LING073 - User contributions [en]

http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Rkamal1 LING073 - User contributions [en] 2026-10-25T10:24:11Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.27.7 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=User:Rkamal1/Final_project&diff=14688 User:Rkamal1/Final project 2021-05-20T18:52:43Z

<p>Rkamal1: </p> <hr /> <div>For my final project, I expanded my Sorani Kurdish (ckb) finite-state transducer and boosted coverage on a large corpus. I also enabled spell-checking on my package by adding a speller directory with a list of character pairs and weights. I licensed my work under the MIT License. This Wikipedia page outlines the work I did and provides different evaluation metrics. For more details, see my [https://github.com/rezKamal/ckb-spellchecker/blob/master/Final_Project.pdf project poster]<br /> <br /> == Code ==<br /> <br /> [https://github.com/rezKamal/ckb-spellchecker Public GitHub Repo]<br /> <br /> == Methods ==<br /> <br /> My transducer was written in lexd format. It contained nearly 2000 stems, the majority of which were nouns. Most of the stems in the transducer were obtained by copying Kurdish lemmas from Apertium's bilingual Sorani-English transducer. Much of the language's basic morphology has been implemented, including definiteness markers, pluralization, subject pronoun suffixes, past and non-past conjugations, and some tenses of the subjunctive mood. Given Sorani's agglutinative nature and the way different word endings affect the way certain suffixes are added, many twol rules are used.<br /> <br /> Among other things, the speller directory contains .txt files that contain single- and multi-character mappings for possible misspelling pairs. Each mapping comes with its respective weight. Lower weights correspond to higher likelihoods of a character mapping being brought up when suggesting corrections for a misspelled word.<br /> <br /> == Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> === Coverage ===<br /> * 63% coverage over Sorani Kurdish Wikipedia (~2 million words)<br /> * 73% coverage over Sorani Kurdish Bible excerpt (~1000 words)<br /> <br /> === Precision & Recall ===<br /> * 98.1% precision<br /> * 68.2% recall<br /> <br /> There are currently 1916 stems in the transducer, with 1235 noun stems.<br /> <br /> === Spell Checker ===<br /> <br /> The spell checker correctly outputs 'C' for correct spellings that exist in the transducer, 'W' for incorrect spellings, and 'S' for suggestions. Because I do not have a great deal of twol narrowing rules, the checker currently fails to flag certain misspellings.<br /> <br /> [[Category: sp21_FinalProjects]] [[Category: Central_Kurdish]]</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=User:Rkamal1/Final_project&diff=14630 User:Rkamal1/Final project 2021-05-20T03:45:56Z

<p>Rkamal1: </p> <hr /> <div>For my final project, I expanded my Sorani Kurdish (ckb) finite-state transducer and boosted coverage on a large corpus. I also enabled spell-checking on my package by adding a speller directory with a list of character pairs and weights. I licensed my work under the MIT License. This Wikipedia page outlines the work I did and provides different evaluation metrics. For more details, see my [https://github.com/rezKamal/ckb-spellchecker/blob/master/Final_Project.pdf project poster]<br /> <br /> == Code ==<br /> <br /> [https://github.com/rezKamal/ckb-spellchecker Public GitHub Repo]<br /> <br /> == Methods ==<br /> <br /> My transducer was written in lexd format. It contained nearly 2000 stems, the majority of which were nouns. Most of the stems in the transducer were obtained by copying Kurdish lemmas from Apertium's bilingual Sorani-English transducer. Much of the language's basic morphology has been implemented, including definiteness markers, pluralization, subject pronoun suffixes, past and non-past conjugations, and some tenses of the subjunctive mood. Given Sorani's agglutinative nature and the way different word endings affect the way certain suffixes are added, many twol rules are used.<br /> <br /> Among other things, the speller directory contains .txt files that contain single- and multi-character mappings for possible misspelling pairs. Each mapping comes with its respective weight. Lower weights correspond to higher likelihoods of a character mapping being brought up when suggesting corrections for a misspelled word.<br /> <br /> == Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> === Coverage ===<br /> * 63% coverage over Sorani Kurdish Wikipedia (~2 million words)<br /> * 73% coverage over Sorani Kurdish Bible excerpt (~1000 words)<br /> <br /> === Precision & Recall ===<br /> * 98.1% precision<br /> * 68.2% recall<br /> <br /> There are currently 1916 stems in the transducer, with 1235 noun stems.<br /> <br /> === Spell Checker ===<br /> <br /> The spell checker correctly outputs 'C' for correct spellings that exist in the transducer and 'W' for incorrect spellings. Because I do not have a great deal of twol narrowing rules, the checker currently fails to flag certain misspellings.<br /> <br /> [[Category: sp21_FinalProjects]] [[Category: Central_Kurdish]]</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=User:Rkamal1/Final_project&diff=14629 User:Rkamal1/Final project 2021-05-20T03:45:30Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Spell Checker */</p> <hr /> <div>For my final project, I expanded my Sorani Kurdish (ckb) finite-state transducer and boosted coverage on a large corpus. I also enabled spell-checking on my package by adding a speller directory with a list of character pairs and weights. I licensed my work under the MIT License. This Wikipedia page outlines the work I did and provides different evaluation metrics. For more details, see my [https://github.com/rezKamal/ckb-spellchecker/blob/main/Project_Poster.pdf project poster]<br /> <br /> == Code ==<br /> <br /> [https://github.com/rezKamal/ckb-spellchecker Public GitHub Repo]<br /> <br /> == Methods ==<br /> <br /> My transducer was written in lexd format. It contained nearly 2000 stems, the majority of which were nouns. Most of the stems in the transducer were obtained by copying Kurdish lemmas from Apertium's bilingual Sorani-English transducer. Much of the language's basic morphology has been implemented, including definiteness markers, pluralization, subject pronoun suffixes, past and non-past conjugations, and some tenses of the subjunctive mood. Given Sorani's agglutinative nature and the way different word endings affect the way certain suffixes are added, many twol rules are used.<br /> <br /> Among other things, the speller directory contains .txt files that contain single- and multi-character mappings for possible misspelling pairs. Each mapping comes with its respective weight. Lower weights correspond to higher likelihoods of a character mapping being brought up when suggesting corrections for a misspelled word.<br /> <br /> == Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> === Coverage ===<br /> * 63% coverage over Sorani Kurdish Wikipedia (~2 million words)<br /> * 73% coverage over Sorani Kurdish Bible excerpt (~1000 words)<br /> <br /> === Precision & Recall ===<br /> * 98.1% precision<br /> * 68.2% recall<br /> <br /> There are currently 1916 stems in the transducer, with 1235 noun stems.<br /> <br /> === Spell Checker ===<br /> <br /> The spell checker correctly outputs 'C' for correct spellings that exist in the transducer and 'W' for incorrect spellings. Because I do not have a great deal of twol narrowing rules, the checker currently fails to flag certain misspellings.<br /> <br /> [[Category: sp21_FinalProjects]] [[Category: Central_Kurdish]]</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=User:Rkamal1/Final_project&diff=14628 User:Rkamal1/Final project 2021-05-20T03:43:08Z

