http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Rlim2LING073 - User contributions [en]2026-10-25T04:57:40ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.27.7http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Wolof/Final_project&diff=22568Wolof/Final project2023-05-11T00:18:52Z<p>Rlim2: /* Evaluation */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Keyboard suite==<br />
<br />
For the final project, three downloadable keyboard suites were created: one for macOS, one for an apple handheld device, and one for an android handheld device. It is to my knowledge that both the keyboard for apple and android devices also work on tablets.<br />
<br />
These keyboard suites were created in collaboration with an L1 Wolof community consultant, and specific changes were made to suit her preferences. While not indicative of the entire scope of Wolof users, the keyboard suites were made with an actual user in mind, and lend to the state of translanguaging between French, English, and Wolof that many speakers employ. <br />
<br />
The iPhone keyboard suite was adjusted from the English QWERTY layout. Since Wolof contains 5 different types of diacritics, and Wolof speakers very often code switch between French and Wolof (especially considering the state of French loanwords), all vowel keys have been adapted to include swipes with each diacritic: â, ã, à, á, ä. Although not all vowels have all variations of each diacritic, because of the aforementioned code-switching, the larger range of swipes allows for French to be easily typed as well. The Çç swipe was added to the Cc key for the same reason. Given that the loanwords in Senegal and Gambia differ based on colonial history (French and English respectively), this keyboard allows for English, French, and Wolof to be employed simultaneously. <br />
<br />
The Senegalese Franc, Euro, and Gambian Dalasi symbol were added in the tertiary numeral page to reflect the language's user population<br />
<br />
The android keyboard followed the same layout.<br />
<br />
The development of the macOS keyboard relied on our previous project which involved deadkeys for the â, à, á, ä. Because ã is actually the only letter in Wolof to have an umalat, a deadkey was not created for it. This key was specifically requested to be kept by our language consultant, who would previously have had to switch to a Spanish keyboard for the letter, or copy paste the symbol from the internet. The addition of the velar nasal "ŋ" was consistent across all keyboard suites, and determined to be it's own independent key instead of a secondary or tertiary form of "n" <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_lowercase.png|200px|thumb|left|lowercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_uppercase.png|200px|thumb|left|uppercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_numlock.png|200px|thumb|left|numerical page of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
==Code==<br />
<br />
link to the github repositories:<br />
https://github.com/srheal/Wol_Keyboards<br />
<br />
==Evaluation==<br />
<br />
Keyboard effectiveness was evaluated by WPM and presence of pain in the hands and wrist (for macOS suite) and thumbs/fingers (for the mobile suites)<br />
<br />
This method of evaluation is rudimentary and has many limitations, the biggest being that our language consultant is only one person, and therefore data from a single source cannot be called reliable. Secondly, WPM relies more on a user's familiarity with a keyboard layout than the actual ergonomic placement of keys, and since we do not have an extended period of time for our tester(s) to become used to the typing method, our most reliable form of evaluation will be the user's own feedback and critiques.<br />
<br />
WPM of our language consultant on the macOS keyboard was 63WPM, which is quite impressive for someone using a completely unfamiliar keyboard entry that does not match the physical keyboard.<br />
The WPM on an Android and iPhone were quite similar, with 60 WPM and 57 WPM respectively, with a reported lack of joint and wrist pain after about 5 consecutive minutes of copying text from the Wolof Wiki (which includes French loan words)<br />
It may be important to note that our language consultant does work in an office setting daily, which could account for the typing speed.<br />
<br />
The end products received altogether positive comments, with the acknowledgement of a lack of time to get used to the format. The greatest critique was the steps needed to access such a keyboard as opposed to built in systems for higher resourced languages such as French. Due to our limitations as mere students and not tried and true software developers, our ability to optimise our language consultant's experience ends here, but with hope that the project, and projects for many other under-resourced languages with such heavy populations, will be picked up by more experienced hands in the future.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp23_FinalProjects]],[[Category:Wolof]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Wolof/Final_project&diff=22559Wolof/Final project2023-05-11T00:15:24Z<p>Rlim2: /* Keyboard suite */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Keyboard suite==<br />
<br />
For the final project, three downloadable keyboard suites were created: one for macOS, one for an apple handheld device, and one for an android handheld device. It is to my knowledge that both the keyboard for apple and android devices also work on tablets.<br />
<br />
