LING073 - User contributions [en]

Rbuckle1 Arobey1 Cstuartroe/Final Project

2018-05-15T18:58:15Z

Rbuckle1:

==The Problem==
Adding dictionary entries to a bilingual Apertium dictionary is mind numbing but incredibly important. We thought that after all the structural transfer and other rules had been written, perhaps we could automate a way to fill out the dictionary with word entries.

==Our Idea==
We would take two parallel texts, one in each language, and use to find word pairs. The idea was that we would translate one from one language to the other, and then analyze the second with a monolingual transducer, and compare the two outputs. We compared word lemmas and parts of speech and used this to remove as many accurately translated pairs as possible. We then used a thesaurus to remove word pairs that had been translated slightly differently then expected. Examples of this include, grandma and grandmother, or adorable and sweet. The remaining words we considered candidates for translation.

==Building Entries==
Word pairs that were candidates for translation were fed into a function that outputted a correctly formatted dictionary entry to the command line, users of the program then had the ability to either approve or deny the entry. Approved entries are written to the dictionary file directly above the first existing entry with the same part of speech, and denied entries are discarded.

==Additional Tools==
We also built an interface for adding dictionary entries from the command line. Stored in "interface.py" this tool allows you to input to monolingual Apertium directories containing transducers, as well as a dictionary and a few other parameters, and then add entries from the command line. It will ask you for a word in each language, it will then find analysis of these files via the apertium transducers, and suggest a dictionary entry. If you approve the dictionary entry the will write the entry to the dictionary in the same way as the above tool. It will then ask you for two new words and repeat the process.

==Further Work==
Our entry builder/approval system is fully operational and has not produced an invalidly formatted dictionary entry yet. Our algorithm for finding translation candidates could be dramatically approved though. We believe that this tool could be very powerful for ling073 students and computational linguists alike and could also be very valuable to language communities. If someone could improve our word matching algorithm and take advantage of our interface that could be very valuable.
One idea we have for improving our word matching algorithm is to use the principles of Dynamic Programming to build a 2D area with one text on each axis and to iterate through the area scoring each possible word pair. The word pair scores could then be used to determine the best candidates for translation.

==Our Code==
Our code can be found here: https://github.com/ryebuckley/ApertiumDictionaryBuilder.git 
It is licensed under an open source license and we encourage anyone and everyone to use it and improve it.

[[:Category:sp18_FinalProjects]]

Rbuckle1 Arobey1 Cstuartroe/Final Project

2018-05-15T18:46:32Z

Rbuckle1:

Rbuckle1 Arobey1 Cstuartroe/Final Project

2018-05-15T18:41:09Z

Rbuckle1: /* Our Code */

==The Problem==
Adding dictionary entries to a bilingual Apertium dictionary is mind numbing but incredibly important. We thought that after all the structural transfer and other rules had been written, perhaps we could automate a way to fill out the dictionary with word entries.

==Our Idea==
We would take two parallel texts, one in each language, and use to find word pairs. The idea was that we would translate one from one language to the other, and then analyze the second with a monolingual transducer, and compare the two outputs. We compared word lemmas and parts of speech and used this to remove as many accurately translated pairs as possible. We then used a thesaurus to remove word pairs that had been translated slightly differently then expected. Examples of this include, grandma and grandmother, or adorable and sweet. The remaining words we considered candidates for translation.

==Building Entries==
Word pairs that were candidates for translation were fed into a function that outputted a correctly formatted dictionary entry to the command line, users of the program then had the ability to either approve or deny the entry. Approved entries are written to the dictionary file directly above the first existing entry with the same part of speech, and denied entries are discarded.

==Further Work==
Our entry builder/approval system is fully operational and has not produced an invalidly formatted dictionary entry yet. Our algorithm for finding translation candidates could be dramatically approved though. We believe that this tool could be very powerful for ling073 students and computational linguists alike and could also be very valuable to language communities. If someone could improve our word matching algorithm and take advantage of our interface that could be very valuable.
One idea we have for improving our word matching algorithm is to use the principles of Dynamic Programming to build a 2D area with one text on each axis and to iterate through the area scoring each possible word pair. The word pair scores could then be used to determine the best candidates for translation.

==Our Code==
Our code can be found here: https://github.com/ryebuckley/ApertiumDictionaryBuilder.git 
It is licensed under an open source license and we encourage anyone and everyone to use it and improve it.

Rbuckle1 Arobey1 Cstuartroe/Final Project

2018-05-15T18:40:54Z

Rbuckle1: Created page with "==The Problem== Adding dictionary entries to a bilingual Apertium dictionary is mind numbing but incredibly important. We thought that after all the structural transfer and ot..."

==The Problem==
Adding dictionary entries to a bilingual Apertium dictionary is mind numbing but incredibly important. We thought that after all the structural transfer and other rules had been written, perhaps we could automate a way to fill out the dictionary with word entries.

==Our Idea==
We would take two parallel texts, one in each language, and use to find word pairs. The idea was that we would translate one from one language to the other, and then analyze the second with a monolingual transducer, and compare the two outputs. We compared word lemmas and parts of speech and used this to remove as many accurately translated pairs as possible. We then used a thesaurus to remove word pairs that had been translated slightly differently then expected. Examples of this include, grandma and grandmother, or adorable and sweet. The remaining words we considered candidates for translation.

==Building Entries==
Word pairs that were candidates for translation were fed into a function that outputted a correctly formatted dictionary entry to the command line, users of the program then had the ability to either approve or deny the entry. Approved entries are written to the dictionary file directly above the first existing entry with the same part of speech, and denied entries are discarded.

==Further Work==
Our entry builder/approval system is fully operational and has not produced an invalidly formatted dictionary entry yet. Our algorithm for finding translation candidates could be dramatically approved though. We believe that this tool could be very powerful for ling073 students and computational linguists alike and could also be very valuable to language communities. If someone could improve our word matching algorithm and take advantage of our interface that could be very valuable.
One idea we have for improving our word matching algorithm is to use the principles of Dynamic Programming to build a 2D area with one text on each axis and to iterate through the area scoring each possible word pair. The word pair scores could then be used to determine the best candidates for translation.

