http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Pcruz1LING073 - User contributions [en]2026-10-25T03:02:31ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.27.7http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pcruz1/Final_Project&diff=17910Pcruz1/Final Project2022-05-13T23:47:30Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Transducer Code */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Final Project==<br />
For the final project of this class, I chose to expand my transducer and include new spellrelax and TWOL rules to account for the language's multiple orthographies and verb inflections. I added 700+ new stems to both the transducer file and the yrl-por dictionary. <br />
<br />
==Evaluation==<br />
Test corpora: The Bible (Gospel of Matthew)<br />
<br />
coverage: 18085/26015 (~69.5%)<br />
<br />
remaining unknown forms: 7930<br />
<br />
Generation tests passed: 75/108<br />
<br />
Precision: ~91%<br />
Recall: ~28%<br />
<br />
==Future Work==<br />
Adding more spellrelax rules would ensure that all three dialects of the language are taken as valid inputs. To do so, it would be ideal to work with literate native speakers from the dialects of the language in order to fully describe the differences correctly. Additionally, modeling reduplication and other derivational grammar processes of the language would generate a more powerful transducer.<br />
<br />
==Transducer Code==<br />
* [https://github.com/pedroborgescruz/nheengatu-transdutor.git The final version of the transducer for Nheengatu.]<br />
* [https://www.linkedin.com/posts/activity-6931026114911903744-yZhK?utm_source=linkedin_share&utm_medium=member_desktop_web Promotion of Transducer on LinkedIn + invite for collaboration]<br />
<br />
[[Category:sp22_FinalProjects]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pcruz1/Final_Project&diff=17909Pcruz1/Final Project2022-05-13T22:50:44Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Evaluation */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Final Project==<br />
For the final project of this class, I chose to expand my transducer and include new spellrelax and TWOL rules to account for the language's multiple orthographies and verb inflections. I added 700+ new stems to both the transducer file and the yrl-por dictionary. <br />
<br />
==Evaluation==<br />
Test corpora: The Bible (Gospel of Matthew)<br />
<br />
coverage: 18085/26015 (~69.5%)<br />
<br />
remaining unknown forms: 7930<br />
<br />
Generation tests passed: 75/108<br />
<br />
Precision: ~91%<br />
Recall: ~28%<br />
<br />
==Future Work==<br />
Adding more spellrelax rules would ensure that all three dialects of the language are taken as valid inputs. To do so, it would be ideal to work with literate native speakers from the dialects of the language in order to fully describe the differences correctly. Additionally, modeling reduplication and other derivational grammar processes of the language would generate a more powerful transducer.<br />
<br />
==Transducer Code==<br />
[https://github.com/pedroborgescruz/nheengatu-transdutor.git The final version of the transducer for Nheengatu.]<br />
<br />
[[Category:sp22_FinalProjects]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pcruz1/Final_Project&diff=17908Pcruz1/Final Project2022-05-13T22:50:33Z<p>Pcruz1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Final Project==<br />
For the final project of this class, I chose to expand my transducer and include new spellrelax and TWOL rules to account for the language's multiple orthographies and verb inflections. I added 700+ new stems to both the transducer file and the yrl-por dictionary. <br />
<br />
==Evaluation==<br />
Test corpora: The Bible (Gospel of Matthew)<br />
<br />
coverage: 18085/26015 (~69.5%)<br />
<br />
remaining unknown forms: 7930<br />
<br />
<br />
Generation tests passed: 75/108<br />
<br />
Precision: ~91%<br />
Recall: ~28%<br />
<br />
==Future Work==<br />
Adding more spellrelax rules would ensure that all three dialects of the language are taken as valid inputs. To do so, it would be ideal to work with literate native speakers from the dialects of the language in order to fully describe the differences correctly. Additionally, modeling reduplication and other derivational grammar processes of the language would generate a more powerful transducer.<br />
<br />
==Transducer Code==<br />
[https://github.com/pedroborgescruz/nheengatu-transdutor.git The final version of the transducer for Nheengatu.]<br />
<br />
[[Category:sp22_FinalProjects]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pcruz1/Final_Project&diff=17907Pcruz1/Final Project2022-05-13T22:44:33Z<p>Pcruz1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Final Project==<br />
For the final project of this class, I chose to expand my transducer and include new spellrelax and TWOL rules to account for the language's multiple orthographies and verb inflections.<br />
<br />
==Transducer Code==<br />
[https://github.com/pedroborgescruz/nheengatu-transdutor.git The final version of the transducer for Nheengatu.]<br />
<br />
[[Category:sp22_FinalProjects]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pcruz1/Final_Project&diff=17906Pcruz1/Final Project2022-05-13T22:43:04Z<p>Pcruz1: Created page with "==Final Project== For the final project of this class, I chose to expand my transducer and include new spellrelax and TWOL rules to account for the language's multiple orthogr..."</p>
<hr />
<div>==Final Project==<br />
For the final project of this class, I chose to expand my transducer and include new spellrelax and TWOL rules to account for the language's multiple orthographies and verb inflections.<br />
<br />
[[Category:sp22_FinalProjects]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA/Grammar&diff=17403Nheengatú/Grammar2022-05-03T20:29:38Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Habituality */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical Person==<br />
In Nheengatú, the grammatical person of speech, as well as its properties, is indicated with a prefix. There are two series of grammatical-person prefixes: <b>dynamic</b> ({{tag|dy}}), which indicate the subject of transitive verbs and dynamic intransitive verb, and <b>stative</b>, which function as name determinants, postposition complement, and index of coreference to the subject of inflecting stative verbs. Here, we are considering stative prefixes as attributes that indicate possession.<br />
<br />
====Dynamic prefixes====<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|akuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yakuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|rekuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|pekuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|ukuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|taukuntai}}<br />
<br />
====Stative prefixes====<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}}|serera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1pl}}|yanerera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2sg}}|nerera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2pl}}|perera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}|irera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}|tarera}}<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
====First Class====<br />
With nouns and verbs, only first-class personal pronouns are used. The 1st class personal pronouns, which function as subjects, also serve as direct objects. Examples:<br />
<br />
#<b>Ixé kurumĩ.</b> "I'm (a) boy."<br />
#<b>Indé kunhã.</b> "You (are a) woman."<br />
#<b>Aé apigaua.</b> "He (is a) man."<br />
#<b>Ixé aiku iké.</b> "I am here."<br />
<br />
Here are the personal pronouns of the first class of Nheengatú:<br />
* {{morphTest|ixé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ixé}} "I"<br />
* {{morphTest|indé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|indé}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|aé}} "He/She"<br />
* {{morphTest|iandé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|iandé}} "We"<br />
* {{morphTest|penhẽ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|penhẽ}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|aintá}} "They"<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|ta}} "They"<br />
<br />
====Second Class====<br />
With some adjectives, the pronouns of the second class are used.<br />
<br />
#<b>Se pusé.</b> "I (am) heavy."<br />
#<b>I kuere.</b> "He (is) tired."<br />
#<b>Yane apara.</b> "We (are) crooked."<br />
<br />
Here are the personal pronouns of the second class of Nheengatú:<br />
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|se}} "I"<br />
* {{morphTest|ne{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|ne}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|i}} "He/She"<br />
* {{morphTest|yane{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yane}} "We"<br />
* {{morphTest|pe{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|pe}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|aintá}} "They"<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|ta}} "They"<br />
<br />
===Possessive Pronouns===<br />
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|px1sg}}|se}} ("my")<br />
* {{morphTest|ne{{tag|px2sg}}|ne}} ("your")<br />
* {{morphTest|i{{tag|px3sg}}|i}} ("his/her")<br />
* {{morphTest|yane{{tag|px1pl}}|yane}} ("our")<br />
* {{morphTest|pe{{tag|px2pl}}|pe}} ("your (plural)")<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|px3pl}}|aintá}} ("their")<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|px3pl}}|ta}} ("their")<br />
<br />
===Demonstrative pronouns===<br />
* {{morphTest|kuá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|kuá}} ("this")<br />
* {{morphTest|nhaã{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|nhaã}} ("that")<br />
* {{morphTest|kuá suí{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|kuá suí}} ("here")<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
===Plurals===<br />
Nheengatú forms the plural of nouns with the ending <b>-ITÁ</b>, which is only used when absolutely necessary. When a noun clearly references the plural, either because a numeral precedes it or due to context, the suffix is usually omitted.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|kunhã{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|kunhãitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|uka{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|ukaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|nheenga{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|nheengaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|yawara{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|yawaraitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|pirá{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|piráitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|apigaua{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|apigauaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|taina{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|tainaitá}}<br />
<br />
==Postpositions==<br />
* {{morphTest|upé{{tag|post}}|upé}} ("in/at")<br />
* {{morphTest|supé{{tag|post}}|supé}} ("to") [personal]<br />
* {{morphTest|irũmu{{tag|post}}|irũmu}} ("with")<br />
* {{morphTest|kiti{{tag|post}}|kiti}} ("to") [locative]<br />
* {{morphTest|rupi{{tag|post}}|rupi}} ("through")<br />
* {{morphTest|riré{{tag|post}}|riré}} ("after")<br />
* {{morphTest|suí{{tag|post}}|suí}} ("from") [indicates origin or cause]<br />
<br />
==Past==<br />
The past is constructed with adverbs. Often, they are omitted, especially if it is clear when something has happened in the past or if the listener knows the speaker refers to the past.<br />
<br />
==Augmentative==<br />
<b>-UASU</b>, <b>-ASU</b>, and <b>-USU</b> are augmentative suffixes. The suffixes <b>-ASU</b> and <b>-USU</b> are used, preferably, when the noun ends in an unaccented vowel. The latter is, then, removed from the word.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|takuara{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|takuarusu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|apigaua{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|apigauasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|iakaré{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|iakaréuasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|iakaré{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|iakaréasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|buia{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|buiusu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|igara{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|igarusu}}<br />
<br />
==Diminutive==<br />
<b>-I</b> and <b>-Ĩ</b> are suffixes that express the diminutive. The noun that receives the suffix drops, if existing, its final unstressed "A."<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|tatu{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|tatui}}<br />
* {{morphTest|ita{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|itai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|takuara{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|takuarĩ}}<br />
* {{morphTest|nheenga{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|nheengĩ}}<br />
<br />
==Derivation==<br />
The suffix <b>-SAUA</b> (sometimes -TAUA, -PAUA), added to a verb, an adjective, etc., turns them into nouns. The forms -TAUA and -PAUA can only appear in forms inherited directly from proto Tupi. They cannot be used to form new words in Nheengatú. Cardinal numbers are also formed by attaching this suffix to their ordinal counterparts.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|suri{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|surisaua}} ("happy" | "happiness")<br />
* {{morphTest|katu{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|katusaua}} ("good" | "goodness")<br />
* {{morphTest|purasi{{tag|v}}{{tag|nmz}}|purasisaua}} ("to dance" | "dance")<br />
* {{morphTest|iepé{{tag|n}}{{tag|nmz}}|iepesaua}} ("one" | "first")<br />
* {{morphTest|mukũi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|mukũisaua}} ("two" | "second")<br />
* {{morphTest|musapíri{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|musapírisaua}} ("three" | "third")<br />
* {{morphTest|irundi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|irundisaua}} ("four" | "fourth")<br />
<br />
==Causative Voice==<br />
In Nheengatú, the causative voice is formed by using the prefix <b>MU-</b> with intransitive verbs, nouns, adjectives, particles.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|pinima{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mupinima}} ("painted" | "to paint")<br />
* {{morphTest|kuara{{tag|n}}{{tag|caus}}|mukuara}} ("hole" | "to drill")<br />
* {{morphTest|paua{{tag|v}}{{tag|caus}}|mupaua}} ("to finish" | "to make finish")<br />
* {{morphTest|puranga{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mupuranga}} ("pretty" | "to embellish")<br />
* {{morphTest|tini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mutini}} ("roasted" | "to roast")<br />
* {{morphTest|tusuru{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mutusuru}} ("big" | "to enlarge")<br />
* {{morphTest|saku{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|musaku}} ("hot" | "to heat")<br />
<br />
==Habituality==<br />
-UERA is a suffix that expresses habit, frequency, custom. It is used with verbs, with particles, adjectives.<br />
* {{morphTest|nheẽ{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|hab}}|unheẽuera}} ("to say" | "(she) often says")<br />
* {{morphTest|mundá{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|hab}}|amundáuera}} ("to steal" | "(they) often steal")<br />
* {{morphTest|maã{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|hab}}|remaãuera}} ("to steal" | "(they) often steal")<br />
<br />
==Reduplication==<br />
Reduplication, in Nheengatú, provides aspectual information to verbs and intensifies adjectives.<br />
====Unstressed syllable before the stressed syllable====<br />
If the word has an unstressed syllable before the stressed syllable, they are repeated.<br />
* {{morphTest|puku{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|pukupuku}} ("large")<br />
* {{morphTest|iepé{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|iepéiepé}} ("one")<br />
* {{morphTest|kaú{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|kaúkaú}} ("to get")<br />
<br />
====Diphthong at coda position====<br />
When there is a diphthong, the semivowel of the first member of the reduplication drops.<br />
* {{morphTest|ieréu{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|ieréieréu}} ("to turn")<br />
<br />
====Stressed syllable is penultimate and no other precedes it====<br />
If the stressed syllable is the penultimate one and there is no other before it, only the stressed syllable is duplicated.<br />
* {{morphTest|kuere{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|kuekuere}} ("tired")<br />
<br />
====Unstressed syllables that separate the members of the reduplication====<br />
The unstressed syllables that separate the reduplication members are dropped.<br />
* {{morphTest|kupíri{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|kupikupíri}} ("to clear off")<br />
* {{morphTest|mupinima{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|mupinipinima}} ("to paint/write")<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: Sp22_GrammarDocumentation]] [[Category:Nheengatú]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA/Grammar&diff=17402Nheengatú/Grammar2022-05-03T20:28:26Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Habituality */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical Person==<br />
In Nheengatú, the grammatical person of speech, as well as its properties, is indicated with a prefix. There are two series of grammatical-person prefixes: <b>dynamic</b> ({{tag|dy}}), which indicate the subject of transitive verbs and dynamic intransitive verb, and <b>stative</b>, which function as name determinants, postposition complement, and index of coreference to the subject of inflecting stative verbs. Here, we are considering stative prefixes as attributes that indicate possession.<br />
<br />
====Dynamic prefixes====<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|akuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yakuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|rekuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|pekuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|ukuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|taukuntai}}<br />
<br />
====Stative prefixes====<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}}|serera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1pl}}|yanerera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2sg}}|nerera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2pl}}|perera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}|irera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}|tarera}}<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
====First Class====<br />
With nouns and verbs, only first-class personal pronouns are used. The 1st class personal pronouns, which function as subjects, also serve as direct objects. Examples:<br />
<br />
#<b>Ixé kurumĩ.</b> "I'm (a) boy."<br />
#<b>Indé kunhã.</b> "You (are a) woman."<br />
#<b>Aé apigaua.</b> "He (is a) man."<br />
#<b>Ixé aiku iké.</b> "I am here."<br />
<br />
Here are the personal pronouns of the first class of Nheengatú:<br />
* {{morphTest|ixé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ixé}} "I"<br />
* {{morphTest|indé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|indé}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|aé}} "He/She"<br />
* {{morphTest|iandé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|iandé}} "We"<br />
* {{morphTest|penhẽ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|penhẽ}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|aintá}} "They"<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|ta}} "They"<br />
<br />
====Second Class====<br />
With some adjectives, the pronouns of the second class are used.<br />
<br />
#<b>Se pusé.</b> "I (am) heavy."<br />
#<b>I kuere.</b> "He (is) tired."<br />
#<b>Yane apara.</b> "We (are) crooked."<br />
<br />
Here are the personal pronouns of the second class of Nheengatú:<br />
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|se}} "I"<br />
* {{morphTest|ne{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|ne}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|i}} "He/She"<br />
* {{morphTest|yane{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yane}} "We"<br />
* {{morphTest|pe{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|pe}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|aintá}} "They"<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|ta}} "They"<br />
<br />
===Possessive Pronouns===<br />
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|px1sg}}|se}} ("my")<br />
* {{morphTest|ne{{tag|px2sg}}|ne}} ("your")<br />
* {{morphTest|i{{tag|px3sg}}|i}} ("his/her")<br />
* {{morphTest|yane{{tag|px1pl}}|yane}} ("our")<br />
* {{morphTest|pe{{tag|px2pl}}|pe}} ("your (plural)")<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|px3pl}}|aintá}} ("their")<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|px3pl}}|ta}} ("their")<br />
<br />
===Demonstrative pronouns===<br />
* {{morphTest|kuá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|kuá}} ("this")<br />
* {{morphTest|nhaã{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|nhaã}} ("that")<br />
* {{morphTest|kuá suí{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|kuá suí}} ("here")<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
===Plurals===<br />
Nheengatú forms the plural of nouns with the ending <b>-ITÁ</b>, which is only used when absolutely necessary. When a noun clearly references the plural, either because a numeral precedes it or due to context, the suffix is usually omitted.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|kunhã{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|kunhãitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|uka{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|ukaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|nheenga{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|nheengaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|yawara{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|yawaraitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|pirá{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|piráitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|apigaua{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|apigauaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|taina{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|tainaitá}}<br />
<br />
==Postpositions==<br />
* {{morphTest|upé{{tag|post}}|upé}} ("in/at")<br />
* {{morphTest|supé{{tag|post}}|supé}} ("to") [personal]<br />
* {{morphTest|irũmu{{tag|post}}|irũmu}} ("with")<br />
* {{morphTest|kiti{{tag|post}}|kiti}} ("to") [locative]<br />
* {{morphTest|rupi{{tag|post}}|rupi}} ("through")<br />
* {{morphTest|riré{{tag|post}}|riré}} ("after")<br />
* {{morphTest|suí{{tag|post}}|suí}} ("from") [indicates origin or cause]<br />
<br />
==Past==<br />
The past is constructed with adverbs. Often, they are omitted, especially if it is clear when something has happened in the past or if the listener knows the speaker refers to the past.<br />
<br />
==Augmentative==<br />