<p>Rkamal1: </p> <hr /> <div>For my final project, I expanded my Sorani Kurdish (ckb) finite-state transducer and boosted coverage on a large corpus. I also enabled spell-checking on my package by adding a speller directory with a list of character pairs and weights. I licensed my work under the MIT License. This Wikipedia page outlines the work I did and provides different evaluation metrics. For more details, see my [https://github.com/rezKamal/ckb-spellchecker/blob/main/Project_Poster.pdf project poster]<br /> <br /> == Code ==<br /> <br /> [https://github.com/rezKamal/ckb-spellchecker Public GitHub Repo]<br /> <br /> == Methods ==<br /> <br /> My transducer was written in lexd format. It contained nearly 2000 stems, the majority of which were nouns. Most of the stems in the transducer were obtained by copying Kurdish lemmas from Apertium's bilingual Sorani-English transducer. Much of the language's basic morphology has been implemented, including definiteness markers, pluralization, subject pronoun suffixes, past and non-past conjugations, and some tenses of the subjunctive mood. Given Sorani's agglutinative nature and the way different word endings affect the way certain suffixes are added, many twol rules are used.<br /> <br /> Among other things, the speller directory contains .txt files that contain single- and multi-character mappings for possible misspelling pairs. Each mapping comes with its respective weight. Lower weights correspond to higher likelihoods of a character mapping being brought up when suggesting corrections for a misspelled word.<br /> <br /> == Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> === Coverage ===<br /> * 63% coverage over Sorani Kurdish Wikipedia (~2 million words)<br /> * 73% coverage over Sorani Kurdish Bible excerpt (~1000 words)<br /> <br /> === Precision & Recall ===<br /> * 98.1% precision<br /> * 68.2% recall<br /> <br /> There are currently 1916 stems in the transducer, with 1235 noun stems.<br /> <br /> === Spell Checker ===<br /> <br /> The spell checker correctly outputs 'C' for correct spellings that exist in the transducer and 'W' for incorrect spellings. Because I do not have a great deal of twol narrowing rules, the checker currently fails to flag certain misspellings. Because of unknown issues for which debugging is beyond my capabilities, the spell checker currently does not output a list of suggestions for every misspelling.<br /> <br /> [[Category: sp21_FinalProjects]] [[Category: Central_Kurdish]]</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=User:Rkamal1/Final_project&diff=14619 User:Rkamal1/Final project 2021-05-19T17:49:36Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Evaluation */</p> <hr /> <div>For my final project, I expanded my Sorani Kurdish (ckb) finite-state transducer and boosted coverage on a large corpus. I also enabled spell-checking on my package by adding a speller directory with a list of character pairs and weights. I licensed my work under the MIT License. This Wikipedia page outlines the work I did and provides different evaluation metrics. For more details, see my [https://github.com/rezKamal/ckb-spellchecker/blob/main/Project_Poster.pdf project poster]<br /> <br /> == Code ==<br /> <br /> [https://github.com/rezKamal/ckb-spellchecker Public GitHub Repo]<br /> <br /> == Methods ==<br /> <br /> My transducer was written in lexd format. It contained nearly 2000 stems, the majority of which were nouns. Most of the stems in the transducer were obtained by copying Kurdish lemmas from Apertium's bilingual Sorani-English transducer. Much of the language's basic morphology has been implemented, including definiteness markers, pluralization, subject pronoun suffixes, past and non-past conjugations, and some tenses of the subjunctive mood. Given Sorani's agglutinative nature and the way different word endings affect the way certain suffixes are added, many twol rules are used.<br /> <br /> Among other things, the speller directory contains .txt files that contain single- and multi-character mappings for possible misspelling pairs. Each mapping comes with its respective weight. Lower weights correspond to higher likelihoods of a character mapping being brought up when suggesting corrections for a misspelled word.<br /> <br /> == Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> === Coverage ===<br /> * 63% coverage over Sorani Kurdish Wikipedia (~2 million words)<br /> * 73% coverage over Sorani Kurdish Bible excerpt (~1000 words)<br /> <br /> === Precision & Recall ===<br /> * 98.1% precision<br /> * 68.2% recall<br /> <br /> There are currently 1916 stems in the transducer, with 1235 noun stems.<br /> <br /> === Spell Checker ===<br /> <br /> The spell checker correctly outputs 'C' for correct spellings that exist in the transducer and 'W' for incorrect spellings. Because I do not have a great deal of twol narrowing rules, the checker currently fails to flag certain misspellings. Because of unknown issues for which debugging is beyond my capabilities, the spell checker currently does not output a list of suggestions for every misspelling.</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=User:Rkamal1/Final_project&diff=14618 User:Rkamal1/Final project 2021-05-19T17:33:01Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Evaluation */</p> <hr /> <div>For my final project, I expanded my Sorani Kurdish (ckb) finite-state transducer and boosted coverage on a large corpus. I also enabled spell-checking on my package by adding a speller directory with a list of character pairs and weights. I licensed my work under the MIT License. This Wikipedia page outlines the work I did and provides different evaluation metrics. For more details, see my [https://github.com/rezKamal/ckb-spellchecker/blob/main/Project_Poster.pdf project poster]<br /> <br /> == Code ==<br /> <br /> [https://github.com/rezKamal/ckb-spellchecker Public GitHub Repo]<br /> <br /> == Methods ==<br /> <br /> My transducer was written in lexd format. It contained nearly 2000 stems, the majority of which were nouns. Most of the stems in the transducer were obtained by copying Kurdish lemmas from Apertium's bilingual Sorani-English transducer. Much of the language's basic morphology has been implemented, including definiteness markers, pluralization, subject pronoun suffixes, past and non-past conjugations, and some tenses of the subjunctive mood. Given Sorani's agglutinative nature and the way different word endings affect the way certain suffixes are added, many twol rules are used.<br /> <br /> Among other things, the speller directory contains .txt files that contain single- and multi-character mappings for possible misspelling pairs. Each mapping comes with its respective weight. Lower weights correspond to higher likelihoods of a character mapping being brought up when suggesting corrections for a misspelled word.<br /> <br /> == Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> === Coverage ===<br /> * 63% coverage over Sorani Kurdish Wikipedia (~2 million words)<br /> * 73% coverage over Sorani Kurdish Bible excerpt (~1000 words)<br /> <br /> === Precision and recall ===<br /> * 98.1% precision<br /> * 68.2% recall<br /> <br /> There are currently 1916 stems in the transducer, with 1235 noun stems.<br /> <br /> === Spell Checker ===<br /> <br /> The spell checker correctly outputs 'C' for correct spellings that exist in the transducer and 'W' for incorrect spellings. Because I do not have a great deal of twol narrowing rules, the checker currently fails to flag certain misspellings. Because of unknown issues for which debugging is beyond my capabilities, the spell checker currently does not output a list of suggestions for every misspelling.</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=User:Rkamal1/Final_project&diff=14617 User:Rkamal1/Final project 2021-05-19T17:32:39Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Transducer */</p> <hr /> <div>For my final project, I expanded my Sorani Kurdish (ckb) finite-state transducer and boosted coverage on a large corpus. I also enabled spell-checking on my package by adding a speller directory with a list of character pairs and weights. I licensed my work under the MIT License. This Wikipedia page outlines the work I did and provides different evaluation metrics. For more details, see my [https://github.com/rezKamal/ckb-spellchecker/blob/main/Project_Poster.pdf project poster]<br /> <br /> == Code ==<br /> <br /> [https://github.com/rezKamal/ckb-spellchecker Public GitHub Repo]<br /> <br /> == Methods ==<br /> <br /> My transducer was written in lexd format. It contained nearly 2000 stems, the majority of which were nouns. Most of the stems in the transducer were obtained by copying Kurdish lemmas from Apertium's bilingual Sorani-English transducer. Much of the language's basic morphology has been implemented, including definiteness markers, pluralization, subject pronoun suffixes, past and non-past conjugations, and some tenses of the subjunctive mood. Given Sorani's agglutinative nature and the way different word endings affect the way certain suffixes are added, many twol rules are used.<br /> <br /> Among other things, the speller directory contains .txt files that contain single- and multi-character mappings for possible misspelling pairs. Each mapping comes with its respective weight. Lower weights correspond to higher likelihoods of a character mapping being brought up when suggesting corrections for a misspelled word.<br /> <br /> == Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> === Transducer ===<br /> <br /> '''Coverage'''<br /> * 63% coverage over Sorani Kurdish Wikipedia (~2 million words)<br /> * 73% coverage over Sorani Kurdish Bible excerpt (~1000 words)<br /> <br /> '''Precision and recall'''<br /> * 98.1% precision<br /> * 68.2% recall<br /> <br /> There are currently 1916 stems in the transducer, with 1235 noun stems.<br /> <br /> === Spell Checker ===<br /> <br /> The spell checker correctly outputs 'C' for correct spellings that exist in the transducer and 'W' for incorrect spellings. Because I do not have a great deal of twol narrowing rules, the checker currently fails to flag certain misspellings. Because of unknown issues for which debugging is beyond my capabilities, the spell checker currently does not output a list of suggestions for every misspelling.</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=User:Rkamal1/Final_project&diff=14616 User:Rkamal1/Final project 2021-05-19T17:32:22Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Transducer */</p> <hr /> <div>For my final project, I expanded my Sorani Kurdish (ckb) finite-state transducer and boosted coverage on a large corpus. I also enabled spell-checking on my package by adding a speller directory with a list of character pairs and weights. I licensed my work under the MIT License. This Wikipedia page outlines the work I did and provides different evaluation metrics. For more details, see my [https://github.com/rezKamal/ckb-spellchecker/blob/main/Project_Poster.pdf project poster]<br /> <br /> == Code ==<br /> <br /> [https://github.com/rezKamal/ckb-spellchecker Public GitHub Repo]<br /> <br /> == Methods ==<br /> <br /> My transducer was written in lexd format. It contained nearly 2000 stems, the majority of which were nouns. Most of the stems in the transducer were obtained by copying Kurdish lemmas from Apertium's bilingual Sorani-English transducer. Much of the language's basic morphology has been implemented, including definiteness markers, pluralization, subject pronoun suffixes, past and non-past conjugations, and some tenses of the subjunctive mood. Given Sorani's agglutinative nature and the way different word endings affect the way certain suffixes are added, many twol rules are used.<br /> <br /> Among other things, the speller directory contains .txt files that contain single- and multi-character mappings for possible misspelling pairs. Each mapping comes with its respective weight. Lower weights correspond to higher likelihoods of a character mapping being brought up when suggesting corrections for a misspelled word.<br /> <br /> == Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> === Transducer ===<br /> <br /> '''Coverage'''<br /> * 63% coverage over Sorani Kurdish Wikipedia (~2 million words)<br /> * 73% coverage over Sorani Kurdish Bible excerpt (~1000 words)<br /> <br /> '''Precision and recall'''<br /> * 98.1% precision<br /> * 68.2% recall<br /> <br /> There are currently 1916 stems in the transducer, with 1235 noun stems.<br /> <br /> The spell checker correctly outputs 'C' for correct spellings that exist in the transducer and 'W' for incorrect spellings. Because I do not have a great deal of twol narrowing rules, the checker currently fails to flag certain misspellings. Because of unknown issues for which debugging is beyond my capabilities, the spell checker currently does not output a list of suggestions for every misspelling.</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=User:Rkamal1/Final_project&diff=14615 User:Rkamal1/Final project 2021-05-19T17:29:51Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Evaluation */</p> <hr /> <div>For my final project, I expanded my Sorani Kurdish (ckb) finite-state transducer and boosted coverage on a large corpus. I also enabled spell-checking on my package by adding a speller directory with a list of character pairs and weights. I licensed my work under the MIT License. This Wikipedia page outlines the work I did and provides different evaluation metrics. For more details, see my [https://github.com/rezKamal/ckb-spellchecker/blob/main/Project_Poster.pdf project poster]<br /> <br /> == Code ==<br /> <br /> [https://github.com/rezKamal/ckb-spellchecker Public GitHub Repo]<br /> <br /> == Methods ==<br /> <br /> My transducer was written in lexd format. It contained nearly 2000 stems, the majority of which were nouns. Most of the stems in the transducer were obtained by copying Kurdish lemmas from Apertium's bilingual Sorani-English transducer. Much of the language's basic morphology has been implemented, including definiteness markers, pluralization, subject pronoun suffixes, past and non-past conjugations, and some tenses of the subjunctive mood. Given Sorani's agglutinative nature and the way different word endings affect the way certain suffixes are added, many twol rules are used.<br /> <br /> Among other things, the speller directory contains .txt files that contain single- and multi-character mappings for possible misspelling pairs. Each mapping comes with its respective weight. Lower weights correspond to higher likelihoods of a character mapping being brought up when suggesting corrections for a misspelled word.<br /> <br /> == Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> === Transducer ===<br /> <br /> '''Coverage'''<br /> * 63% coverage over Sorani Kurdish Wikipedia (~2 million words)<br /> * 73% coverage over Sorani Kurdish Bible excerpt (~1000 words)<br /> <br /> '''Precision and recall'''<br /> * 98.1% precision<br /> * 68.2% recall<br /> <br /> There are currently 1916 stems in the transducer, with 1235 noun stems.</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=User:Rkamal1/Final_project&diff=14614 User:Rkamal1/Final project 2021-05-19T17:27:33Z

<p>Rkamal1: Created page with "For my final project, I expanded my Sorani Kurdish (ckb) finite-state transducer and boosted coverage on a large corpus. I also enabled spell-checking on my package by adding..."</p> <hr /> <div>For my final project, I expanded my Sorani Kurdish (ckb) finite-state transducer and boosted coverage on a large corpus. I also enabled spell-checking on my package by adding a speller directory with a list of character pairs and weights. I licensed my work under the MIT License. This Wikipedia page outlines the work I did and provides different evaluation metrics. For more details, see my [https://github.com/rezKamal/ckb-spellchecker/blob/main/Project_Poster.pdf project poster]<br /> <br /> == Code ==<br /> <br /> [https://github.com/rezKamal/ckb-spellchecker Public GitHub Repo]<br /> <br /> == Methods ==<br /> <br /> My transducer was written in lexd format. It contained nearly 2000 stems, the majority of which were nouns. Most of the stems in the transducer were obtained by copying Kurdish lemmas from Apertium's bilingual Sorani-English transducer. Much of the language's basic morphology has been implemented, including definiteness markers, pluralization, subject pronoun suffixes, past and non-past conjugations, and some tenses of the subjunctive mood. Given Sorani's agglutinative nature and the way different word endings affect the way certain suffixes are added, many twol rules are used.<br /> <br /> Among other things, the speller directory contains .txt files that contain single- and multi-character mappings for possible misspelling pairs. Each mapping comes with its respective weight. Lower weights correspond to higher likelihoods of a character mapping being brought up when suggesting corrections for a misspelled word.<br /> <br /> == Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> The transducer currently has:<br /> * Coverage<br /> ** '''63% coverage over Sorani Kurdish Wikipedia''' (~2 million words)<br /> ** 73% coverage over Sorani Kurdish Bible excerpt (~1000 words)<br /> <br /> <br /> There are currently 1916 stems in the transducer, with 1235 noun stems.</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English&diff=14443 Central Kurdish and English 2021-05-16T01:19:51Z

