan community orthography relate to the characters used by linguists.
====Affixes====
There are many affixes in Paiwan, sometimes with multiple forms (see [[Mchalfo1/Final_Project | Voice]]). Many of the prefixes and suffixes are simple to implement (thought there are a few difficult ones), but infixes, which regardless of number of kinds are commonly used in Paiwan, are not a simple process with Apertium. In addition, I hope that once I reach a better understanding of which verbs take which forms of affix (for those with multiple) the verbs will fall into simple, defined categories, though all my training as a linguist suggests that this will not be the case.
====Technology====
I do not have a computer science background, which makes fixing certain issues difficult, and I cannot automate certain tasks. This can prove especially problematic when trying to evalute the accuracy of my system. Another way technology provides difficulty for the future of this project is because of me being about to graduate. I will not have access to computers that are set up to do this, and would need to set this up on my own with my own system, something I know is possible, but am not sure how well I can do.

===Next Steps===
Although I am about to graduate, I do not plan on letting go of this project once I leave Haverford (and the TriCo).
* Focus in on one dialect (to improve specificy, accuracy, and usefulness)
* Research morphology deeper (necessary to better understand how to make the system work)
* Expand corpus (better knowledge of what I'm missing)
** textbooks
** linguistic publications
** www.Klokah.tw dictionary and resources
* Expand Lexicon
* Add twol and rlx rules

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Personal Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| tiaken || niaken || tjanuaken
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| tisun || nisun || tjanusun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| timadju || nimadju || tjaymadju
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || titjen || nitjen || tjanuitjen
|-
| Exclusive || tiamen || niamen || tjanuamen
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| timun || nimun || tjanumun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| tiamadju || nimadju || tj(a)iamadju
|}

The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes. The genitive bound pronouns can also be used to mark possession.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Clitic (bound) Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| =(a)ken || ku=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)sun || su=
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || =(i)tjen || tja=
|-
| Exclusive || =(a)men || nia=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)mun || nu=
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! Personal? !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
| Singular || ti || ni || tjay
|-
| Plural || tia || nia || tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a || nua/na || tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
====Total Corpus====
These numbers are as of 5/5/2023
* Coverage: 54.6%
* Ambiguity: ~1.06



Number of tokens:
* Full Corpus: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106


====Lexicon Counts====
* Lexicons: 37
* Lexicon entries: 370
* Patterns: 12
* Pattern entries: 24

Root Lexicons:
* NounRoot: 107
* ProperNounRoot: 149
* VerbRoot: 14
* NumberRoot: 10
* PronounRoot: 7
* NomCliticPronoun: 5
* GenCliticPronoun: 5
* AdverbRoot: 2
* CaseMarkerRoot: 5
* PrepositionRoot: 1
* Tens: 1
* NumberAnd: 1
* SayRoot: 1
* BeHaveRoot: 1
* Link: 1

Morphology Lexicons:
* MarkerCase: 3
* VerbPrefix: 4
* VerbSuffix: 2
* Infix: 2
* ConjuntionPrefix: 1
* PronounCase: 3
* LocativeAffix: 1

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Paiwan Genesis Chapters 1-3: https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_pwn_gen-1
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.
* https://abvd.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=177

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T19:04:24Z

Mchalfo1:

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan. Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script. There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

==Process==

===Difficulties===
Any work with languages will face difficulties. Below are some of the difficulties I am dealing with:
====Language and Resources====
Being an Indigenous language from Taiwan, there is not as wide of acess and number of resources and documentation when compared to a language such as Chinese. Resources and documentation available on Paiwan have a variety of issues such as being non-copyable (makes problems for compiling a corpus); not in a language I can read (I do not know Chinese); have lots of Chinese or English words spread throughout; or are from linguistics publications and have morpheme boundaries built into teh Paiwan sentences (useful for anaysis but not for compiling the corpus).
====Dialects====
There are multiple dialects and dialect groups in Paiwan. These groupings are not consistent from author to author. In addition, there are a number of ways teh dilaects and dialect groups are named and called, including within the literature, making it even more difficult to find multiple publications on a single Paiwan dialect.
====Orthography====
There are a few different orthographies and spelling, some which are varied because of dialect, some which are varied because of the author. This provides difficulty not just because of the problems with dialect categorization, but because it is not always clear which characters in the Paiwan community orthography relate to the characters used by linguists.
====Affixes====
There are many affixes in Paiwan, sometimes with multiple forms (see [[Mchalfo1/Final_Project | Voice]]). Many of the prefixes and suffixes are simple to implement (thought there are a few difficult ones), but infixes, which regardless of number of kinds are commonly used in Paiwan, are not a simple process with Apertium. In addition, I hope that once I reach a better understanding of which verbs take which forms of affix (for those with multiple) the verbs will fall into simple, defined categories, though all my training as a linguist suggests that this will not be the case.
====Technology====
I do not have a computer science background, which makes fixing certain issues difficult, and I cannot automate certain tasks. This can prove especially problematic when trying to evalute the accuracy of my system. Another way technology provides difficulty for the future of this project is because of me being about to graduate. I will not have access to computers that are set up to do this, and would need to set this up on my own with my own system, something I know is possible, but am not sure how well I can do.

===Next Steps===
Although I am about to graduate, I do not plan on letting go of this project once I leave Haverford (and the TriCo).
* Focus in on one dialect
* Research morphology deeper
* Expand corpus
** textbooks
** linguistic publications
** www.Klokah.tw dictionary and resources
* Expand Lexicon
* Add twol and rlx rules

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Personal Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| tiaken || niaken || tjanuaken
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| tisun || nisun || tjanusun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| timadju || nimadju || tjaymadju
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || titjen || nitjen || tjanuitjen
|-
| Exclusive || tiamen || niamen || tjanuamen
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| timun || nimun || tjanumun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| tiamadju || nimadju || tj(a)iamadju
|}

The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes. The genitive bound pronouns can also be used to mark possession.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Clitic (bound) Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| =(a)ken || ku=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)sun || su=
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || =(i)tjen || tja=
|-
| Exclusive || =(a)men || nia=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)mun || nu=
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! Personal? !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
| Singular || ti || ni || tjay
|-
| Plural || tia || nia || tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a || nua/na || tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
====Total Corpus====
These numbers are as of 5/5/2023
* Coverage: 54.6%
* Ambiguity: ~1.06



Number of tokens:
* Full Corpus: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106


====Lexicon Counts====
* Lexicons: 37
* Lexicon entries: 370
* Patterns: 12
* Pattern entries: 24

Root Lexicons:
* NounRoot: 107
* ProperNounRoot: 149
* VerbRoot: 14
* NumberRoot: 10
* PronounRoot: 7
* NomCliticPronoun: 5
* GenCliticPronoun: 5
* AdverbRoot: 2
* CaseMarkerRoot: 5
* PrepositionRoot: 1
* Tens: 1
* NumberAnd: 1
* SayRoot: 1
* BeHaveRoot: 1
* Link: 1

Morphology Lexicons:
* MarkerCase: 3
* VerbPrefix: 4
* VerbSuffix: 2
* Infix: 2
* ConjuntionPrefix: 1
* PronounCase: 3
* LocativeAffix: 1

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Paiwan Genesis Chapters 1-3: https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_pwn_gen-1
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.
* https://abvd.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=177

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T19:03:58Z

Mchalfo1: /* Paiwan */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan. Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script. There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