<b>-UASU</b>, <b>-ASU</b>, and <b>-USU</b> are augmentative suffixes. The suffixes <b>-ASU</b> and <b>-USU</b> are used, preferably, when the noun ends in an unaccented vowel. The latter is, then, removed from the word.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|takuara{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|takuarusu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|apigaua{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|apigauasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|iakaré{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|iakaréuasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|iakaré{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|iakaréasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|buia{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|buiusu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|igara{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|igarusu}}<br />
<br />
==Diminutive==<br />
<b>-I</b> and <b>-Ĩ</b> are suffixes that express the diminutive. The noun that receives the suffix drops, if existing, its final unstressed "A."<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|tatu{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|tatui}}<br />
* {{morphTest|ita{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|itai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|takuara{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|takuarĩ}}<br />
* {{morphTest|nheenga{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|nheengĩ}}<br />
<br />
==Derivation==<br />
The suffix <b>-SAUA</b> (sometimes -TAUA, -PAUA), added to a verb, an adjective, etc., turns them into nouns. The forms -TAUA and -PAUA can only appear in forms inherited directly from proto Tupi. They cannot be used to form new words in Nheengatú. Cardinal numbers are also formed by attaching this suffix to their ordinal counterparts.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|suri{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|surisaua}} ("happy" | "happiness")<br />
* {{morphTest|katu{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|katusaua}} ("good" | "goodness")<br />
* {{morphTest|purasi{{tag|v}}{{tag|nmz}}|purasisaua}} ("to dance" | "dance")<br />
* {{morphTest|iepé{{tag|n}}{{tag|nmz}}|iepesaua}} ("one" | "first")<br />
* {{morphTest|mukũi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|mukũisaua}} ("two" | "second")<br />
* {{morphTest|musapíri{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|musapírisaua}} ("three" | "third")<br />
* {{morphTest|irundi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|irundisaua}} ("four" | "fourth")<br />
<br />
==Causative Voice==<br />
In Nheengatú, the causative voice is formed by using the prefix <b>MU-</b> with intransitive verbs, nouns, adjectives, particles.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|pinima{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mupinima}} ("painted" | "to paint")<br />
* {{morphTest|kuara{{tag|n}}{{tag|caus}}|mukuara}} ("hole" | "to drill")<br />
* {{morphTest|paua{{tag|v}}{{tag|caus}}|mupaua}} ("to finish" | "to make finish")<br />
* {{morphTest|puranga{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mupuranga}} ("pretty" | "to embellish")<br />
* {{morphTest|tini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mutini}} ("roasted" | "to roast")<br />
* {{morphTest|tusuru{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mutusuru}} ("big" | "to enlarge")<br />
* {{morphTest|saku{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|musaku}} ("hot" | "to heat")<br />
<br />
==Habituality==<br />
-UERA is a suffix that expresses habit, frequency, custom. It is used with verbs, with particles, adjectives.<br />
* {{morphTest|nheẽ{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|hab}}|unheẽuera}} ("to say" | "(she) often says")<br />
* {{morphTest|mundá{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|hab}}|amundáuera}} ("to steal" | "(they) often steal")<br />
* {{morphTest|maã{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|hab}}|remaãuera}} ("to steal" | "(they) often steal")<br />
<br />
==Reduplication==<br />
Reduplication, in Nheengatú, provides aspectual information to verbs and intensifies adjectives.<br />
====Unstressed syllable before the stressed syllable====<br />
If the word has an unstressed syllable before the stressed syllable, they are repeated.<br />
* {{morphTest|puku{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|pukupuku}} ("large")<br />
* {{morphTest|iepé{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|iepéiepé}} ("one")<br />
* {{morphTest|kaú{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|kaúkaú}} ("to get")<br />
<br />
====Diphthong at coda position====<br />
When there is a diphthong, the semivowel of the first member of the reduplication drops.<br />
* {{morphTest|ieréu{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|ieréieréu}} ("to turn")<br />
<br />
====Stressed syllable is penultimate and no other precedes it====<br />
If the stressed syllable is the penultimate one and there is no other before it, only the stressed syllable is duplicated.<br />
* {{morphTest|kuere{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|kuekuere}} ("tired")<br />
<br />
====Unstressed syllables that separate the members of the reduplication====<br />
The unstressed syllables that separate the reduplication members are dropped.<br />
* {{morphTest|kupíri{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|kupikupíri}} ("to clear off")<br />
* {{morphTest|mupinima{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|mupinipinima}} ("to paint/write")<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: Sp22_GrammarDocumentation]] [[Category:Nheengatú]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA/Grammar&diff=17401Nheengatú/Grammar2022-05-03T20:23:08Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Habituality */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical Person==<br />
In Nheengatú, the grammatical person of speech, as well as its properties, is indicated with a prefix. There are two series of grammatical-person prefixes: <b>dynamic</b> ({{tag|dy}}), which indicate the subject of transitive verbs and dynamic intransitive verb, and <b>stative</b>, which function as name determinants, postposition complement, and index of coreference to the subject of inflecting stative verbs. Here, we are considering stative prefixes as attributes that indicate possession.<br />
<br />
====Dynamic prefixes====<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|akuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yakuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|rekuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|pekuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|ukuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|taukuntai}}<br />
<br />
====Stative prefixes====<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}}|serera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1pl}}|yanerera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2sg}}|nerera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2pl}}|perera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}|irera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}|tarera}}<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
====First Class====<br />
With nouns and verbs, only first-class personal pronouns are used. The 1st class personal pronouns, which function as subjects, also serve as direct objects. Examples:<br />
<br />
#<b>Ixé kurumĩ.</b> "I'm (a) boy."<br />
#<b>Indé kunhã.</b> "You (are a) woman."<br />
#<b>Aé apigaua.</b> "He (is a) man."<br />
#<b>Ixé aiku iké.</b> "I am here."<br />
<br />
Here are the personal pronouns of the first class of Nheengatú:<br />
* {{morphTest|ixé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ixé}} "I"<br />
* {{morphTest|indé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|indé}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|aé}} "He/She"<br />
* {{morphTest|iandé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|iandé}} "We"<br />
* {{morphTest|penhẽ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|penhẽ}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|aintá}} "They"<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|ta}} "They"<br />
<br />
====Second Class====<br />
With some adjectives, the pronouns of the second class are used.<br />
<br />
#<b>Se pusé.</b> "I (am) heavy."<br />
#<b>I kuere.</b> "He (is) tired."<br />
#<b>Yane apara.</b> "We (are) crooked."<br />
<br />
Here are the personal pronouns of the second class of Nheengatú:<br />
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|se}} "I"<br />
* {{morphTest|ne{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|ne}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|i}} "He/She"<br />
* {{morphTest|yane{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yane}} "We"<br />
* {{morphTest|pe{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|pe}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|aintá}} "They"<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|ta}} "They"<br />
<br />
===Possessive Pronouns===<br />
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|px1sg}}|se}} ("my")<br />
* {{morphTest|ne{{tag|px2sg}}|ne}} ("your")<br />
* {{morphTest|i{{tag|px3sg}}|i}} ("his/her")<br />
* {{morphTest|yane{{tag|px1pl}}|yane}} ("our")<br />
* {{morphTest|pe{{tag|px2pl}}|pe}} ("your (plural)")<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|px3pl}}|aintá}} ("their")<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|px3pl}}|ta}} ("their")<br />
<br />
===Demonstrative pronouns===<br />
* {{morphTest|kuá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|kuá}} ("this")<br />
* {{morphTest|nhaã{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|nhaã}} ("that")<br />
* {{morphTest|kuá suí{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|kuá suí}} ("here")<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
===Plurals===<br />
Nheengatú forms the plural of nouns with the ending <b>-ITÁ</b>, which is only used when absolutely necessary. When a noun clearly references the plural, either because a numeral precedes it or due to context, the suffix is usually omitted.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|kunhã{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|kunhãitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|uka{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|ukaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|nheenga{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|nheengaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|yawara{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|yawaraitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|pirá{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|piráitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|apigaua{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|apigauaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|taina{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|tainaitá}}<br />
<br />
==Postpositions==<br />
* {{morphTest|upé{{tag|post}}|upé}} ("in/at")<br />
* {{morphTest|supé{{tag|post}}|supé}} ("to") [personal]<br />
* {{morphTest|irũmu{{tag|post}}|irũmu}} ("with")<br />
* {{morphTest|kiti{{tag|post}}|kiti}} ("to") [locative]<br />
* {{morphTest|rupi{{tag|post}}|rupi}} ("through")<br />
* {{morphTest|riré{{tag|post}}|riré}} ("after")<br />
* {{morphTest|suí{{tag|post}}|suí}} ("from") [indicates origin or cause]<br />
<br />
==Past==<br />
The past is constructed with adverbs. Often, they are omitted, especially if it is clear when something has happened in the past or if the listener knows the speaker refers to the past.<br />
<br />
==Augmentative==<br />
<b>-UASU</b>, <b>-ASU</b>, and <b>-USU</b> are augmentative suffixes. The suffixes <b>-ASU</b> and <b>-USU</b> are used, preferably, when the noun ends in an unaccented vowel. The latter is, then, removed from the word.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|takuara{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|takuarusu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|apigaua{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|apigauasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|iakaré{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|iakaréuasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|iakaré{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|iakaréasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|buia{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|buiusu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|igara{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|igarusu}}<br />
<br />
==Diminutive==<br />
<b>-I</b> and <b>-Ĩ</b> are suffixes that express the diminutive. The noun that receives the suffix drops, if existing, its final unstressed "A."<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|tatu{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|tatui}}<br />
* {{morphTest|ita{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|itai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|takuara{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|takuarĩ}}<br />
* {{morphTest|nheenga{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|nheengĩ}}<br />
<br />
==Derivation==<br />
The suffix <b>-SAUA</b> (sometimes -TAUA, -PAUA), added to a verb, an adjective, etc., turns them into nouns. The forms -TAUA and -PAUA can only appear in forms inherited directly from proto Tupi. They cannot be used to form new words in Nheengatú. Cardinal numbers are also formed by attaching this suffix to their ordinal counterparts.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|suri{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|surisaua}} ("happy" | "happiness")<br />
* {{morphTest|katu{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|katusaua}} ("good" | "goodness")<br />
* {{morphTest|purasi{{tag|v}}{{tag|nmz}}|purasisaua}} ("to dance" | "dance")<br />
* {{morphTest|iepé{{tag|n}}{{tag|nmz}}|iepesaua}} ("one" | "first")<br />
* {{morphTest|mukũi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|mukũisaua}} ("two" | "second")<br />
* {{morphTest|musapíri{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|musapírisaua}} ("three" | "third")<br />
* {{morphTest|irundi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|irundisaua}} ("four" | "fourth")<br />
<br />
==Causative Voice==<br />
In Nheengatú, the causative voice is formed by using the prefix <b>MU-</b> with intransitive verbs, nouns, adjectives, particles.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|pinima{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mupinima}} ("painted" | "to paint")<br />
* {{morphTest|kuara{{tag|n}}{{tag|caus}}|mukuara}} ("hole" | "to drill")<br />
* {{morphTest|paua{{tag|v}}{{tag|caus}}|mupaua}} ("to finish" | "to make finish")<br />
* {{morphTest|puranga{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mupuranga}} ("pretty" | "to embellish")<br />
* {{morphTest|tini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mutini}} ("roasted" | "to roast")<br />
* {{morphTest|tusuru{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mutusuru}} ("big" | "to enlarge")<br />
* {{morphTest|saku{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|musaku}} ("hot" | "to heat")<br />
<br />
==Habituality==<br />
-UERA is a suffix that expresses habit, frequency, custom. It is used with verbs, with particles, adjectives.<br />
* {{morphTest|nheẽ{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|hab}}|unheẽuera}} ("to say" | "(she) often says")<br />
* {{morphTest|mundá{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|hab}}|taumundáuera}} ("to steal" | "(they) often steal")<br />
* {{morphTest|maã{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|hab}}|taumaãuera}} ("to steal" | "(they) often steal")<br />
<br />
==Reduplication==<br />
Reduplication, in Nheengatú, provides aspectual information to verbs and intensifies adjectives.<br />
====Unstressed syllable before the stressed syllable====<br />
If the word has an unstressed syllable before the stressed syllable, they are repeated.<br />
* {{morphTest|puku{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|pukupuku}} ("large")<br />
* {{morphTest|iepé{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|iepéiepé}} ("one")<br />
* {{morphTest|kaú{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|kaúkaú}} ("to get")<br />
<br />
====Diphthong at coda position====<br />
When there is a diphthong, the semivowel of the first member of the reduplication drops.<br />
* {{morphTest|ieréu{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|ieréieréu}} ("to turn")<br />
<br />
====Stressed syllable is penultimate and no other precedes it====<br />
If the stressed syllable is the penultimate one and there is no other before it, only the stressed syllable is duplicated.<br />
* {{morphTest|kuere{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|kuekuere}} ("tired")<br />
<br />
====Unstressed syllables that separate the members of the reduplication====<br />
The unstressed syllables that separate the reduplication members are dropped.<br />
* {{morphTest|kupíri{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|kupikupíri}} ("to clear off")<br />
* {{morphTest|mupinima{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|mupinipinima}} ("to paint/write")<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: Sp22_GrammarDocumentation]] [[Category:Nheengatú]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA/Grammar&diff=17400Nheengatú/Grammar2022-05-03T20:16:09Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Habituality */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical Person==<br />
In Nheengatú, the grammatical person of speech, as well as its properties, is indicated with a prefix. There are two series of grammatical-person prefixes: <b>dynamic</b> ({{tag|dy}}), which indicate the subject of transitive verbs and dynamic intransitive verb, and <b>stative</b>, which function as name determinants, postposition complement, and index of coreference to the subject of inflecting stative verbs. Here, we are considering stative prefixes as attributes that indicate possession.<br />
<br />
====Dynamic prefixes====<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|akuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yakuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|rekuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|pekuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|ukuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|taukuntai}}<br />
<br />
====Stative prefixes====<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}}|serera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1pl}}|yanerera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2sg}}|nerera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2pl}}|perera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}|irera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}|tarera}}<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
====First Class====<br />
With nouns and verbs, only first-class personal pronouns are used. The 1st class personal pronouns, which function as subjects, also serve as direct objects. Examples:<br />
<br />
#<b>Ixé kurumĩ.</b> "I'm (a) boy."<br />
#<b>Indé kunhã.</b> "You (are a) woman."<br />
#<b>Aé apigaua.</b> "He (is a) man."<br />
#<b>Ixé aiku iké.</b> "I am here."<br />
<br />
Here are the personal pronouns of the first class of Nheengatú:<br />
* {{morphTest|ixé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ixé}} "I"<br />
* {{morphTest|indé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|indé}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|aé}} "He/She"<br />
* {{morphTest|iandé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|iandé}} "We"<br />
* {{morphTest|penhẽ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|penhẽ}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|aintá}} "They"<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|ta}} "They"<br />
<br />
====Second Class====<br />
With some adjectives, the pronouns of the second class are used.<br />
<br />
#<b>Se pusé.</b> "I (am) heavy."<br />
#<b>I kuere.</b> "He (is) tired."<br />
#<b>Yane apara.</b> "We (are) crooked."<br />
<br />
Here are the personal pronouns of the second class of Nheengatú:<br />
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|se}} "I"<br />
* {{morphTest|ne{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|ne}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|i}} "He/She"<br />
* {{morphTest|yane{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yane}} "We"<br />
* {{morphTest|pe{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|pe}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|aintá}} "They"<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|ta}} "They"<br />
<br />
===Possessive Pronouns===<br />
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|px1sg}}|se}} ("my")<br />
* {{morphTest|ne{{tag|px2sg}}|ne}} ("your")<br />
* {{morphTest|i{{tag|px3sg}}|i}} ("his/her")<br />
* {{morphTest|yane{{tag|px1pl}}|yane}} ("our")<br />
* {{morphTest|pe{{tag|px2pl}}|pe}} ("your (plural)")<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|px3pl}}|aintá}} ("their")<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|px3pl}}|ta}} ("their")<br />
<br />
===Demonstrative pronouns===<br />
* {{morphTest|kuá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|kuá}} ("this")<br />
* {{morphTest|nhaã{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|nhaã}} ("that")<br />
* {{morphTest|kuá suí{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|kuá suí}} ("here")<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
===Plurals===<br />
Nheengatú forms the plural of nouns with the ending <b>-ITÁ</b>, which is only used when absolutely necessary. When a noun clearly references the plural, either because a numeral precedes it or due to context, the suffix is usually omitted.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|kunhã{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|kunhãitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|uka{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|ukaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|nheenga{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|nheengaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|yawara{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|yawaraitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|pirá{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|piráitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|apigaua{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|apigauaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|taina{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|tainaitá}}<br />
<br />
==Postpositions==<br />
* {{morphTest|upé{{tag|post}}|upé}} ("in/at")<br />
* {{morphTest|supé{{tag|post}}|supé}} ("to") [personal]<br />
* {{morphTest|irũmu{{tag|post}}|irũmu}} ("with")<br />
* {{morphTest|kiti{{tag|post}}|kiti}} ("to") [locative]<br />
* {{morphTest|rupi{{tag|post}}|rupi}} ("through")<br />
* {{morphTest|riré{{tag|post}}|riré}} ("after")<br />
* {{morphTest|suí{{tag|post}}|suí}} ("from") [indicates origin or cause]<br />
<br />
==Past==<br />
The past is constructed with adverbs. Often, they are omitted, especially if it is clear when something has happened in the past or if the listener knows the speaker refers to the past.<br />
<br />
==Augmentative==<br />
<b>-UASU</b>, <b>-ASU</b>, and <b>-USU</b> are augmentative suffixes. The suffixes <b>-ASU</b> and <b>-USU</b> are used, preferably, when the noun ends in an unaccented vowel. The latter is, then, removed from the word.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|takuara{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|takuarusu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|apigaua{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|apigauasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|iakaré{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|iakaréuasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|iakaré{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|iakaréasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|buia{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|buiusu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|igara{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|igarusu}}<br />