<p>Rkamal1: </p> <hr /> <div>Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Central_Kurdish Sorani Kurdish] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English].<br /> <br /> == External Resources ==<br /> <br /> * [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-ckb-eng Translation Pair]<br /> * [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-ckb/blob/master/apertium-ckb.ckb.lexd Sorani Transducer]<br /> * [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng/blob/master/apertium-eng.eng.dix English Transducer]<br /> <br /> == Developed Resources ==<br /> <br /> * [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-ckb-eng-corpus Parallel Corpus]<br /> * [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar Contrastive Grammar]<br /> <br /> == ckb --> eng Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> * Coverage of monolingual transducer: 39.01%<br /> * Coverage of bilingual transducer: 17.45%<br /> <br /> Sentence 1: پیاوەکە هات.<br /> * Intended translation: "The man came."<br /> * Lexical transfer: #man came<br /> * Full translation: ^پیاو<n><def><sg>/man<n><def><sg>$ ^هاتن<v><iv><past>/come<vblex><past><br /> <br /> Sentence 2: ئەوان سەگیان هێنا<br /> * Intended translation: They brought dogs.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #them #dog #them brought<br /> * Full translation: ^ئەوان<prn><pers><p3><pl>/them<prn><obj><p3><mf><pl>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl>$ ^سەگ<n>/dog<n>$ ^ئەوان<prn><pers><p3><pl>/them<prn><obj><p3><mf><pl>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl>$ ^هێنان<v><tv><past<br /> <br /> Sentence 3: من نانم خوارد.<br /> * Intended translation: I ate bread.<br /> * Lexical transfer: I #bread I ate<br /> * Full Translation: ^من<prn><pers><p1><sg>/I<prn><subj><p1><mf><sg>/me<prn><obj><p1><mf><sg>$ ^نان<n>/bread<n>$ ^من<prn><pers><p1><sg>/I<prn><subj><p1><mf><sg>/me<prn><obj><p1><mf><sg>$ ^خواردن<v><tv><past>/eat<vblex><past>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 4: گەورەترین سەگ هات.<br /> * Intended translation: The biggest dog came.<br /> * Lexical transfer: biggest dog came<br /> * Full Translation: ^گەورە<adj><sup>/big<adj><sint><sup>$ ^سەگ<n><sg>/dog<n><sg>$ ^هاتن<v><iv><past>/come<vblex><past>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 5: ئێمە ناچین.<br /> * Intended translation: We are not going.<br /> * Lexical transfer: we #go<br /> * Full Translation: ^ئێمە<prn><pers><p1><pl>/we<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>/us<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>$ ^چوون<v><iv><npast><neg><p1><pl>/go<vblex><npast><neg><p1><pl>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 6: ئەوان نەچوون.<br /> * Intended translation: They did not go.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #them #go<br /> * Full Translation: ^ئەوان<prn><pers><p3><pl>/them<prn><obj><p3><mf><pl>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl>$ ^چوون<v><iv><past><neg><p2><pl>/go<vblex><past><neg><p2><pl>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 7: مەچۆ.<br /> * Intended translation: Don't go.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #go<br /> * Full Translation: ^چوون<v><iv><imp><neg><p2><sg>/go<vblex><imp><neg><p2><sg>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 8: فیلمەکان خۆش بوون.<br /> * Intended translation: The films were funny.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #film #funny were<br /> * Full Translation: ^فیلم<n><def><pl>/film<n><def><pl>$ ^خۆش<adj>/good<adj><sint>$ ^بوون<v><tv><past><p2><pl>/be<vblex><past><p2><pl>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 9: نان بخۆ.<br /> * Intended translation: Eat bread.<br /> * Lexical transfer: bread #eat<br /> * Full Translation: ^نان<n><sg>/bread<n><sg>$ ^خواردن<v><tv><imp><p2><sg>/eat<vblex><imp><p2><sg>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 10: ئاژەڵەکە مرد.<br /> * Intended translation: The animal died.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #animal died<br /> * Full Translation: ^ئاژەڵ<n><def><sg>/animal<n><def><sg>$ ^مردن<v><iv><past>/die<vblex><past>$<br /> <br /> == Additions ==<br /> <br /> For the Polished RBMT lab, I:<br /> <br /> * Added 1000+ stems (mostly nouns) to the bilingual transducer by copying stems from the Kurdish Apertium transducer.<br /> * Added 5 patterns for grammar points such as the subjunctive mood and the present perfect tense. Also added intricacies to existing paradigms.<br /> * Added 3 disambiguation rules and modified some others.<br /> <br /> The new (improved?) metrics for the monolingual transducer are:<br /> <br /> * Precision against the annotated corpus: 100.0%<br /> * Recall against the annotated corpus: 86.3%<br /> * Coverage over the large corpus: ~52.5%<br /> * Number of words in the large corpus: 48,562<br /> * Number of stems in the transducer: 1,529<br /> <br /> The new metrics for the translation pair are:<br /> <br /> * WER over longer corpus: 94.4%<br /> * PER over longer corpus: 91.5%<br /> * % of stems translated correctly in the longer corpus: 46<br /> * Trimmed coverage over longer corpora: 47.7%<br /> * Trimmed coverage over large corpora: 35.6%<br /> * Number of tokens in longer corpora: 384<br /> * Number of tokens in large corpora: 48,562<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]] [[Category: English]] [[Category: Central Kurdish]]</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English&diff=14433 Central Kurdish and English 2021-05-15T18:35:38Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Additions */</p> <hr /> <div>Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Central_Kurdish Sorani Kurdish] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English].<br /> <br /> == External Resources ==<br /> <br /> * [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-ckb-eng Translation Pair]<br /> * [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-ckb/blob/master/apertium-ckb.ckb.lexd Sorani Transducer]<br /> * [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng/blob/master/apertium-eng.eng.dix English Transducer]<br /> <br /> == Developed Resources ==<br /> <br /> * [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-ckb-eng-corpus Parallel Corpus]<br /> * [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar Contrastive Grammar]<br /> <br /> == ckb --> eng Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> * Coverage of monolingual transducer: 39.01%<br /> * Coverage of bilingual transducer: 17.45%<br /> <br /> Sentence 1: پیاوەکە هات.<br /> * Intended translation: "The man came."<br /> * Lexical transfer: #man came<br /> * Full translation: ^پیاو<n><def><sg>/man<n><def><sg>$ ^هاتن<v><iv><past>/come<vblex><past><br /> <br /> Sentence 2: ئەوان سەگیان هێنا<br /> * Intended translation: They brought dogs.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #them #dog #them brought<br /> * Full translation: ^ئەوان<prn><pers><p3><pl>/them<prn><obj><p3><mf><pl>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl>$ ^سەگ<n>/dog<n>$ ^ئەوان<prn><pers><p3><pl>/them<prn><obj><p3><mf><pl>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl>$ ^هێنان<v><tv><past<br /> <br /> Sentence 3: من نانم خوارد.<br /> * Intended translation: I ate bread.<br /> * Lexical transfer: I #bread I ate<br /> * Full Translation: ^من<prn><pers><p1><sg>/I<prn><subj><p1><mf><sg>/me<prn><obj><p1><mf><sg>$ ^نان<n>/bread<n>$ ^من<prn><pers><p1><sg>/I<prn><subj><p1><mf><sg>/me<prn><obj><p1><mf><sg>$ ^خواردن<v><tv><past>/eat<vblex><past>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 4: گەورەترین سەگ هات.<br /> * Intended translation: The biggest dog came.<br /> * Lexical transfer: biggest dog came<br /> * Full Translation: ^گەورە<adj><sup>/big<adj><sint><sup>$ ^سەگ<n><sg>/dog<n><sg>$ ^هاتن<v><iv><past>/come<vblex><past>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 5: ئێمە ناچین.<br /> * Intended translation: We are not going.<br /> * Lexical transfer: we #go<br /> * Full Translation: ^ئێمە<prn><pers><p1><pl>/we<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>/us<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>$ ^چوون<v><iv><npast><neg><p1><pl>/go<vblex><npast><neg><p1><pl>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 6: ئەوان نەچوون.<br /> * Intended translation: They did not go.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #them #go<br /> * Full Translation: ^ئەوان<prn><pers><p3><pl>/them<prn><obj><p3><mf><pl>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl>$ ^چوون<v><iv><past><neg><p2><pl>/go<vblex><past><neg><p2><pl>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 7: مەچۆ.<br /> * Intended translation: Don't go.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #go<br /> * Full Translation: ^چوون<v><iv><imp><neg><p2><sg>/go<vblex><imp><neg><p2><sg>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 8: فیلمەکان خۆش بوون.<br /> * Intended translation: The films were funny.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #film #funny were<br /> * Full Translation: ^فیلم<n><def><pl>/film<n><def><pl>$ ^خۆش<adj>/good<adj><sint>$ ^بوون<v><tv><past><p2><pl>/be<vblex><past><p2><pl>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 9: نان بخۆ.<br /> * Intended translation: Eat bread.<br /> * Lexical transfer: bread #eat<br /> * Full Translation: ^نان<n><sg>/bread<n><sg>$ ^خواردن<v><tv><imp><p2><sg>/eat<vblex><imp><p2><sg>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 10: ئاژەڵەکە مرد.<br /> * Intended translation: The animal died.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #animal died<br /> * Full Translation: ^ئاژەڵ<n><def><sg>/animal<n><def><sg>$ ^مردن<v><iv><past>/die<vblex><past>$<br /> <br /> == Additions ==<br /> <br /> For the Polished RBMT lab, I:<br /> <br /> * Added 1000+ stems (mostly nouns) to the bilingual transducer by copying stems from the Kurdish Apertium transducer.<br /> * Added 5 patterns for grammar points such as the subjunctive mood and the present perfect tense. Also added intricacies to existing paradigms.<br /> * Added 3 disambiguation rules and modified some others.<br /> <br /> The new (improved?) metrics for the monolingual transducer are:<br /> <br /> * Precision and recall against the annotated corpus:<br /> * Coverage over the large corpus: ~52.5%<br /> * Number of words in the large corpus: 48,562<br /> * Number of stems in the transducer: 1,529<br /> <br /> The new metrics for the translation pair are:<br /> <br /> * WER over longer corpus: 94.4%<br /> * PER over longer corpus: 91.5%<br /> * % of stems translated correctly in the longer corpus: 46<br /> * Trimmed coverage over longer corpora: 47.7%<br /> * Trimmed coverage over large corpora: 35.6%<br /> * Number of tokens in longer corpora: 384<br /> * Number of tokens in large corpora: 48,562<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]] [[Category: English]] [[Category: Central Kurdish]]</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English&diff=14432 Central Kurdish and English 2021-05-15T18:28:24Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Additions */</p> <hr /> <div>Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Central_Kurdish Sorani Kurdish] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English].<br /> <br /> == External Resources ==<br /> <br /> * [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-ckb-eng Translation Pair]<br /> * [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-ckb/blob/master/apertium-ckb.ckb.lexd Sorani Transducer]<br /> * [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng/blob/master/apertium-eng.eng.dix English Transducer]<br /> <br /> == Developed Resources ==<br /> <br /> * [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-ckb-eng-corpus Parallel Corpus]<br /> * [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar Contrastive Grammar]<br /> <br /> == ckb --> eng Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> * Coverage of monolingual transducer: 39.01%<br /> * Coverage of bilingual transducer: 17.45%<br /> <br /> Sentence 1: پیاوەکە هات.<br /> * Intended translation: "The man came."<br /> * Lexical transfer: #man came<br /> * Full translation: ^پیاو<n><def><sg>/man<n><def><sg>$ ^هاتن<v><iv><past>/come<vblex><past><br /> <br /> Sentence 2: ئەوان سەگیان هێنا<br /> * Intended translation: They brought dogs.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #them #dog #them brought<br /> * Full translation: ^ئەوان<prn><pers><p3><pl>/them<prn><obj><p3><mf><pl>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl>$ ^سەگ<n>/dog<n>$ ^ئەوان<prn><pers><p3><pl>/them<prn><obj><p3><mf><pl>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl>$ ^هێنان<v><tv><past<br /> <br /> Sentence 3: من نانم خوارد.<br /> * Intended translation: I ate bread.<br /> * Lexical transfer: I #bread I ate<br /> * Full Translation: ^من<prn><pers><p1><sg>/I<prn><subj><p1><mf><sg>/me<prn><obj><p1><mf><sg>$ ^نان<n>/bread<n>$ ^من<prn><pers><p1><sg>/I<prn><subj><p1><mf><sg>/me<prn><obj><p1><mf><sg>$ ^خواردن<v><tv><past>/eat<vblex><past>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 4: گەورەترین سەگ هات.<br /> * Intended translation: The biggest dog came.<br /> * Lexical transfer: biggest dog came<br /> * Full Translation: ^گەورە<adj><sup>/big<adj><sint><sup>$ ^سەگ<n><sg>/dog<n><sg>$ ^هاتن<v><iv><past>/come<vblex><past>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 5: ئێمە ناچین.<br /> * Intended translation: We are not going.<br /> * Lexical transfer: we #go<br /> * Full Translation: ^ئێمە<prn><pers><p1><pl>/we<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>/us<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>$ ^چوون<v><iv><npast><neg><p1><pl>/go<vblex><npast><neg><p1><pl>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 6: ئەوان نەچوون.<br /> * Intended translation: They did not go.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #them #go<br /> * Full Translation: ^ئەوان<prn><pers><p3><pl>/them<prn><obj><p3><mf><pl>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl>$ ^چوون<v><iv><past><neg><p2><pl>/go<vblex><past><neg><p2><pl>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 7: مەچۆ.<br /> * Intended translation: Don't go.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #go<br /> * Full Translation: ^چوون<v><iv><imp><neg><p2><sg>/go<vblex><imp><neg><p2><sg>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 8: فیلمەکان خۆش بوون.<br /> * Intended translation: The films were funny.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #film #funny were<br /> * Full Translation: ^فیلم<n><def><pl>/film<n><def><pl>$ ^خۆش<adj>/good<adj><sint>$ ^بوون<v><tv><past><p2><pl>/be<vblex><past><p2><pl>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 9: نان بخۆ.<br /> * Intended translation: Eat bread.<br /> * Lexical transfer: bread #eat<br /> * Full Translation: ^نان<n><sg>/bread<n><sg>$ ^خواردن<v><tv><imp><p2><sg>/eat<vblex><imp><p2><sg>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 10: ئاژەڵەکە مرد.<br /> * Intended translation: The animal died.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #animal died<br /> * Full Translation: ^ئاژەڵ<n><def><sg>/animal<n><def><sg>$ ^مردن<v><iv><past>/die<vblex><past>$<br /> <br /> == Additions ==<br /> <br /> For the Polished RBMT lab, I:<br /> <br /> * Added 1000+ stems (mostly nouns) to the bilingual transducer by copying stems from the Kurdish Apertium transducer.<br /> * Added 5 patterns for grammar points such as the subjunctive mood and the present perfect tense. Also added intricacies to existing paradigms.<br /> * Added 3 disambiguation rules and modified some others.