===Difficulties===
Any work with languages will face difficulties. Below are some of the difficulties I am dealing with:
====Language and Resources====
Being an Indigenous language from Taiwan, there is not as wide of acess and number of resources and documentation when compared to a language such as Chinese. Resources and documentation available on Paiwan have a variety of issues such as being non-copyable (makes problems for compiling a corpus); not in a language I can read (I do not know Chinese); have lots of Chinese or English words spread throughout; or are from linguistics publications and have morpheme boundaries built into teh Paiwan sentences (useful for anaysis but not for compiling the corpus).
====Dialects====
There are multiple dialects and dialect groups in Paiwan. These groupings are not consistent from author to author. In addition, there are a number of ways teh dilaects and dialect groups are named and called, including within the literature, making it even more difficult to find multiple publications on a single Paiwan dialect.
====Orthography====
There are a few different orthographies and spelling, some which are varied because of dialect, some which are varied because of the author. This provides difficulty not just because of the problems with dialect categorization, but because it is not always clear which characters in the Paiwan community orthography relate to the characters used by linguists.
====Affixes====
There are many affixes in Paiwan, sometimes with multiple forms (see [[Mchalfo1/Final_Project | Voice]]). Many of the prefixes and suffixes are simple to implement (thought there are a few difficult ones), but infixes, which regardless of number of kinds are commonly used in Paiwan, are not a simple process with Apertium. In addition, I hope that once I reach a better understanding of which verbs take which forms of affix (for those with multiple) the verbs will fall into simple, defined categories, though all my training as a linguist suggests that this will not be the case.
====Technology====
I do not have a computer science background, which makes fixing certain issues difficult, and I cannot automate certain tasks. This can prove especially problematic when trying to evalute the accuracy of my system. Another way technology provides difficulty for the future of this project is because of me being about to graduate. I will not have access to computers that are set up to do this, and would need to set this up on my own with my own system, something I know is possible, but am not sure how well I can do.

===Next Steps===
Although I am about to graduate, I do not plan on letting go of this project once I leave Haverford (and the TriCo).
* Focus in on one dialect
* Research morphology deeper
* Expand corpus
** textbooks
** linguistic publications
** www.Klokah.tw dictionary and resources
* Expand Lexicon
* Add twol and rlx rules

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Personal Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| tiaken || niaken || tjanuaken
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| tisun || nisun || tjanusun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| timadju || nimadju || tjaymadju
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || titjen || nitjen || tjanuitjen
|-
| Exclusive || tiamen || niamen || tjanuamen
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| timun || nimun || tjanumun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| tiamadju || nimadju || tj(a)iamadju
|}

The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes. The genitive bound pronouns can also be used to mark possession.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Clitic (bound) Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| =(a)ken || ku=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)sun || su=
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || =(i)tjen || tja=
|-
| Exclusive || =(a)men || nia=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)mun || nu=
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! Personal? !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
| Singular || ti || ni || tjay
|-
| Plural || tia || nia || tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a || nua/na || tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
====Total Corpus====
These numbers are as of 5/5/2023
* Coverage: 54.6%
* Ambiguity: ~1.06



Number of tokens:
* Full Corpus: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106


====Lexicon Counts====
* Lexicons: 37
* Lexicon entries: 370
* Patterns: 12
* Pattern entries: 24

Root Lexicons:
* NounRoot: 107
* ProperNounRoot: 149
* VerbRoot: 14
* NumberRoot: 10
* PronounRoot: 7
* NomCliticPronoun: 5
* GenCliticPronoun: 5
* AdverbRoot: 2
* CaseMarkerRoot: 5
* PrepositionRoot: 1
* Tens: 1
* NumberAnd: 1
* SayRoot: 1
* BeHaveRoot: 1
* Link: 1

Morphology Lexicons:
* MarkerCase: 3
* VerbPrefix: 4
* VerbSuffix: 2
* Infix: 2
* ConjuntionPrefix: 1
* PronounCase: 3
* LocativeAffix: 1

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Paiwan Genesis Chapters 1-3: https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_pwn_gen-1
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.
* https://abvd.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=177

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T19:03:30Z

Mchalfo1: /* Technology */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

===Difficulties===
Any work with languages will face difficulties. Below are some of the difficulties I am dealing with:
====Language and Resources====
Being an Indigenous language from Taiwan, there is not as wide of acess and number of resources and documentation when compared to a language such as Chinese. Resources and documentation available on Paiwan have a variety of issues such as being non-copyable (makes problems for compiling a corpus); not in a language I can read (I do not know Chinese); have lots of Chinese or English words spread throughout; or are from linguistics publications and have morpheme boundaries built into teh Paiwan sentences (useful for anaysis but not for compiling the corpus).
====Dialects====
There are multiple dialects and dialect groups in Paiwan. These groupings are not consistent from author to author. In addition, there are a number of ways teh dilaects and dialect groups are named and called, including within the literature, making it even more difficult to find multiple publications on a single Paiwan dialect.
====Orthography====
There are a few different orthographies and spelling, some which are varied because of dialect, some which are varied because of the author. This provides difficulty not just because of the problems with dialect categorization, but because it is not always clear which characters in the Paiwan community orthography relate to the characters used by linguists.
====Affixes====
There are many affixes in Paiwan, sometimes with multiple forms (see [[Mchalfo1/Final_Project | Voice]]). Many of the prefixes and suffixes are simple to implement (thought there are a few difficult ones), but infixes, which regardless of number of kinds are commonly used in Paiwan, are not a simple process with Apertium. In addition, I hope that once I reach a better understanding of which verbs take which forms of affix (for those with multiple) the verbs will fall into simple, defined categories, though all my training as a linguist suggests that this will not be the case.

====Technology====
I do not have a computer science background, which makes fixing certain issues difficult, and I cannot automate certain tasks. This can prove especially problematic when trying to evalute the accuracy of my system. Another way technology provides difficulty for the future of this project is because of me being about to graduate. I will not have access to computers that are set up to do this, and would need to set this up on my own with my own system, something I know is possible, but am not sure how well I can do.

===Next Steps===
Although I am about to graduate, I do not plan on letting go of this project once I leave Haverford (and the TriCo).
* Focus in on one dialect
* Research morphology deeper
* Expand corpus
** textbooks
** linguistic publications
** www.Klokah.tw dictionary and resources
* Expand Lexicon
* Add twol and rlx rules

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Personal Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| tiaken || niaken || tjanuaken
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| tisun || nisun || tjanusun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| timadju || nimadju || tjaymadju
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || titjen || nitjen || tjanuitjen
|-
| Exclusive || tiamen || niamen || tjanuamen
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| timun || nimun || tjanumun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| tiamadju || nimadju || tj(a)iamadju
|}

The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes. The genitive bound pronouns can also be used to mark possession.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Clitic (bound) Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| =(a)ken || ku=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)sun || su=
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || =(i)tjen || tja=
|-
| Exclusive || =(a)men || nia=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)mun || nu=
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! Personal? !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
| Singular || ti || ni || tjay
|-
| Plural || tia || nia || tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a || nua/na || tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
====Total Corpus====
These numbers are as of 5/5/2023
* Coverage: 54.6%
* Ambiguity: ~1.06



Number of tokens:
* Full Corpus: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106


====Lexicon Counts====
* Lexicons: 37
* Lexicon entries: 370
* Patterns: 12
* Pattern entries: 24

Root Lexicons:
* NounRoot: 107
* ProperNounRoot: 149
* VerbRoot: 14
* NumberRoot: 10
* PronounRoot: 7
* NomCliticPronoun: 5
* GenCliticPronoun: 5
* AdverbRoot: 2
* CaseMarkerRoot: 5
* PrepositionRoot: 1
* Tens: 1
* NumberAnd: 1
* SayRoot: 1
* BeHaveRoot: 1
* Link: 1

Morphology Lexicons:
* MarkerCase: 3
* VerbPrefix: 4
* VerbSuffix: 2
* Infix: 2
* ConjuntionPrefix: 1
* PronounCase: 3
* LocativeAffix: 1