<br />
==Diminutive==<br />
<b>-I</b> and <b>-Ĩ</b> are suffixes that express the diminutive. The noun that receives the suffix drops, if existing, its final unstressed "A."<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|tatu{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|tatui}}<br />
* {{morphTest|ita{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|itai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|takuara{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|takuarĩ}}<br />
* {{morphTest|nheenga{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|nheengĩ}}<br />
<br />
==Derivation==<br />
The suffix <b>-SAUA</b> (sometimes -TAUA, -PAUA), added to a verb, an adjective, etc., turns them into nouns. The forms -TAUA and -PAUA can only appear in forms inherited directly from proto Tupi. They cannot be used to form new words in Nheengatú. Cardinal numbers are also formed by attaching this suffix to their ordinal counterparts.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|suri{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|surisaua}} ("happy" | "happiness")<br />
* {{morphTest|katu{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|katusaua}} ("good" | "goodness")<br />
* {{morphTest|purasi{{tag|v}}{{tag|nmz}}|purasisaua}} ("to dance" | "dance")<br />
* {{morphTest|iepé{{tag|n}}{{tag|nmz}}|iepesaua}} ("one" | "first")<br />
* {{morphTest|mukũi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|mukũisaua}} ("two" | "second")<br />
* {{morphTest|musapíri{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|musapírisaua}} ("three" | "third")<br />
* {{morphTest|irundi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|irundisaua}} ("four" | "fourth")<br />
<br />
==Causative Voice==<br />
In Nheengatú, the causative voice is formed by using the prefix <b>MU-</b> with intransitive verbs, nouns, adjectives, particles.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|pinima{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mupinima}} ("painted" | "to paint")<br />
* {{morphTest|kuara{{tag|n}}{{tag|caus}}|mukuara}} ("hole" | "to drill")<br />
* {{morphTest|paua{{tag|v}}{{tag|caus}}|mupaua}} ("to finish" | "to make finish")<br />
* {{morphTest|puranga{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mupuranga}} ("pretty" | "to embellish")<br />
* {{morphTest|tini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mutini}} ("roasted" | "to roast")<br />
* {{morphTest|tusuru{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mutusuru}} ("big" | "to enlarge")<br />
* {{morphTest|saku{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|musaku}} ("hot" | "to heat")<br />
<br />
==Habituality==<br />
-UERA is a suffix that expresses habit, frequency, custom. It is used with verbs, with particles, adjectives.<br />
* {{morphTest|nheẽ{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|hab}}|unheẽuera}} ("to say" | "(she) often says")<br />
* {{morphTest|mundá{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|hab}}|taumundáuera}} ("to steal" | "(they) often steal")<br />
* {{morphTest|maã{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|hab}}|taumaãuera}} ("to steal" | "(they) often steal")<br />
<br />
==Reduplication==<br />
Reduplication, in Nheengatú, provides aspectual information to verbs and intensifies adjectives.<br />
====Unstressed syllable before the stressed syllable====<br />
If the word has an unstressed syllable before the stressed syllable, they are repeated.<br />
* {{morphTest|puku{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|pukupuku}} ("large")<br />
* {{morphTest|iepé{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|iepéiepé}} ("one")<br />
* {{morphTest|kaú{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|kaúkaú}} ("to get")<br />
<br />
====Diphthong at coda position====<br />
When there is a diphthong, the semivowel of the first member of the reduplication drops.<br />
* {{morphTest|ieréu{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|ieréieréu}} ("to turn")<br />
<br />
====Stressed syllable is penultimate and no other precedes it====<br />
If the stressed syllable is the penultimate one and there is no other before it, only the stressed syllable is duplicated.<br />
* {{morphTest|kuere{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|kuekuere}} ("tired")<br />
<br />
====Unstressed syllables that separate the members of the reduplication====<br />
The unstressed syllables that separate the reduplication members are dropped.<br />
* {{morphTest|kupíri{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|kupikupíri}} ("to clear off")<br />
* {{morphTest|mupinima{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|mupinipinima}} ("to paint/write")<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: Sp22_GrammarDocumentation]] [[Category:Nheengatú]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA/Grammar&diff=17399Nheengatú/Grammar2022-05-03T20:11:12Z<p>Pcruz1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical Person==<br />
In Nheengatú, the grammatical person of speech, as well as its properties, is indicated with a prefix. There are two series of grammatical-person prefixes: <b>dynamic</b> ({{tag|dy}}), which indicate the subject of transitive verbs and dynamic intransitive verb, and <b>stative</b>, which function as name determinants, postposition complement, and index of coreference to the subject of inflecting stative verbs. Here, we are considering stative prefixes as attributes that indicate possession.<br />
<br />
====Dynamic prefixes====<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|akuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yakuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|rekuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|pekuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|ukuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|taukuntai}}<br />
<br />
====Stative prefixes====<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}}|serera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1pl}}|yanerera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2sg}}|nerera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2pl}}|perera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}|irera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}|tarera}}<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
====First Class====<br />
With nouns and verbs, only first-class personal pronouns are used. The 1st class personal pronouns, which function as subjects, also serve as direct objects. Examples:<br />
<br />
#<b>Ixé kurumĩ.</b> "I'm (a) boy."<br />
#<b>Indé kunhã.</b> "You (are a) woman."<br />
#<b>Aé apigaua.</b> "He (is a) man."<br />
#<b>Ixé aiku iké.</b> "I am here."<br />
<br />
Here are the personal pronouns of the first class of Nheengatú:<br />
* {{morphTest|ixé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ixé}} "I"<br />
* {{morphTest|indé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|indé}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|aé}} "He/She"<br />
* {{morphTest|iandé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|iandé}} "We"<br />
* {{morphTest|penhẽ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|penhẽ}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|aintá}} "They"<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|ta}} "They"<br />
<br />
====Second Class====<br />
With some adjectives, the pronouns of the second class are used.<br />
<br />
#<b>Se pusé.</b> "I (am) heavy."<br />
#<b>I kuere.</b> "He (is) tired."<br />
#<b>Yane apara.</b> "We (are) crooked."<br />
<br />
Here are the personal pronouns of the second class of Nheengatú:<br />
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|se}} "I"<br />
* {{morphTest|ne{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|ne}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|i}} "He/She"<br />
* {{morphTest|yane{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yane}} "We"<br />
* {{morphTest|pe{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|pe}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|aintá}} "They"<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|ta}} "They"<br />
<br />
===Possessive Pronouns===<br />
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|px1sg}}|se}} ("my")<br />
* {{morphTest|ne{{tag|px2sg}}|ne}} ("your")<br />
* {{morphTest|i{{tag|px3sg}}|i}} ("his/her")<br />
* {{morphTest|yane{{tag|px1pl}}|yane}} ("our")<br />
* {{morphTest|pe{{tag|px2pl}}|pe}} ("your (plural)")<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|px3pl}}|aintá}} ("their")<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|px3pl}}|ta}} ("their")<br />
<br />
===Demonstrative pronouns===<br />
* {{morphTest|kuá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|kuá}} ("this")<br />
* {{morphTest|nhaã{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|nhaã}} ("that")<br />
* {{morphTest|kuá suí{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|kuá suí}} ("here")<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
===Plurals===<br />
Nheengatú forms the plural of nouns with the ending <b>-ITÁ</b>, which is only used when absolutely necessary. When a noun clearly references the plural, either because a numeral precedes it or due to context, the suffix is usually omitted.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|kunhã{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|kunhãitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|uka{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|ukaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|nheenga{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|nheengaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|yawara{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|yawaraitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|pirá{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|piráitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|apigaua{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|apigauaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|taina{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|tainaitá}}<br />
<br />
==Postpositions==<br />
* {{morphTest|upé{{tag|post}}|upé}} ("in/at")<br />
* {{morphTest|supé{{tag|post}}|supé}} ("to") [personal]<br />
* {{morphTest|irũmu{{tag|post}}|irũmu}} ("with")<br />
* {{morphTest|kiti{{tag|post}}|kiti}} ("to") [locative]<br />
* {{morphTest|rupi{{tag|post}}|rupi}} ("through")<br />
* {{morphTest|riré{{tag|post}}|riré}} ("after")<br />
* {{morphTest|suí{{tag|post}}|suí}} ("from") [indicates origin or cause]<br />
<br />
==Past==<br />
The past is constructed with adverbs. Often, they are omitted, especially if it is clear when something has happened in the past or if the listener knows the speaker refers to the past.<br />
<br />
==Augmentative==<br />
<b>-UASU</b>, <b>-ASU</b>, and <b>-USU</b> are augmentative suffixes. The suffixes <b>-ASU</b> and <b>-USU</b> are used, preferably, when the noun ends in an unaccented vowel. The latter is, then, removed from the word.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|takuara{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|takuarusu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|apigaua{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|apigauasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|iakaré{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|iakaréuasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|iakaré{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|iakaréasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|buia{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|buiusu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|igara{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|igarusu}}<br />
<br />
==Diminutive==<br />
<b>-I</b> and <b>-Ĩ</b> are suffixes that express the diminutive. The noun that receives the suffix drops, if existing, its final unstressed "A."<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|tatu{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|tatui}}<br />
* {{morphTest|ita{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|itai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|takuara{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|takuarĩ}}<br />
* {{morphTest|nheenga{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|nheengĩ}}<br />
<br />
==Derivation==<br />
The suffix <b>-SAUA</b> (sometimes -TAUA, -PAUA), added to a verb, an adjective, etc., turns them into nouns. The forms -TAUA and -PAUA can only appear in forms inherited directly from proto Tupi. They cannot be used to form new words in Nheengatú. Cardinal numbers are also formed by attaching this suffix to their ordinal counterparts.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|suri{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|surisaua}} ("happy" | "happiness")<br />
* {{morphTest|katu{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|katusaua}} ("good" | "goodness")<br />
* {{morphTest|purasi{{tag|v}}{{tag|nmz}}|purasisaua}} ("to dance" | "dance")<br />
* {{morphTest|iepé{{tag|n}}{{tag|nmz}}|iepesaua}} ("one" | "first")<br />
* {{morphTest|mukũi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|mukũisaua}} ("two" | "second")<br />
* {{morphTest|musapíri{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|musapírisaua}} ("three" | "third")<br />
* {{morphTest|irundi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|irundisaua}} ("four" | "fourth")<br />
<br />
==Causative Voice==<br />
In Nheengatú, the causative voice is formed by using the prefix <b>MU-</b> with intransitive verbs, nouns, adjectives, particles.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|pinima{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mupinima}} ("painted" | "to paint")<br />
* {{morphTest|kuara{{tag|n}}{{tag|caus}}|mukuara}} ("hole" | "to drill")<br />
* {{morphTest|paua{{tag|v}}{{tag|caus}}|mupaua}} ("to finish" | "to make finish")<br />
* {{morphTest|puranga{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mupuranga}} ("pretty" | "to embellish")<br />
* {{morphTest|tini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mutini}} ("roasted" | "to roast")<br />
* {{morphTest|tusuru{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mutusuru}} ("big" | "to enlarge")<br />
* {{morphTest|saku{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|musaku}} ("hot" | "to heat")<br />
<br />
==Habituality==<br />
-UERA is a suffix that expresses habit, frequency, custom. It is used with verbs, with particles, adjectives.<br />
* {{morphTest|nheẽ{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|hab}}|unheẽuera}} ("to say" | "(she) often says")<br />
* {{morphTest|mundá{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|hab}}|taumundáuera}} ("to steal" | "(they) often steal")<br />
* {{morphTest|maã{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|hab}}|taumaãuera}} ("to steal" | "(they) often steal")<br />
<br />
==Reduplication==<br />
Reduplication, in Nheengatú, provides aspectual information to verbs and intensifies adjectives.<br />
====Unstressed syllable before the stressed syllable====<br />
If the word has an unstressed syllable before the stressed syllable, they are repeated.<br />
* {{morphTest|puku{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|pukupuku}} ("large")<br />
* {{morphTest|iepé{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|iepéiepé}} ("one")<br />
* {{morphTest|kaú{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|kaúkaú}} ("to get")<br />
<br />
====Diphthong at coda position====<br />
When there is a diphthong, the semivowel of the first member of the reduplication drops.<br />
* {{morphTest|ieréu{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|ieréieréu}} ("to turn")<br />
<br />
====Stressed syllable is penultimate and no other precedes it====<br />
If the stressed syllable is the penultimate one and there is no other before it, only the stressed syllable is duplicated.<br />
* {{morphTest|kuere{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|kuekuere}} ("tired")<br />
<br />
====Unstressed syllables that separate the members of the reduplication====<br />
The unstressed syllables that separate the reduplication members are dropped.<br />
* {{morphTest|kupíri{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|kupikupíri}} ("to clear off")<br />
* {{morphTest|mupinima{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|mupinipinima}} ("to paint/write")<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: Sp22_GrammarDocumentation]] [[Category:Nheengatú]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA/Grammar&diff=17398Nheengatú/Grammar2022-05-03T19:55:59Z<p>Pcruz1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical Person==<br />
In Nheengatú, the grammatical person of speech, as well as its properties, is indicated with a prefix. There are two series of grammatical-person prefixes: <b>dynamic</b> ({{tag|dy}}), which indicate the subject of transitive verbs and dynamic intransitive verb, and <b>stative</b>, which function as name determinants, postposition complement, and index of coreference to the subject of inflecting stative verbs. Here, we are considering stative prefixes as attributes that indicate possession.<br />
<br />
====Dynamic prefixes====<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|akuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yakuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|rekuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|pekuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|ukuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|taukuntai}}<br />
<br />
====Stative prefixes====<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}}|serera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1pl}}|yanerera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2sg}}|nerera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2pl}}|perera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}|irera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}|tarera}}<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
====First Class====<br />
With nouns and verbs, only first-class personal pronouns are used. The 1st class personal pronouns, which function as subjects, also serve as direct objects. Examples:<br />
<br />
#<b>Ixé kurumĩ.</b> "I'm (a) boy."<br />
#<b>Indé kunhã.</b> "You (are a) woman."<br />
#<b>Aé apigaua.</b> "He (is a) man."<br />
#<b>Ixé aiku iké.</b> "I am here."<br />
<br />
Here are the personal pronouns of the first class of Nheengatú:<br />
* {{morphTest|ixé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ixé}} "I"<br />
* {{morphTest|indé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|indé}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|aé}} "He/She"<br />
* {{morphTest|iandé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|iandé}} "We"<br />
* {{morphTest|penhẽ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|penhẽ}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|aintá}} "They"<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|ta}} "They"<br />
<br />
====Second Class====<br />
With some adjectives, the pronouns of the second class are used.<br />
<br />
#<b>Se pusé.</b> "I (am) heavy."<br />
#<b>I kuere.</b> "He (is) tired."<br />
#<b>Yane apara.</b> "We (are) crooked."<br />
<br />
Here are the personal pronouns of the second class of Nheengatú:<br />
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|se}} "I"<br />
* {{morphTest|ne{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|ne}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|i}} "He/She"<br />
* {{morphTest|yane{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yane}} "We"<br />
* {{morphTest|pe{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|pe}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|aintá}} "They"<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|ta}} "They"<br />
<br />
===Possessive Pronouns===<br />
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|px1sg}}|se}} ("my")<br />
* {{morphTest|ne{{tag|px2sg}}|ne}} ("your")<br />
* {{morphTest|i{{tag|px3sg}}|i}} ("his/her")<br />
* {{morphTest|yane{{tag|px1pl}}|yane}} ("our")<br />
* {{morphTest|pe{{tag|px2pl}}|pe}} ("your (plural)")<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|px3pl}}|aintá}} ("their")<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|px3pl}}|ta}} ("their")<br />
<br />
===Demonstrative pronouns===<br />
* {{morphTest|kuá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|kuá}} ("this")<br />
* {{morphTest|nhaã{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|nhaã}} ("that")<br />
* {{morphTest|kuá suí{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|kuá suí}} ("here")<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
===Plurals===<br />
Nheengatú forms the plural of nouns with the ending <b>-ITÁ</b>, which is only used when absolutely necessary. When a noun clearly references the plural, either because a numeral precedes it or due to context, the suffix is usually omitted.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|kunhã{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|kunhãitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|uka{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|ukaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|nheenga{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|nheengaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|yawara{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|yawaraitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|pirá{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|piráitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|apigaua{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|apigauaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|taina{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|tainaitá}}<br />
<br />
==Postpositions==<br />
* {{morphTest|upé{{tag|post}}|upé}} ("in/at")<br />
* {{morphTest|supé{{tag|post}}|supé}} ("to") [personal]<br />
* {{morphTest|irũmu{{tag|post}}|irũmu}} ("with")<br />
* {{morphTest|kiti{{tag|post}}|kiti}} ("to") [locative]<br />
* {{morphTest|rupi{{tag|post}}|rupi}} ("through")<br />
* {{morphTest|riré{{tag|post}}|riré}} ("after")<br />
* {{morphTest|suí{{tag|post}}|suí}} ("from") [indicates origin or cause]<br />
<br />
==Past==<br />
The past is constructed with adverbs. Often, they are omitted, especially if it is clear when something has happened in the past or if the listener knows the speaker refers to the past.<br />
<br />
==Augmentative==<br />
<b>-UASU</b>, <b>-ASU</b>, and <b>-USU</b> are augmentative suffixes. The suffixes <b>-ASU</b> and <b>-USU</b> are used, preferably, when the noun ends in an unaccented vowel. The latter is, then, removed from the word.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|takuara{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|takuarusu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|apigaua{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|apigauasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|iakaré{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|iakaréuasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|iakaré{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|iakaréasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|buia{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|buiusu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|igara{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|igarusu}}<br />
<br />
==Diminutive==<br />
<b>-I</b> and <b>-Ĩ</b> are suffixes that express the diminutive. The noun that receives the suffix drops, if existing, its final unstressed "A."<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|tatu{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|tatui}}<br />
* {{morphTest|ita{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|itai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|takuara{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|takuarĩ}}<br />