==Our Code==
Our code can be found here: https://github.com/ryebuckley/ApertiumDictionaryBuilder.git
It is licensed under an open source license and we encourage anyone and everyone to use it and improve it.

Limburgish/Universal Dependencies

2018-04-26T16:23:40Z

Rbuckle1: Created page with "==Evaluations== ==Dependency Relations== ==Resources== Dictionary [https://www.limburghuis.nl/Interact/menu_wdb.html Limburgish] sp18_UD"

==Evaluations==

==Dependency Relations==

==Resources==
Dictionary [https://www.limburghuis.nl/Interact/menu_wdb.html Limburgish]

[[:Category:sp18_UD|sp18_UD]]

Danish and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-17T16:20:36Z

Rbuckle1: /* Sentence 1 */

=Pre-evaluation=

==on contrastive grammar corpus==

===dan -> eng===
*WER: 38%
*PER: 36%

===eng -> dan===
*WER: 78%
*PER: 78%

==on short sentences corpus==

===dan -> eng===
*WER: 93%
*PER: 83%

===eng -> dan===
*WER: 31%
*PER: 31%

=Implemented Contrastive Grammar=
==dan -> eng==

===Sentence 1===
*Correct Translation: {{transferTest|dan|eng|tåren faldt|the tear fell}}
*tagger: ^tåren/tår<n><ut><sg><def>/tåre<n><ut><sg><def>/tår<n><ut><sg><def>/tåre<n><ut><sg><def>$ ^faldt/falde<vblex><past><actv>$^./.<sent>$
*biltrans: ^tåre<n><ut><sg><def>/tear<n><sg><def>$ ^falde<vblex><past><actv>/fall<vblex><past><actv>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*chunker:
**apertium-transfer: Rule 1 falde<vblex><past><actv>/fall<vblex><past><actv>
**apertium-transfer: Rule 2 .<sent>/.<sent>
**^default<default>{^tear<n><sg><def>$}$ ^verb<SV>{^fall<vblex><past>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*interchunk: ^default<default>{^tear<n><sg><def>$}$ ^verb<SV>{^fall<vblex><past>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*postchunk: ^tear<n><sg><def>$ ^fall<vblex><past>$^.<sent>$
*pair: #tear fell

==eng -> dan==

===Setence 1===
*Correct Translation:
**{{transferTest|eng|dan|the girl|pigen}}
*tagger:
**^the/the<det><def><sp>$ ^girl/girl<n><sg>$^./.<sent>$
*biltrans:
**^the<det><def><sp>/den<det><dem><sp>$ ^girl<n><sg>/pige<n><ut><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*chunker:
**^determiner<SD><def><sp>{^den<det><3>$}$ ^noun<SN><sg><DD>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*interchunk:
**apertium-interchunk: Rule 1 determiner<SD><def><sp>{^den<det><3>$} noun<SN><sg><DD>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$}
**^noun<SN><sg><def>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*postchunk:
**^pige<n><ut><sg><def>$^.<sent>$
*pair: pigen

=Post-evaluation on short sentences corpus=
==dan -> eng==
*WER:
*PER:

==eng -> dan==
*WER:
*PER:

[[Category:Sp18_StructuralTransfer]]
[[Category:Structural transfer]]
[[Category:Danish]]

Danish and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-17T16:10:52Z

Rbuckle1: /* eng -> dan */

=Pre-evaluation=

==on contrastive grammar corpus==

===dan -> eng===
*WER: 38%
*PER: 36%

===eng -> dan===
*WER: 78%
*PER: 78%

==on short sentences corpus==

===dan -> eng===
*WER: 93%
*PER: 83%

===eng -> dan===
*WER: 31%
*PER: 31%

=Implemented Contrastive Grammar=
==dan -> eng==

===Sentence 1===
*Correct Translation: {{transferTest|dan|eng|pigen|the girl}}
*tagger: ^pigen/pige<n><ut><sg><def>/pige<n><ut><sg><def>$^./.<sent>$
*biltrans: ^pige<n><ut><sg><def>/girl<n><sg><def>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*chunker:
**apertium-transfer: Rule 2 .<sent>/.<sent>
**^default<default>{^girl<n><sg><def>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*interchunk: ^default<default>{^girl<n><sg><def>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*postchunk: ^girl<n><sg><def>$^.<sent>$
*pair: #girl

==eng -> dan==

===Setence 1===
*Correct Translation:
**{{transferTest|eng|dan|the girl|pigen}}
*tagger:
**^the/the<det><def><sp>$ ^girl/girl<n><sg>$^./.<sent>$
*biltrans:
**^the<det><def><sp>/den<det><dem><sp>$ ^girl<n><sg>/pige<n><ut><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*chunker:
**^determiner<SD><def><sp>{^den<det><3>$}$ ^noun<SN><sg><DD>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*interchunk:
**apertium-interchunk: Rule 1 determiner<SD><def><sp>{^den<det><3>$} noun<SN><sg><DD>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$}
**^noun<SN><sg><def>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*postchunk:
**^pige<n><ut><sg><def>$^.<sent>$
*pair: pigen

=Post-evaluation on short sentences corpus=
==dan -> eng==
*WER:
*PER:

==eng -> dan==
*WER:
*PER:

[[Category:Sp18_StructuralTransfer]]
[[Category:Structural transfer]]
[[Category:Danish]]

Danish and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-17T16:10:17Z

Rbuckle1: /* dan -> eng */

=Pre-evaluation=

==on contrastive grammar corpus==

===dan -> eng===
*WER: 38%
*PER: 36%

===eng -> dan===
*WER: 78%
*PER: 78%

==on short sentences corpus==

===dan -> eng===
*WER: 93%
*PER: 83%

===eng -> dan===
*WER: 31%
*PER: 31%

=Implemented Contrastive Grammar=
==dan -> eng==

===Sentence 1===
*Correct Translation: {{transferTest|dan|eng|pigen|the girl}}
*tagger: ^pigen/pige<n><ut><sg><def>/pige<n><ut><sg><def>$^./.<sent>$
*biltrans: ^pige<n><ut><sg><def>/girl<n><sg><def>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*chunker:
**apertium-transfer: Rule 2 .<sent>/.<sent>
**^default<default>{^girl<n><sg><def>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*interchunk: ^default<default>{^girl<n><sg><def>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*postchunk: ^girl<n><sg><def>$^.<sent>$
*pair: #girl