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Paiwan Genesis Chapters 1-3: https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_pwn_gen-1
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.
* https://abvd.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=177

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T18:56:30Z

Mchalfo1: /* Affixes */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

===Difficulties===
Any work with languages will face difficulties. Below are some of the difficulties I am dealing with:
====Language and Resources====
Being an Indigenous language from Taiwan, there is not as wide of acess and number of resources and documentation when compared to a language such as Chinese. Resources and documentation available on Paiwan have a variety of issues such as being non-copyable (makes problems for compiling a corpus); not in a language I can read (I do not know Chinese); have lots of Chinese or English words spread throughout; or are from linguistics publications and have morpheme boundaries built into teh Paiwan sentences (useful for anaysis but not for compiling the corpus).
====Dialects====
There are multiple dialects and dialect groups in Paiwan. These groupings are not consistent from author to author. In addition, there are a number of ways teh dilaects and dialect groups are named and called, including within the literature, making it even more difficult to find multiple publications on a single Paiwan dialect.
====Orthography====
There are a few different orthographies and spelling, some which are varied because of dialect, some which are varied because of the author. This provides difficulty not just because of the problems with dialect categorization, but because it is not always clear which characters in the Paiwan community orthography relate to the characters used by linguists.
====Affixes====
There are many affixes in Paiwan, sometimes with multiple forms (see [[Mchalfo1/Final_Project | Voice]]). Many of the prefixes and suffixes are simple to implement (thought there are a few difficult ones), but infixes, which regardless of number of kinds are commonly used in Paiwan, are not a simple process with Apertium. In addition, I hope that once I reach a better understanding of which verbs take which forms of affix (for those with multiple) the verbs will fall into simple, defined categories, though all my training as a linguist suggests that this will not be the case.

====Technology====
I do not have a computer science background, which makes fixing certain issues difficult, and I cannot automate certain tasks.

===Next Steps===
Although I am about to graduate, I do not plan on letting go of this project once I leave Haverford (and the TriCo).
* Focus in on one dialect
* Research morphology deeper
* Expand corpus
** textbooks
** linguistic publications
** www.Klokah.tw dictionary and resources
* Expand Lexicon
* Add twol and rlx rules

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Personal Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| tiaken || niaken || tjanuaken
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| tisun || nisun || tjanusun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| timadju || nimadju || tjaymadju
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || titjen || nitjen || tjanuitjen
|-
| Exclusive || tiamen || niamen || tjanuamen
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| timun || nimun || tjanumun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| tiamadju || nimadju || tj(a)iamadju
|}

The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes. The genitive bound pronouns can also be used to mark possession.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Clitic (bound) Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| =(a)ken || ku=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)sun || su=
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || =(i)tjen || tja=
|-
| Exclusive || =(a)men || nia=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)mun || nu=
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! Personal? !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
| Singular || ti || ni || tjay
|-
| Plural || tia || nia || tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a || nua/na || tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
====Total Corpus====
These numbers are as of 5/5/2023
* Coverage: 54.6%
* Ambiguity: ~1.06



Number of tokens:
* Full Corpus: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106


====Lexicon Counts====
* Lexicons: 37
* Lexicon entries: 370
* Patterns: 12
* Pattern entries: 24

Root Lexicons:
* NounRoot: 107
* ProperNounRoot: 149
* VerbRoot: 14
* NumberRoot: 10
* PronounRoot: 7
* NomCliticPronoun: 5
* GenCliticPronoun: 5
* AdverbRoot: 2
* CaseMarkerRoot: 5
* PrepositionRoot: 1
* Tens: 1
* NumberAnd: 1
* SayRoot: 1
* BeHaveRoot: 1
* Link: 1

Morphology Lexicons:
* MarkerCase: 3
* VerbPrefix: 4
* VerbSuffix: 2
* Infix: 2
* ConjuntionPrefix: 1
* PronounCase: 3
* LocativeAffix: 1

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Paiwan Genesis Chapters 1-3: https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_pwn_gen-1
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.
* https://abvd.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=177

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T18:52:29Z

Mchalfo1: /* Affixes */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

===Difficulties===
Any work with languages will face difficulties. Below are some of the difficulties I am dealing with:
====Language and Resources====
Being an Indigenous language from Taiwan, there is not as wide of acess and number of resources and documentation when compared to a language such as Chinese. Resources and documentation available on Paiwan have a variety of issues such as being non-copyable (makes problems for compiling a corpus); not in a language I can read (I do not know Chinese); have lots of Chinese or English words spread throughout; or are from linguistics publications and have morpheme boundaries built into teh Paiwan sentences (useful for anaysis but not for compiling the corpus).
====Dialects====
There are multiple dialects and dialect groups in Paiwan. These groupings are not consistent from author to author. In addition, there are a number of ways teh dilaects and dialect groups are named and called, including within the literature, making it even more difficult to find multiple publications on a single Paiwan dialect.
====Orthography====
There are a few different orthographies and spelling, some which are varied because of dialect, some which are varied because of the author. This provides difficulty not just because of the problems with dialect categorization, but because it is not always clear which characters in the Paiwan community orthography relate to the characters used by linguists.
====Affixes====
There are many affixes in Paiwan, sometimes with multiple forms (see [[Mchalfo1/Final_Project | Voice]]).
infixes are not a simple process with Apertium

====Technology====
I do not have a computer science background, which makes fixing certain issues difficult, and I cannot automate certain tasks.

===Next Steps===
Although I am about to graduate, I do not plan on letting go of this project once I leave Haverford (and the TriCo).
* Focus in on one dialect
* Research morphology deeper
* Expand corpus
** textbooks
** linguistic publications
** www.Klokah.tw dictionary and resources
* Expand Lexicon
* Add twol and rlx rules

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Personal Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| tiaken || niaken || tjanuaken
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| tisun || nisun || tjanusun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| timadju || nimadju || tjaymadju
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || titjen || nitjen || tjanuitjen
|-
| Exclusive || tiamen || niamen || tjanuamen
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| timun || nimun || tjanumun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| tiamadju || nimadju || tj(a)iamadju
|}

The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes. The genitive bound pronouns can also be used to mark possession.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Clitic (bound) Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| =(a)ken || ku=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)sun || su=
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || =(i)tjen || tja=
|-
| Exclusive || =(a)men || nia=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)mun || nu=
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! Personal? !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
| Singular || ti || ni || tjay
|-
| Plural || tia || nia || tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a || nua/na || tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
====Total Corpus====
These numbers are as of 5/5/2023
* Coverage: 54.6%
* Ambiguity: ~1.06



Number of tokens:
* Full Corpus: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106


====Lexicon Counts====
* Lexicons: 37
* Lexicon entries: 370
* Patterns: 12
* Pattern entries: 24

Root Lexicons:
* NounRoot: 107
* ProperNounRoot: 149
* VerbRoot: 14
* NumberRoot: 10
* PronounRoot: 7
* NomCliticPronoun: 5
* GenCliticPronoun: 5
* AdverbRoot: 2
* CaseMarkerRoot: 5
* PrepositionRoot: 1
* Tens: 1
* NumberAnd: 1
* SayRoot: 1
* BeHaveRoot: 1
* Link: 1

Morphology Lexicons:
* MarkerCase: 3
* VerbPrefix: 4
* VerbSuffix: 2
* Infix: 2
* ConjuntionPrefix: 1
* PronounCase: 3
* LocativeAffix: 1

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Paiwan Genesis Chapters 1-3: https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_pwn_gen-1
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.
* https://abvd.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=177