* {{morphTest|nheenga{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|nheengĩ}}<br />
<br />
==Derivation==<br />
The suffix <b>-SAUA</b> (sometimes -TAUA, -PAUA), added to a verb, an adjective, etc., turns them into nouns. The forms -TAUA and -PAUA can only appear in forms inherited directly from proto Tupi. They cannot be used to form new words in Nheengatú. Cardinal numbers are also formed by attaching this suffix to their ordinal counterparts.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|suri{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|surisaua}} ("happy" | "happiness")<br />
* {{morphTest|katu{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|katusaua}} ("good" | "goodness")<br />
* {{morphTest|purasi{{tag|v}}{{tag|nmz}}|purasisaua}} ("to dance" | "dance")<br />
* {{morphTest|iepé{{tag|n}}{{tag|nmz}}|iepesaua}} ("one" | "first")<br />
* {{morphTest|mukũi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|mukũisaua}} ("two" | "second")<br />
* {{morphTest|musapíri{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|musapírisaua}} ("three" | "third")<br />
* {{morphTest|irundi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|irundisaua}} ("four" | "fourth")<br />
<br />
==Causative Voice==<br />
In Nheengatú, the causative voice is formed by using the prefix <b>MU-</b> with intransitive verbs, nouns, adjectives, particles.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|pinima{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mupinima}} ("painted" | "to paint")<br />
* {{morphTest|kuara{{tag|n}}{{tag|caus}}|mukuara}} ("hole" | "to drill")<br />
* {{morphTest|paua{{tag|v}}{{tag|caus}}|mupaua}} ("to finish" | "to make finish")<br />
* {{morphTest|puranga{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mupuranga}} ("pretty" | "to embellish")<br />
* {{morphTest|tini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mutini}} ("roasted" | "to roast")<br />
* {{morphTest|tusuru{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mutusuru}} ("big" | "to enlarge")<br />
* {{morphTest|saku{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|musaku}} ("hot" | "to heat")<br />
<br />
==Reduplication==<br />
Reduplication, in Nheengatú, provides aspectual information to verbs and intensifies adjectives.<br />
====Unstressed syllable before the stressed syllable====<br />
If the word has an unstressed syllable before the stressed syllable, they are repeated.<br />
* {{morphTest|puku{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|pukupuku}} ("large")<br />
* {{morphTest|iepé{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|iepéiepé}} ("one")<br />
* {{morphTest|kaú{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|kaúkaú}} ("to get")<br />
<br />
====Diphthong at coda position====<br />
When there is a diphthong, the semivowel of the first member of the reduplication drops.<br />
* {{morphTest|ieréu{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|ieréieréu}} ("to turn")<br />
<br />
====Stressed syllable is penultimate and no other precedes it====<br />
If the stressed syllable is the penultimate one and there is no other before it, only the stressed syllable is duplicated.<br />
* {{morphTest|kuere{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|kuekuere}} ("tired")<br />
<br />
====Unstressed syllables that separate the members of the reduplication====<br />
The unstressed syllables that separate the reduplication members are dropped.<br />
* {{morphTest|kupíri{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|kupikupíri}} ("to clear off")<br />
* {{morphTest|mupinima{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|mupinipinima}} ("to paint/write")<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: Sp22_GrammarDocumentation]] [[Category:Nheengatú]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA/Grammar&diff=17397Nheengatú/Grammar2022-05-03T19:55:32Z<p>Pcruz1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical Person==<br />
In Nheengatú, the grammatical person of speech, as well as its properties, is indicated with a prefix. There are two series of grammatical-person prefixes: <b>dynamic</b> ({{tag|dy}}), which indicate the subject of transitive verbs and dynamic intransitive verb, and <b>stative</b>, which function as name determinants, postposition complement, and index of coreference to the subject of inflecting stative verbs. Here, we are considering stative prefixes as attributes that indicate possession.<br />
<br />
====Dynamic prefixes====<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|akuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yakuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|rekuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|pekuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|ukuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|taukuntai}}<br />
<br />
====Stative prefixes====<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}}|serera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1pl}}|yanerera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2sg}}|nerera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2pl}}|perera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}|irera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}|tarera}}<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
====First Class====<br />
With nouns and verbs, only first-class personal pronouns are used. The 1st class personal pronouns, which function as subjects, also serve as direct objects. Examples:<br />
<br />
#<b>Ixé kurumĩ.</b> "I'm (a) boy."<br />
#<b>Indé kunhã.</b> "You (are a) woman."<br />
#<b>Aé apigaua.</b> "He (is a) man."<br />
#<b>Ixé aiku iké.</b> "I am here."<br />
<br />
Here are the personal pronouns of the first class of Nheengatú:<br />
* {{morphTest|ixé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ixé}} "I"<br />
* {{morphTest|indé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|indé}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|aé}} "He/She"<br />
* {{morphTest|iandé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|iandé}} "We"<br />
* {{morphTest|penhẽ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|penhẽ}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|aintá}} "They"<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|ta}} "They"<br />
<br />
====Second Class====<br />
With some adjectives, the pronouns of the second class are used.<br />
<br />
#<b>Se pusé.</b> "I (am) heavy."<br />
#<b>I kuere.</b> "He (is) tired."<br />
#<b>Yane apara.</b> "We (are) crooked."<br />
<br />
Here are the personal pronouns of the second class of Nheengatú:<br />
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|se}} "I"<br />
* {{morphTest|ne{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|ne}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|i}} "He/She"<br />
* {{morphTest|yane{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yane}} "We"<br />
* {{morphTest|pe{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|pe}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|aintá}} "They"<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|ta}} "They"<br />
<br />
===Possessive Pronouns===<br />
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|px1sg}}|se}} ("my")<br />
* {{morphTest|ne{{tag|px2sg}}|ne}} ("your")<br />
* {{morphTest|i{{tag|px3sg}}|i}} ("his/her")<br />
* {{morphTest|yane{{tag|px1pl}}|yane}} ("our")<br />
* {{morphTest|pe{{tag|px2pl}}|pe}} ("your (plural)")<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|px3pl}}|aintá}} ("their")<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|px3pl}}|ta}} ("their")<br />
<br />
===Demonstrative pronouns===<br />
* {{morphTest|kuá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|kuá}} ("this")<br />
* {{morphTest|nhaã{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|nhaã}} ("that")<br />
* {{morphTest|kuá suí{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|kuá suí}} ("here")<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
===Plurals===<br />
Nheengatú forms the plural of nouns with the ending <b>-ITÁ</b>, which is only used when absolutely necessary. When a noun clearly references the plural, either because a numeral precedes it or due to context, the suffix is usually omitted.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|kunhã{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|kunhãitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|uka{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|ukaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|nheenga{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|nheengaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|yawara{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|yawaraitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|pirá{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|piráitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|apigaua{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|apigauaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|taina{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|tainaitá}}<br />
<br />
==Postpositions==<br />
* {{morphTest|upé{{tag|post}}|upé}} ("in/at")<br />
* {{morphTest|supé{{tag|post}}|supé}} ("to") [personal]<br />
* {{morphTest|irũmu{{tag|post}}|irũmu}} ("with")<br />
* {{morphTest|kiti{{tag|post}}|kiti}} ("to") [locative]<br />
* {{morphTest|rupi{{tag|post}}|rupi}} ("through")<br />
* {{morphTest|riré{{tag|post}}|riré}} ("after")<br />
* {{morphTest|suí{{tag|post}}|suí}} ("from") [indicates origin or cause]<br />
<br />
==Negation (indicative)==<br />
Verbs are negated by using <b>"Niti"</b>.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|aputári{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|neg}}|niti aputári}}<br />
* {{morphTest|umaã{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|neg}}|niti umaã}}<br />
* {{morphTest|puranga{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|neg}}|niti puranga}}<br />
<br />
==Past==<br />
The past is constructed with adverbs. Often, they are omitted, especially if it is clear when something has happened in the past or if the listener knows the speaker refers to the past.<br />
<br />
==Augmentative==<br />
<b>-UASU</b>, <b>-ASU</b>, and <b>-USU</b> are augmentative suffixes. The suffixes <b>-ASU</b> and <b>-USU</b> are used, preferably, when the noun ends in an unaccented vowel. The latter is, then, removed from the word.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|takuara{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|takuarusu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|apigaua{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|apigauasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|iakaré{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|iakaréuasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|iakaré{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|iakaréasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|buia{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|buiusu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|igara{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|igarusu}}<br />
<br />
==Diminutive==<br />
<b>-I</b> and <b>-Ĩ</b> are suffixes that express the diminutive. The noun that receives the suffix drops, if existing, its final unstressed "A."<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|tatu{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|tatui}}<br />
* {{morphTest|ita{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|itai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|takuara{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|takuarĩ}}<br />
* {{morphTest|nheenga{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|nheengĩ}}<br />
<br />
==Derivation==<br />
The suffix <b>-SAUA</b> (sometimes -TAUA, -PAUA), added to a verb, an adjective, etc., turns them into nouns. The forms -TAUA and -PAUA can only appear in forms inherited directly from proto Tupi. They cannot be used to form new words in Nheengatú. Cardinal numbers are also formed by attaching this suffix to their ordinal counterparts.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|suri{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|surisaua}} ("happy" | "happiness")<br />
* {{morphTest|katu{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|katusaua}} ("good" | "goodness")<br />
* {{morphTest|purasi{{tag|v}}{{tag|nmz}}|purasisaua}} ("to dance" | "dance")<br />
* {{morphTest|iepé{{tag|n}}{{tag|nmz}}|iepesaua}} ("one" | "first")<br />
* {{morphTest|mukũi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|mukũisaua}} ("two" | "second")<br />
* {{morphTest|musapíri{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|musapírisaua}} ("three" | "third")<br />
* {{morphTest|irundi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|irundisaua}} ("four" | "fourth")<br />
<br />
==Causative Voice==<br />
In Nheengatú, the causative voice is formed by using the prefix <b>MU-</b> with intransitive verbs, nouns, adjectives, particles.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|pinima{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mupinima}} ("painted" | "to paint")<br />
* {{morphTest|kuara{{tag|n}}{{tag|caus}}|mukuara}} ("hole" | "to drill")<br />
* {{morphTest|paua{{tag|v}}{{tag|caus}}|mupaua}} ("to finish" | "to make finish")<br />
* {{morphTest|puranga{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mupuranga}} ("pretty" | "to embellish")<br />
* {{morphTest|tini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mutini}} ("roasted" | "to roast")<br />
* {{morphTest|tusuru{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mutusuru}} ("big" | "to enlarge")<br />
* {{morphTest|saku{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|musaku}} ("hot" | "to heat")<br />
<br />
==Reduplication==<br />
Reduplication, in Nheengatú, provides aspectual information to verbs and intensifies adjectives.<br />
====Unstressed syllable before the stressed syllable====<br />
If the word has an unstressed syllable before the stressed syllable, they are repeated.<br />
* {{morphTest|puku{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|pukupuku}} ("large")<br />
* {{morphTest|iepé{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|iepéiepé}} ("one")<br />
* {{morphTest|kaú{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|kaúkaú}} ("to get")<br />
<br />
====Diphthong at coda position====<br />
When there is a diphthong, the semivowel of the first member of the reduplication drops.<br />
* {{morphTest|ieréu{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|ieréieréu}} ("to turn")<br />
<br />
====Stressed syllable is penultimate and no other precedes it====<br />
If the stressed syllable is the penultimate one and there is no other before it, only the stressed syllable is duplicated.<br />
* {{morphTest|kuere{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|kuekuere}} ("tired")<br />
<br />
====Unstressed syllables that separate the members of the reduplication====<br />
The unstressed syllables that separate the reduplication members are dropped.<br />
* {{morphTest|kupíri{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|kupikupíri}} ("to clear off")<br />
* {{morphTest|mupinima{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|mupinipinima}} ("to paint/write")<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: Sp22_GrammarDocumentation]] [[Category:Nheengatú]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA/Grammar&diff=17396Nheengatú/Grammar2022-05-03T19:49:17Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Diminutive */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical Person==<br />
In Nheengatú, the grammatical person of speech, as well as its properties, is indicated with a prefix. There are two series of grammatical-person prefixes: <b>dynamic</b> ({{tag|dy}}), which indicate the subject of transitive verbs and dynamic intransitive verb, and <b>stative</b>, which function as name determinants, postposition complement, and index of coreference to the subject of inflecting stative verbs. Here, we are considering stative prefixes as attributes that indicate possession.<br />
<br />
====Dynamic prefixes====<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|akuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yakuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|rekuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|pekuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|ukuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|taukuntai}}<br />
<br />
====Stative prefixes====<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}}|serera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1pl}}|yanerera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2sg}}|nerera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2pl}}|perera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}|irera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}|tarera}}<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
====First Class====<br />
With nouns and verbs, only first-class personal pronouns are used. The 1st class personal pronouns, which function as subjects, also serve as direct objects. Examples:<br />
<br />
#<b>Ixé kurumĩ.</b> "I'm (a) boy."<br />
#<b>Indé kunhã.</b> "You (are a) woman."<br />
#<b>Aé apigaua.</b> "He (is a) man."<br />
#<b>Ixé aiku iké.</b> "I am here."<br />
<br />
Here are the personal pronouns of the first class of Nheengatú:<br />
* {{morphTest|ixé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ixé}} "I"<br />
* {{morphTest|indé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|indé}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|aé}} "He/She"<br />
* {{morphTest|iandé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|iandé}} "We"<br />
* {{morphTest|penhẽ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|penhẽ}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|aintá}} "They"<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|ta}} "They"<br />
<br />
====Second Class====<br />
With some adjectives, the pronouns of the second class are used.<br />
<br />
#<b>Se pusé.</b> "I (am) heavy."<br />
#<b>I kuere.</b> "He (is) tired."<br />
#<b>Yane apara.</b> "We (are) crooked."<br />
<br />
Here are the personal pronouns of the second class of Nheengatú:<br />
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|se}} "I"<br />
* {{morphTest|ne{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|ne}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|i}} "He/She"<br />
* {{morphTest|yane{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yane}} "We"<br />
* {{morphTest|pe{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|pe}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|aintá}} "They"<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|ta}} "They"<br />
<br />
===Possessive Pronouns===<br />
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|px1sg}}|se}} ("my")<br />
* {{morphTest|ne{{tag|px2sg}}|ne}} ("your")<br />
* {{morphTest|i{{tag|px3sg}}|i}} ("his/her")<br />
* {{morphTest|yane{{tag|px1pl}}|yane}} ("our")<br />
* {{morphTest|pe{{tag|px2pl}}|pe}} ("your (plural)")<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|px3pl}}|aintá}} ("their")<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|px3pl}}|ta}} ("their")<br />
<br />
===Demonstrative pronouns===<br />
* {{morphTest|kuá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|kuá}} ("this")<br />
* {{morphTest|nhaã{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|nhaã}} ("that")<br />
* {{morphTest|kuá suí{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|kuá suí}} ("here")<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
===Gender===<br />
In Nheengatú, nouns do not have gender inflection. The idea of masculine or feminine is obtained using <b>-APIGAUA</b> ("man") and <b>-KUNHÃ</b> ("woman"), when necessary. Sometimes, only the form that refers to one of the genders (male or female) is used.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|kunhã{{tag|n}}{{tag|fem}}|kunhã}} ("woman")<br />
* {{morphTest|apigaua{{tag|n}}{{tag|mas}}|apigaua}} ("man")<br />
* {{morphTest|sapukaia{{tag|n}}{{tag|mas}}|sapukaia-apigaua}} ("chicken|rooster")<br />
* {{morphTest|samuara{{tag|n}}{{tag|mas}}|samuara-apigaua}} ("friend|boyfriend")<br />
* {{morphTest|samuara{{tag|n}}{{tag|fem}}|samuara-kunhã}} ("friend|girlfriend")<br />
* {{morphTest|iauara{{tag|n}}{{tag|fem}}|iauara-kunhã}} ("dog|dog (fem.)")<br />
<br />
===Plurals===<br />
Nheengatú forms the plural of nouns with the ending <b>-ITÁ</b>, which is only used when absolutely necessary. When a noun clearly references the plural, either because a numeral precedes it or due to context, the suffix is usually omitted.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|kunhã{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|kunhãitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|uka{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|ukaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|nheenga{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|nheengaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|yawara{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|yawaraitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|pirá{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|piráitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|apigaua{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|apigauaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|taina{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|tainaitá}}<br />
<br />
=="Irregular" Cases Prefixes==<br />
In Nheengatu, some nouns are given prefixes called <b>relationship prefixes</b>. They can be <b>T-</b>, <b>R-</b>, or <b>S-</b> and vary according to the case:<br />
<br />
* When the noun is used absolutely, that is, unrelated genitive with another word: <b>T-</b><br />
* When the noun is used in genitive relation to another word (noun or possessive): <b>R-</b><br />
* The 3rd person singular possessive is <b>S-</b>.<br />
<br />
We can consider this as irregular nouns. However, there are irregular versions of the irregular nouns in Nheengatú, meaning <b>not all of these nouns abide to these cases</b>. Some words, like "uka", are irregular and don't receive this prefix in their absolute form. Likewise, sanha "tooth" has its absolute form starting with <b>S-</b> instead of T-. Here are some examples:<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! case name !! ~meaning !! tag !! possible forms !! tendaua "community" !! tainha "seed"<br />
|-<br />
! absolute<br />
| similar to the nominative case; dictionary form || {{tag|abs}} || T- || {{morphTest|tendaua{{tag|n}}{{tag|abs}}|tendaua}} || {{morphTest|tainha{{tag|n}}{{tag|abs}}|tainha}}<br />
|-<br />
! genitive<br />
| possessor || {{tag|gen}} || R-|| {{morphTest|tendaua{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|rendaua}} || {{morphTest|tainha{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|rainha}}<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd person singular possessive<br />
| 3rd person singular possessive || {{tag|px3}} || S- || {{morphTest|tendaua{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3}}|sendaua}} || {{morphTest|tainha{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|sainha}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Postpositions==<br />
* {{morphTest|upé{{tag|post}}|upé}} ("in/at")<br />
* {{morphTest|supé{{tag|post}}|supé}} ("to") [personal]<br />
* {{morphTest|irũmu{{tag|post}}|irũmu}} ("with")<br />
* {{morphTest|kiti{{tag|post}}|kiti}} ("to") [locative]<br />
* {{morphTest|rupi{{tag|post}}|rupi}} ("through")<br />
* {{morphTest|riré{{tag|post}}|riré}} ("after")<br />
* {{morphTest|suí{{tag|post}}|suí}} ("from") [indicates origin or cause]<br />
<br />
==Negation (indicative)==<br />
Verbs are negated by using <b>"Niti"</b>.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|aputári{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|neg}}|niti aputári}}<br />