==eng -> dan==

===Setence 1===
*Correct Translation:
**{{transferTest|eng|dan|the girl|pigen}}
*tagger:
**^the/the<det><def><sp>$ ^girl/girl<n><sg>$^./.<sent>$
*biltrans:
**^the<det><def><sp>/den<det><dem><sp>$ ^girl<n><sg>/pige<n><ut><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*chunker:
**^determiner<SD><def><sp>{^den<det><3>$}$ ^noun<SN><sg><DD>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*interchunk:
**apertium-interchunk: Rule 1 determiner<SD><def><sp>{^den<det><3>$} noun<SN><sg><DD>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$}
**^noun<SN><sg><def>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*postchunk:
**^pige<n><ut><sg><def>$^.<sent>$
*pair: pigen

===Contrastive Grammar 2===

=Post-evaluation on short sentences corpus=
==dan -> eng==
*WER:
*PER:

==eng -> dan==
*WER:
*PER:

[[Category:Sp18_StructuralTransfer]]
[[Category:Structural transfer]]
[[Category:Danish]]

Danish and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-17T15:48:40Z

Rbuckle1: /* Sentence 1 */

=Pre-evaluation=

==on contrastive grammar corpus==

===dan -> eng===
*WER: 38%
*PER: 36%

===eng -> dan===
*WER: 78%
*PER: 78%

==on short sentences corpus==

===dan -> eng===
*WER: 93%
*PER: 83%

===eng -> dan===
*WER: 31%
*PER: 31%

=Implemented Contrastive Grammar=
==dan -> eng==

===Sentence 1===
*Correct Translation: {{transferTest|dan|eng|pigen|the girl}}
*tagger: ^pigen/pige<n><ut><sg><def>/pige<n><ut><sg><def>$^./.<sent>$
*biltrans: ^pige<n><ut><sg><def>/girl<n><sg><def>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*chunker:
**apertium-transfer: Rule 2 .<sent>/.<sent>
**^default<default>{^girl<n><sg><def>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*interchunk: ^default<default>{^girl<n><sg><def>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*postchunk: ^girl<n><sg><def>$^.<sent>$
*pair: #girl

===Sentence 2===
*tagger:
*biltrans:
*chunker:
*interchunk:
*postchunk:
*pair:

==eng -> dan==

===Setence 1===
*Correct Translation:
**{{transferTest|eng|dan|the girl|pigen}}
*tagger:
**^the/the<det><def><sp>$ ^girl/girl<n><sg>$^./.<sent>$
*biltrans:
**^the<det><def><sp>/den<det><dem><sp>$ ^girl<n><sg>/pige<n><ut><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*chunker:
**^determiner<SD><def><sp>{^den<det><3>$}$ ^noun<SN><sg><DD>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*interchunk:
**apertium-interchunk: Rule 1 determiner<SD><def><sp>{^den<det><3>$} noun<SN><sg><DD>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$}
**^noun<SN><sg><def>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*postchunk:
**^pige<n><ut><sg><def>$^.<sent>$
*pair: pigen

===Contrastive Grammar 2===

=Post-evaluation on short sentences corpus=
==dan -> eng==
*WER:
*PER:

==eng -> dan==
*WER:
*PER:

[[Category:Sp18_StructuralTransfer]]
[[Category:Structural transfer]]
[[Category:Danish]]

Danish and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-17T15:48:17Z

Rbuckle1: /* Setence 1 */

=Pre-evaluation=

==on contrastive grammar corpus==

===dan -> eng===
*WER: 38%
*PER: 36%

===eng -> dan===
*WER: 78%
*PER: 78%

==on short sentences corpus==

===dan -> eng===
*WER: 93%
*PER: 83%

===eng -> dan===
*WER: 31%
*PER: 31%

=Implemented Contrastive Grammar=
==dan -> eng==

===Sentence 1===
*Correct Translation: {{transferTest|dan|eng|pigen|the girl}}
*tagger: ^pigen/pige<n><ut><sg><def>/pige<n><ut><sg><def>$^./.<sent>$
*biltrans: ^pige<n><ut><sg><def>/girl<n><sg><def>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*chunker: 
apertium-transfer: Rule 2 .<sent>/.<sent>
^default<default>{^girl<n><sg><def>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*interchunk: ^default<default>{^girl<n><sg><def>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*postchunk: ^girl<n><sg><def>$^.<sent>$
*pair: #girl

===Sentence 2===
*tagger:
*biltrans:
*chunker:
*interchunk:
*postchunk:
*pair:

==eng -> dan==

===Setence 1===
*Correct Translation:
**{{transferTest|eng|dan|the girl|pigen}}
*tagger:
**^the/the<det><def><sp>$ ^girl/girl<n><sg>$^./.<sent>$
*biltrans:
**^the<det><def><sp>/den<det><dem><sp>$ ^girl<n><sg>/pige<n><ut><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*chunker:
**^determiner<SD><def><sp>{^den<det><3>$}$ ^noun<SN><sg><DD>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*interchunk:
**apertium-interchunk: Rule 1 determiner<SD><def><sp>{^den<det><3>$} noun<SN><sg><DD>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$}
**^noun<SN><sg><def>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*postchunk:
**^pige<n><ut><sg><def>$^.<sent>$
*pair: pigen

===Contrastive Grammar 2===

=Post-evaluation on short sentences corpus=
==dan -> eng==
*WER:
*PER:

==eng -> dan==
*WER:
*PER:

[[Category:Sp18_StructuralTransfer]]
[[Category:Structural transfer]]
[[Category:Danish]]