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T18:52:14Z

Mchalfo1: /* Affixes */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

===Difficulties===
Any work with languages will face difficulties. Below are some of the difficulties I am dealing with:
====Language and Resources====
Being an Indigenous language from Taiwan, there is not as wide of acess and number of resources and documentation when compared to a language such as Chinese. Resources and documentation available on Paiwan have a variety of issues such as being non-copyable (makes problems for compiling a corpus); not in a language I can read (I do not know Chinese); have lots of Chinese or English words spread throughout; or are from linguistics publications and have morpheme boundaries built into teh Paiwan sentences (useful for anaysis but not for compiling the corpus).
====Dialects====
There are multiple dialects and dialect groups in Paiwan. These groupings are not consistent from author to author. In addition, there are a number of ways teh dilaects and dialect groups are named and called, including within the literature, making it even more difficult to find multiple publications on a single Paiwan dialect.
====Orthography====
There are a few different orthographies and spelling, some which are varied because of dialect, some which are varied because of the author. This provides difficulty not just because of the problems with dialect categorization, but because it is not always clear which characters in the Paiwan community orthography relate to the characters used by linguists.
====Affixes====
There are many affixes in Paiwan, sometimes with multiple forms (see [[Mchalfo1/Final_Project | Verbs | Voice]]).
infixes are not a simple process with Apertium

====Technology====
I do not have a computer science background, which makes fixing certain issues difficult, and I cannot automate certain tasks.

===Next Steps===
Although I am about to graduate, I do not plan on letting go of this project once I leave Haverford (and the TriCo).
* Focus in on one dialect
* Research morphology deeper
* Expand corpus
** textbooks
** linguistic publications
** www.Klokah.tw dictionary and resources
* Expand Lexicon
* Add twol and rlx rules

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Personal Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| tiaken || niaken || tjanuaken
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| tisun || nisun || tjanusun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| timadju || nimadju || tjaymadju
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || titjen || nitjen || tjanuitjen
|-
| Exclusive || tiamen || niamen || tjanuamen
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| timun || nimun || tjanumun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| tiamadju || nimadju || tj(a)iamadju
|}

The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes. The genitive bound pronouns can also be used to mark possession.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Clitic (bound) Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| =(a)ken || ku=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)sun || su=
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || =(i)tjen || tja=
|-
| Exclusive || =(a)men || nia=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)mun || nu=
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! Personal? !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
| Singular || ti || ni || tjay
|-
| Plural || tia || nia || tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a || nua/na || tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
====Total Corpus====
These numbers are as of 5/5/2023
* Coverage: 54.6%
* Ambiguity: ~1.06



Number of tokens:
* Full Corpus: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106


====Lexicon Counts====
* Lexicons: 37
* Lexicon entries: 370
* Patterns: 12
* Pattern entries: 24

Root Lexicons:
* NounRoot: 107
* ProperNounRoot: 149
* VerbRoot: 14
* NumberRoot: 10
* PronounRoot: 7
* NomCliticPronoun: 5
* GenCliticPronoun: 5
* AdverbRoot: 2
* CaseMarkerRoot: 5
* PrepositionRoot: 1
* Tens: 1
* NumberAnd: 1
* SayRoot: 1
* BeHaveRoot: 1
* Link: 1

Morphology Lexicons:
* MarkerCase: 3
* VerbPrefix: 4
* VerbSuffix: 2
* Infix: 2
* ConjuntionPrefix: 1
* PronounCase: 3
* LocativeAffix: 1

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Paiwan Genesis Chapters 1-3: https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_pwn_gen-1
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.
* https://abvd.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=177

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T18:51:46Z

Mchalfo1: /* Affixes */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

===Difficulties===
Any work with languages will face difficulties. Below are some of the difficulties I am dealing with:
====Language and Resources====
Being an Indigenous language from Taiwan, there is not as wide of acess and number of resources and documentation when compared to a language such as Chinese. Resources and documentation available on Paiwan have a variety of issues such as being non-copyable (makes problems for compiling a corpus); not in a language I can read (I do not know Chinese); have lots of Chinese or English words spread throughout; or are from linguistics publications and have morpheme boundaries built into teh Paiwan sentences (useful for anaysis but not for compiling the corpus).
====Dialects====
There are multiple dialects and dialect groups in Paiwan. These groupings are not consistent from author to author. In addition, there are a number of ways teh dilaects and dialect groups are named and called, including within the literature, making it even more difficult to find multiple publications on a single Paiwan dialect.
====Orthography====
There are a few different orthographies and spelling, some which are varied because of dialect, some which are varied because of the author. This provides difficulty not just because of the problems with dialect categorization, but because it is not always clear which characters in the Paiwan community orthography relate to the characters used by linguists.
====Affixes====
There are many affixes in Paiwan, sometimes with multiple forms (see [[Mchalfo1/Final_Project | Verbs]]).
infixes are not a simple process with Apertium

====Technology====
I do not have a computer science background, which makes fixing certain issues difficult, and I cannot automate certain tasks.

===Next Steps===
Although I am about to graduate, I do not plan on letting go of this project once I leave Haverford (and the TriCo).
* Focus in on one dialect
* Research morphology deeper
* Expand corpus
** textbooks
** linguistic publications
** www.Klokah.tw dictionary and resources
* Expand Lexicon
* Add twol and rlx rules

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Personal Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| tiaken || niaken || tjanuaken
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| tisun || nisun || tjanusun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| timadju || nimadju || tjaymadju
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || titjen || nitjen || tjanuitjen
|-
| Exclusive || tiamen || niamen || tjanuamen
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| timun || nimun || tjanumun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| tiamadju || nimadju || tj(a)iamadju
|}

The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes. The genitive bound pronouns can also be used to mark possession.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Clitic (bound) Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| =(a)ken || ku=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)sun || su=
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || =(i)tjen || tja=
|-
| Exclusive || =(a)men || nia=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)mun || nu=
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! Personal? !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
| Singular || ti || ni || tjay
|-
| Plural || tia || nia || tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a || nua/na || tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
====Total Corpus====
These numbers are as of 5/5/2023
* Coverage: 54.6%
* Ambiguity: ~1.06



Number of tokens:
* Full Corpus: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106


====Lexicon Counts====
* Lexicons: 37
* Lexicon entries: 370
* Patterns: 12
* Pattern entries: 24

Root Lexicons:
* NounRoot: 107
* ProperNounRoot: 149
* VerbRoot: 14
* NumberRoot: 10
* PronounRoot: 7
* NomCliticPronoun: 5
* GenCliticPronoun: 5
* AdverbRoot: 2
* CaseMarkerRoot: 5
* PrepositionRoot: 1
* Tens: 1
* NumberAnd: 1
* SayRoot: 1
* BeHaveRoot: 1
* Link: 1

Morphology Lexicons:
* MarkerCase: 3
* VerbPrefix: 4
* VerbSuffix: 2
* Infix: 2
* ConjuntionPrefix: 1
* PronounCase: 3
* LocativeAffix: 1

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Paiwan Genesis Chapters 1-3: https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_pwn_gen-1
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.
* https://abvd.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=177

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T18:51:19Z

Mchalfo1: /* Difficulties */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

===Difficulties===
Any work with languages will face difficulties. Below are some of the difficulties I am dealing with:
====Language and Resources====
Being an Indigenous language from Taiwan, there is not as wide of acess and number of resources and documentation when compared to a language such as Chinese. Resources and documentation available on Paiwan have a variety of issues such as being non-copyable (makes problems for compiling a corpus); not in a language I can read (I do not know Chinese); have lots of Chinese or English words spread throughout; or are from linguistics publications and have morpheme boundaries built into teh Paiwan sentences (useful for anaysis but not for compiling the corpus).
====Dialects====
There are multiple dialects and dialect groups in Paiwan. These groupings are not consistent from author to author. In addition, there are a number of ways teh dilaects and dialect groups are named and called, including within the literature, making it even more difficult to find multiple publications on a single Paiwan dialect.
====Orthography====
There are a few different orthographies and spelling, some which are varied because of dialect, some which are varied because of the author. This provides difficulty not just because of the problems with dialect categorization, but because it is not always clear which characters in the Paiwan community orthography relate to the characters used by linguists.
====Affixes====
There are many affixes in Paiwan, sometimes with multiple forms (see [Mchalfo1/Final_Project | Verbs]).
infixes are not a simple process with Apertium
====Technology====
I do not have a computer science background, which makes fixing certain issues difficult, and I cannot automate certain tasks.