<br /> <br /> The new (improved?) metrics for the monolingual transducer are:<br /> <br /> * Precision and recall against the annotated corpus:<br /> * Coverage over the large corpus: ~52.5%<br /> * Number of words in the large corpus: 48,590<br /> * Number of stems in the transducer: 1,529<br /> <br /> The new metrics for the translation pair are:<br /> <br /> * WER over longer corpus: 94.4%<br /> * PER over longer corpus: 91.5%<br /> * % of stems translated correctly in the longer corpus: 46<br /> * Trimmed coverage over longer corpora:<br /> * Trimmed coverage over large corpora:<br /> * Number of tokens in longer corpora:<br /> * Number of tokens in large corpora:<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]] [[Category: English]] [[Category: Central Kurdish]]</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English&diff=14431 Central Kurdish and English 2021-05-15T18:13:46Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Additions */</p> <hr /> <div>Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Central_Kurdish Sorani Kurdish] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English].<br /> <br /> == External Resources ==<br /> <br /> * [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-ckb-eng Translation Pair]<br /> * [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-ckb/blob/master/apertium-ckb.ckb.lexd Sorani Transducer]<br /> * [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng/blob/master/apertium-eng.eng.dix English Transducer]<br /> <br /> == Developed Resources ==<br /> <br /> * [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-ckb-eng-corpus Parallel Corpus]<br /> * [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar Contrastive Grammar]<br /> <br /> == ckb --> eng Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> * Coverage of monolingual transducer: 39.01%<br /> * Coverage of bilingual transducer: 17.45%<br /> <br /> Sentence 1: پیاوەکە هات.<br /> * Intended translation: "The man came."<br /> * Lexical transfer: #man came<br /> * Full translation: ^پیاو<n><def><sg>/man<n><def><sg>$ ^هاتن<v><iv><past>/come<vblex><past><br /> <br /> Sentence 2: ئەوان سەگیان هێنا<br /> * Intended translation: They brought dogs.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #them #dog #them brought<br /> * Full translation: ^ئەوان<prn><pers><p3><pl>/them<prn><obj><p3><mf><pl>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl>$ ^سەگ<n>/dog<n>$ ^ئەوان<prn><pers><p3><pl>/them<prn><obj><p3><mf><pl>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl>$ ^هێنان<v><tv><past<br /> <br /> Sentence 3: من نانم خوارد.<br /> * Intended translation: I ate bread.<br /> * Lexical transfer: I #bread I ate<br /> * Full Translation: ^من<prn><pers><p1><sg>/I<prn><subj><p1><mf><sg>/me<prn><obj><p1><mf><sg>$ ^نان<n>/bread<n>$ ^من<prn><pers><p1><sg>/I<prn><subj><p1><mf><sg>/me<prn><obj><p1><mf><sg>$ ^خواردن<v><tv><past>/eat<vblex><past>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 4: گەورەترین سەگ هات.<br /> * Intended translation: The biggest dog came.<br /> * Lexical transfer: biggest dog came<br /> * Full Translation: ^گەورە<adj><sup>/big<adj><sint><sup>$ ^سەگ<n><sg>/dog<n><sg>$ ^هاتن<v><iv><past>/come<vblex><past>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 5: ئێمە ناچین.<br /> * Intended translation: We are not going.<br /> * Lexical transfer: we #go<br /> * Full Translation: ^ئێمە<prn><pers><p1><pl>/we<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>/us<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>$ ^چوون<v><iv><npast><neg><p1><pl>/go<vblex><npast><neg><p1><pl>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 6: ئەوان نەچوون.<br /> * Intended translation: They did not go.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #them #go<br /> * Full Translation: ^ئەوان<prn><pers><p3><pl>/them<prn><obj><p3><mf><pl>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl>$ ^چوون<v><iv><past><neg><p2><pl>/go<vblex><past><neg><p2><pl>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 7: مەچۆ.<br /> * Intended translation: Don't go.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #go<br /> * Full Translation: ^چوون<v><iv><imp><neg><p2><sg>/go<vblex><imp><neg><p2><sg>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 8: فیلمەکان خۆش بوون.<br /> * Intended translation: The films were funny.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #film #funny were<br /> * Full Translation: ^فیلم<n><def><pl>/film<n><def><pl>$ ^خۆش<adj>/good<adj><sint>$ ^بوون<v><tv><past><p2><pl>/be<vblex><past><p2><pl>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 9: نان بخۆ.<br /> * Intended translation: Eat bread.<br /> * Lexical transfer: bread #eat<br /> * Full Translation: ^نان<n><sg>/bread<n><sg>$ ^خواردن<v><tv><imp><p2><sg>/eat<vblex><imp><p2><sg>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 10: ئاژەڵەکە مرد.<br /> * Intended translation: The animal died.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #animal died<br /> * Full Translation: ^ئاژەڵ<n><def><sg>/animal<n><def><sg>$ ^مردن<v><iv><past>/die<vblex><past>$<br /> <br /> == Additions ==<br /> <br /> For the Polished RBMT lab, I:<br /> <br /> * Added 1000+ stems (mostly nouns) to the bilingual transducer by copying stems from the Kurdish Apertium transducer.<br /> * Added 5 patterns for grammar points such as the subjunctive mood and the present perfect tense. Also added intricacies to existing paradigms.<br /> * Added 3 disambiguation rules and modified some others.<br /> <br /> The new (improved?) metrics for the monolingual transducer are:<br /> <br /> * Precision and recall against the annotated corpus:<br /> * Coverage over the large corpus: ~52.5%<br /> * Number of words in the large corpus: 48,590<br /> * Number of stems in the transducer: 1,529<br /> <br /> The new metrics for the translation pair are:<br /> <br /> * WER over longer corpus:<br /> * PER over longer corpus:<br /> * % of stems translated correctly in the longer corpus:<br /> * Trimmed coverage over longer corpora:<br /> * Trimmed coverage over large corpora:<br /> * Number of tokens in longer corpora:<br /> * Number of tokens in large corpora:<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]] [[Category: English]] [[Category: Central Kurdish]]</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English&diff=14430 Central Kurdish and English 2021-05-15T18:06:44Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Additions */</p> <hr /> <div>Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Central_Kurdish Sorani Kurdish] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English].<br /> <br /> == External Resources ==<br /> <br /> * [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-ckb-eng Translation Pair]<br /> * [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-ckb/blob/master/apertium-ckb.ckb.lexd Sorani Transducer]<br /> * [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng/blob/master/apertium-eng.eng.dix English Transducer]<br /> <br /> == Developed Resources ==<br /> <br /> * [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-ckb-eng-corpus Parallel Corpus]<br /> * [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar Contrastive Grammar]<br /> <br /> == ckb --> eng Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> * Coverage of monolingual transducer: 39.01%<br /> * Coverage of bilingual transducer: 17.45%<br /> <br /> Sentence 1: پیاوەکە هات.<br /> * Intended translation: "The man came."<br /> * Lexical transfer: #man came<br /> * Full translation: ^پیاو<n><def><sg>/man<n><def><sg>$ ^هاتن<v><iv><past>/come<vblex><past><br /> <br /> Sentence 2: ئەوان سەگیان هێنا<br /> * Intended translation: They brought dogs.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #them #dog #them brought<br /> * Full translation: ^ئەوان<prn><pers><p3><pl>/them<prn><obj><p3><mf><pl>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl>$ ^سەگ<n>/dog<n>$ ^ئەوان<prn><pers><p3><pl>/them<prn><obj><p3><mf><pl>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl>$ ^هێنان<v><tv><past<br /> <br /> Sentence 3: من نانم خوارد.<br /> * Intended translation: I ate bread.<br /> * Lexical transfer: I #bread I ate<br /> * Full Translation: ^من<prn><pers><p1><sg>/I<prn><subj><p1><mf><sg>/me<prn><obj><p1><mf><sg>$ ^نان<n>/bread<n>$ ^من<prn><pers><p1><sg>/I<prn><subj><p1><mf><sg>/me<prn><obj><p1><mf><sg>$ ^خواردن<v><tv><past>/eat<vblex><past>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 4: گەورەترین سەگ هات.<br /> * Intended translation: The biggest dog came.<br /> * Lexical transfer: biggest dog came<br /> * Full Translation: ^گەورە<adj><sup>/big<adj><sint><sup>$ ^سەگ<n><sg>/dog<n><sg>$ ^هاتن<v><iv><past>/come<vblex><past>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 5: ئێمە ناچین.<br /> * Intended translation: We are not going.<br /> * Lexical transfer: we #go<br /> * Full Translation: ^ئێمە<prn><pers><p1><pl>/we<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>/us<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>$ ^چوون<v><iv><npast><neg><p1><pl>/go<vblex><npast><neg><p1><pl>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 6: ئەوان نەچوون.<br /> * Intended translation: They did not go.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #them #go<br /> * Full Translation: ^ئەوان<prn><pers><p3><pl>/them<prn><obj><p3><mf><pl>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl>$ ^چوون<v><iv><past><neg><p2><pl>/go<vblex><past><neg><p2><pl>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 7: مەچۆ.<br /> * Intended translation: Don't go.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #go<br /> * Full Translation: ^چوون<v><iv><imp><neg><p2><sg>/go<vblex><imp><neg><p2><sg>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 8: فیلمەکان خۆش بوون.<br /> * Intended translation: The films were funny.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #film #funny were<br /> * Full Translation: ^فیلم<n><def><pl>/film<n><def><pl>$ ^خۆش<adj>/good<adj><sint>$ ^بوون<v><tv><past><p2><pl>/be<vblex><past><p2><pl>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 9: نان بخۆ.<br /> * Intended translation: Eat bread.<br /> * Lexical transfer: bread #eat<br /> * Full Translation: ^نان<n><sg>/bread<n><sg>$ ^خواردن<v><tv><imp><p2><sg>/eat<vblex><imp><p2><sg>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 10: ئاژەڵەکە مرد.<br /> * Intended translation: The animal died.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #animal died<br /> * Full Translation: ^ئاژەڵ<n><def><sg>/animal<n><def><sg>$ ^مردن<v><iv><past>/die<vblex><past>$<br /> <br /> == Additions ==<br /> <br /> For the Polished RBMT lab, I:<br /> <br /> * Added 1000+ stems (mostly nouns) to the bilingual transducer by copying stems from the Kurdish Apertium transducer.<br /> * Added 5 patterns for grammar points such as the subjunctive mood and the present perfect tense. Also added intricacies to existing paradigms.<br /> * Added 3 disambiguation rules and modified some others.<br /> <br /> The new metrics for the monolingual transducer and translation pair are:<br /> <br /> * Precision and recall against the annotated corpus:<br /> * Coverage over the large corpus: ~52.5%<br /> * Number of words in the large corpus: 48,590<br /> * Number of stems in the transducer: 1,529<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]] [[Category: English]] [[Category: Central Kurdish]]</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English&diff=14429 Central Kurdish and English 2021-05-15T18:05:45Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Additions */</p> <hr /> <div>Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Central_Kurdish Sorani Kurdish] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English].<br /> <br /> == External Resources ==<br /> <br /> * [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-ckb-eng Translation Pair]<br /> * [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-ckb/blob/master/apertium-ckb.ckb.lexd Sorani Transducer]<br /> * [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng/blob/master/apertium-eng.eng.dix English Transducer]<br /> <br /> == Developed Resources ==<br /> <br /> * [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-ckb-eng-corpus Parallel Corpus]<br /> * [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar Contrastive Grammar]<br /> <br /> == ckb --> eng Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> * Coverage of monolingual transducer: 39.01%<br /> * Coverage of bilingual transducer: 17.45%<br /> <br /> Sentence 1: پیاوەکە هات.<br /> * Intended translation: "The man came."<br /> * Lexical transfer: #man came<br /> * Full translation: ^پیاو<n><def><sg>/man<n><def><sg>$ ^هاتن<v><iv><past>/come<vblex><past><br /> <br /> Sentence 2: ئەوان سەگیان هێنا<br /> * Intended translation: They brought dogs.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #them #dog #them brought<br /> * Full translation: ^ئەوان<prn><pers><p3><pl>/them<prn><obj><p3><mf><pl>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl>$ ^سەگ<n>/dog<n>$ ^ئەوان<prn><pers><p3><pl>/them<prn><obj><p3><mf><pl>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl>$ ^هێنان<v><tv><past<br /> <br /> Sentence 3: من نانم خوارد.<br /> * Intended translation: I ate bread.<br /> * Lexical transfer: I #bread I ate<br /> * Full Translation: ^من<prn><pers><p1><sg>/I<prn><subj><p1><mf><sg>/me<prn><obj><p1><mf><sg>$ ^نان<n>/bread<n>$ ^من<prn><pers><p1><sg>/I<prn><subj><p1><mf><sg>/me<prn><obj><p1><mf><sg>$ ^خواردن<v><tv><past>/eat<vblex><past>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 4: گەورەترین سەگ هات.<br /> * Intended translation: The biggest dog came.<br /> * Lexical transfer: biggest dog came<br /> * Full Translation: ^گەورە<adj><sup>/big<adj><sint><sup>$ ^سەگ<n><sg>/dog<n><sg>$ ^هاتن<v><iv><past>/come<vblex><past>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 5: ئێمە ناچین.<br /> * Intended translation: We are not going.<br /> * Lexical transfer: we #go<br /> * Full Translation: ^ئێمە<prn><pers><p1><pl>/we<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>/us<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>$ ^چوون<v><iv><npast><neg><p1><pl>/go<vblex><npast><neg><p1><pl>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 6: ئەوان نەچوون.<br /> * Intended translation: They did not go.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #them #go<br /> * Full Translation: ^ئەوان<prn><pers><p3><pl>/them<prn><obj><p3><mf><pl>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl>$ ^چوون<v><iv><past><neg><p2><pl>/go<vblex><past><neg><p2><pl>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 7: مەچۆ.<br /> * Intended translation: Don't go.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #go<br /> * Full Translation: ^چوون<v><iv><imp><neg><p2><sg>/go<vblex><imp><neg><p2><sg>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 8: فیلمەکان خۆش بوون.<br /> * Intended translation: The films were funny.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #film #funny were<br /> * Full Translation: ^فیلم<n><def><pl>/film<n><def><pl>$ ^خۆش<adj>/good<adj><sint>$ ^بوون<v><tv><past><p2><pl>/be<vblex><past><p2><pl>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 9: نان بخۆ.<br /> * Intended translation: Eat bread.<br /> * Lexical transfer: bread #eat<br /> * Full Translation: ^نان<n><sg>/bread<n><sg>$ ^خواردن<v><tv><imp><p2><sg>/eat<vblex><imp><p2><sg>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 10: ئاژەڵەکە مرد.<br /> * Intended translation: The animal died.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #animal died<br /> * Full Translation: ^ئاژەڵ<n><def><sg>/animal<n><def><sg>$ ^مردن<v><iv><past>/die<vblex><past>$<br /> <br /> == Additions ==<br /> <br /> For the Polished RBMT lab, I:<br /> <br /> * Added 1000+ stems (mostly nouns) to the bilingual transducer by copying stems from the Kurdish Apertium transducer.<br /> * Added 5 patterns for grammar points such as the subjunctive mood and the present perfect tense. Also added intricacies to existing paradigms.<br /> * Added 3 disambiguation rules and modified some others.<br /> <br /> The new metrics for the monolingual transducer and translation pair are:<br /> <br /> * Precision and recall against the annotated corpus:<br /> * Coverage over the large corpus: ~52.5%<br /> * Number of words in the large corpus: 48,590<br /> * Number of stems in the transducer:<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]] [[Category: English]] [[Category: Central Kurdish]]</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English&diff=14428 Central Kurdish and English 2021-05-15T18:00:43Z