Danish and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-17T15:47:58Z

Rbuckle1: /* Setence 1 */

=Pre-evaluation=

==on contrastive grammar corpus==

===dan -> eng===
*WER: 38%
*PER: 36%

===eng -> dan===
*WER: 78%
*PER: 78%

==on short sentences corpus==

===dan -> eng===
*WER: 93%
*PER: 83%

===eng -> dan===
*WER: 31%
*PER: 31%

=Implemented Contrastive Grammar=
==dan -> eng==

===Sentence 1===
*Correct Translation: {{transferTest|dan|eng|pigen|the girl}}
*tagger: ^pigen/pige<n><ut><sg><def>/pige<n><ut><sg><def>$^./.<sent>$
*biltrans: ^pige<n><ut><sg><def>/girl<n><sg><def>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*chunker: 
apertium-transfer: Rule 2 .<sent>/.<sent>
^default<default>{^girl<n><sg><def>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*interchunk: ^default<default>{^girl<n><sg><def>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*postchunk: ^girl<n><sg><def>$^.<sent>$
*pair: #girl

===Sentence 2===
*tagger:
*biltrans:
*chunker:
*interchunk:
*postchunk:
*pair:

==eng -> dan==

===Setence 1===
*Correct Translation:
**{{transferTest|eng|dan|the girl|pigen}}
*tagger:
**^the/the<det><def><sp>$ ^girl/girl<n><sg>$^./.<sent>$
*biltrans:
**^the<det><def><sp>/den<det><dem><sp>$ ^girl<n><sg>/pige<n><ut><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*chunker:
**^determiner<SD><def><sp>{^den<det><3>$}$ ^noun<SN><sg><DD>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*interchunk:
**apertium-interchunk: Rule 1 determiner<SD><def><sp>{^den<det><3>$} noun<SN><sg><DD>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$} 
**^noun<SN><sg><def>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*postchunk:
**^pige<n><ut><sg><def>$^.<sent>$
*pair: pigen

===Contrastive Grammar 2===

=Post-evaluation on short sentences corpus=
==dan -> eng==
*WER:
*PER:

==eng -> dan==
*WER:
*PER:

[[Category:Sp18_StructuralTransfer]]
[[Category:Structural transfer]]
[[Category:Danish]]

Danish and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-17T15:46:50Z

Rbuckle1: /* Setence 1 */

=Pre-evaluation=

==on contrastive grammar corpus==

===dan -> eng===
*WER: 38%
*PER: 36%

===eng -> dan===
*WER: 78%
*PER: 78%

==on short sentences corpus==

===dan -> eng===
*WER: 93%
*PER: 83%

===eng -> dan===
*WER: 31%
*PER: 31%

=Implemented Contrastive Grammar=
==dan -> eng==

===Sentence 1===
*Correct Translation: {{transferTest|dan|eng|pigen|the girl}}
*tagger: ^pigen/pige<n><ut><sg><def>/pige<n><ut><sg><def>$^./.<sent>$
*biltrans: ^pige<n><ut><sg><def>/girl<n><sg><def>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*chunker: 
apertium-transfer: Rule 2 .<sent>/.<sent>
^default<default>{^girl<n><sg><def>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*interchunk: ^default<default>{^girl<n><sg><def>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*postchunk: ^girl<n><sg><def>$^.<sent>$
*pair: #girl

===Sentence 2===
*tagger:
*biltrans:
*chunker:
*interchunk:
*postchunk:
*pair:

==eng -> dan==

===Setence 1===
*Correct Translation: {{transferTest|eng|dan|the girl|pigen}}
*tagger: ^the/the<det><def><sp>$ ^girl/girl<n><sg>$^./.<sent>$
*biltrans: ^the<det><def><sp>/den<det><dem><sp>$ ^girl<n><sg>/pige<n><ut><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*chunker: ^determiner<SD><def><sp>{^den<det><3>$}$ ^noun<SN><sg><DD>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*interchunk:
apertium-interchunk: Rule 1 determiner<SD><def><sp>{^den<det><3>$} noun<SN><sg><DD>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$} 
^noun<SN><sg><def>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*postchunk: ^pige<n><ut><sg><def>$^.<sent>$
*pair: pigen

===Contrastive Grammar 2===

=Post-evaluation on short sentences corpus=
==dan -> eng==
*WER:
*PER:

==eng -> dan==
*WER:
*PER:

[[Category:Sp18_StructuralTransfer]]
[[Category:Structural transfer]]
[[Category:Danish]]

Danish and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-17T15:46:39Z

Rbuckle1: /* Setence 1 */

=Pre-evaluation=

==on contrastive grammar corpus==

===dan -> eng===
*WER: 38%
*PER: 36%

===eng -> dan===
*WER: 78%
*PER: 78%

==on short sentences corpus==

===dan -> eng===
*WER: 93%
*PER: 83%

===eng -> dan===
*WER: 31%
*PER: 31%

=Implemented Contrastive Grammar=
==dan -> eng==

===Sentence 1===
*Correct Translation: {{transferTest|dan|eng|pigen|the girl}}
*tagger: ^pigen/pige<n><ut><sg><def>/pige<n><ut><sg><def>$^./.<sent>$
*biltrans: ^pige<n><ut><sg><def>/girl<n><sg><def>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*chunker: 
apertium-transfer: Rule 2 .<sent>/.<sent>
^default<default>{^girl<n><sg><def>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*interchunk: ^default<default>{^girl<n><sg><def>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*postchunk: ^girl<n><sg><def>$^.<sent>$
*pair: #girl

===Sentence 2===
*tagger:
*biltrans:
*chunker:
*interchunk:
*postchunk:
*pair:

==eng -> dan==

===Setence 1===
*Correct Translation: {{transferTest|eng|dan|the girl|pige}}
*tagger: ^the/the<det><def><sp>$ ^girl/girl<n><sg>$^./.<sent>$
*biltrans: ^the<det><def><sp>/den<det><dem><sp>$ ^girl<n><sg>/pige<n><ut><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
*chunker: ^determiner<SD><def><sp>{^den<det><3>$}$ ^noun<SN><sg><DD>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*interchunk:
apertium-interchunk: Rule 1 determiner<SD><def><sp>{^den<det><3>$} noun<SN><sg><DD>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$} 
^noun<SN><sg><def>{^pige<n><ut><2><3>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$
*postchunk: ^pige<n><ut><sg><def>$^.<sent>$
*pair: pigen