===Next Steps===
Although I am about to graduate, I do not plan on letting go of this project once I leave Haverford (and the TriCo).
* Focus in on one dialect
* Research morphology deeper
* Expand corpus
** textbooks
** linguistic publications
** www.Klokah.tw dictionary and resources
* Expand Lexicon
* Add twol and rlx rules

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Personal Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| tiaken || niaken || tjanuaken
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| tisun || nisun || tjanusun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| timadju || nimadju || tjaymadju
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || titjen || nitjen || tjanuitjen
|-
| Exclusive || tiamen || niamen || tjanuamen
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| timun || nimun || tjanumun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| tiamadju || nimadju || tj(a)iamadju
|}

The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes. The genitive bound pronouns can also be used to mark possession.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Clitic (bound) Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| =(a)ken || ku=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)sun || su=
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || =(i)tjen || tja=
|-
| Exclusive || =(a)men || nia=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)mun || nu=
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! Personal? !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
| Singular || ti || ni || tjay
|-
| Plural || tia || nia || tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a || nua/na || tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
====Total Corpus====
These numbers are as of 5/5/2023
* Coverage: 54.6%
* Ambiguity: ~1.06



Number of tokens:
* Full Corpus: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106


====Lexicon Counts====
* Lexicons: 37
* Lexicon entries: 370
* Patterns: 12
* Pattern entries: 24

Root Lexicons:
* NounRoot: 107
* ProperNounRoot: 149
* VerbRoot: 14
* NumberRoot: 10
* PronounRoot: 7
* NomCliticPronoun: 5
* GenCliticPronoun: 5
* AdverbRoot: 2
* CaseMarkerRoot: 5
* PrepositionRoot: 1
* Tens: 1
* NumberAnd: 1
* SayRoot: 1
* BeHaveRoot: 1
* Link: 1

Morphology Lexicons:
* MarkerCase: 3
* VerbPrefix: 4
* VerbSuffix: 2
* Infix: 2
* ConjuntionPrefix: 1
* PronounCase: 3
* LocativeAffix: 1

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Paiwan Genesis Chapters 1-3: https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_pwn_gen-1
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.
* https://abvd.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=177

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T17:44:59Z

Mchalfo1: /* External Resources */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

===Difficulties===
Any work with languages will face difficulties. Below are some of the difficulties I am dealing with:
====Language and Resources====
Much of the documentation and primary resources are in Chinese (a language I do not speak or read)
Resources that are available have issues such as non copyable (makes problems for compiling corpus), not in a language I can read, have lots of Chinese or English spread throughout, are from linguistics publications and have
====Dialects====
many dialects with varied ways of grouping and naming
====Orthography====
Different orthography and spelling depending on dialect and author
====Affixes====
Lots of affixes, sometimes with multiple forms
infixes are not a simple process with Apertium
====Technology====
I do not have a computer science background, which makes fixing certain issues difficult, and I cannot automate certain tasks.

===Next Steps===
Although I am about to graduate, I do not plan on letting go of this project once I leave Haverford (and the TriCo).
* Focus in on one dialect
* Research morphology deeper
* Expand corpus
** textbooks
** linguistic publications
** www.Klokah.tw dictionary and resources
* Expand Lexicon
* Add twol and rlx rules

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Personal Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| tiaken || niaken || tjanuaken
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| tisun || nisun || tjanusun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| timadju || nimadju || tjaymadju
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || titjen || nitjen || tjanuitjen
|-
| Exclusive || tiamen || niamen || tjanuamen
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| timun || nimun || tjanumun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| tiamadju || nimadju || tj(a)iamadju
|}

The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes. The genitive bound pronouns can also be used to mark possession.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Clitic (bound) Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| =(a)ken || ku=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)sun || su=
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || =(i)tjen || tja=
|-
| Exclusive || =(a)men || nia=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)mun || nu=
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! Personal? !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
| Singular || ti || ni || tjay
|-
| Plural || tia || nia || tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a || nua/na || tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
====Total Corpus====
These numbers are as of 5/5/2023
* Coverage: 54.6%
* Ambiguity: ~1.06



Number of tokens:
* Full Corpus: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106


====Lexicon Counts====
* Lexicons: 37
* Lexicon entries: 370
* Patterns: 12
* Pattern entries: 24

Root Lexicons:
* NounRoot: 107
* ProperNounRoot: 149
* VerbRoot: 14
* NumberRoot: 10
* PronounRoot: 7
* NomCliticPronoun: 5
* GenCliticPronoun: 5
* AdverbRoot: 2
* CaseMarkerRoot: 5
* PrepositionRoot: 1
* Tens: 1
* NumberAnd: 1
* SayRoot: 1
* BeHaveRoot: 1
* Link: 1

Morphology Lexicons:
* MarkerCase: 3
* VerbPrefix: 4
* VerbSuffix: 2
* Infix: 2
* ConjuntionPrefix: 1
* PronounCase: 3
* LocativeAffix: 1

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Paiwan Genesis Chapters 1-3: https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_pwn_gen-1
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.
* https://abvd.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=177

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T17:38:37Z

Mchalfo1: /* Lexicon Counts */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

===Difficulties===
Any work with languages will face difficulties. Below are some of the difficulties I am dealing with:
====Language and Resources====
Much of the documentation and primary resources are in Chinese (a language I do not speak or read)
Resources that are available have issues such as non copyable (makes problems for compiling corpus), not in a language I can read, have lots of Chinese or English spread throughout, are from linguistics publications and have
====Dialects====
many dialects with varied ways of grouping and naming
====Orthography====
Different orthography and spelling depending on dialect and author
====Affixes====
Lots of affixes, sometimes with multiple forms
infixes are not a simple process with Apertium
====Technology====
I do not have a computer science background, which makes fixing certain issues difficult, and I cannot automate certain tasks.