<p>Rkamal1: </p> <hr /> <div>Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Central_Kurdish Sorani Kurdish] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English].<br /> <br /> == External Resources ==<br /> <br /> * [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-ckb-eng Translation Pair]<br /> * [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-ckb/blob/master/apertium-ckb.ckb.lexd Sorani Transducer]<br /> * [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng/blob/master/apertium-eng.eng.dix English Transducer]<br /> <br /> == Developed Resources ==<br /> <br /> * [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-ckb-eng-corpus Parallel Corpus]<br /> * [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar Contrastive Grammar]<br /> <br /> == ckb --> eng Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> * Coverage of monolingual transducer: 39.01%<br /> * Coverage of bilingual transducer: 17.45%<br /> <br /> Sentence 1: پیاوەکە هات.<br /> * Intended translation: "The man came."<br /> * Lexical transfer: #man came<br /> * Full translation: ^پیاو<n><def><sg>/man<n><def><sg>$ ^هاتن<v><iv><past>/come<vblex><past><br /> <br /> Sentence 2: ئەوان سەگیان هێنا<br /> * Intended translation: They brought dogs.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #them #dog #them brought<br /> * Full translation: ^ئەوان<prn><pers><p3><pl>/them<prn><obj><p3><mf><pl>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl>$ ^سەگ<n>/dog<n>$ ^ئەوان<prn><pers><p3><pl>/them<prn><obj><p3><mf><pl>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl>$ ^هێنان<v><tv><past<br /> <br /> Sentence 3: من نانم خوارد.<br /> * Intended translation: I ate bread.<br /> * Lexical transfer: I #bread I ate<br /> * Full Translation: ^من<prn><pers><p1><sg>/I<prn><subj><p1><mf><sg>/me<prn><obj><p1><mf><sg>$ ^نان<n>/bread<n>$ ^من<prn><pers><p1><sg>/I<prn><subj><p1><mf><sg>/me<prn><obj><p1><mf><sg>$ ^خواردن<v><tv><past>/eat<vblex><past>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 4: گەورەترین سەگ هات.<br /> * Intended translation: The biggest dog came.<br /> * Lexical transfer: biggest dog came<br /> * Full Translation: ^گەورە<adj><sup>/big<adj><sint><sup>$ ^سەگ<n><sg>/dog<n><sg>$ ^هاتن<v><iv><past>/come<vblex><past>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 5: ئێمە ناچین.<br /> * Intended translation: We are not going.<br /> * Lexical transfer: we #go<br /> * Full Translation: ^ئێمە<prn><pers><p1><pl>/we<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>/us<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>$ ^چوون<v><iv><npast><neg><p1><pl>/go<vblex><npast><neg><p1><pl>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 6: ئەوان نەچوون.<br /> * Intended translation: They did not go.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #them #go<br /> * Full Translation: ^ئەوان<prn><pers><p3><pl>/them<prn><obj><p3><mf><pl>/they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl>$ ^چوون<v><iv><past><neg><p2><pl>/go<vblex><past><neg><p2><pl>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 7: مەچۆ.<br /> * Intended translation: Don't go.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #go<br /> * Full Translation: ^چوون<v><iv><imp><neg><p2><sg>/go<vblex><imp><neg><p2><sg>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 8: فیلمەکان خۆش بوون.<br /> * Intended translation: The films were funny.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #film #funny were<br /> * Full Translation: ^فیلم<n><def><pl>/film<n><def><pl>$ ^خۆش<adj>/good<adj><sint>$ ^بوون<v><tv><past><p2><pl>/be<vblex><past><p2><pl>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 9: نان بخۆ.<br /> * Intended translation: Eat bread.<br /> * Lexical transfer: bread #eat<br /> * Full Translation: ^نان<n><sg>/bread<n><sg>$ ^خواردن<v><tv><imp><p2><sg>/eat<vblex><imp><p2><sg>$<br /> <br /> Sentence 10: ئاژەڵەکە مرد.<br /> * Intended translation: The animal died.<br /> * Lexical transfer: #animal died<br /> * Full Translation: ^ئاژەڵ<n><def><sg>/animal<n><def><sg>$ ^مردن<v><iv><past>/die<vblex><past>$<br /> <br /> == Additions ==<br /> <br /> For the Polished RBMT lab, I:<br /> <br /> * Added 1000+ stems (mostly nouns) to the bilingual transducer by copying stems from the Kurdish Apertium transducer.<br /> * Added 5 patterns for grammar points such as the subjunctive mood and the present perfect tense. Also added intricacies to existing paradigms.<br /> * Added 3 disambiguation rules and modified some others.<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]] [[Category: English]] [[Category: Central Kurdish]]</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Structural_transfer&diff=14349 Central Kurdish and English/Structural transfer 2021-05-10T19:22:47Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Example Sentence */</p> <hr /> <div>This page covers the implementation and testing of Sorani Kurdish to English structural transfer rules.<br /> <br /> == Pre-Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> * WER: 85.71%<br /> * PER: 85.71%<br /> * Unknown words: 4.17%<br /> <br /> == Example Sentence ==<br /> <br /> === Mapping Definiteness Markers to Articles ===<br /> <br /> '''سەگەکە هات''' → The dog came.<br /> <br /> * '''Tagger:''' ^سەگ<n><def><sg>$ ^هاتن<v><iv><past><br /> * '''Lex:''' ^سەگ<n><def><sg>/dog<n><def><sg>$ ^هاتن<v><iv><past>/come<vblex><past><br /> * '''Transfer:''' ^the<det><def><sp>$ ^dog<n><sg>$ ^come<vblex><past><br /> * '''Pair:''' the dog came<br /> <br /> '''سەگێک هات''' → A dog came.<br /> <br /> * '''Tagger:''' ^سەگ<n><ind><sg>$ ^هاتن<v><iv><past><br /> * '''Lex:''' ^سەگ<n><ind><sg>/dog<n><ind><sg>$ ^هاتن<v><iv><past>/come<vblex><past><br /> * '''Transfer:''' ^a<det><ind><sg>$ ^dog<n><sg>$ ^come<vblex><past><br /> * '''Pair:''' a dog came<br /> <br /> == Post-Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> * WER: 62.86%<br /> * PER: 57.14%<br /> * Unknown words: 3.45%<br /> <br /> [[Category:Central_Kurdish]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]]</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Structural_transfer&diff=14348 Central Kurdish and English/Structural transfer 2021-05-10T19:20:27Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Example Sentence */</p> <hr /> <div>This page covers the implementation and testing of Sorani Kurdish to English structural transfer rules.<br /> <br /> == Pre-Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> * WER: 85.71%<br /> * PER: 85.71%<br /> * Unknown words: 4.17%<br /> <br /> == Example Sentence ==<br /> <br /> === Mapping Definiteness Markers to Articles ===<br /> <br /> '''سەگەکە هات''' → The dog came.<br /> <br /> * '''Tagger:''' <br /> * '''Lex:'''<br /> * '''Transfer:'''<br /> * '''Pair:'''<br /> <br /> '''سەگێک هات''' → A dog came.<br /> <br /> * '''Tagger:''' <br /> * '''Lex:'''<br /> * '''Transfer:'''<br /> * '''Pair:'''<br /> <br /> == Post-Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> * WER: 62.86%<br /> * PER: 57.14%<br /> * Unknown words: 3.45%<br /> <br /> [[Category:Central_Kurdish]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]]</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Structural_transfer&diff=14347 Central Kurdish and English/Structural transfer 2021-05-10T19:18:59Z