===Contrastive Grammar 2===

=Post-evaluation on short sentences corpus=
==dan -> eng==
*WER:
*PER:

==eng -> dan==
*WER:
*PER:

[[Category:Sp18_StructuralTransfer]]
[[Category:Structural transfer]]
[[Category:Danish]]

Danish and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-17T15:42:22Z

Rbuckle1: /* Sentence 2 */

Danish and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-17T15:42:03Z

Rbuckle1: /* Contrastive Grammar 1 */

Danish and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-17T15:40:59Z

Rbuckle1: /* Implemented Contrastive Grammar */

Danish and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-17T15:33:22Z

Rbuckle1: /* Sentence 1 */

Danish and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-17T15:30:08Z

Rbuckle1: /* Sentence 1 */

Danish and English/Structural Transfer

2018-04-17T15:25:31Z

Rbuckle1: /* Sentence 1 */

Danish and English/Lexical Selection

2018-04-03T20:18:51Z

Rbuckle1: /* dan → eng */

==Lexical Transfer==

See our [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Lexical_Transfer lexical transfer wiki page] for details on our initial results with WER and PER on our contrastive grammar and a mini-corpus.

==Ambiguous Translation==

===dan → eng===
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|themself}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|themself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|themselves}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|themselves{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|himself}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|himself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|herself}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|herself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|herself}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|herself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|kone|wife}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| kone{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|wife{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|kone|wife}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| hustru{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|wife{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|mand|man}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| mand{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|menneske|man}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| menneske{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|komme|come}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng|komme{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}{{tag|active}}|come{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sige|come}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng|sige{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}{{tag|active}}|come{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}{{tag|active}}}}

===eng → dan===
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|themself|sig}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| themself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}|sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|themselves|sig}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| themselves{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} |sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|himself|sig}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| himself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|herself|sig}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| herself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}}}

[[:Category:Sp18_LexicalSelection]]

Danish and English/Lexical Selection

2018-04-03T16:35:17Z

Rbuckle1: /* dan → eng */

==Lexical Transfer==

See our [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Lexical_Transfer lexical transfer wiki page] for details on our initial results with WER and PER on our contrastive grammar and a mini-corpus.

==Ambiguous Translation==

===dan → eng===
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|themself}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|themself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|themselves}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|themselves{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|himself}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|himself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|herself}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|herself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|herself}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|herself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|kone|wife}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| kone{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|wife{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|kone|wife}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| hustru{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|wife{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|mand|man}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| mand{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|menneske|man}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| menneske{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===eng → dan===
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|themself|sig}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| themself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}|sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|themselves|sig}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| themselves{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} |sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|himself|sig}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| himself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|herself|sig}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| herself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}}}

[[:Category:Sp18_LexicalSelection]]

Danish and English/Lexical Selection

2018-04-03T16:32:25Z

Rbuckle1: /* dan → eng */

==Lexical Transfer==

See our [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Lexical_Transfer lexical transfer wiki page] for details on our initial results with WER and PER on our contrastive grammar and a mini-corpus.

==Ambiguous Translation==

===dan → eng===
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|themself}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|themself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|themselves}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|themselves{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|himself}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|himself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|herself}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|herself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|herself}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|herself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|kone|wife}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| kone{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|wife{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|kone|wife}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| hustru{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|wife{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===eng → dan===
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|themself|sig}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| themself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}|sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|themselves|sig}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| themselves{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} |sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|himself|sig}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| himself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|herself|sig}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| herself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}}}

[[:Category:Sp18_LexicalSelection]]

Danish and English/Lexical Selection

2018-04-03T16:27:14Z

Rbuckle1: /* eng → dan */

==Ambiguous Translation==

===dan → eng===
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|themself}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|themself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|themselves}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|themselves{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|himself}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|himself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|herself}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|herself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===eng → dan===
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|themself|sig}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| themself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}|sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|themselves|sig}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| themselves{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} |sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|himself|sig}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| himself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|herself|sig}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| herself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}}}

[[:Category:Sp18_LexicalSelection]]

Danish and English/Lexical Selection

2018-04-03T16:24:05Z

Rbuckle1: /* Ambiguous Translation */

==Ambiguous Translation==

===dan → eng===
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|themself}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|themself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|themselves}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|themselves{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|himself}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|himself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|herself}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|herself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===eng → dan===
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|themself|sig}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|themself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|themselves}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|themselves{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|himself}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|himself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|herself}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|acc}}|herself{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[:Category:Sp18_LexicalSelection]]

Danish and English/Lexical Selection

2018-04-03T16:23:26Z

Rbuckle1: /* Ambiguous Translation */

Danish and English/Lexical Selection

2018-04-03T16:22:59Z

Rbuckle1: /* Ambiguous Translation */

Danish and English/Lexical Selection

2018-04-03T16:20:08Z

Rbuckle1: /* dan → eng */

Danish and English/Lexical Selection

2018-04-03T16:15:40Z

Rbuckle1: /* dan → eng */

==Ambiguous Translation==

===dan → eng===
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|themself}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| sig{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}|themself{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===eng → dan===

[[:Category:Sp18_LexicalSelection]]

Danish and English/Lexical Selection

2018-04-03T16:14:36Z

Rbuckle1: /* dan → eng */

==Ambiguous Translation==

===dan → eng===
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|sig|themself}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===eng → dan===

[[:Category:Sp18_LexicalSelection]]

Danish and English/Lexical Selection

2018-04-03T16:11:48Z

Rbuckle1:

==Ambiguous Translation==

===dan → eng===

===eng → dan===

[[:Category:Sp18_LexicalSelection]]

Danish and English

2018-04-03T15:33:45Z

Rbuckle1:

==Machine Translation resources for English and Danish==
* A grammatical description of Danish written in English [https://nauchidatski.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/danish-an-essential-grammar.pdf Danish: An Essential Grammar]
* A unilang page with side by side Danish and English versions of "Where is James" [https://unilang.org/ulrview.php?res=394,391 Unilang "Where is James"]
* A helpful online dictionary [https://en.bab.la/dictionary/danish-english/trave Danish to English]