* {{morphTest|umaã{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|neg}}|niti umaã}}<br />
* {{morphTest|puranga{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|neg}}|niti puranga}}<br />
<br />
==Regular Genitive==<br />
The genitive case in Nheengatú is formed by flipping the order of the words to indicate their relationship. <br />
{{comment|Tackle this during syntax-related lab -PB}}<br />
<br />
==Future==<br />
The future in Nheengatu is made with <b>KURI</b> (<vaux>). It must succeed a verb or another adverb.<br />
# <b>Asu kuri São Gabriel kiti.</b> "I'm going to São Gabriel."<br />
# <b>Repitá kuri uirandé iké?</b> "Will you stay here tomorrow?"<br />
# <b>Uirandé kuri yamunhã iané ruka.</b> "Tomorrow we'll make our house"<br />
# <b>Se mena usika kuri paranã suí.</b> "My husband will arrive from the river."<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|fti}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|akuntai kuri}}<br />
* {{morphTest|su{{tag|v}}{{tag|fti}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yasu kuri}}<br />
* {{morphTest|pitá{{tag|v}}{{tag|fti}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|repitá kuri}}<br />
* {{morphTest|munhã{{tag|v}}{{tag|fti}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|yamunhã kuri}}<br />
* {{morphTest|sika{{tag|v}}{{tag|fti}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|usika}}<br />
<br />
==Past==<br />
The past is constructed with adverbs. Often, they are omitted, especially if it is clear when something has happened in the past or if the listener knows the speaker refers to the past.<br />
<br />
===Perfect===<br />
The past perfect, in Nheengatu, is made with <b>ANA</b>, <b>UANA</b> (or Ã, UÃ). The adverb "ANA" also means already.<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|akuntai ana}} ("spoke")<br />
* {{morphTest|usu{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|reusu ana}} ("went")<br />
* {{morphTest|apitá{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|aapitá ana}} ("stayed")<br />
<br />
===Imperfect===<br />
The imperfect tense can be formed with the particle <b>ANA</b> and the <b>IKU</b> verb as auxiliary. <b>KUERA</b> is also used to form the past perfect and the imperfect, as an adverb of time.<br />
<b>Se manha unheẽ kuera ixé arama: "Nhaã se kurumĩ."</b> "My mom used to tell me: "that's my boy."<br />
<br />
* akuntai ana aiku ("was speaking")<br />
** {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|akuntai}}<br />
** {{morphTest|ana{{tag|adv}}|ana}}<br />
** {{morphTest|iku{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|aiku}}<br />
* reusu ana reiku ("was going") #<br />
** {{morphTest|usu{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|reusu ana}} <br />
** {{morphTest|iku{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|imperf}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|reiku}}<br />
* aapitá ana aiku ("was staying") #<br />
** {{morphTest|apitá{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|aapitá ana}}<br />
** {{morphTest|iku{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|aiku}}<br />
<br />
==Augmentative==<br />
<b>-UASU</b>, <b>-ASU</b>, and <b>-USU</b> are augmentative suffixes. The suffixes <b>-ASU</b> and <b>-USU</b> are used, preferably, when the noun ends in an unaccented vowel. The latter is, then, removed from the word.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|takuara{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|takuarusu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|apigaua{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|apigauasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|iakaré{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|iakaréuasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|iakaré{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|iakaréasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|buia{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|buiusu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|igara{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|igarusu}}<br />
<br />
==Diminutive==<br />
<b>-I</b> and <b>-Ĩ</b> are suffixes that express the diminutive. The noun that receives the suffix drops, if existing, its final unstressed "A."<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|tatu{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|tatui}}<br />
* {{morphTest|ita{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|itai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|takuara{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|takuarĩ}}<br />
* {{morphTest|nheenga{{tag|dim}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|nheengĩ}}<br />
<br />
==Derivation==<br />
The suffix <b>-SAUA</b> (sometimes -TAUA, -PAUA), added to a verb, an adjective, etc., turns them into nouns. The forms -TAUA and -PAUA can only appear in forms inherited directly from proto Tupi. They cannot be used to form new words in Nheengatú. Cardinal numbers are also formed by attaching this suffix to their ordinal counterparts.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|suri{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|surisaua}} ("happy" | "happiness")<br />
* {{morphTest|katu{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|katusaua}} ("good" | "goodness")<br />
* {{morphTest|purasi{{tag|v}}{{tag|nmz}}|purasisaua}} ("to dance" | "dance")<br />
* {{morphTest|iepé{{tag|n}}{{tag|nmz}}|iepesaua}} ("one" | "first")<br />
* {{morphTest|mukũi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|mukũisaua}} ("two" | "second")<br />
* {{morphTest|musapíri{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|musapírisaua}} ("three" | "third")<br />
* {{morphTest|irundi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|irundisaua}} ("four" | "fourth")<br />
<br />
==Causative Voice==<br />
In Nheengatú, the causative voice is formed by using the prefix <b>MU-</b> with intransitive verbs, nouns, adjectives, particles.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|pinima{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mupinima}} ("painted" | "to paint")<br />
* {{morphTest|kuara{{tag|n}}{{tag|caus}}|mukuara}} ("hole" | "to drill")<br />
* {{morphTest|paua{{tag|v}}{{tag|caus}}|mupaua}} ("to finish" | "to make finish")<br />
* {{morphTest|puranga{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mupuranga}} ("pretty" | "to embellish")<br />
* {{morphTest|tini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mutini}} ("roasted" | "to roast")<br />
* {{morphTest|tusuru{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mutusuru}} ("big" | "to enlarge")<br />
* {{morphTest|saku{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|musaku}} ("hot" | "to heat")<br />
<br />
==Reduplication==<br />
Reduplication, in Nheengatú, provides aspectual information to verbs and intensifies adjectives.<br />
====Unstressed syllable before the stressed syllable====<br />
If the word has an unstressed syllable before the stressed syllable, they are repeated.<br />
* {{morphTest|puku{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|pukupuku}} ("large")<br />
* {{morphTest|iepé{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|iepéiepé}} ("one")<br />
* {{morphTest|kaú{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|kaúkaú}} ("to get")<br />
<br />
====Diphthong at coda position====<br />
When there is a diphthong, the semivowel of the first member of the reduplication drops.<br />
* {{morphTest|ieréu{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|ieréieréu}} ("to turn")<br />
<br />
====Stressed syllable is penultimate and no other precedes it====<br />
If the stressed syllable is the penultimate one and there is no other before it, only the stressed syllable is duplicated.<br />
* {{morphTest|kuere{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|kuekuere}} ("tired")<br />
<br />
====Unstressed syllables that separate the members of the reduplication====<br />
The unstressed syllables that separate the reduplication members are dropped.<br />
* {{morphTest|kupíri{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|kupikupíri}} ("to clear off")<br />
* {{morphTest|mupinima{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|mupinipinima}} ("to paint/write")<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: Sp22_GrammarDocumentation]] [[Category:Nheengatú]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA/Grammar&diff=17395Nheengatú/Grammar2022-05-03T19:44:49Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Augmentative */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical Person==<br />
In Nheengatú, the grammatical person of speech, as well as its properties, is indicated with a prefix. There are two series of grammatical-person prefixes: <b>dynamic</b> ({{tag|dy}}), which indicate the subject of transitive verbs and dynamic intransitive verb, and <b>stative</b>, which function as name determinants, postposition complement, and index of coreference to the subject of inflecting stative verbs. Here, we are considering stative prefixes as attributes that indicate possession.<br />
<br />
====Dynamic prefixes====<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|akuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yakuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|rekuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|pekuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|ukuntai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|taukuntai}}<br />
<br />
====Stative prefixes====<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}}|serera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1pl}}|yanerera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2sg}}|nerera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2pl}}|perera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}}|irera}}<br />
* {{morphTest|rera{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3pl}}|tarera}}<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
====First Class====<br />
With nouns and verbs, only first-class personal pronouns are used. The 1st class personal pronouns, which function as subjects, also serve as direct objects. Examples:<br />
<br />
#<b>Ixé kurumĩ.</b> "I'm (a) boy."<br />
#<b>Indé kunhã.</b> "You (are a) woman."<br />
#<b>Aé apigaua.</b> "He (is a) man."<br />
#<b>Ixé aiku iké.</b> "I am here."<br />
<br />
Here are the personal pronouns of the first class of Nheengatú:<br />
* {{morphTest|ixé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ixé}} "I"<br />
* {{morphTest|indé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|indé}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|aé}} "He/She"<br />
* {{morphTest|iandé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|iandé}} "We"<br />
* {{morphTest|penhẽ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|penhẽ}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|aintá}} "They"<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|ta}} "They"<br />
<br />
====Second Class====<br />
With some adjectives, the pronouns of the second class are used.<br />
<br />
#<b>Se pusé.</b> "I (am) heavy."<br />
#<b>I kuere.</b> "He (is) tired."<br />
#<b>Yane apara.</b> "We (are) crooked."<br />
<br />
Here are the personal pronouns of the second class of Nheengatú:<br />
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|se}} "I"<br />
* {{morphTest|ne{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|ne}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|i}} "He/She"<br />
* {{morphTest|yane{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yane}} "We"<br />
* {{morphTest|pe{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|pe}} "You"<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|aintá}} "They"<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|ta}} "They"<br />
<br />
===Possessive Pronouns===<br />
* {{morphTest|se{{tag|px1sg}}|se}} ("my")<br />
* {{morphTest|ne{{tag|px2sg}}|ne}} ("your")<br />
* {{morphTest|i{{tag|px3sg}}|i}} ("his/her")<br />
* {{morphTest|yane{{tag|px1pl}}|yane}} ("our")<br />
* {{morphTest|pe{{tag|px2pl}}|pe}} ("your (plural)")<br />
* {{morphTest|aintá{{tag|px3pl}}|aintá}} ("their")<br />
* {{morphTest|ta{{tag|px3pl}}|ta}} ("their")<br />
<br />
===Demonstrative pronouns===<br />
* {{morphTest|kuá{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|kuá}} ("this")<br />
* {{morphTest|nhaã{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|nhaã}} ("that")<br />
* {{morphTest|kuá suí{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|kuá suí}} ("here")<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
===Gender===<br />
In Nheengatú, nouns do not have gender inflection. The idea of masculine or feminine is obtained using <b>-APIGAUA</b> ("man") and <b>-KUNHÃ</b> ("woman"), when necessary. Sometimes, only the form that refers to one of the genders (male or female) is used.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|kunhã{{tag|n}}{{tag|fem}}|kunhã}} ("woman")<br />
* {{morphTest|apigaua{{tag|n}}{{tag|mas}}|apigaua}} ("man")<br />
* {{morphTest|sapukaia{{tag|n}}{{tag|mas}}|sapukaia-apigaua}} ("chicken|rooster")<br />
* {{morphTest|samuara{{tag|n}}{{tag|mas}}|samuara-apigaua}} ("friend|boyfriend")<br />
* {{morphTest|samuara{{tag|n}}{{tag|fem}}|samuara-kunhã}} ("friend|girlfriend")<br />
* {{morphTest|iauara{{tag|n}}{{tag|fem}}|iauara-kunhã}} ("dog|dog (fem.)")<br />
<br />
===Plurals===<br />
Nheengatú forms the plural of nouns with the ending <b>-ITÁ</b>, which is only used when absolutely necessary. When a noun clearly references the plural, either because a numeral precedes it or due to context, the suffix is usually omitted.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|kunhã{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|kunhãitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|uka{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|ukaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|nheenga{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|nheengaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|yawara{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|yawaraitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|pirá{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|piráitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|apigaua{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|apigauaitá}}<br />
* {{morphTest|taina{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|tainaitá}}<br />
<br />
=="Irregular" Cases Prefixes==<br />
In Nheengatu, some nouns are given prefixes called <b>relationship prefixes</b>. They can be <b>T-</b>, <b>R-</b>, or <b>S-</b> and vary according to the case:<br />
<br />
* When the noun is used absolutely, that is, unrelated genitive with another word: <b>T-</b><br />
* When the noun is used in genitive relation to another word (noun or possessive): <b>R-</b><br />
* The 3rd person singular possessive is <b>S-</b>.<br />
<br />
We can consider this as irregular nouns. However, there are irregular versions of the irregular nouns in Nheengatú, meaning <b>not all of these nouns abide to these cases</b>. Some words, like "uka", are irregular and don't receive this prefix in their absolute form. Likewise, sanha "tooth" has its absolute form starting with <b>S-</b> instead of T-. Here are some examples:<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! case name !! ~meaning !! tag !! possible forms !! tendaua "community" !! tainha "seed"<br />
|-<br />
! absolute<br />
| similar to the nominative case; dictionary form || {{tag|abs}} || T- || {{morphTest|tendaua{{tag|n}}{{tag|abs}}|tendaua}} || {{morphTest|tainha{{tag|n}}{{tag|abs}}|tainha}}<br />
|-<br />
! genitive<br />
| possessor || {{tag|gen}} || R-|| {{morphTest|tendaua{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|rendaua}} || {{morphTest|tainha{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|rainha}}<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd person singular possessive<br />
| 3rd person singular possessive || {{tag|px3}} || S- || {{morphTest|tendaua{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3}}|sendaua}} || {{morphTest|tainha{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|sainha}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Postpositions==<br />
* {{morphTest|upé{{tag|post}}|upé}} ("in/at")<br />
* {{morphTest|supé{{tag|post}}|supé}} ("to") [personal]<br />
* {{morphTest|irũmu{{tag|post}}|irũmu}} ("with")<br />
* {{morphTest|kiti{{tag|post}}|kiti}} ("to") [locative]<br />
* {{morphTest|rupi{{tag|post}}|rupi}} ("through")<br />
* {{morphTest|riré{{tag|post}}|riré}} ("after")<br />
* {{morphTest|suí{{tag|post}}|suí}} ("from") [indicates origin or cause]<br />
<br />
==Negation (indicative)==<br />
Verbs are negated by using <b>"Niti"</b>.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|aputári{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|neg}}|niti aputári}}<br />
* {{morphTest|umaã{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|neg}}|niti umaã}}<br />
* {{morphTest|puranga{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|neg}}|niti puranga}}<br />
<br />
==Regular Genitive==<br />
The genitive case in Nheengatú is formed by flipping the order of the words to indicate their relationship. <br />
{{comment|Tackle this during syntax-related lab -PB}}<br />
<br />
==Future==<br />
The future in Nheengatu is made with <b>KURI</b> (<vaux>). It must succeed a verb or another adverb.<br />
# <b>Asu kuri São Gabriel kiti.</b> "I'm going to São Gabriel."<br />
# <b>Repitá kuri uirandé iké?</b> "Will you stay here tomorrow?"<br />
# <b>Uirandé kuri yamunhã iané ruka.</b> "Tomorrow we'll make our house"<br />
# <b>Se mena usika kuri paranã suí.</b> "My husband will arrive from the river."<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|fti}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|akuntai kuri}}<br />
* {{morphTest|su{{tag|v}}{{tag|fti}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yasu kuri}}<br />
* {{morphTest|pitá{{tag|v}}{{tag|fti}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|repitá kuri}}<br />
* {{morphTest|munhã{{tag|v}}{{tag|fti}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|yamunhã kuri}}<br />
* {{morphTest|sika{{tag|v}}{{tag|fti}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|usika}}<br />
<br />
==Past==<br />
The past is constructed with adverbs. Often, they are omitted, especially if it is clear when something has happened in the past or if the listener knows the speaker refers to the past.<br />
<br />
===Perfect===<br />
The past perfect, in Nheengatu, is made with <b>ANA</b>, <b>UANA</b> (or Ã, UÃ). The adverb "ANA" also means already.<br />
* {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|akuntai ana}} ("spoke")<br />
* {{morphTest|usu{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|reusu ana}} ("went")<br />
* {{morphTest|apitá{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|aapitá ana}} ("stayed")<br />
<br />
===Imperfect===<br />
The imperfect tense can be formed with the particle <b>ANA</b> and the <b>IKU</b> verb as auxiliary. <b>KUERA</b> is also used to form the past perfect and the imperfect, as an adverb of time.<br />
<b>Se manha unheẽ kuera ixé arama: "Nhaã se kurumĩ."</b> "My mom used to tell me: "that's my boy."<br />
<br />
* akuntai ana aiku ("was speaking")<br />
** {{morphTest|kuntai{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|akuntai}}<br />
** {{morphTest|ana{{tag|adv}}|ana}}<br />
** {{morphTest|iku{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|aiku}}<br />
* reusu ana reiku ("was going") #<br />
** {{morphTest|usu{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|reusu ana}} <br />
** {{morphTest|iku{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|imperf}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|reiku}}<br />
* aapitá ana aiku ("was staying") #<br />
** {{morphTest|apitá{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|aapitá ana}}<br />
** {{morphTest|iku{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|aiku}}<br />
<br />
==Augmentative==<br />
<b>-UASU</b>, <b>-ASU</b>, and <b>-USU</b> are augmentative suffixes. The suffixes <b>-ASU</b> and <b>-USU</b> are used, preferably, when the noun ends in an unaccented vowel. The latter is, then, removed from the word.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|takuara{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|takuarusu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|apigaua{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|apigauasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|iakaré{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|iakaréuasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|iakaré{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|iakaréasu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|buia{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|buiusu}}<br />
* {{morphTest|igara{{tag|aug}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|igarusu}}<br />
<br />
==Diminutive==<br />
<b>-I</b> and <b>-Ĩ</b> are suffixes that express the diminutive. The noun that receives the suffix drops, if existing, its final unstressed "A."<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|tatu{{tag|n}}{{tag|dim}}|tatui}}<br />
* {{morphTest|ita{{tag|n}}{{tag|dim}}|itai}}<br />
* {{morphTest|takuara{{tag|n}}{{tag|dim}}|takuarĩ}}<br />
* {{morphTest|nheenga{{tag|n}}{{tag|dim}}|nheengĩ}}<br />
<br />
==Derivation==<br />
The suffix <b>-SAUA</b> (sometimes -TAUA, -PAUA), added to a verb, an adjective, etc., turns them into nouns. The forms -TAUA and -PAUA can only appear in forms inherited directly from proto Tupi. They cannot be used to form new words in Nheengatú. Cardinal numbers are also formed by attaching this suffix to their ordinal counterparts.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|suri{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|surisaua}} ("happy" | "happiness")<br />
* {{morphTest|katu{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|katusaua}} ("good" | "goodness")<br />
* {{morphTest|purasi{{tag|v}}{{tag|nmz}}|purasisaua}} ("to dance" | "dance")<br />
* {{morphTest|iepé{{tag|n}}{{tag|nmz}}|iepesaua}} ("one" | "first")<br />
* {{morphTest|mukũi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|mukũisaua}} ("two" | "second")<br />
* {{morphTest|musapíri{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|musapírisaua}} ("three" | "third")<br />
* {{morphTest|irundi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|nmz}}|irundisaua}} ("four" | "fourth")<br />
<br />
==Causative Voice==<br />
In Nheengatú, the causative voice is formed by using the prefix <b>MU-</b> with intransitive verbs, nouns, adjectives, particles.<br />
<br />
* {{morphTest|pinima{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mupinima}} ("painted" | "to paint")<br />
* {{morphTest|kuara{{tag|n}}{{tag|caus}}|mukuara}} ("hole" | "to drill")<br />
* {{morphTest|paua{{tag|v}}{{tag|caus}}|mupaua}} ("to finish" | "to make finish")<br />
* {{morphTest|puranga{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mupuranga}} ("pretty" | "to embellish")<br />
* {{morphTest|tini{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mutini}} ("roasted" | "to roast")<br />
* {{morphTest|tusuru{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|mutusuru}} ("big" | "to enlarge")<br />
* {{morphTest|saku{{tag|adj}}{{tag|caus}}|musaku}} ("hot" | "to heat")<br />
<br />
==Reduplication==<br />
Reduplication, in Nheengatú, provides aspectual information to verbs and intensifies adjectives.<br />
====Unstressed syllable before the stressed syllable====<br />
If the word has an unstressed syllable before the stressed syllable, they are repeated.<br />
* {{morphTest|puku{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|pukupuku}} ("large")<br />
* {{morphTest|iepé{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|iepéiepé}} ("one")<br />
* {{morphTest|kaú{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|kaúkaú}} ("to get")<br />
<br />
====Diphthong at coda position====<br />