<p>Rkamal1: </p> <hr /> <div>This page covers the implementation and testing of Sorani Kurdish to English structural transfer rules.<br /> <br /> == Pre-Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> * WER: 85.71%<br /> * PER: 85.71%<br /> * Unknown words: 4.17%<br /> <br /> == Example Sentence ==<br /> <br /> === Mapping Definiteness Markers to Articles ===<br /> <br /> '''سەگەکە هات''' → The dog came.<br /> <br /> * '''Tagger:''' <br /> * '''Lex:'''<br /> * '''Transfer:'''<br /> * '''Pair:'''<br /> <br /> == Post-Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> * WER: 62.86%<br /> * PER: 57.14%<br /> * Unknown words: 3.45%<br /> <br /> [[Category:Central_Kurdish]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]]</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Structural_transfer&diff=14346 Central Kurdish and English/Structural transfer 2021-05-10T19:15:30Z

<p>Rkamal1: </p> <hr /> <div>This page covers the implementation and testing of Sorani Kurdish to English structural transfer.<br /> <br /> == Pre-Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> * WER: 85.71%<br /> * PER: 85.71%<br /> * Unknown words: 4.17%<br /> <br /> == Post-Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> * WER: 62.86%<br /> * PER: 57.14%<br /> * Unknown words: 3.45%<br /> <br /> [[Category:Central_Kurdish]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]]</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Structural_transfer&diff=14281 Central Kurdish and English/Structural transfer 2021-05-06T18:30:14Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Pre-Evaluation */</p> <hr /> <div>This page covers the implementation and testing of Sorani Kurdish to English structural transfer.<br /> <br /> == Pre-Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> * WER: 85.71%<br /> * PER: 85.71%<br /> * Unknown words: 4.17%<br /> <br /> [[Category:Central_Kurdish]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]]</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Structural_transfer&diff=14279 Central Kurdish and English/Structural transfer 2021-05-06T18:27:58Z

<p>Rkamal1: </p> <hr /> <div>This page covers the implementation and testing of Sorani Kurdish to English structural transfer.<br /> <br /> == Pre-Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> * WER: 85.71%<br /> * PER: 85.71%<br /> <br /> [[Category:Central_Kurdish]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]]</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14277 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-05-06T18:16:21Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* ckb-eng */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs get a set of suffixes at the end that tie back to the subject. This happens for both past and present verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|من هاتم|I came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|من{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە هاتین|We came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> === Object Order ===<br /> <br /> Sorani Kurdish sentences follow an SOV pattern, meaning that the object precedes the verb phrase.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە نان ئەخۆین|We eat bread}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} نان{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} خواردن{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} bread{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە ئاو ئەهێنین|We bring water}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} ئاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} هێنان{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}}} bring{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} water{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|مەچۆ|Do not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|do{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|imp}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> === Izafa ===<br /> <br /> The adj+noun pattern in English is manifested in Kurdish as noun+ی+adj.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێکی گەورە|a big dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}+ی{{tag|pr}} گەورە{{tag|adj}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|رۆژێکی گەرمتر|a warmer day}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|رۆژ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}+ی{{tag|pr}} گەرم{{tag|adj}}{{tag|comp}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} warm{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|comp}} day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14275 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-05-06T18:07:08Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Izafa */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs get a set of suffixes at the end that tie back to the subject. This happens for both past and present verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|من هاتم|I came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|من{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە هاتین|We came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> === Object Order ===<br /> <br /> Sorani Kurdish sentences follow an SOV pattern, meaning that the object precedes the verb phrase.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە نان ئەخۆین|We eat bread}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} نان{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} خواردن{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} bread{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە ئاو ئەهێنین|We bring water}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} ئاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} هێنان{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}}} bring{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} water{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|مەچۆ|Do not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|do{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|imp}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> === Izafa ===<br /> <br /> The adj+noun pattern in English is manifested in Kurdish as noun+ی+adj.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێکی گەورە|a big dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}+ی{{tag|pr}} گەورە{{tag|adj}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ڕۆژێکی گەرمتر|a warmer day}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ڕۆژ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}+ی{{tag|pr}} گەرم{{tag|adj}}{{tag|comp}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} warm{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|comp}} day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Structural_transfer&diff=14232 Central Kurdish and English/Structural transfer 2021-05-04T19:08:12Z

<p>Rkamal1: </p> <hr /> <div>This page covers the implementation and testing of Sorani Kurdish to English structural transfer.<br /> <br /> == Pre-Evaluation ==<br /> <br /> [[Category:Central_Kurdish]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]]</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Structural_transfer&diff=14231 Central Kurdish and English/Structural transfer 2021-05-04T19:07:51Z

<p>Rkamal1: Created page with "This page covers the implementation and testing of Sorani Kurdish to English structural transfer. Category:Central_Kurdish Category:English Category:Sp21_Structural..."</p> <hr /> <div>This page covers the implementation and testing of Sorani Kurdish to English structural transfer.<br /> <br /> [[Category:Central_Kurdish]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]]</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Structural_transfer&diff=14220 Structural transfer 2021-05-04T18:57:56Z