==Developed Resources for Machine Translation of English and Danish==
*Grammatical information: [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Grammar Grammar]

*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar Contrastive Grammar]

* Lexical transfer: [https://github.swarthmore.edu/arobey1/ling073-dan-eng.git github repository] [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Lexical_Transfer Wiki page]

*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Lexical_Selection Lexical Selection]

 
[[Category:sp18_TranslationPairs]]

Danish and English

2018-04-03T15:33:00Z

Rbuckle1: /* Developed Resources for Machine Translation of English and Danish */

==Machine Translation resources for English and Danish==
* A grammatical description of Danish written in English [https://nauchidatski.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/danish-an-essential-grammar.pdf Danish: An Essential Grammar]
* A unilang page with side by side Danish and English versions of "Where is James" [https://unilang.org/ulrview.php?res=394,391 Unilang "Where is James"]
* A helpful online dictionary [https://en.bab.la/dictionary/danish-english/trave Danish to English]

==Developed Resources for Machine Translation of English and Danish==
*Grammatical information: [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Grammar Grammar]
* Lexical transfer: [https://github.swarthmore.edu/arobey1/ling073-dan-eng.git github repository] [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Lexical_Transfer Wiki page]

*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Lexical_Selection Lexical Selection]

==Contrastive Grammar==
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar Contrastive Grammar]

[[Category:sp18_TranslationPairs]]

Danish and English

2018-04-03T15:32:40Z

Rbuckle1: /* Machine Translation resources for English and Danish */

==Machine Translation resources for English and Danish==
* A grammatical description of Danish written in English [https://nauchidatski.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/danish-an-essential-grammar.pdf Danish: An Essential Grammar]
* A unilang page with side by side Danish and English versions of "Where is James" [https://unilang.org/ulrview.php?res=394,391 Unilang "Where is James"]
* A helpful online dictionary [https://en.bab.la/dictionary/danish-english/trave Danish to English]

==Developed Resources for Machine Translation of English and Danish==
*Grammatical information: [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Grammar Grammar]
* Lexical transfer: [https://github.swarthmore.edu/arobey1/ling073-dan-eng.git github repository] [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Lexical_Transfer Wiki page]

==Contrastive Grammar==
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar Contrastive Grammar]

[[Category:sp18_TranslationPairs]]

Danish and English/Lexical Selection

2018-04-03T15:31:42Z

Rbuckle1:

==dan → eng==

==eng → dan==

[[:Category:Sp18_LexicalSelection]]

Danish and English/Lexical Selection

2018-04-03T15:31:04Z

Rbuckle1: /* Lexical Selection */

==dan --> eng==

==eng --> dan==

[[:Category:Sp18_LexicalSelection]]

Danish and English

2018-04-03T15:29:52Z

Rbuckle1: /* Machine Translation resources for English and Danish */

==Machine Translation resources for English and Danish==
* A grammatical description of Danish written in English [https://nauchidatski.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/danish-an-essential-grammar.pdf Danish: An Essential Grammar]
* A unilang page with side by side Danish and English versions of "Where is James" [https://unilang.org/ulrview.php?res=394,391 Unilang "Where is James"]
* A helpful online dictionary [https://en.bab.la/dictionary/danish-english/trave Danish to English]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Lexical_Selection Lexical Selection]

==Developed Resources for Machine Translation of English and Danish==
*Grammatical information: [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Grammar Grammar]
* Lexical transfer: [https://github.swarthmore.edu/arobey1/ling073-dan-eng.git github repository] [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Lexical_Transfer Wiki page]

==Contrastive Grammar==
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar Contrastive Grammar]

[[Category:sp18_TranslationPairs]]

Danish and English/Lexical Selection

2018-04-03T15:29:05Z

Rbuckle1: Created page with "==Lexical Selection=="

==Lexical Selection==

Lexical selection

2018-04-03T15:24:30Z

Rbuckle1: /* Lexical selection */

== Lexical selection ==
Lexical selection provides a way to deal with what you do when a single word in one language translates to more than one word in another language. The formalism used in Apertium allows you to choose translations based on the lemma and/or part of speech of surrounding words. In the [[:apertium:Apertium system architecture|Apertium pipeline]], it modifies the stream after lexical transfer and before structural transfer.

== Writing rules ==

Lexical selection rules are in the <code>apertium-abc-xyz.abc-xyz.lrx</code> file in your language pair. You can find information about and examples of the formalism on the Apertium wiki: [[:apertium:Constraint-based lexical selection module|constraint-based lexical selection module]], [[:apertium:How to get started with lexical selection rules|how to get started with lexical selection rules]].

In short, you use the surrounding words (with morphological analyses) as context to decide which translation is the correct one.

=== Linguistic examples ===
An example that might need lexical selection is the following:
* '''yard''' (a unit of length)
* '''yard''' (an enclosed area)

What's different about these words? Spelling, pronunciation, part of speech? What [different] contexts might each occur in?

Can we decide which translation is right from the surrounding words?

* (kir) кол → (eng) hand; arm
* (kir) күн → (eng) sun; day
* (kir) жаш → (eng) age; tear (eye water)
* (kir) бир → (eng) one; a/an
* (eng) paper → (kir) кагаз (material); доклад (written work)
* (eng) horse → (kir) ат (for riding, working); жылкы (for herding, eating)
* (eng) sister → (kir) сиңди (younger, of female); карындаш (younger, of male); эже (older)

What do we do with examples like this?

* (eng) tear → (kir) жаш (eye water); айыр (rip)
* (eng) plant → (kir) өсүмдүк (growing thing); отургуз (put in the ground to grow)
* (kir) өч → (eng) revenge; be extinguished
* (kir) кыл → (eng) strand of hair; string (of instrument); do; make

=== The structure of lrx files ===

An <code>lrx</code> file is written in xml. It consists of a list of rules surrounded by {{tag|rules}}<code>...</code>{{tag|/rules}}. Each {{tag|rule}}<code>...</code>{{tag|rule}} block contains some combination of {{tag|match}}{{tag|select ... /}}{{tag|/match}} blocks and {{tag|match .../}} blocks. {{tag|match ...}} tags can contain attributes like <code>lemma=""</code> and <code>tags=""</code>. Multiple {{tag|match .../}} blocks may be included within {{tag|or}}<code>...</code>{{tag|/or}} so that multiple rules don't have to be written in cases of multiple matching criteria.