When there is a diphthong, the semivowel of the first member of the reduplication drops.<br />
* {{morphTest|ieréu{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|ieréieréu}} ("to turn")<br />
<br />
====Stressed syllable is penultimate and no other precedes it====<br />
If the stressed syllable is the penultimate one and there is no other before it, only the stressed syllable is duplicated.<br />
* {{morphTest|kuere{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sup}}|kuekuere}} ("tired")<br />
<br />
====Unstressed syllables that separate the members of the reduplication====<br />
The unstressed syllables that separate the reduplication members are dropped.<br />
* {{morphTest|kupíri{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|kupikupíri}} ("to clear off")<br />
* {{morphTest|mupinima{{tag|v}}{{tag|ints}}|mupinipinima}} ("to paint/write")<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: Sp22_GrammarDocumentation]] [[Category:Nheengatú]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17327Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:54:26Z<p>Pcruz1: /* 1. Gender */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
====1. Gender====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|yrl|por|Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara.|Eu sou um homem sortudo.}} ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|yrl|por|Ixé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} iepé{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} apigaua{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} marupiara{{tag|adj}}|Eu{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} ser{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} um{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} homem{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} sortudo{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
====2. Linking verbs====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs connecting DPs to predicates.<br />
* {{transferTest|yrl|por|Uií ara niti puranga.|Hoje o dia não é bom.}} ("Today is not a good day.")<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|yrl|por|uií{{tag|adv}} ara{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} niti{{tag|adv}} puranga{{tag|adj}}|hoje{{tag|adv}} o{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} dia{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} não{{tag|adv}} é{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} bom{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|yrl|por|Londres taua turusu uiku.|Londres é uma cidade grande.}} ("London is a big city.")<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|yrl|por|Londres{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} taua{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} turusu{{tag|adj}} iku{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Londres{{tag|np}}{{tag|top}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ser{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} um{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} cidade{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} grande{{tag|adj}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
====3. Definite article====<br />
Portuguese, unlike Nheengatú, has definite articles. <br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria umbaú pirá i pu irũmu. → (por) Maria come <b>o</b> peixe com suas mãos. ("Maria eats the fish with her hands.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje <b>o</b> dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====4. Genitive case====<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria uuatá ara pukusaua taua rapéitá rupi. → (por) Maria anda durante o dia pelas <b>ruas da cidade</b>. ("Maria walks during the day through the city streets.")<br />
<br />
====5. Postpositions====<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha <b>irũmu</b>. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar <b>com</b> sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara <b>supé</b>. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom <b>para</b> os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17326Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:48:57Z<p>Pcruz1: /* 2. Linking verbs */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
====1. Gender====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
====2. Linking verbs====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs connecting DPs to predicates.<br />
* {{transferTest|yrl|por|Uií ara niti puranga.|Hoje o dia não é bom.}} ("Today is not a good day.")<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|yrl|por|uií{{tag|adv}} ara{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} niti{{tag|adv}} puranga{{tag|adj}}|hoje{{tag|adv}} o{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} dia{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} não{{tag|adv}} é{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} bom{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|yrl|por|Londres taua turusu uiku.|Londres é uma cidade grande.}} ("London is a big city.")<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|yrl|por|Londres{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} taua{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} turusu{{tag|adj}} iku{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Londres{{tag|np}}{{tag|top}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ser{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} um{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} cidade{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} grande{{tag|adj}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
====3. Definite article====<br />
Portuguese, unlike Nheengatú, has definite articles. <br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria umbaú pirá i pu irũmu. → (por) Maria come <b>o</b> peixe com suas mãos. ("Maria eats the fish with her hands.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje <b>o</b> dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====4. Genitive case====<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria uuatá ara pukusaua taua rapéitá rupi. → (por) Maria anda durante o dia pelas <b>ruas da cidade</b>. ("Maria walks during the day through the city streets.")<br />
<br />
====5. Postpositions====<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha <b>irũmu</b>. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar <b>com</b> sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara <b>supé</b>. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom <b>para</b> os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17325Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:48:24Z<p>Pcruz1: /* 2. Linking verbs */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
====1. Gender====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
====2. Linking verbs====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs connecting DPs to predicates.<br />
* {{transferTest|yrl|por|Uií ara niti puranga.|Hoje o dia não é bom.}} ("Today is not a good day.")<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|yrl|por|uií{{tag|adv}} ara{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} niti{{tag|adv}} puranga{{tag|adj}}|hoje{{tag|adv}} o{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} dia{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} não{{tag|adv}} é{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} bom{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|yrl|por|Londres taua turusu uiku.|Londres é uma cidade grande.}} ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|yrl|por|Londres{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} taua{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} turusu{{tag|adj}} iku{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Londres{{tag|np}}{{tag|top}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ser{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} um{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} cidade{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} grande{{tag|adj}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
====3. Definite article====<br />
Portuguese, unlike Nheengatú, has definite articles. <br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria umbaú pirá i pu irũmu. → (por) Maria come <b>o</b> peixe com suas mãos. ("Maria eats the fish with her hands.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje <b>o</b> dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====4. Genitive case====<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria uuatá ara pukusaua taua rapéitá rupi. → (por) Maria anda durante o dia pelas <b>ruas da cidade</b>. ("Maria walks during the day through the city streets.")<br />
<br />
====5. Postpositions====<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha <b>irũmu</b>. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar <b>com</b> sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara <b>supé</b>. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom <b>para</b> os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17323Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:42:12Z<p>Pcruz1: /* 2. Linking verbs */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
====1. Gender====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
====2. Linking verbs====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs connecting DPs to predicates.<br />
* {{transferTest|yrl|por|Uií ara niti puranga.|Hoje o dia não é bom.}} ("Today is not a good day.")<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|yrl|por|uií{{tag|adv}} ara{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} niti{{tag|adv}} puranga{{tag|adj}}|hoje{{tag|adv}} o{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} dia{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} não{{tag|adv}} é{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} bom{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====3. Definite article====<br />
Portuguese, unlike Nheengatú, has definite articles. <br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria umbaú pirá i pu irũmu. → (por) Maria come <b>o</b> peixe com suas mãos. ("Maria eats the fish with her hands.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje <b>o</b> dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====4. Genitive case====<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria uuatá ara pukusaua taua rapéitá rupi. → (por) Maria anda durante o dia pelas <b>ruas da cidade</b>. ("Maria walks during the day through the city streets.")<br />
<br />
====5. Postpositions====<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha <b>irũmu</b>. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar <b>com</b> sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara <b>supé</b>. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom <b>para</b> os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17322Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:39:15Z<p>Pcruz1: /* 2. Linking verbs */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
====1. Gender====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
====2. Linking verbs====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs connecting DPs to predicates.<br />
* {{transferTest|yrl|por|Uií ara niti puranga.|Hoje o dia não é bom.}} ("Today is not a good day.")<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|yrl|por|uií{{tag|adv}} ara{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} niti{{tag|adv}} puranga{{tag|adj}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====3. Definite article====<br />
Portuguese, unlike Nheengatú, has definite articles. <br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria umbaú pirá i pu irũmu. → (por) Maria come <b>o</b> peixe com suas mãos. ("Maria eats the fish with her hands.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje <b>o</b> dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====4. Genitive case====<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria uuatá ara pukusaua taua rapéitá rupi. → (por) Maria anda durante o dia pelas <b>ruas da cidade</b>. ("Maria walks during the day through the city streets.")<br />
<br />
====5. Postpositions====<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha <b>irũmu</b>. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar <b>com</b> sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara <b>supé</b>. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom <b>para</b> os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17321Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:36:21Z<p>Pcruz1: /* 2. Linking verbs */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
====1. Gender====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
====2. Linking verbs====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs connecting DPs to predicates.<br />
* {{transferTest|yrl|por|Uií ara niti puranga.|Hoje o dia não é bom.}} ("Today is not a good day.")<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|yrl|por|uií{{tag|adv}} ara{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====3. Definite article====<br />
Portuguese, unlike Nheengatú, has definite articles. <br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria umbaú pirá i pu irũmu. → (por) Maria come <b>o</b> peixe com suas mãos. ("Maria eats the fish with her hands.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje <b>o</b> dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====4. Genitive case====<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria uuatá ara pukusaua taua rapéitá rupi. → (por) Maria anda durante o dia pelas <b>ruas da cidade</b>. ("Maria walks during the day through the city streets.")<br />
<br />
====5. Postpositions====<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha <b>irũmu</b>. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar <b>com</b> sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara <b>supé</b>. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom <b>para</b> os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Contrastive_grammar&diff=17320Contrastive grammar2022-04-28T23:36:05Z<p>Pcruz1: /* The examples above using templates */</p>
<hr />
<div>A previous version of this document is available at [[Spring 2018/Contrastive grammar]].<br />
<br />
Some of the content that used to be here is now on the [[Lexical selection]] page.<br />
<br />
== Contrastive grammars ==<br />
=== How to approach identifying linguistic differences ===<br />
* The last step we'll be implementing in our RBMT pipeline is '''structural transfer''', where we can adjust the output of lexical transfer and lexical selection. We can adjust (change, add, subtract) tags and the order of words and phrases.<br />
* Start by comparing the current output of your translation system to the ideal output. Focus on words marked with <code>#</code> in the output and words in the wrong order.<br />
* For a given way of expressing the same thing (a translation, or equivalent sentence), find differences in the parse (tags or order generated versus expected), ignoring the content of the lexical items.<br />
* I.e., make sure a given full version of the sentence in each language is tagged correctly and otherwise translates correctly (has correct analysis, disambiguation, lexical transfer, and lexical selection), and then compare the output of the <code>lex</code> mode to the desired analysis to be generated (e.g., by running the correct translation through that language's transducer).<br />
<br />
=== What constitutes a linguistic difference for structural transfer ===<br />
* You'll want to identify any differences in word order, tags used, etc.<br />
** An example of a set of '''similar languages''' might be:<br />
**: "Je le mangerai": <code>^je/je<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^le/le<prn><pers><p3><m><acc>$ ^mangerais/manger<v><tv><fut><p1><sg>$</code><br />
**: "Yo lo comeré": <code>^yo/yo<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^lo/lo<prn><pers><p3><m><acc>$ ^comeré/comer<v><tv><fut><p1><sg>$</code><br />
** An example of a set of rather '''different languages''' might be:<br />
**: "Yiyemeyeceğim": <code>^yiyemeyeceğim/ye<v><tv><abil><neg><fut>+i<cop><aor><p1><sg>$</code><br />
**: "I won't be able to eat it": <code>^I/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><subj>$ ^won't/will<vaux>+not<adv>$ ^be/be<v><iv><inf>$ ^able/able<adj>$ ^to/to<pr>$ $eat/eat<v><tv><inf>$ ^it/it<prn><pers><p3><nt><obj>$</code><br />
* In the above example of similar languages, there are no differences in tags, only in stems. Here there is nothing to contrast. In the above example of different languages, there is quite a bit that can be contrasted—but almost too much to break down into individual points.<br />
* An example of '''languages with some minor differences''' might be:<br />
**: "Je l'ai vu": <code>^je/je<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^l'ai/le<prn><pers><p3><m><acc>+avoir<vaux><pres><p1><sg>$ ^vu/voir<v><tv><prc_past>$</code><br />
**: "Yo lo vi": <code>^yo/yo<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^lo/lo<prn><pers><p3><m><acc>$ ^vi/ver<v><tv><ifi><p1><sg>$</code><br />
** Here the difference is that one language uses the auxiliary with a participle where the other language uses a simple verb form<br />
* Note that the following does ''not'' constitute a contrastive difference<br />
**: "Je mange la glace": <code>^je/je<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^mange/manger<v><tv><pres><p1><sg>$ ^la/le<det><def><f>$ ^glace/glace<n><f>$</code><br />
**: "Yo como el hielo": <code>^yo/yo<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^como/comer<v><tv><pres><p1><sg>$ ^el/el<det><def><m>$ ^hielo/hielo<n><m>$</code><br />
** This is still useful to note, as it can still be implemented as a transfer rule.<br />
<br />
=== The examples above using templates ===<br />
Click to edit or view the source of this section to see how the <code>transferTest</code> and <code>transferMorphText</code> templates are structured.<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|fra|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|fra|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tur|eng|yiyemeyeceğim|I won't be able to eat it}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tur|eng|ye{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|abil}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|fut}}+i{{tag|cop}}{{tag|aor}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|subj}} will{{tag|vaux}}+not{{tag|adv}} be{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|inf}} able{{tag|adj}} to{{tag|pr}} eat{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|inf}} it{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|obj}}}}<br />
<br />
=== What to focus on ===<br />
To spell this out, you should focus on:<br />
* any difference in word order, within a phrase, and of phrases.<br />
: For example, do nouns and adjectives occur in the same order in your two languages? adpositions and noun phrases? subjects and predicates (e.g., verbs)?<br />
: Importantly, think of how words group together, and how the order of the groups are important. For example, in English, you can get a series of adjectives before a noun (''in an expensive big fancy white house''), so you can have preposition before a noun phrase, and within the noun phrase you get a determiner followed by an adjective phrase followed by a noun, and within the adjective phrase you get a whole bunch of adjectives.<br />
* any difference in how tags are used, including how they have to agree between words.<br />
: An example of this might be subject-verb agreement, or gender agreement between adjectives and nouns. Any type of grammatical marking in one language but not another is fair game.<br />
: But don't worry about subcategorisation, like transitivity in verbs or gender in nouns. (Note that in many languages of Europe, gender constitutes subcategory tags for nouns, but grammatical tags for adjectives.)<br />
<br />
== The assignment ==<br />
This assignment is due at the end of the 11th week of class (this semester: '''Friday, April 15th, 2022 at 23:59''', i.e., by midnight)<br />
<br />
=== Contrastive grammar ===<br />
# '''Create a page on the wiki''' named "LanguageX and LanguageY/Contrastive Grammar". Add it to the category [[:Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] and the categories for the two languages. Add a link to the page under "Developed resources" on the main page.<br />
# Using the ten sentences with all stems translated from the [[lexical transfer]] assignment, '''identify at least five differences''' between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).<br />
#* These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as <code>#</code> in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).<br />
# '''Document these differences''' on the wiki.<br />
#* You'll want on the order of '''two or three examples''' of each grammatical difference.<br />
#* '''Make a section''' on the Contrastive Grammar page for "xyz-abc tests"<br />
#** If you're doing two-way translation (i.e., you've joined forces with another group and each half of the group is working on a separate direction), then also add a section called "abc-xyz tests". In this case, each section will have equivalent tests, but in opposite directions.<br />
#* '''Use the [[Template:TransferMorphTest|TransferMorphTest]] and [[Template:TransferTest|TransferTest]] templates'''. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the [[Transfer rules]] page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assignments]]<br />
[[Category:Contrastive grammar]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Contrastive_grammar&diff=17319Contrastive grammar2022-04-28T23:35:42Z<p>Pcruz1: /* The examples above using templates */</p>
<hr />
<div>A previous version of this document is available at [[Spring 2018/Contrastive grammar]].<br />
<br />
Some of the content that used to be here is now on the [[Lexical selection]] page.<br />
<br />
== Contrastive grammars ==<br />
=== How to approach identifying linguistic differences ===<br />
* The last step we'll be implementing in our RBMT pipeline is '''structural transfer''', where we can adjust the output of lexical transfer and lexical selection. We can adjust (change, add, subtract) tags and the order of words and phrases.<br />
* Start by comparing the current output of your translation system to the ideal output. Focus on words marked with <code>#</code> in the output and words in the wrong order.<br />
* For a given way of expressing the same thing (a translation, or equivalent sentence), find differences in the parse (tags or order generated versus expected), ignoring the content of the lexical items.<br />
* I.e., make sure a given full version of the sentence in each language is tagged correctly and otherwise translates correctly (has correct analysis, disambiguation, lexical transfer, and lexical selection), and then compare the output of the <code>lex</code> mode to the desired analysis to be generated (e.g., by running the correct translation through that language's transducer).<br />
<br />
=== What constitutes a linguistic difference for structural transfer ===<br />
* You'll want to identify any differences in word order, tags used, etc.<br />
** An example of a set of '''similar languages''' might be:<br />
**: "Je le mangerai": <code>^je/je<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^le/le<prn><pers><p3><m><acc>$ ^mangerais/manger<v><tv><fut><p1><sg>$</code><br />
**: "Yo lo comeré": <code>^yo/yo<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^lo/lo<prn><pers><p3><m><acc>$ ^comeré/comer<v><tv><fut><p1><sg>$</code><br />
** An example of a set of rather '''different languages''' might be:<br />
**: "Yiyemeyeceğim": <code>^yiyemeyeceğim/ye<v><tv><abil><neg><fut>+i<cop><aor><p1><sg>$</code><br />
**: "I won't be able to eat it": <code>^I/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><subj>$ ^won't/will<vaux>+not<adv>$ ^be/be<v><iv><inf>$ ^able/able<adj>$ ^to/to<pr>$ $eat/eat<v><tv><inf>$ ^it/it<prn><pers><p3><nt><obj>$</code><br />
* In the above example of similar languages, there are no differences in tags, only in stems. Here there is nothing to contrast. In the above example of different languages, there is quite a bit that can be contrasted—but almost too much to break down into individual points.<br />