===Next Steps===
Although I am about to graduate, I do not plan on letting go of this project once I leave Haverford (and the TriCo).
* Focus in on one dialect
* Research morphology deeper
* Expand corpus
** textbooks
** linguistic publications
** www.Klokah.tw dictionary and resources
* Expand Lexicon
* Add twol and rlx rules

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Personal Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| tiaken || niaken || tjanuaken
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| tisun || nisun || tjanusun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| timadju || nimadju || tjaymadju
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || titjen || nitjen || tjanuitjen
|-
| Exclusive || tiamen || niamen || tjanuamen
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| timun || nimun || tjanumun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| tiamadju || nimadju || tj(a)iamadju
|}

The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes. The genitive bound pronouns can also be used to mark possession.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Clitic (bound) Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| =(a)ken || ku=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)sun || su=
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || =(i)tjen || tja=
|-
| Exclusive || =(a)men || nia=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)mun || nu=
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! Personal? !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
| Singular || ti || ni || tjay
|-
| Plural || tia || nia || tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a || nua/na || tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
====Total Corpus====
These numbers are as of 5/5/2023
* Coverage: 54.6%
* Ambiguity: ~1.06



Number of tokens:
* Full Corpus: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106


====Lexicon Counts====
* Lexicons: 37
* Lexicon entries: 370
* Patterns: 12
* Pattern entries: 24

Root Lexicons:
* NounRoot: 107
* ProperNounRoot: 149
* VerbRoot: 14
* NumberRoot: 10
* PronounRoot: 7
* NomCliticPronoun: 5
* GenCliticPronoun: 5
* AdverbRoot: 2
* CaseMarkerRoot: 5
* PrepositionRoot: 1
* Tens: 1
* NumberAnd: 1
* SayRoot: 1
* BeHaveRoot: 1
* Link: 1

Morphology Lexicons:
* MarkerCase: 3
* VerbPrefix: 4
* VerbSuffix: 2
* Infix: 2
* ConjuntionPrefix: 1
* PronounCase: 3
* LocativeAffix: 1

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.
* https://abvd.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=177

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T17:38:15Z

Mchalfo1: /* Transducer */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

===Difficulties===
Any work with languages will face difficulties. Below are some of the difficulties I am dealing with:
====Language and Resources====
Much of the documentation and primary resources are in Chinese (a language I do not speak or read)
Resources that are available have issues such as non copyable (makes problems for compiling corpus), not in a language I can read, have lots of Chinese or English spread throughout, are from linguistics publications and have
====Dialects====
many dialects with varied ways of grouping and naming
====Orthography====
Different orthography and spelling depending on dialect and author
====Affixes====
Lots of affixes, sometimes with multiple forms
infixes are not a simple process with Apertium
====Technology====
I do not have a computer science background, which makes fixing certain issues difficult, and I cannot automate certain tasks.

===Next Steps===
Although I am about to graduate, I do not plan on letting go of this project once I leave Haverford (and the TriCo).
* Focus in on one dialect
* Research morphology deeper
* Expand corpus
** textbooks
** linguistic publications
** www.Klokah.tw dictionary and resources
* Expand Lexicon
* Add twol and rlx rules

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Personal Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| tiaken || niaken || tjanuaken
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| tisun || nisun || tjanusun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| timadju || nimadju || tjaymadju
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || titjen || nitjen || tjanuitjen
|-
| Exclusive || tiamen || niamen || tjanuamen
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| timun || nimun || tjanumun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| tiamadju || nimadju || tj(a)iamadju
|}

The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes. The genitive bound pronouns can also be used to mark possession.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Clitic (bound) Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| =(a)ken || ku=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)sun || su=
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || =(i)tjen || tja=
|-
| Exclusive || =(a)men || nia=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)mun || nu=
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! Personal? !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
| Singular || ti || ni || tjay
|-
| Plural || tia || nia || tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a || nua/na || tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
====Total Corpus====
These numbers are as of 5/5/2023
* Coverage: 54.6%
* Ambiguity: ~1.06



Number of tokens:
* Full Corpus: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106


====Lexicon Counts====
* Lexicons: 37
* Lexicon entries: 370
* Patterns: 12
* Pattern entries: 24

Root Lexicons:
* NounRoot: 107
* ProperNounRoot: 149
* VerbRoot: 14
* NumberRoot: 10
* PronounRoot: 7
* NomCliticPronoun: 5
* GenCliticPronoun: 5
* AdverbRoot: 2
* CaseMarkerRoot: 5
* PrepositionRoot: 1
* Tens: 1
* NumberAnd: 1
* SayRoot: 1
* BeHaveRoot: 1
* Link: 1

Morphology Lexicons:
* MarkerCase: 3
* VerbPrefix: 4
* VerbSuffix: 2
* Infix: 2
* ConjuntionPrefix: 1
* PronounCase: 3
* LocativeAffix: 1

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.
* https://abvd.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=177

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T14:11:39Z

Mchalfo1: /* External Resources */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

===Difficulties===
Any work with languages will face difficulties. Below are some of the difficulties I am dealing with:
====Language and Resources====
Much of the documentation and primary resources are in Chinese (a language I do not speak or read)
Resources that are available have issues such as non copyable (makes problems for compiling corpus), not in a language I can read, have lots of Chinese or English spread throughout, are from linguistics publications and have
====Dialects====
many dialects with varied ways of grouping and naming
====Orthography====
Different orthography and spelling depending on dialect and author
====Affixes====
Lots of affixes, sometimes with multiple forms
infixes are not a simple process with Apertium
====Technology====
I do not have a computer science background, which makes fixing certain issues difficult, and I cannot automate certain tasks.

===Next Steps===
Although I am about to graduate, I do not plan on letting go of this project once I leave Haverford (and the TriCo).
* Focus in on one dialect
* Research morphology deeper
* Expand corpus
** textbooks
** linguistic publications
** www.Klokah.tw dictionary and resources
* Expand Lexicon
* Add twol and rlx rules

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Personal Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| tiaken || niaken || tjanuaken
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| tisun || nisun || tjanusun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| timadju || nimadju || tjaymadju
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || titjen || nitjen || tjanuitjen
|-
| Exclusive || tiamen || niamen || tjanuamen
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| timun || nimun || tjanumun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| tiamadju || nimadju || tj(a)iamadju
|}

The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes. The genitive bound pronouns can also be used to mark possession.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Clitic (bound) Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| =(a)ken || ku=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)sun || su=
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || =(i)tjen || tja=
|-
| Exclusive || =(a)men || nia=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)mun || nu=
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! Personal? !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
| Singular || ti || ni || tjay
|-
| Plural || tia || nia || tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a || nua/na || tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.
* https://abvd.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=177

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T02:21:09Z

Mchalfo1: /* Difficulties */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

===Difficulties===
Any work with languages will face difficulties. Below are some of the difficulties I am dealing with:
====Language and Resources====
Much of the documentation and primary resources are in Chinese (a language I do not speak or read)
Resources that are available have issues such as non copyable (makes problems for compiling corpus), not in a language I can read, have lots of Chinese or English spread throughout, are from linguistics publications and have
====Dialects====
many dialects with varied ways of grouping and naming
====Orthography====
Different orthography and spelling depending on dialect and author
====Affixes====
Lots of affixes, sometimes with multiple forms
infixes are not a simple process with Apertium
====Technology====
I do not have a computer science background, which makes fixing certain issues difficult, and I cannot automate certain tasks.

===Next Steps===
Although I am about to graduate, I do not plan on letting go of this project once I leave Haverford (and the TriCo).
* Focus in on one dialect
* Research morphology deeper
* Expand corpus
** textbooks
** linguistic publications
** www.Klokah.tw dictionary and resources
* Expand Lexicon
* Add twol and rlx rules

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Personal Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| tiaken || niaken || tjanuaken
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| tisun || nisun || tjanusun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| timadju || nimadju || tjaymadju
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || titjen || nitjen || tjanuitjen
|-
| Exclusive || tiamen || niamen || tjanuamen
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| timun || nimun || tjanumun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| tiamadju || nimadju || tj(a)iamadju
|}

The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes. The genitive bound pronouns can also be used to mark possession.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Clitic (bound) Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| =(a)ken || ku=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)sun || su=
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || =(i)tjen || tja=
|-
| Exclusive || =(a)men || nia=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)mun || nu=
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! Personal? !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
| Singular || ti || ni || tjay
|-
| Plural || tia || nia || tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a || nua/na || tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T01:55:05Z

Mchalfo1: /* Paiwan */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

===Difficulties===
====Language====
Much of the documentation and primary resources are in Chinese (a language I do not speak or read)
====Dialects====
many dialects with varied ways of grouping and naming
====Orthography====
Different orthography and spelling depending on dialect and author
====Affixes====
Lots of affixes, sometimes with multiple forms
infixes are not a simple process with Apertium
====Technology====
I do not have a computer science background, which makes fixing certain issues difficult, and I cannot automate certain tasks.