<p>Rkamal1: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Background ==<br /> <br /> === The basic idea of structural transfer in RBMT ===<br /> The idea of structural transfer in RBMT is to deal with the order and tag differences encountered in translation between two languages.<br /> <br /> [[File:Transfer - basic idea.png|thumb|The arrows between the two tagged levels represent where structural transfer is needed. Colour coding shows [rough] correspondences.]]<br /> <br /> === How structural transfer works in Apertium ===<br /> Transfer takes the output of the <code>lex</code> mode ([[lexical selection]]), matches series of words based on patterns you define, and performs operations on and outputs those things. It allows you to change the order of words, change tags, add and remove words, etc.<br /> <br /> === Syntactic Structures and Parsing ===<br /> The way [[:apertium:Apertium-recursive|Apertium's recursive structural transfer system]] works is to parse and combine phrases, and then to output each parsed phrase. Rules specify what words or phrases are parsed together into phrases and how they're output.<br /> <br /> ==== Example: English-to-Kyrgyz ====<br /> <br /> [[File:Tree alignment eng-kir PP.png|thumb|The mapping between phrase-structure trees of the Kyrgyz and English sentence above ("I did not see the houses")]]<br /> <br /> In the English-to-Kyrgyz example for "I did not see the houses", in both languages a noun ({{tag|n}}) is parsed into an <code>NP</code> (noun phrase), and an <code>NP</code> can combine with a determiner ({{tag|det}}) to form a <code>DP</code> (determiner phrase), although Kyrgyz doesn't have a definite article. They can also both form a <code>DP</code> from just a pronoun. These rules can be written as follows:<br /> <br /> NP -> %n { %1 } ;<br /> DP -> det %NP { %2 } |<br /> det %NP { 1 _ %2 } |<br /> %prn { %1 } ;<br /> <br /> The beginning of each rule describes what kind of phrase to build (<code>NP</code> and <code>DP</code>, respectively). The part after the arrow (<code>-&gt;</code>) and the <code>{}</code>s is the material to parse, in this case specified as POS tags ({{tag|n}}, {{tag|det}}) or other phrases (<code>NP</code>). The part inside the <code>{}</code>s shows the order to output the elements in; in the last rule, the first element is not output. The <code>%</code>s on the input elements shows what element to copy features from to the phrase level, and the <code>%</code>s on the output elements shows which element to copy missing features to from the phrase node on output. Features are specified on phrases as tags (see information on attribute lists and output patterns below), so you can think of it as tag copying; also, different features can come from different elements (see <code>VP</code> example below). The <code>_</code> is simply a blank (roughly a space) in the output.<br /> <br /> To decide between the first two DP rules, either specifying lemmas, weighting, or using conditionals would need to be used (specifying lemmas is discussed below, the rest are discussed later). By default, the first one will be applied, which in this case is the one we want.<br /> <br /> Similarly to how nominals are dealt with above, verbs ({{tag|v}}, {{tag|vblex}}, etc.) and auxiliaries ({{tag|vaux}}) can combine in various ways to combine into a <code>vP</code> (first-level verb phrase) in both languages, although when English uses "do" auxiliaries, Kyrgyz does not use an auxiliary, and Kyrgyz encodes the equivalent of a "not" adverbial as {{tag|neg}} on the main verb.<br /> <br /> vP -> do@AuxP.$tense.$polarity v.*.inf.$lemh.$transitivity { %2 } ;<br /> <br /> Here the <code>.$tense</code>, <code>.$polarity</code>, <code>.$lemh</code>, and <code>.$transitivity</code> specifications tell which element to get each of those named attributes (features) from, acting together as <code>%</code> (which will get anything not specified with a <code>$</code> attribute). Specifying <code>.*.inf</code> requires the {{tag|v}} to have also an {{tag|inf}} tag after any other tags, and specifying <code>do@</code> requires the <code>AuxP</code> to have a lemma of <code>do</code>, which would have been obtained in the parse using a rule like this:<br /> <br /> AuxP -> %vbdo.$lemh/sl not@adv [$polarity=neg] { } | <br /> %vbdo.$lemh/sl { } ;<br /> <br /> Here the <code>.$lemh/sl</code> part ensures the <code>AuxP</code> gets its lemma from the source language (SL) lemma. This <code>AuxP</code> rule also matches sequences of a do auxiliary and <code>not{{tag|adv}}</code> and sets the polarity of the <code>AuxP</code> to <code>neg</code> upon such a match.<br /> <br /> The first difference in ordering is that a <code>vP</code> and a <code>DP</code>, while both being parsed into a <code>VP</code> (a top-level verb phrase), occur in different orders. If translating from English to Kyrgyz, a rule would need to parse a sequence of <code>vP DP</code> into <code>VP</code>, but output the components in the reverse order, and set the case of the <code>DP</code> to {{tag|acc}} (how direct objects are marked in Kyrgyz). This rule would look something like this:<br /> <br /> VP -> %vP DP { 2[case=acc] _ %1 } ;<br /> <br /> In both languages, a <code>DP</code> and a <code>VP</code> combine to form an <code>S</code> (sentence) in the same order:<br /> <br /> S -> DP.$person.$number VP { 1 _ %2 } ;<br /> <br /> This rule gets the <code>person</code> and <code>number</code> attributes from the <code>DP</code>, and makes sure the verb (<code>2</code>) gets those attributes on output (using <code>%</code>).<br /> <br /> In addition to these rules, each POS and phrase type needs an '''output pattern'''. These patterns would look something like this for this English-to-Kyrgyz example:<br /> <br /> S: _.person.number ;<br /> DP: _.person.number.possession.case ;<br /> NP: _.number.possession.case ;<br /> n: _.number.possession.case ;<br /> prn: % ;<br /> VP: _.transitivity.polarity.tense.person.number ;<br /> vP: _.transitivity.polarity.tense.person.number ;<br /> v: _.transitivity.polarity.tense.person.number ;<br /> vaux: _.polarity.tense.person.number ;<br /> vbdo: _.polarity.tense.person.number ;<br /> AuxP: _.polarity.tense.person.number ;<br /> det: %;<br /> <br /> These output patterns define what order to arrange '''attributes''' (sets of tags, which also need to be defined) in a particular order. The <code>_</code> represents a lemma followed by the main POS. Attributes are defined as follows:<br /> <br /> person = (PD p3) p1 p2 p3 PD ;<br /> number = (ND sg) sg pl sp ND ;<br /> polarity = (PolD "") neg PolD ;<br /> <br /> For the most part these definitions are simple lists, but the first element in <code>()</code>s defines a filler in parsing if no other information is available (e.g., <code>ND</code>, for "Number to be Determined") and the default to replace it with in output if no value has been set (<code>""</code> for empty).<br /> <br /> '''This example''' is essentially complete for this sentence, and can be [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-kir-eng/blob/master/apertium-kir-eng.eng-kir.rtx viewed in its entirety or tested in this repository]. To deal with other types of things related to this example or otherwise needed between these languages, additional patterns, modifications to the existing patterns, or advanced features would need to be used.<br /> <br /> To see what the transfer stage is doing, you can do the following:<br /> <br /> $ echo "I did not see the houses." | apertium -d . eng-kir-transfer<br /> <br /> The last line of the output is what's being sent to the generator; in this case the following:<br /> <br /> ^Мен<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$ ^үй<n><pl><acc>$ ^көр<v><tv><neg><past><p1><sg>$^.<sent>$^.<sent>$<br /> <br /> Which is generated correctly as<br /> <br /> Мен үйлөрдү көргөн эмесмин.<br /> <br /> To see the parse tree (before things are adjusted for output), you can get the output of lexical selection and feed it into <code>rtx-proc -T</code>:<br /> <br /> $ echo "I did not see the houses" | apertium -d . eng-kir-lex | rtx-proc -T eng-kir.rtx.bin <br /> <br /> In this case, the output looks like the following:<br /> <pre><br /> ^Default<S><p1><sg>{<br /> ^Мен<DP><p1><sg><nom>{<br /> ^Prpers<prn><subj><p1><mf><sg>/Мен<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>$<br /> }$<br /> ^көр<VP><tv><neg><past><PD><ND>{<br /> ^көр<vP><tv><neg><past><PD><ND>{<br /> ^do<AuxP><neg><past><PD><ND>{<br /> ^do<vbdo><past>/кыл<v><tv><past>$<br /> ^not<adv>/$<br /> }$<br /> ^see<v><tv><inf>/көр<v><tv><inf>$<br /> }$<br /> ^үй<DP><PD><pl>{<br /> ^the<det><def><sp>/$<br /> ^үй<NP><pl>{<br /> ^house<n><pl>/үй<n><pl>$<br /> }$<br /> }$<br /> }$<br /> }$<br /> ^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br /> </pre><br /> <br /> ==== Example: English-to-Spanish ====<br /> <br /> [[File:Tree alignment eng-spa PP.png|thumb|The mapping between phrase-structure trees of "in the beautiful spacious houses" (English) and "en las casas bonitas y amplias" (Spanish)]]<br /> <br /> The English-to-Spanish phrase pair "in the beautiful spacious houses" = "en las casas bonitas y amplias" is shown in the image.<br /> <br /> This phrase is a good example to walk through together in class or on your own. The following will need to be accounted for:<br /> * The order of <code>AdjP</code> and <code>NP</code> within <code>DP</code>,<br /> * The number and gender agreement on <code>det</code> and <code>adj</code>s,<br /> * The addition of "y" between two adjectives in Spanish as compared to English.<br /> <br /> ==== Some things to note ====<br /> Some advanced features include<br /> * weighting<br /> * conditionals<br /> * macros<br /> <br /> These let you do some useful things that aren't possible otherwise. See the documentation or ask your prof or TA about it :)<br /> <br /> ==== Examples of implemented Apertium transfer systems ====<br /> Some examples are available:<br /> * [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-eng-spa eng-spa] (in-class): a basic example from class showing how to transfer adjective+noun (etc.) from English to Spanish ("big houses → casas largas": number and gender agreement and reordering).<br /> * [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-recursive/blob/master/eng-spa.rtx eng-spa]: a more extensive English-to-Spanish example.<br /> * [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng-kir/blob/master/apertium-eng-kir.kir-eng.rtx eng-kir] (apertium): English-to-Kyrgyz, lots of conditionals<br /> * [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-kaz-kir/blob/master/apertium-kaz-kir.kaz-kir.rtx kaz-kir] (apertium): Kazakh-to-Kyrgyz, lots of macros<br /> * [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-uzb-kaa/blob/master/apertium-uzb-kaa.uzb-kaa.rtx uzb-kaa] (apertium): Uzbek-to-Qaraqalpaq, lots of macros<br /> * [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-br-fr/blob/rtx/apertium-br-fr.br-fr.rtx br-fr] (apertium): Breton-to-French, uses lemma lists and weighting<br /> <br /> ==== Writing rules ====<br /> Fairly extensive documentation is available on the Apertium wiki:<br /> * [[:apertium:Apertium-recursive/Formalism|The formalism]]<br /> * [[:apertium:Apertium-recursive/Cookbook|Something of a HOWTO]]<br /> <br /> == Evaluating ==<br /> ==== Scrape a mini test corpus ====<br /> # First make sure you have <code>scrapeTransferTests</code>. It should already be on the lab computers, but you can test that running <code>scrapeTransferTests</code> gives you information on using the tool.<br /> #* If you don't have it, clone the [[Misc tools|tools repo]] (or <code>git pull</code> to update it, if you already have it cloned from other assignments) and run <code>make</code> or <code>sudo make</code>. Test again.<br /> # Scrape the transferTests from your contrastive grammar page into a small parallel corpus. E.g., <code>scrapeTransferTests -p abc-xyz "Language1_and_Language2/Contrastive_Grammar"</code> will result in an <code>abc.tests.txt</code> and <code>xyz.tests.txt</code> file that contain the respective sides of any transferTests on your contrastive grammar page specified as being for abc-to-xyz translation.<br /> # '''Add these two files to your bilingual corpus repository''' and add mention of their origin (the wiki page) to the <code>MANIFEST</code> file.<br /> <br /> ==== WER and PER ====<br /> '''WER''' or '''[[:wikipedia:word error rate|word error rate]]''' is a measure of how different two texts are. You will want to know how different the translation your translation pair performs (the "test translation") is from the known good translation of phrases in your parallel corpus (the "reference translation").<br /> <br /> '''PER''' ('''position-independent error rate''') is the same measurement, just not sensitive to position in a phrase. I.e., a correct translation of every word but in an entirely wrong word order will give you high (bad) WER but low (good) PER.<br /> <br /> To test WER and PER:<br /> # First make sure you have <code>apertium-eval-translator-line</code>. It should already be on the lab computers, but you can test that running <code>apertium-eval-translator-line</code> gives you information on using the tool.<br /> #* If you don't have it, clone the [[Misc tools|tools repo]] (or <code>git pull</code> to update it, if you already have it cloned from [[Morphological analyser/Setup|other]] [[MorphTests2yaml|assignments]]) and run <code>make</code>.<br /> # You need two files: one '''test translation''', and one '''reference translation'''. The reference translation is the parallel text in your corpus, e.g. <code>abc.tests.txt</code>. To get a test translation, run the source text through apertium and direct the output into a new file, e.g. <code>cat xyz.tests.txt | apertium -d . xyz-abc > xyz-abc.tests.txt</code>. You should '''add the [final] test translation to your repository'''.<br /> # The following command should then give you WER and PER measures and some other useful numbers:<br /> #* <code>apertium-eval-translator -r abc.tests.txt -t xyz-abc.tests.txt</code><br /> <br /> == The assignment ==<br /> This assignment is early in week 13 (this semester, '''noon on Monday, May 3, 2021''').<br /> <br /> === Getting set up ===<br /> '''Add a page to the wiki''' called <code>Language1_and_Language2/Structural_transfer</code>, linking to it from the main page on the language pair.<br /> * Put the page in the category [[:Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]] and the categories for the two languages.<br /> * '''Before you start development''' of structural transfer, perform WER, PER, and coverage tests on your short sentences corpus, and add this in to a <code>pre-evaluation</code> section.<br /> <br /> === Adding stems ===<br /> '''Add all the words''' needed for the transfer tests (from [[contrastive grammar|the last assignment]]) to analyse to the bilingual dictionary.<br /> * And make sure both analysers can analyse all sentences correctly, which includes adding the words to the relevant monolingual dictionaries as necessary.<br /> <br /> === Write structural transfer rules ===<br /> '''Implement at least one item''' from your [[contrastive grammar]].<br /> * (If the group is working on two translation directions, then each person in each group should implement at least one item for the direction that translates into the language that they have been primarily working with. The same item does not need to be used for each direction.)<br /> <br /> <br /> === Wrapping up ===<br /> '''Add to your structural transfer wiki page''':<br /> * Add at least one example sentence for each item you implement. Show the outputs of the following modes for your translation system: tagger, lex, transfer, and the pair itself (abc-xyz).<br /> * Perform WER, PER, and coverage tests again, and add into a post-evaluation section on the wiki page.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Assignments]]<br /> [[Category:Structural transfer]]</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14123 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-04-30T16:16:29Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Izafa */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs get a set of suffixes at the end that tie back to the subject. This happens for both past and present verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|من هاتم|I came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|من{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە هاتین|We came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> === Object Order ===<br /> <br /> Sorani Kurdish sentences follow an SOV pattern, meaning that the object precedes the verb phrase.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە نان ئەخۆین|We eat bread}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} نان{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} خواردن{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} bread{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە ئاو ئەهێنین|We bring water}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} ئاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} هێنان{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}}} bring{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} water{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|مەچۆ|Do not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|do{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|imp}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> === Izafa ===<br /> <br /> The adj+noun pattern in English is manifested in Kurdish as noun+ی+adj.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێکی گەورە|a big dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}+ی{{tag|pr}} گەورە{{tag|adj}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ڕۆژێکی گەرمتر|a warmer day}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ڕۆژ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}+ی{{tag|pr}} گەرم{{tag|adj}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} warm{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|comp}} day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14122 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-04-30T16:14:54Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* ckb-eng */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs get a set of suffixes at the end that tie back to the subject. This happens for both past and present verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|من هاتم|I came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|من{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە هاتین|We came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> === Object Order ===<br /> <br /> Sorani Kurdish sentences follow an SOV pattern, meaning that the object precedes the verb phrase.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە نان ئەخۆین|We eat bread}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} نان{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} خواردن{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} bread{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە ئاو ئەهێنین|We bring water}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} ئاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} هێنان{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}}} bring{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} water{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|مەچۆ|Do not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|do{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|imp}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> === Izafa ===<br /> <br /> The adj+noun pattern in English is manifested in Kurdish as noun+ی+adj.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێکی گەورە|a big dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}+ی{{tag|pr}} گەورە{{tag|adj}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14121 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-04-30T16:04:32Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Object Order */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs get a set of suffixes at the end that tie back to the subject.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|من هاتم|I came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|من{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە هاتین|We came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> === Object Order ===<br /> <br /> Sorani Kurdish sentences follow an SOV pattern, meaning that the object precedes the verb phrase.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە نان ئەخۆین|We eat bread}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} نان{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} خواردن{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} bread{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە ئاو ئەهێنین|We bring water}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} ئاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} هێنان{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}}} bring{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} water{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|مەچۆ|Do not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|do{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|imp}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14120 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-04-30T16:02:13Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* ckb-eng */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs get a set of suffixes at the end that tie back to the subject.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|من هاتم|I came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|من{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە هاتین|We came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> === Object Order ===<br /> <br /> Sorani Kurdish sentences follow an SOV pattern, meaning that the object precedes the verb phrase.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە نان ئەخۆین|We eat bread}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} نان{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ئەخۆین{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|مەچۆ|Do not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|do{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|imp}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14119 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-04-30T15:57:48Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* ckb-eng */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs get a set of suffixes at the end that tie back to the subject.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|من هاتم|I came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|من{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە هاتین|We came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> === Object Order ===<br /> <br /> Sorani Kurdish sentences follow an SOV pattern, meaning that the object precedes the verb phrase.<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|مەچۆ|Do not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|do{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|imp}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14118 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-04-30T15:56:52Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Verb Conjugation */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs get a set of suffixes at the end that tie back to the subject.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|من هاتم|I came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|من{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە هاتین|We came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation (Present Tense) ===<br /> <br /> === Object Order ===<br /> <br /> Sorani Kurdish sentences follow an SOV pattern, meaning that the object precedes the verb phrase.<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|مەچۆ|Do not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|do{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|imp}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14117 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-04-30T15:53:29Z