Besides the additional documentation linked to above, countless examples can be found in the [https://github.com/apertium/ Apertium codebase], and some examples from class will also [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp18 be posted].

Here is an example to try in class:
* Көзүнөн жаш акты.
* Анын жашын билбейм.

=== Additional guidelines ===
You may wish to make a '''"default" translation''' and then some more specific rules. Because of what appears currently be [https://sourceforge.net/p/apertium/tickets/119/ a bug in the lexical selection code], the more less specific rule (the "default") may override the more specific rules. Currently, the best way to do this seems to be with [[:apertium:How_to_get_started_with_lexical_selection_rules#Rule_weighting|weights]]—i.e., give a lower weight to the default rule than to the specific ones (e.g., by just giving a weight below 1 to the default rule). You will also want to go through your <code>modes.xml</code> and replace <code>lrx-proc</code> with <code>lrx-proc -m</code> so that the lexical selection module actually uses these weights.

== The assignment ==
Due on Friday of the 10th week of class (this semester, '''Friday, April 6th, 2018, by the end of the day (midnight)''')

# Make a new page on the wiki, <code>Language1_and_Language2/Lexical_selection</code>, linking to it from the main page for your language pair, and adding it to the category [[:Category:Sp18_LexicalSelection]].
# Add two sections, <code>abc → xyz</code> and <code>xyz → abc</code>.
# In each section, add the two cases of ambiguous translations you came up with in [[Lexical transfer|the previous assignment]].
# For each ambiguous translation you work on, determine some generalisation for how to decide which translation is right, documenting these generalisations on the wiki. It may be that there is no generalisation that can be made for a given lexical selection problem; in this case, choose a default form to select and '''find some other one-to-many translation''' that can be solved with lexical selection. You must have at least one [mostly] solvable problem per translation direction.
# Add example sentences or phrases that can be tested for each destination of the word with the ambiguous translation (minimum: two sentences).
# In your <code>lrx</code> file, set up any necessary default translations, and at least one set of lexical selection rules for one solvable lexical selection problem. Add the example sentences/phrases in a comment before the relevant rule.
# Commit your code.

[[Category:Assignments]]
[[Category:Lexical selection]]

Danish and English

2018-03-29T16:38:13Z

Rbuckle1: /* Developed Resources for Machine Translation of English and Danish */

==Machine Translation resources for English and Danish==
* A grammatical description of Danish written in English [https://nauchidatski.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/danish-an-essential-grammar.pdf Danish: An Essential Grammar]
* A unilang page with side by side Danish and English versions of "Where is James" [https://unilang.org/ulrview.php?res=394,391 Unilang "Where is James"]
* A helpful online dictionary [https://en.bab.la/dictionary/danish-english/trave Danish to English]

==Developed Resources for Machine Translation of English and Danish==
*Grammatical information: [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Grammar Grammar]
* Lexical transfer: [https://github.swarthmore.edu/arobey1/ling073-dan-eng.git github repository] [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Lexical_Transfer Wiki page]

==Contrastive Grammar==
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar Contrastive Grammar]

[[Category:sp18_TranslationPairs]]

Danish and English/Lexical Transfer

2018-03-29T16:37:59Z

Rbuckle1: Created page with "==Lexical Transfer=="

==Lexical Transfer==

Danish and English

2018-03-29T16:35:46Z

Rbuckle1: /* Machine Translation resources for English and Danish */

==Machine Translation resources for English and Danish==
* A grammatical description of Danish written in English [https://nauchidatski.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/danish-an-essential-grammar.pdf Danish: An Essential Grammar]
* A unilang page with side by side Danish and English versions of "Where is James" [https://unilang.org/ulrview.php?res=394,391 Unilang "Where is James"]
* A helpful online dictionary [https://en.bab.la/dictionary/danish-english/trave Danish to English]

==Developed Resources for Machine Translation of English and Danish==
*Grammatical information: [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Grammar Grammar]
* Lexical transfer: [https://github.swarthmore.edu/arobey1/ling073-dan-eng.git github repository]

==Contrastive Grammar==
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar Contrastive Grammar]

[[Category:sp18_TranslationPairs]]

Danish and English

2018-03-27T15:39:58Z

Rbuckle1: /* Developed Resources for Machine Translation of English and Danish */

==Machine Translation resources for English and Danish==
* A grammatical description of Danish written in English [https://nauchidatski.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/danish-an-essential-grammar.pdf Danish: An Essential Grammar]
* A unilang page with side by side Danish and English versions of "Where is James" [https://unilang.org/ulrview.php?res=394,391 Unilang "Where is James"]

==Developed Resources for Machine Translation of English and Danish==
*Grammatical information: [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Grammar Grammar]
* Lexical transfer: [https://github.swarthmore.edu/arobey1/ling073-dan-eng.git github repository]

==Contrastive Grammar==
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar Contrastive Grammar]

[[Category:sp18_TranslationPairs]]

Danish and English

2018-03-27T15:39:01Z

Rbuckle1: /* Developed Resources for Machine Translation of English and Danish */

==Machine Translation resources for English and Danish==
* A grammatical description of Danish written in English [https://nauchidatski.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/danish-an-essential-grammar.pdf Danish: An Essential Grammar]
* A unilang page with side by side Danish and English versions of "Where is James" [https://unilang.org/ulrview.php?res=394,391 Unilang "Where is James"]

==Developed Resources for Machine Translation of English and Danish==
*Grammatical information [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Grammar Grammar]
* Lexical transfer [https://github.swarthmore.edu/arobey1/ling073-dan-eng.git github repository]

==Contrastive Grammar==
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Danish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar Contrastive Grammar]

[[Category:sp18_TranslationPairs]]

Danish and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-24T18:04:51Z

Rbuckle1: /* Gender and Indefinite Articles */

==Dan-Eng tests==
===Gender and Indefinite Articles===
Danish nouns are either common gender or neuter gender while English nouns are genderless. The corresponding indefinite article for a Danish noun is either "en" if it is common gender or "et" if it is neuter gender. The corresponding indefinite article for an English noun is always "a".