These keyboard suites were created in collaboration with an L1 Wolof community consultant, and specific changes were made to suit her preferences. While not indicative of the entire scope of Wolof users, the keyboard suites were made with an actual user in mind, and lend to the state of translanguaging between French, English, and Wolof that many speakers employ. <br />
<br />
The iPhone keyboard suite was adjusted from the English QWERTY layout. Since Wolof contains 5 different types of diacritics, and Wolof speakers very often code switch between French and Wolof (especially considering the state of French loanwords), all vowel keys have been adapted to include swipes with each diacritic: â, ã, à, á, ä. Although not all vowels have all variations of each diacritic, because of the aforementioned code-switching, the larger range of swipes allows for French to be easily typed as well. The Çç swipe was added to the Cc key for the same reason. Given that the loanwords in Senegal and Gambia differ based on colonial history (French and English respectively), this keyboard allows for English, French, and Wolof to be employed simultaneously. <br />
<br />
The Senegalese Franc, Euro, and Gambian Dalasi symbol were added in the tertiary numeral page to reflect the language's user population<br />
<br />
The android keyboard followed the same layout.<br />
<br />
The development of the macOS keyboard relied on our previous project which involved deadkeys for the â, à, á, ä. Because ã is actually the only letter in Wolof to have an umalat, a deadkey was not created for it. This key was specifically requested to be kept by our language consultant, who would previously have had to switch to a Spanish keyboard for the letter, or copy paste the symbol from the internet. The addition of the velar nasal "ŋ" was consistent across all keyboard suites, and determined to be it's own independent key instead of a secondary or tertiary form of "n" <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_lowercase.png|200px|thumb|left|lowercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_uppercase.png|200px|thumb|left|uppercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_numlock.png|200px|thumb|left|numerical page of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
==Code==<br />
<br />
link to the github repositories:<br />
https://github.com/srheal/Wol_Keyboards<br />
<br />
==Evaluation==<br />
<br />
Keyboard effectiveness was evaluated by WPM and presence of pain in the hands and wrist (for macOS suite) and thumbs/fingers (for the mobile suites)<br />
<br />
This method of evaluation is rudimentary and has many limitations, the biggest being that our language consultant is only one person, and therefore data from a single source cannot be called reliable. Secondly, WPM relies more on a user's familiarity with a keyboard layout than the actual ergonomic placement of keys, and since we do not have an extended period of time for our tester(s) to become used to the typing method, our most reliable form of evaluation will be the user's own feedback and critiques.<br />
<br />
The end products received altogether positive comments, with the acknowledgement of a lack of time to get used to the format. The greatest critique was the steps needed to access such a keyboard as opposed to built in systems for higher resourced languages such as French. Due to our limitations as mere students and not tried and true software developers, our ability to optimise our language consultant's experience ends here, but with hope that the project, and projects for many other under-resourced languages with such heavy populations, will be picked up by more experienced hands in the future.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp23_FinalProjects]],[[Category:Wolof]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Wolof/Final_project&diff=22558Wolof/Final project2023-05-11T00:15:14Z<p>Rlim2: /* Keyboard suite */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Keyboard suite==<br />
<br />
For the final project, three downloadable keyboard suites were created: one for macOS, one for an apple handheld device, and one for an android handheld device. It is to my knowledge that both the keyboard for apple and android devices also work on tablets.<br />
<br />
These keyboard suites were created in collaboration with an L1 Wolof community consultant, and specific changes were made to suit her preferences. While not indicative of the entire scope of Wolof users, the keyboard suites were made with an actual user in mind, and lend to the state of translanguaging between French, English, and Wolof that many speakers employ. <br />
<br />
The iPhone keyboard suite was adjusted from the English QWERTY layout. Since Wolof contains 5 different types of diacritics, and Wolof speakers very often code switch between French and Wolof (especially considering the state of French loanwords), all vowel keys have been adapted to include swipes with each diacritic: â, ã, à, á, ä. Although not all vowels have all variations of each diacritic, because of the aforementioned code-switching, the larger range of swipes allows for French to be easily typed as well. The Çç swipe was added to the Cc key for the same reason. Given that the loanwords in Senegal and Gambia differ based on colonial history (French and English respectively), this keyboard allows for English, French, and Wolof to be employed simultaneously. <br />
<br />
The Senegalese Franc, Euro, and Gambian Dalasi symbol were added in the tertiary numeral page to reflect the language's user population<br />
<br />
The android keyboard followed the same layout.<br />
<br />