<p>Rkamal1: </p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs get a set of suffixes at the end that tie back to the subject.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|من هاتم|I came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|من{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە هاتین|We came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە دەچین|We are going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation (Present Tense) ===<br /> <br /> === Object Order ===<br /> <br /> Sorani Kurdish sentences follow an SOV pattern, meaning that the object precedes the verb phrase.<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|مەچۆ|Do not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|do{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|imp}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14116 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-04-30T15:47:35Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Verb Conjugation (Past Tense) */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation (Past Tense) ===<br /> <br /> Sorani past tense verbs get a set of suffixes at the end that tie back to the subject.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|من هاتم|I came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|من{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە هاتین|We came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation (Present Tense) ===<br /> <br /> === Object Order ===<br /> <br /> Sorani Kurdish sentences follow an SOV pattern, meaning that the object precedes the verb phrase.<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|مەچۆ|Do not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|do{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|imp}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14115 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-04-30T15:41:47Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Verb Conjugation (Past Tense) */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation (Past Tense) ===<br /> <br /> Sorani past tense verbs get a set of suffixes at the end that tie back to the subject.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|من هاتم|I came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|من{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە هاتین|We came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation (Present Tense) ===<br /> <br /> === Object Order ===<br /> <br /> Sorani Kurdish sentences follow an SOV pattern, meaning that the object precedes the verb phrase.<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|مەچۆ|Do not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|do{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|imp}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14114 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-04-30T15:40:20Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Verb Conjugation (Past Tense) */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation (Past Tense) ===<br /> <br /> Sorani past tense verbs get a set of suffixes at the end that tie back to the subject.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|من هاتم|I came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|من{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە هاتین|We came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|hi}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation (Present Tense) ===<br /> <br /> === Object Order ===<br /> <br /> Sorani Kurdish sentences follow an SOV pattern, meaning that the object precedes the verb phrase.<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|مەچۆ|Do not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|do{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|imp}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14113 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-04-30T15:38:31Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* ckb-eng */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation (Past Tense) ===<br /> <br /> Sorani past tense verbs get a set of suffixes at the end that tie back to the subject.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|من هاتم|I came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|من{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|I}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە هاتین|We came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|hi}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation (Present Tense) ===<br /> <br /> === Object Order ===<br /> <br /> Sorani Kurdish sentences follow an SOV pattern, meaning that the object precedes the verb phrase.<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|مەچۆ|Do not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|do{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|imp}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14112 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-04-30T15:38:07Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* ckb-eng */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation (Past Tense) ===<br /> <br /> Sorani past tense verbs get a set of suffixes at the end that tie back to the subject.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|من هاتم|I came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|من{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە هاتین|We came}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|hi}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation (Present Tense) ===<br /> <br /> === Object Order ===<br /> <br /> Sorani Kurdish sentences follow an SOV pattern, meaning that the object precedes the verb phrase.<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|مەچۆ|Do not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|do{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|imp}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14111 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-04-30T15:27:49Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* ckb-eng */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Object Order ===<br /> <br /> Sorani Kurdish sentences follow an SOV pattern, meaning that the object precedes the verb phrase.<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation (Past Tense) ===<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation (Present Tense) ===<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|مەچۆ|Do not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|do{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|imp}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14110 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-04-30T15:26:57Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* ckb-eng */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Conjugation (Past Tense) ===<br /> <br /> === Object Order ===<br /> <br /> Sorani Kurdish sentences follow an SOV pattern, meaning that the object precedes the verb phrase.<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|مەچۆ|Do not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|do{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|imp}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14104 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-04-30T15:21:18Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* ckb-eng */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Object Order ===<br /> <br /> Sorani Kurdish sentences follow an SOV pattern, meaning that the object precedes the verb phrase.<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|مەچۆ|Do not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|do{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|imp}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14103 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-04-30T15:20:24Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* ckb-eng */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|مەچۆ|Do not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|do{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|imp}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14101 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-04-30T15:16:09Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Verb Negation */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|مەچۆ|Do not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14100 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-04-30T15:15:27Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Verb Negation */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|مەچۆ|Do not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14099 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-04-30T15:14:39Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Verb Negation */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14098 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-04-30T15:13:35Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Verb Negation */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pres}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14097 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-04-30T15:06:04Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* ckb-eng */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەهات|He did not come.}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} come{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}</div>

Rkamal1 http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar&diff=14096 Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar 2021-04-30T15:05:49Z

<p>Rkamal1: /* Verb Negation */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:English]] [[Category:Central_Kurdish]]<br /> <br /> == ckb-eng ==<br /> <br /> === Definiteness Marker ===<br /> <br /> In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br /> <br /> === Verb Negation ===<br /> <br /> * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەهات|He did not come.}}<br /> *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} come{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}<br /> <br /> he/prpers<prn><subj><p3><m><sg>$ ^did/do<vaux><past>/do<vblex><past>/do<vbdo><past>$ ^not/not<adv>$ ^come/come<vblex><inf>/come<vblex><pres>/come<vblex><pp>/come<vblex><imp>$^./.<sent>$</div>

Rkamal1