* An example of '''languages with some minor differences''' might be:<br />
**: "Je l'ai vu": <code>^je/je<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^l'ai/le<prn><pers><p3><m><acc>+avoir<vaux><pres><p1><sg>$ ^vu/voir<v><tv><prc_past>$</code><br />
**: "Yo lo vi": <code>^yo/yo<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^lo/lo<prn><pers><p3><m><acc>$ ^vi/ver<v><tv><ifi><p1><sg>$</code><br />
** Here the difference is that one language uses the auxiliary with a participle where the other language uses a simple verb form<br />
* Note that the following does ''not'' constitute a contrastive difference<br />
**: "Je mange la glace": <code>^je/je<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^mange/manger<v><tv><pres><p1><sg>$ ^la/le<det><def><f>$ ^glace/glace<n><f>$</code><br />
**: "Yo como el hielo": <code>^yo/yo<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^como/comer<v><tv><pres><p1><sg>$ ^el/el<det><def><m>$ ^hielo/hielo<n><m>$</code><br />
** This is still useful to note, as it can still be implemented as a transfer rule.<br />
<br />
=== The examples above using templates ===<br />
Click to edit or view the source of this section to see how the <code>transferTest</code> and <code>transferMorphText</code> templates are structured.<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|fra|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|fra|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tur|eng|yiyemeyeceğim|I won't be able to eat it}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tur|eng|ye{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|abil}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|fut}}+i{{tag|cop}}{{tag|aor}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|subj}} will{{tag|vaux}}+not{{tag|adv}} be{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|inf}} able{{tag|adj}} to{{tag|pr}} eat{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|inf}} it{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|obj}}}}<br />
<br />
=== What to focus on ===<br />
To spell this out, you should focus on:<br />
* any difference in word order, within a phrase, and of phrases.<br />
: For example, do nouns and adjectives occur in the same order in your two languages? adpositions and noun phrases? subjects and predicates (e.g., verbs)?<br />
: Importantly, think of how words group together, and how the order of the groups are important. For example, in English, you can get a series of adjectives before a noun (''in an expensive big fancy white house''), so you can have preposition before a noun phrase, and within the noun phrase you get a determiner followed by an adjective phrase followed by a noun, and within the adjective phrase you get a whole bunch of adjectives.<br />
* any difference in how tags are used, including how they have to agree between words.<br />
: An example of this might be subject-verb agreement, or gender agreement between adjectives and nouns. Any type of grammatical marking in one language but not another is fair game.<br />
: But don't worry about subcategorisation, like transitivity in verbs or gender in nouns. (Note that in many languages of Europe, gender constitutes subcategory tags for nouns, but grammatical tags for adjectives.)<br />
<br />
== The assignment ==<br />
This assignment is due at the end of the 11th week of class (this semester: '''Friday, April 15th, 2022 at 23:59''', i.e., by midnight)<br />
<br />
=== Contrastive grammar ===<br />
# '''Create a page on the wiki''' named "LanguageX and LanguageY/Contrastive Grammar". Add it to the category [[:Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] and the categories for the two languages. Add a link to the page under "Developed resources" on the main page.<br />
# Using the ten sentences with all stems translated from the [[lexical transfer]] assignment, '''identify at least five differences''' between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).<br />
#* These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as <code>#</code> in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).<br />
# '''Document these differences''' on the wiki.<br />
#* You'll want on the order of '''two or three examples''' of each grammatical difference.<br />
#* '''Make a section''' on the Contrastive Grammar page for "xyz-abc tests"<br />
#** If you're doing two-way translation (i.e., you've joined forces with another group and each half of the group is working on a separate direction), then also add a section called "abc-xyz tests". In this case, each section will have equivalent tests, but in opposite directions.<br />
#* '''Use the [[Template:TransferMorphTest|TransferMorphTest]] and [[Template:TransferTest|TransferTest]] templates'''. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the [[Transfer rules]] page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assignments]]<br />
[[Category:Contrastive grammar]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Contrastive_grammar&diff=17318Contrastive grammar2022-04-28T23:34:59Z<p>Pcruz1: /* The examples above using templates */</p>
<hr />
<div>A previous version of this document is available at [[Spring 2018/Contrastive grammar]].<br />
<br />
Some of the content that used to be here is now on the [[Lexical selection]] page.<br />
<br />
== Contrastive grammars ==<br />
=== How to approach identifying linguistic differences ===<br />
* The last step we'll be implementing in our RBMT pipeline is '''structural transfer''', where we can adjust the output of lexical transfer and lexical selection. We can adjust (change, add, subtract) tags and the order of words and phrases.<br />
* Start by comparing the current output of your translation system to the ideal output. Focus on words marked with <code>#</code> in the output and words in the wrong order.<br />
* For a given way of expressing the same thing (a translation, or equivalent sentence), find differences in the parse (tags or order generated versus expected), ignoring the content of the lexical items.<br />
* I.e., make sure a given full version of the sentence in each language is tagged correctly and otherwise translates correctly (has correct analysis, disambiguation, lexical transfer, and lexical selection), and then compare the output of the <code>lex</code> mode to the desired analysis to be generated (e.g., by running the correct translation through that language's transducer).<br />
<br />
=== What constitutes a linguistic difference for structural transfer ===<br />
* You'll want to identify any differences in word order, tags used, etc.<br />
** An example of a set of '''similar languages''' might be:<br />
**: "Je le mangerai": <code>^je/je<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^le/le<prn><pers><p3><m><acc>$ ^mangerais/manger<v><tv><fut><p1><sg>$</code><br />
**: "Yo lo comeré": <code>^yo/yo<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^lo/lo<prn><pers><p3><m><acc>$ ^comeré/comer<v><tv><fut><p1><sg>$</code><br />
** An example of a set of rather '''different languages''' might be:<br />
**: "Yiyemeyeceğim": <code>^yiyemeyeceğim/ye<v><tv><abil><neg><fut>+i<cop><aor><p1><sg>$</code><br />
**: "I won't be able to eat it": <code>^I/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><subj>$ ^won't/will<vaux>+not<adv>$ ^be/be<v><iv><inf>$ ^able/able<adj>$ ^to/to<pr>$ $eat/eat<v><tv><inf>$ ^it/it<prn><pers><p3><nt><obj>$</code><br />
* In the above example of similar languages, there are no differences in tags, only in stems. Here there is nothing to contrast. In the above example of different languages, there is quite a bit that can be contrasted—but almost too much to break down into individual points.<br />
* An example of '''languages with some minor differences''' might be:<br />
**: "Je l'ai vu": <code>^je/je<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^l'ai/le<prn><pers><p3><m><acc>+avoir<vaux><pres><p1><sg>$ ^vu/voir<v><tv><prc_past>$</code><br />
**: "Yo lo vi": <code>^yo/yo<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^lo/lo<prn><pers><p3><m><acc>$ ^vi/ver<v><tv><ifi><p1><sg>$</code><br />
** Here the difference is that one language uses the auxiliary with a participle where the other language uses a simple verb form<br />
* Note that the following does ''not'' constitute a contrastive difference<br />
**: "Je mange la glace": <code>^je/je<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^mange/manger<v><tv><pres><p1><sg>$ ^la/le<det><def><f>$ ^glace/glace<n><f>$</code><br />
**: "Yo como el hielo": <code>^yo/yo<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^como/comer<v><tv><pres><p1><sg>$ ^el/el<det><def><m>$ ^hielo/hielo<n><m>$</code><br />
** This is still useful to note, as it can still be implemented as a transfer rule.<br />
<br />
=== The examples above using templates ===<br />
Click to edit or view the source of this section to see how the <code>transferTest</code> and <code>transferMorphText</code> templates are structured.<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|fra|spa|Je le mangerai|Yo lo comeré}} ("I'll eat it.")<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|fra|spa|je{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ara{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} manger{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} lo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|acc}} comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tur|eng|yiyemeyeceğim|I won't be able to eat it}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tur|eng|ye{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|abil}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|fut}}+i{{tag|cop}}{{tag|aor}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|subj}} will{{tag|vaux}}+not{{tag|adv}} be{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|inf}} able{{tag|adj}} to{{tag|pr}} eat{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|inf}} it{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|obj}}}}<br />
<br />
=== What to focus on ===<br />
To spell this out, you should focus on:<br />
* any difference in word order, within a phrase, and of phrases.<br />
: For example, do nouns and adjectives occur in the same order in your two languages? adpositions and noun phrases? subjects and predicates (e.g., verbs)?<br />
: Importantly, think of how words group together, and how the order of the groups are important. For example, in English, you can get a series of adjectives before a noun (''in an expensive big fancy white house''), so you can have preposition before a noun phrase, and within the noun phrase you get a determiner followed by an adjective phrase followed by a noun, and within the adjective phrase you get a whole bunch of adjectives.<br />
* any difference in how tags are used, including how they have to agree between words.<br />
: An example of this might be subject-verb agreement, or gender agreement between adjectives and nouns. Any type of grammatical marking in one language but not another is fair game.<br />
: But don't worry about subcategorisation, like transitivity in verbs or gender in nouns. (Note that in many languages of Europe, gender constitutes subcategory tags for nouns, but grammatical tags for adjectives.)<br />
<br />
== The assignment ==<br />
This assignment is due at the end of the 11th week of class (this semester: '''Friday, April 15th, 2022 at 23:59''', i.e., by midnight)<br />
<br />
=== Contrastive grammar ===<br />
# '''Create a page on the wiki''' named "LanguageX and LanguageY/Contrastive Grammar". Add it to the category [[:Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] and the categories for the two languages. Add a link to the page under "Developed resources" on the main page.<br />
# Using the ten sentences with all stems translated from the [[lexical transfer]] assignment, '''identify at least five differences''' between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).<br />
#* These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as <code>#</code> in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).<br />
# '''Document these differences''' on the wiki.<br />
#* You'll want on the order of '''two or three examples''' of each grammatical difference.<br />
#* '''Make a section''' on the Contrastive Grammar page for "xyz-abc tests"<br />
#** If you're doing two-way translation (i.e., you've joined forces with another group and each half of the group is working on a separate direction), then also add a section called "abc-xyz tests". In this case, each section will have equivalent tests, but in opposite directions.<br />
#* '''Use the [[Template:TransferMorphTest|TransferMorphTest]] and [[Template:TransferTest|TransferTest]] templates'''. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the [[Transfer rules]] page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assignments]]<br />
[[Category:Contrastive grammar]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17316Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:32:53Z<p>Pcruz1: /* 2. Linking verbs */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
====1. Gender====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
====2. Linking verbs====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs connecting DPs to predicates.<br />
* {{transferTest|yrl|por|Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé.|Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores.}} ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====3. Definite article====<br />
Portuguese, unlike Nheengatú, has definite articles. <br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria umbaú pirá i pu irũmu. → (por) Maria come <b>o</b> peixe com suas mãos. ("Maria eats the fish with her hands.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje <b>o</b> dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====4. Genitive case====<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria uuatá ara pukusaua taua rapéitá rupi. → (por) Maria anda durante o dia pelas <b>ruas da cidade</b>. ("Maria walks during the day through the city streets.")<br />
<br />
====5. Postpositions====<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha <b>irũmu</b>. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar <b>com</b> sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara <b>supé</b>. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom <b>para</b> os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17315Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:32:43Z<p>Pcruz1: /* 2. Linking verbs */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
====1. Gender====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
====2. Linking verbs====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs connecting DPs to predicates.<br />
{{transferTest|yrl|por|Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé.|Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores.}} ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====3. Definite article====<br />
Portuguese, unlike Nheengatú, has definite articles. <br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria umbaú pirá i pu irũmu. → (por) Maria come <b>o</b> peixe com suas mãos. ("Maria eats the fish with her hands.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje <b>o</b> dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====4. Genitive case====<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria uuatá ara pukusaua taua rapéitá rupi. → (por) Maria anda durante o dia pelas <b>ruas da cidade</b>. ("Maria walks during the day through the city streets.")<br />
<br />
====5. Postpositions====<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha <b>irũmu</b>. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar <b>com</b> sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara <b>supé</b>. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom <b>para</b> os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17314Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:26:08Z<p>Pcruz1: /* 2. Linking verbs */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
====1. Gender====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
====2. Linking verbs====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs connecting DPs to predicates.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====3. Definite article====<br />
Portuguese, unlike Nheengatú, has definite articles. <br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria umbaú pirá i pu irũmu. → (por) Maria come <b>o</b> peixe com suas mãos. ("Maria eats the fish with her hands.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje <b>o</b> dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====4. Genitive case====<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria uuatá ara pukusaua taua rapéitá rupi. → (por) Maria anda durante o dia pelas <b>ruas da cidade</b>. ("Maria walks during the day through the city streets.")<br />
<br />
====5. Postpositions====<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha <b>irũmu</b>. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar <b>com</b> sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara <b>supé</b>. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom <b>para</b> os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17312Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:23:12Z<p>Pcruz1: /* 2. Linking verbs */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
====1. Gender====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
====2. Linking verbs====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs connecting DPs to predicates.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====3. Definite article====<br />
Portuguese, unlike Nheengatú, has definite articles. <br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria umbaú pirá i pu irũmu. → (por) Maria come <b>o</b> peixe com suas mãos. ("Maria eats the fish with her hands.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje <b>o</b> dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====4. Genitive case====<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria uuatá ara pukusaua taua rapéitá rupi. → (por) Maria anda durante o dia pelas <b>ruas da cidade</b>. ("Maria walks during the day through the city streets.")<br />
<br />
====5. Postpositions====<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha <b>irũmu</b>. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar <b>com</b> sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara <b>supé</b>. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom <b>para</b> os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17311Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:22:15Z<p>Pcruz1: /* 3. Definite article */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
====1. Gender====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
====2. Linking verbs====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs to connect NP to predicates.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====3. Definite article====<br />
Portuguese, unlike Nheengatú, has definite articles. <br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria umbaú pirá i pu irũmu. → (por) Maria come <b>o</b> peixe com suas mãos. ("Maria eats the fish with her hands.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje <b>o</b> dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====4. Genitive case====<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria uuatá ara pukusaua taua rapéitá rupi. → (por) Maria anda durante o dia pelas <b>ruas da cidade</b>. ("Maria walks during the day through the city streets.")<br />
<br />
====5. Postpositions====<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha <b>irũmu</b>. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar <b>com</b> sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara <b>supé</b>. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom <b>para</b> os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17310Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:20:51Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Grammatical differences */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
====1. Gender====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
====2. Linking verbs====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs to connect NP to predicates.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====3. Definite article====<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria umbaú pirá i pu irũmu. → (por) Maria come <b>o</b> peixe com suas mãos. ("Maria eats the fish with her hands.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje <b>o</b> dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====4. Genitive case====<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria uuatá ara pukusaua taua rapéitá rupi. → (por) Maria anda durante o dia pelas <b>ruas da cidade</b>. ("Maria walks during the day through the city streets.")<br />
<br />
====5. Postpositions====<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha <b>irũmu</b>. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar <b>com</b> sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara <b>supé</b>. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom <b>para</b> os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17309Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:17:06Z<p>Pcruz1: /* 8. Postpositions */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
====1. Gender====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
====2. Linking verbs====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs to connect NP to predicates.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====3. Future tense====<br />
====4. Past tense====<br />
====5. Definite article====<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria umbaú pirá i pu irũmu. → (por) Maria come <b>o</b> peixe com suas mãos. ("Maria eats the fish with her hands.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje <b>o</b> dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====6. Tags used====<br />
<br />
====7. Genitive case====<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria uuatá ara pukusaua taua rapéitá rupi. → (por) Maria anda durante o dia pelas <b>ruas da cidade</b>. ("Maria walks during the day through the city streets.")<br />
<br />
====8. Postpositions====<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha <b>irũmu</b>. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar <b>com</b> sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara <b>supé</b>. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom <b>para</b> os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17308Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:15:47Z<p>Pcruz1: /* 7. Genitive case */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
====1. Gender====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
====2. Linking verbs====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs to connect NP to predicates.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====3. Future tense====<br />
====4. Past tense====<br />
====5. Definite article====<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria umbaú pirá i pu irũmu. → (por) Maria come <b>o</b> peixe com suas mãos. ("Maria eats the fish with her hands.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje <b>o</b> dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====6. Tags used====<br />
<br />
====7. Genitive case====<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria uuatá ara pukusaua taua rapéitá rupi. → (por) Maria anda durante o dia pelas <b>ruas da cidade</b>. ("Maria walks during the day through the city streets.")<br />