===Next Steps===
Although I am about to graduate, I do not plan on letting go of this project once I leave Haverford (and the TriCo).
* Focus in on one dialect
* Research morphology deeper
* Expand corpus
** textbooks
** linguistic publications
** www.Klokah.tw dictionary and resources
* Expand Lexicon
* Add twol and rlx rules

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Personal Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| tiaken || niaken || tjanuaken
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| tisun || nisun || tjanusun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| timadju || nimadju || tjaymadju
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || titjen || nitjen || tjanuitjen
|-
| Exclusive || tiamen || niamen || tjanuamen
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| timun || nimun || tjanumun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| tiamadju || nimadju || tj(a)iamadju
|}

The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes. The genitive bound pronouns can also be used to mark possession.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Clitic (bound) Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| =(a)ken || ku=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)sun || su=
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || =(i)tjen || tja=
|-
| Exclusive || =(a)men || nia=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)mun || nu=
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! Personal? !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
| Singular || ti || ni || tjay
|-
| Plural || tia || nia || tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a || nua/na || tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T01:50:55Z

Mchalfo1: /* Personal Pronouns */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Personal Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| tiaken || niaken || tjanuaken
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| tisun || nisun || tjanusun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| timadju || nimadju || tjaymadju
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || titjen || nitjen || tjanuitjen
|-
| Exclusive || tiamen || niamen || tjanuamen
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| timun || nimun || tjanumun
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| tiamadju || nimadju || tj(a)iamadju
|}

The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes. The genitive bound pronouns can also be used to mark possession.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Clitic (bound) Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| =(a)ken || ku=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)sun || su=
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || =(i)tjen || tja=
|-
| Exclusive || =(a)men || nia=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)mun || nu=
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! Personal? !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
| Singular || ti || ni || tjay
|-
| Plural || tia || nia || tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a || nua/na || tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T01:44:16Z

Mchalfo1: /* Personal Pronouns */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ci'''ngra || '''n'''ira || '''c'''ingran'''an'''
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an'''
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ca'''ngra || '''n'''angra || '''c'''angra'''an'''
|}

The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes. The genitive bound pronouns can also be used to mark possession.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Clitic (bound) Pronouns: Saichia dialect (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| =(a)ken || ku=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)sun || su=
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || =(i)tjen || tja=
|-
| Exclusive || =(a)men || nia=
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| =(e)mun || nu=
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! Personal? !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
| Singular || ti || ni || tjay
|-
| Plural || tia || nia || tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a || nua/na || tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T01:39:07Z

Mchalfo1: /* Case Markers */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique. The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ci'''ngra || '''n'''ira || '''c'''ingran'''an'''
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an'''
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ca'''ngra || '''n'''angra || '''c'''angra'''an'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns and Posessive Pronominal Nouns
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Dative
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an'''
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an'''
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an'''
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! Personal? !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
| Singular || ti || ni || tjay
|-
| Plural || tia || nia || tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a || nua/na || tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T01:38:57Z

Mchalfo1: /* Case Markers */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique. The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ci'''ngra || '''n'''ira || '''c'''ingran'''an'''
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an'''
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ca'''ngra || '''n'''angra || '''c'''angra'''an'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns and Posessive Pronominal Nouns
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Dative
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an'''
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an'''
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an'''
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! Personal? !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
|
| Singular || ti || ni || tjay
|-
| Plural || tia || nia || tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a || nua/na || tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T01:38:32Z

Mchalfo1: /* Case Markers */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique. The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ci'''ngra || '''n'''ira || '''c'''ingran'''an'''
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an'''
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ca'''ngra || '''n'''angra || '''c'''angra'''an'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns and Posessive Pronominal Nouns
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Dative
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an'''
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an'''
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an'''
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! Personal? !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
|-
| Singular || ti || ni || tjay
|-
| Plural || tia || nia || tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a || nua/na || tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T01:37:50Z

Mchalfo1: /* Case Markers */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique. The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ci'''ngra || '''n'''ira || '''c'''ingran'''an'''
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an'''
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ca'''ngra || '''n'''angra || '''c'''angra'''an'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns and Posessive Pronominal Nouns
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Dative
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an'''
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an'''
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an'''
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! Personal? !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
|-
| Singular | ti | ni | tjay
|-
| Plural | tia | nia | tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a | nua/na | tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T01:37:40Z

Mchalfo1: /* Case Markers */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique. The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ci'''ngra || '''n'''ira || '''c'''ingran'''an'''
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an'''
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ca'''ngra || '''n'''angra || '''c'''angra'''an'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns and Posessive Pronominal Nouns
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Dative
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an'''
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an'''
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an'''
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! Personal? !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
| Singular | ti | ni | tjay
|-
| Plural | tia | nia | tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a | nua/na | tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T01:37:13Z

Mchalfo1: /* Case Markers */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique. The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ci'''ngra || '''n'''ira || '''c'''ingran'''an'''
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an'''
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ca'''ngra || '''n'''angra || '''c'''angra'''an'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns and Posessive Pronominal Nouns
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Dative
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an'''
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an'''
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an'''
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Personal Noun
| Singular | ti | ni | tjay
|-
| Plural | tia | nia | tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a | nua/na | tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T01:36:43Z

Mchalfo1: /* Case Markers */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique. The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ci'''ngra || '''n'''ira || '''c'''ingran'''an'''
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an'''
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ca'''ngra || '''n'''angra || '''c'''angra'''an'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns and Posessive Pronominal Nouns
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Dative
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an'''
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an'''
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an'''
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Paiwan Case Markers (Chang 2006)
|-
! !! Number !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| Singular | ti | ni | tjay
|-
| Plural | tia | nia | tj(a)ia
|-
| colspan="2"| Common Noun
| a | nua/na | tua/ta/tu
|}

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T01:32:13Z

Mchalfo1: Undo revision 22213 by Mchalfo1 (talk)

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique. The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ci'''ngra || '''n'''ira || '''c'''ingran'''an'''
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an'''
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ca'''ngra || '''n'''angra || '''c'''angra'''an'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns and Posessive Pronominal Nouns
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Dative
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an'''
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an'''
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an'''
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns and Posessive Pronominal Nouns
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Dative !! Possessive Pronominal Noun
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an''' || maku
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an''' || misu
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ci'''ngra || '''n'''ira || '''c'''ingran'''an''' || nira
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an''' || mita
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an''' || niyam
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an''' || namu
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ca'''ngra || '''n'''angra || '''c'''angra'''an''' || nangra
|}

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T01:31:23Z

Mchalfo1: /* Personal Pronouns */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique. The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an'''
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an'''
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ca'''ngra || '''n'''angra || '''c'''angra'''an'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns and Posessive Pronominal Nouns
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Dative
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an'''
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ci'''ngra || '''n'''ira || '''c'''ingran'''an'''
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an'''
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an'''
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns and Posessive Pronominal Nouns
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Dative !! Possessive Pronominal Noun
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an''' || maku
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an''' || misu
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ci'''ngra || '''n'''ira || '''c'''ingran'''an''' || nira
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an''' || mita
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an''' || niyam
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an''' || namu
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ca'''ngra || '''n'''angra || '''c'''angra'''an''' || nangra
|}