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|en pige|a girl}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|et hus|a house}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

Both English and Danish typically refrain from use of indefinite articles in the plural.

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|piger|girls}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}|girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|huse|houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}|house{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Gender, Number and Definite Articles===
The Danish definite article is also marked for gender, as well as number - "den" (common), "det" (neuter), and "de" (plural). However, definite articles are only used with adjectives. English has only one definite article, "the".

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|den store pige|the big girl}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|def}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} big{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|det store hus|the big house}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|def}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} big{{tag|adj}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|de store piger|the big girls}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|def}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} big{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|de store huse|the big houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|def}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} big{{tag|adj}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Noun Inflection===
Danish nouns inflect for number and definiteness, with morphology depending on phonological shape as well as gender. Plurality is marked by -(e)n, -e, or left unmarked according to a complex suite of of phonological rules. Other orthographic changes, such as doubling final consonants, may take place as well. Definiteness is marked by -(e)n for singular common nouns, -(e)t for singular neuter nouns, and -ne for other nouns. Nouns are only marked for definiteness when no adjective is present. English nouns only inflect for number, typically marking plural via suffixation of -(e)s.

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|en pige|a girl}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|et hus|a house}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|piger|girls}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}|girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|huse|houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}|house{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|pigen|the girl}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|huset|the house}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|pigerne|the girls}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|husene|the houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Adjective Inflection===
Danish adjectives are marked for the gender, number, and definiteness of the noun they describe. Adjectives modifying indefinite singular common nouns are unmarked, those modifying indefinite singular neuter nouns take a suffix -t, and all others have a suffix -e. English adjectives have no morphological alternation.

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|en stor pige|a big girl}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ut}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|et stort hus|a big house}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nt}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|store piger|big girls}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|pl}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}|big{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|store huse|big houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|pl}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}|big{{tag|adj}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|den store pige|the big girl}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|def}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} big{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|det store hus|the big house}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|def}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} big{{tag|adj}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|de store piger|the big girls}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|def}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} big{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|de store huse|the big houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|def}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} big{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Verb Conjugation===
English verbs have some subject marking in the present tense, marking a third person singular subject with -s. Danish never conjugates verbs for subject.

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|hun spiser|she eats}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| den{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} spis{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}|they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} eat{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

*{{transferTest|dan|eng|de spiser|they eat}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| den{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} spis{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}|they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} eat{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}}}

==Eng-Dan tests==
===Gender and Indefinite Articles===
Danish nouns are either common gender or neuter gender while English nouns are genderless. The corresponding indefinite article for a Danish nouns is either "en" if it is common gender or "et" if it is neuter gender. The corresponding indefinite article for an English noun is always "a".

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|a girl|en pige}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|a house|et hus}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}}}

Both English and Danish typically refrain from use of indefinite articles in the plural.

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|girls|piger}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|houses|huse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|house{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}}}

===Gender, Number and Definite Articles===
The Danish definite article is also marked for gender, as well as number - "den" (common), "det" (neuter), and "de" (plural). However, definite articles are only used with adjectives. English has only one definite article, "the".

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the big girl|den store pige}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} big{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|def}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the big house|det store hus}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} big{{tag|adj}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|def}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the big girls|de store piger}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} big{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|def}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the big houses|de store huse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} big{{tag|adj}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|def}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}}}

===Noun Inflection===
Danish nouns inflect for number and definiteness, with morphology depending on phonological shape as well as gender. Plurality is marked by -(e)n, -e, or left unmarked according to a complex suite of of phonological rules. Other orthographic changes, such as doubling final consonants, may take place as well. Definiteness is marked by -(e)n for singular common nouns, -(e)t for singular neuter nouns, and -ne for other nouns. Nouns are only marked for definiteness when no adjective is present. English nouns only inflect for number, typically marking plural via suffixation of -(e)s.

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|a girl|en pige}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|a house|et hus}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|girls|piger}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|houses|huse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|house{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the girl|pigen}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the house|huset}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the girls|pigerne}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the houses|husene}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}}}

===Adjective Inflection===
Danish adjectives are marked for the gender, number, and definiteness of the noun they describe. Adjectives modifying indefinite singular common nouns are unmarked, those modifying indefinite singular neuter nouns take a suffix -t, and all others have a suffix -e. English adjectives have no morphological alternation.

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|a big girl|en stor pige}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ut}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|a big house|et stort hus}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nt}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|big girls|store piger}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|big{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|pl}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|big houses|store huse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|big{{tag|adj}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|pl}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the big girl|den store pige}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} big{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|def}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the big house|det store hus}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} big{{tag|adj}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|def}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the big girls|de store piger}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} big{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|def}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the big houses|de store huse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} big{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|def}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}}}

===Verb Conjugation===
English verbs have some subject marking in the present tense, marking a third person singular subject with -s. Danish never conjugates verbs for subject.

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|she eats|hun spiser}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} eat{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}| den{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} spis{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}}}

*{{transferTest|eng|dan|they eat|de spiser}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} eat{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}| den{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} spis{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}}}

[[Category:sp18_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Danish and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-24T01:34:33Z

Rbuckle1: /* Gender and Indefinites Adjectives */

Danish and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-24T01:34:17Z

Rbuckle1: /* Gender and Indefinite Adjectives */

Danish and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-24T01:22:40Z

Rbuckle1: /* Gender and Indefinite Adjectives */

Danish and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-24T01:20:59Z

Rbuckle1: /* Gender and Indefinites Adjectives */

Danish and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-24T01:19:08Z

Rbuckle1: /* Eng-Dan tests */

Danish and English/Contrastive Grammar

2018-03-24T01:15:57Z

Rbuckle1: /* Dan-Eng tests */