<br />
====8. Postpositions====<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha irũmu. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar com sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17307Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:15:38Z<p>Pcruz1: /* 7. Genitive case */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
====1. Gender====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
====2. Linking verbs====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs to connect NP to predicates.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====3. Future tense====<br />
====4. Past tense====<br />
====5. Definite article====<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria umbaú pirá i pu irũmu. → (por) Maria come <b>o</b> peixe com suas mãos. ("Maria eats the fish with her hands.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje <b>o</b> dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====6. Tags used====<br />
<br />
====7. Genitive case====<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria uuatá ara pukusaua taua rapéitá rupi. → (por) Maria anda durante o dia pelas <em>ruas da cidade</em>. ("Maria walks during the day through the city streets.")<br />
<br />
====8. Postpositions====<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha irũmu. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar com sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17306Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:14:25Z<p>Pcruz1: /* 5. Definite article */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
====1. Gender====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
====2. Linking verbs====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs to connect NP to predicates.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====3. Future tense====<br />
====4. Past tense====<br />
====5. Definite article====<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria umbaú pirá i pu irũmu. → (por) Maria come <b>o</b> peixe com suas mãos. ("Maria eats the fish with her hands.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje <b>o</b> dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====6. Tags used====<br />
<br />
====7. Genitive case====<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria uuatá ara pukusaua taua rapéitá rupi. → (por) Maria anda durante o dia pelas ruas da cidade. ("Maria walks during the day through the city streets.")<br />
<br />
====8. Postpositions====<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha irũmu. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar com sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17305Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:12:09Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Grammatical differences */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
====1. Gender====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
====2. Linking verbs====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs to connect NP to predicates.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====3. Future tense====<br />
====4. Past tense====<br />
====5. Definite article====<br />
====6. Tags used====<br />
<br />
====7. Genitive case====<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria uuatá ara pukusaua taua rapéitá rupi. → (por) Maria anda durante o dia pelas ruas da cidade. ("Maria walks during the day through the city streets.")<br />
<br />
====8. Postpositions====<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha irũmu. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar com sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17304Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:10:52Z<p>Pcruz1: /* 8. Genitive case */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
====1. Gender====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
====2. Linking verbs====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs to connect NP to predicates.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====3. Future tense====<br />
====4. Past tense====<br />
====5. Definite article====<br />
====6. Word order====<br />
====7. Tags used====<br />
<br />
====8. Genitive case====<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria uuatá ara pukusaua taua rapéitá rupi. → (por) Maria anda durante o dia pelas ruas da cidade. ("Maria walks during the day through the city streets.")<br />
<br />
====9. Postpositions====<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha irũmu. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar com sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17303Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:08:24Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Grammatical differences */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
====1. Gender====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
====2. Linking verbs====<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs to connect NP to predicates.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
====3. Future tense====<br />
====4. Past tense====<br />
====5. Definite article====<br />
====6. Word order====<br />
====7. Tags used====<br />
<br />
====8. Genitive case====<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
<br />
====9. Postpositions====<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha irũmu. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar com sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17302Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:07:58Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Grammatical differences */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
<b>1. Gender</b><br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
2. Linking verbs<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs to connect NP to predicates.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
3. Future tense<br />
4. Past tense<br />
5. Definite article<br />
6. Word order<br />
7. Tags used<br />
<br />
8. Genitive case<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
<br />
9. Postpositions<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha irũmu. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar com sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17301Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:07:51Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Grammatical differences */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
<b>1. Gender<b/><br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
2. Linking verbs<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs to connect NP to predicates.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
3. Future tense<br />
4. Past tense<br />
5. Definite article<br />
6. Word order<br />
7. Tags used<br />
<br />
8. Genitive case<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
<br />
9. Postpositions<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha irũmu. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar com sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17300Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:07:28Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Grammatical differences */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
1. Gender<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
2. Linking verbs<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs to connect NP to predicates.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
3. Future tense<br />
4. Past tense<br />
5. Definite article<br />
6. Word order<br />
7. Tags used<br />
<br />
8. Genitive case<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
<br />
9. Postpositions<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha irũmu. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar com sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17299Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:03:31Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Grammatical differences */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
1. Gender<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
2. Linking verbs<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs to connect NP to predicates.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores.<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
<br />
3. Future tense<br />
4. Past tense<br />
5. Definite article<br />
6. Word order<br />
7. Tags used<br />
8. Genitive case<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
<br />
9. Postpositions<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17298Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:03:05Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Grammatical differences */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
1. Gender<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
2. Linking verbs<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs to connect NP to predicates.<br />
* (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores.<br />
* (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
3. Future tense<br />
4. Past tense<br />
5. Definite article<br />
6. Word order<br />
7. Tags used<br />
8. Genitive case<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
<br />
9. Postpositions<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17297Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:02:58Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Grammatical differences */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
1. Gender<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
<br />
2. Linking verbs<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs to connect NP to predicates.<br />
* (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores.<br />
* (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
3. Future tense<br />
4. Past tense<br />
5. Definite article<br />
6. Word order<br />
7. Tags used<br />
8. Genitive case<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
<br />
9. Postpositions<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17296Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:01:56Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Grammatical differences */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
1. Gender<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
* (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
* (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
2. Linking verbs<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs to connect NP to predicates.<br />
* (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores.<br />
* (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
3. Future tense<br />
4. Past tense<br />
5. Definite article<br />
6. Word order<br />
7. Tags used<br />
8. Genitive case<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
<br />
9. Postpositions<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17295Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:01:45Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Grammatical differences */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
1. Gender<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
* (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
* (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
2. Linking verbs<br />
<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs to connect NP to predicates.<br />
* (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores.<br />
* (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
3. Future tense<br />
4. Past tense<br />
5. Definite article<br />
6. Word order<br />
7. Tags used<br />
8. Genitive case<br />
<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
9. Postpositions<br />
<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17294Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T23:01:09Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Grammatical differences */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
1. Gender<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
* (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
* (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
2. Linking verbs<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs to connect NP to predicates.<br />
* (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores.<br />
* (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
#Future tense<br />
#Past tense<br />
#Definite article<br />
#Word order<br />
#Tags used<br />
#Genitive case<br />
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].<br />
#Postpositions<br />
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17293Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T22:53:40Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Grammatical differences */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
#Gender<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
* (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
* (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
#Linking verbs<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs to connect NP to predicates.<br />
* (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores.<br />
* (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")<br />
#Future tense<br />
#Past tense<br />
#Definite article<br />
#Word order<br />
#Tags used<br />
#Genitive case<br />
#Postpositions<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17292Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T22:49:06Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Grammatical differences */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
#Gender<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
* (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")<br />
* (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")<br />
#Linking verbs<br />
#Future tense<br />
#Past tense<br />
#Definite article<br />
#Word order<br />
#Tags used<br />
#Genitive case<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17291Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T22:44:20Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Grammatical differences */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
#Gender<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Londres taua uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé.<br />
'''Intended translation:''' Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio.<br />
'''Differences:''' <br />
<br />
#Linking verbs<br />
#Future tense<br />
#Past tense<br />
#Definite article<br />
#Word order<br />
#Tags used<br />
#Genitive case<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17290Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T22:44:10Z<p>Pcruz1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Grammatical differences==<br />
#Gender<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
==== 1. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Londres taua uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé.<br />
'''Intended translation:''' Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio.<br />
'''Differences:''' <br />
<br />
#Linking verbs<br />
#Future tense<br />
#Past tense<br />
#Definite article<br />
#Word order<br />
#Tags used<br />
#Genitive case<br />
<br />
==yrl→por tests==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Nheengat%C3%BA_and_Portuguese/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=17289Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar2022-04-28T14:01:33Z<p>Pcruz1: /* Grammatical differences */</p>
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<div>==Sentences==<br />
==== 1. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Ixé iepé apigaua, iepé apigaua marupiara.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Eu sou um homem, um homem sortudo.<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Ixé<prn><pers><p1><sg>/Eu<prn><f><pers><p1><sg>$ ^iepé<n><sg>/um<n><sg>$ ^apigaua<n><sg>/homem<n><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^iepé<n><sg>/um<n><sg>$ ^apigaua<n><sg>/homem<n><sg>$ ^marupiara<adj>/sortudo<adj><m>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' Eu #um #homem, #um #sortudo homem.<br />
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==== 2. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha irũmu.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Seu filho corre para falar com sua mãe.<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^I<prn><pers><p3><sg><poss>/Seu<det><poss><m><sg>/Sus<det><poss><f><sg>$ ^mimbira<n><n><sg>/filha<n><f><n><sg>/filho<n><m><n><sg>$ ^iana<v><pres><p3><sg>/correr<v><pres><p3><sg>$ ^purungitá<v><pres><p3><sg>/falar<v><pres><p3><sg>$ ^arama<post>/para<post>$ ^i<prn><pers><p3><sg><poss>/seu<det><poss><m><sg>/sus<det><poss><f><sg>$ ^manha<n><n><sg>/mãe<n><f><n><sg>$ ^irũmu<post>/com<post>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Seu #filha #correr #falar #para #seu #mãe #com.<br />
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==== 3. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores.<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Uií<adv>/Hoje<adv>$ ^ara<n><n><sg>/dia<n><f><n><sg>$ ^niti<adv>/não<adv>$ ^puranga<adj>/bonito<adj><GD>$ ^pinaitikasara<n><n><sg>/pescador<n><f><n><sg>$ ^supé<post>/para<post>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' Hoje #dia não #bonito #pescador #para.<br />
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==== 4. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Siía mira upurungitá nheengatu ape.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Muitas pessoas falam nheengatú lá.<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Siía<adv>/Muita<adv>$ ^mira<n><n><sg>/pessoa<n><f><n><sg>$ ^purungitá<v><pres><p3><sg>/falar<v><pres><p3><sg>$ ^nheengatu<n><n><sg>/nheengatú<n><f><n><sg>$ ^ape<adv>/lá<adv>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Muita #pessoa #falar #nheengatú lá.<br />
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==== 5. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Maria umbaú pirá i pu irũmu, ma uú ií i kuia irũmu.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Maria come o peixe com suas mãos, mas bebe água com sua cuia.<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Maria<n><n><sg>/Maria<n><f><n><sg>$ ^mbaú<v><pres><p3><sg>/comer<v><pres><p3><sg>$ ^pirá<n><n><sg>/peixe<n><n><sg>$ ^i<prn><pers><p3><sg><poss>/seu<det><poss><m><sg>/sus<det><poss><f><sg>$ ^pu<n><n><sg>/mão<n><f><n><sg>/cinco<n><n><sg>$ ^irũmu<post>/com<post>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^ma<adv>/mas<adv><f>$ ^ú<v><pres><p3><sg>/beber<v><pres><p3><sg>$ ^ií<n><n><sg>/água<n><f><n><sg>$ ^i<prn><pers><p3><sg><poss>/seu<det><poss><m><sg>/sus<det><poss><f><sg>$ ^kuia<n><n><sg>/cuia<n><f><n><sg>$ ^irũmu<post>/com<post>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Maria #comer #peixe #seu #mão #com, #mas #beber #água #seu #cuia #com.<br />
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==== 6. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta.<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Aé<prn><pers><p3><sg>/Ele<prn><pers><p3><sg>/Ela<prn><pers><p3><sg>$ ^uapika<v><pres><p3><sg>/sentar-se<v><pres><p3><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^asuí<adv>/e<adv>$ ^mbaú<v><pres><p3><sg>/comer<v><pres><p3><sg>$ ^pirá<n><n><sg>/peixe<n><n><sg>$ ^uí<n><n><sg>/farinha<n><f><n><sg>$ ^irũmu<post>/com<post>$ ^nhaãsé<adv>/porque<adv>$ ^aé<prn><pers><p3><sg>/ele<prn><pers><p3><sg>/ela<prn><pers><p3><sg>$ ^i<prn><pers><p3><sg><poss>/seu<det><poss><m><sg>/sus<det><poss><f><sg>$ ^iumasi<adj>/faminto<adj><GD>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Ele #sentar-se, #e #comer #peixe #farinha #com #porque #ele #seu #faminto.<br />
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==== 7. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Nhaã taua ruaki aikué siía tendaua miraitá irũmu ukuau uaá nheengatu.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Perto daquela cidade há muitas comunidades com pessoas que sabem nheengatu.<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Nhaã<prn><dem>/Aquele<prn><dem>$ ^taua<n><n><sg>/cidade<n><f><n><sg>$ ^ruaki<post>/perto de<post>$ ^aikué<vblex>/haver<vblex><pri><p3><p3>$ ^siía<adv>/muita<adv>$ ^tendaua<n><n><sg>/comunidade<n><f><n><sg>$ ^mira<n><n><pl>/pessoa<n><f><n><pl>$ ^irũmu<post>/com<post>$ ^kuau<v><pres><p3><sg>/saber<v><pres><p3><sg>$ ^uaá<cnjsub>/que<cnjsub>$ ^nheengatu<n><n><sg>/nheengatú<n><f><n><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Aquele #cidade #perto de #haver #muita #comunidade #pessoa #com #saber que #nheengatú.<br />
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==== 8. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Maria uuatá ara pukusaua taua rapéitá rupi.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Maria anda durante o dia pelas ruas da cidade.<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Maria<n><n><sg>/Maria<n><f><n><sg>$ ^uatá<v><pres><p3><sg>/andar<v><pres><p3><sg>$ ^ara<n><n><sg>/dia<n><f><n><sg>$ ^pukusaua<post>/durante<pr>$ ^taua<n><n><sg>/cidade<n><f><n><sg>$ ^rapé<n><n><pl>/rua<n><f><n><pl>$ ^rupi<post>/por<pr>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Maria #andar #dia durante #cidade #rua por.<br />
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==== 9. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Londres taua uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio.<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Londres<n><n><sg>/Londres<np><f><top><m><sg><n><sg>$ ^taua<n><n><sg>/cidade<n><f><n><sg>$ ^iku<v><pres><p3><sg>/estar<v><pres><p3><sg>$ ^uaá<cnjsub>/que<cnjsub>$ ^Paranã<n><n><sg>/Rio<n><n><sg>$ ^rembiua<n><n><sg>/margem<n><f><n><sg>$ ^upé<post>/em<prn>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Londres #cidade #estar que #Rio #margem #em.<br />
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==== 10. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' I garapá upé aikué siía igara turusu usému uaá tendauaitá kiti uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' No seu porto há muitas canoas grandes que saem para as comunidades que estão nas margens do rio.<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^I<prn><pers><p3><sg><poss>/Seu<det><poss><m><sg>/Sus<det><poss><f><sg>$ ^garapá<n><n><sg>/porto<n><f><n><sg>$ ^upé<post>/em<prn>$ ^aikué<vblex>/haver<vblex><pri><p3><p3>$ ^siía<adv>/muita<adv>$ ^igara<n><n><sg>/canoa<n><f><n><sg>$ ^turusu<adj>/grande<adj><mf><sg>$ ^sému<v><pres><p3><sg>/sair<v><pres><p3><sg>$ ^uaá<cnjsub>/que<cnjsub>$ ^tendaua<n><n><pl>/comunidade<n><f><n><pl>$ ^kiti<post>/para<pr>$ ^iku<v><pres><p3><sg>/estar<v><pres><p3><sg>$ ^uaá<cnjsub>/que<cnjsub>$ ^paranã<n><n><sg>/rio<n><n><sg>$ ^rembiua<n><n><sg>/margem<n><f><n><sg>$ ^upé<post>/em<prn>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Seu #porto #em #haver #muita #grande #canoa #sair que #comunidade para #estar que #rio #margem #em.<br />
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==Tagged sentences==<br />
==Grammatical differences==<br />
====No gender====<br />
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.<br />
==== 1. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Londres taua uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé.<br />
'''Intended translation:''' Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio.<br />
'''Differences:''' <br />
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====No use of linking verb====<br />
====Future tense====<br />
====Past tense====<br />
====Adding definite article====<br />
====Differences in word order====<br />
====Differences in tags used====<br />
====Genitive case====<br />
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==yrl→por tests==<br />
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[[Category:Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Nheengatú]] [[Category:Portuguese]]</div>Pcruz1