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T01:31:05Z

Mchalfo1: /* Personal Pronouns */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique. The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ci'''ngra || '''n'''ira || '''c'''ingran'''an'''
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an'''
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ca'''ngra || '''n'''angra || '''c'''angra'''an'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns and Posessive Pronominal Nouns
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Dative
|-
| rowspan="2"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an'''
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ci'''ngra || '''n'''ira || '''c'''ingran'''an'''
|-
| rowspan="3"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an'''
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an'''
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns and Posessive Pronominal Nouns
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Dative !! Possessive Pronominal Noun
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an''' || maku
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an''' || misu
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ci'''ngra || '''n'''ira || '''c'''ingran'''an''' || nira
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an''' || mita
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an''' || niyam
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an''' || namu
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ca'''ngra || '''n'''angra || '''c'''angra'''an''' || nangra
|}

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T01:29:50Z

Mchalfo1: /* Case Markers */

My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive. The free pronouns have different prefixes corresponding to the three cases, nominative, genitive, and oblique. The bound pronouns fall into two categories depending on case (there are no oblique bound pronouns). There are also no third person bound pronouns. The nonimative bound pronouns are suffxes, while the genitive bound pronouns are prefixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns (Chang 2006)
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Oblique
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ci'''ngra || '''n'''ira || '''c'''ingran'''an'''
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an'''
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an'''
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ca'''ngra || '''n'''angra || '''c'''angra'''an'''
|}

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns and Posessive Pronominal Nouns
|-
! Number
! Colspan="2"|Person
! Nominative !! Genitive !! Dative !! Possessive Pronominal Noun
|-
| rowspan="3"| Singular
| colspan="2"| 1st
| '''k'''aku || aku || '''t'''akuwan'''an''' || maku
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''isu || isu || '''t'''isuwan'''an''' || misu
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ci'''ngra || '''n'''ira || '''c'''ingran'''an''' || nira
|-
| rowspan="4"| Plural
| rowspan="2"| 1st
| Inclusive || '''k'''ita || ita || '''k'''itan'''an''' || mita
|-
| Exclusive || '''k'''ami || '''n'''iyam || '''k'''amiyan'''an''' || niyam
|-
| colspan="2"| 2nd
| '''k'''amu || '''n'''amu || '''t'''amuwan'''an''' || namu
|-
| colspan="2"| 3rd
| '''ca'''ngra || '''n'''angra || '''c'''angra'''an''' || nangra
|}

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T01:29:34Z

Mchalfo1: /* Personal Pronouns */

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T01:28:17Z

Mchalfo1: /* Personal Pronouns */

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T01:26:44Z

Mchalfo1: /* Personal Pronouns */

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T01:23:52Z

Mchalfo1:

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T01:19:52Z

Mchalfo1: /* Paiwan */

Paiwan Transducer

==Paiwan==
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.

Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.

There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive.

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T01:16:00Z

Mchalfo1: /* External Resources */

Paiwan Transducer

==Paiwan==
==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive.

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
* Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T01:15:40Z

Mchalfo1: /* External Resources */

Paiwan Transducer

==Paiwan==
==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive.

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.

Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
* Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).

Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T01:14:47Z

Mchalfo1: /* External Resources */ added resources

Paiwan Transducer

==Paiwan==
==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive.

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. ''Paiwan Dictionary''. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
* 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = ''Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect''. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786375]
* Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. ''One Hundred Paiwan Texts''. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.
Linguistics Writings & Publications
* Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
* Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 225–45.
* Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 160–81.
Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 65–92.
Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 351–79.
* Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 21–56.
* http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
Tryon Darrell T. 2011. ''Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).
Other
* http://www.language-archives.org/language/pwn
* https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pwn/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T00:57:18Z

Mchalfo1: /* Case Markers */

Paiwan Transducer

==Paiwan==
==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.

===Verbs===
====Voice====
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).

===Personal Pronouns===
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive.

===Case Markers===
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah] (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
Primary Sources
Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
* Ferrell Raleigh. 1982. Paiwan Dictionary. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [https://worldcat.org/title/9184177]
* 鄭仲樺曹永春編著鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[https://worldcat.org/title/1246786203]
Linguistics Publications

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T00:55:51Z

Mchalfo1: /* Pronouns */

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-06T00:53:08Z

Mchalfo1: /* Voice */

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-05T20:24:51Z

Mchalfo1: /* External Resources */

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-05T20:23:22Z

Mchalfo1: /* Developed Resources */

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-05T20:20:02Z

Mchalfo1: /* External Resources */

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-05T20:16:58Z

Mchalfo1: /* Voice */

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-05T20:16:36Z

Mchalfo1: /* Sentence Structure */

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-05T20:04:04Z

Mchalfo1: /* Sentence Structure */

Paiwan Transducer

==Paiwan==
==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
===Verbs===
====Voice====
===Pronouns===
===Case Markers===

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah]: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-05T20:03:34Z

Mchalfo1: /* =Sentence Structure */

Paiwan Transducer

==Paiwan==
==Grammar==
==Sentence Structure==
===Verbs===
====Voice====
===Pronouns===
===Case Markers===

==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah]: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-05T20:03:23Z

Mchalfo1: /* Work */

Paiwan Transducer

==Paiwan==
==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure==
===Verbs===
====Voice====
===Pronouns===
===Case Markers===
==Transducer==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah]: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-05T18:36:21Z

Mchalfo1: /* Work */

Paiwan Transducer

==Work==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null
Lexicons: 37
Lexicon entries: 370
Patterns: 12
Pattern entries: 24

Counts for individual lexicons:
Punctuation: 22
MarkerCase: 3
CaseMarkerRoot: 5
ConjuntionPrefix: 1
PronounCase: 3
PronounRoot: 7
LocativeAffix: 1
AdverbRoot: 2
GenCliticPronoun: 5
VerbPrefix: 4
VerbRoot: 14
VerbSuffix: 2
NomCliticPronoun: 5
Link: 1
NounRoot: 107
ProperNounRoot: 149
BeHaveRoot: 1
NumberRoot: 10
PrepositionRoot: 1
Tens: 1
NumberAnd: 1
SayRoot: 1
Infix: 2
Numeral: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 12

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah]: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-05T17:42:34Z

Mchalfo1: /* Work */

Paiwan Transducer

==Work==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370

Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

Number of tokens:
* Full: 128648
* wiki: 122527
* Genesis: 2441
* Textbook: 9106

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah]: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]

Mchalfo1/Final Project

2023-05-05T17:31:43Z

Mchalfo1: /* Work */

Paiwan Transducer

==Work==
Total Corpus:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$
1220 ^aicu/*aicu$
863 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
423 ^mavan/*mavan$
418 ^saka/*saka$
394 ^uri/*uri$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
376 ^azua/*azua$
375 ^au/*au$
329 ^uta/*uta$
325 ^tucu/*tucu$
285 ^maqati/*maqati$
268 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^masan/*masan$
265 ^gu/*gu$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196)
remaining unknown forms: 58359
ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370)
pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370
Wiki:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$
1207 ^aicu/*aicu$
844 ^ka/*ka$
762 ^aza/*aza$
596 ^avan/*avan$
419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$
414 ^mavan/*mavan$
406 ^saka/*saka$
393 ^qaw/*qaw$
375 ^au/*au$
342 ^uri/*uri$
310 ^uta/*uta$
308 ^tucu/*tucu$
274 ^maqati/*maqati$
266 ^kai/*kai$
265 ^gu/*gu$
258 ^masan/*masan$
252 ^pakata/*pakata$
251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913)
remaining unknown forms: 55471
ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957)
pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957

Genesis Chapters:
OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632)
remaining unknown forms: 1167
ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865)
pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865

==Developed Resources==
* Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
* Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from [https://web.klokah.tw/vocabulary/ Klokah]: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing

==External Resources==
* Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=

[[Category:Paiwan]] [[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]]