The development of the macOS keyboard relied on our previous project which involved deadkeys for the â, à, á, ä. Because ã is actually the only letter in Wolof to have an umalat, a deadkey was not created for it. This key was specifically requested to be kept by our language consultant, who would previously have had to switch to a Spanish keyboard for the letter, or copy paste the symbol from the internet. The addition of the velar nasal "ŋ" was consistent across all keyboard suites, and determined to be it's own independent key instead of a secondary or tertiary form of "n" ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_lowercase.png|200px|thumb|left|lowercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_uppercase.png|200px|thumb|left|uppercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_numlock.png|200px|thumb|left|numerical page of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
==Code==<br />
<br />
link to the github repositories:<br />
https://github.com/srheal/Wol_Keyboards<br />
<br />
==Evaluation==<br />
<br />
Keyboard effectiveness was evaluated by WPM and presence of pain in the hands and wrist (for macOS suite) and thumbs/fingers (for the mobile suites)<br />
<br />
This method of evaluation is rudimentary and has many limitations, the biggest being that our language consultant is only one person, and therefore data from a single source cannot be called reliable. Secondly, WPM relies more on a user's familiarity with a keyboard layout than the actual ergonomic placement of keys, and since we do not have an extended period of time for our tester(s) to become used to the typing method, our most reliable form of evaluation will be the user's own feedback and critiques.<br />
<br />
The end products received altogether positive comments, with the acknowledgement of a lack of time to get used to the format. The greatest critique was the steps needed to access such a keyboard as opposed to built in systems for higher resourced languages such as French. Due to our limitations as mere students and not tried and true software developers, our ability to optimise our language consultant's experience ends here, but with hope that the project, and projects for many other under-resourced languages with such heavy populations, will be picked up by more experienced hands in the future.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp23_FinalProjects]],[[Category:Wolof]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=File:Iphone_numlock.png&diff=22557File:Iphone numlock.png2023-05-11T00:13:42Z<p>Rlim2: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=File:Iphone_uppercase.png&diff=22556File:Iphone uppercase.png2023-05-11T00:13:31Z<p>Rlim2: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=File:Iphone_lowercase.png&diff=22555File:Iphone lowercase.png2023-05-11T00:13:20Z<p>Rlim2: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Wolof/Final_project&diff=22553Wolof/Final project2023-05-11T00:12:22Z<p>Rlim2: /* Keyboard suite */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Keyboard suite==<br />
<br />
For the final project, three downloadable keyboard suites were created: one for macOS, one for an apple handheld device, and one for an android handheld device. It is to my knowledge that both the keyboard for apple and android devices also work on tablets.<br />
<br />
These keyboard suites were created in collaboration with an L1 Wolof community consultant, and specific changes were made to suit her preferences. While not indicative of the entire scope of Wolof users, the keyboard suites were made with an actual user in mind, and lend to the state of translanguaging between French, English, and Wolof that many speakers employ. <br />
<br />
The iPhone keyboard suite was adjusted from the English QWERTY layout. Since Wolof contains 5 different types of diacritics, and Wolof speakers very often code switch between French and Wolof (especially considering the state of French loanwords), all vowel keys have been adapted to include swipes with each diacritic: â, ã, à, á, ä. Although not all vowels have all variations of each diacritic, because of the aforementioned code-switching, the larger range of swipes allows for French to be easily typed as well. The Çç swipe was added to the Cc key for the same reason. Given that the loanwords in Senegal and Gambia differ based on colonial history (French and English respectively), this keyboard allows for English, French, and Wolof to be employed simultaneously. <br />
<br />
The android keyboard followed the same layout.<br />
<br />
The development of the macOS keyboard relied on our previous project which involved deadkeys for the â, à, á, ä. Because ã is actually the only letter in Wolof to have an umalat, a deadkey was not created for it. This key was specifically requested to be kept by our language consultant, who would previously have had to switch to a Spanish keyboard for the letter, or copy paste the symbol from the internet. The addition of the velar nasal "ŋ" was consistent across all keyboard suites, and determined to be it's own independent key instead of a secondary or tertiary form of "n" <br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_lowercase.png|200px|thumb|left|lowercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_uppercase.png|200px|thumb|left|uppercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_numlock.png|200px|thumb|left|numerical page of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
==Code==<br />
<br />
link to the github repositories:<br />
https://github.com/srheal/Wol_Keyboards<br />
<br />
==Evaluation==<br />
<br />
Keyboard effectiveness was evaluated by WPM and presence of pain in the hands and wrist (for macOS suite) and thumbs/fingers (for the mobile suites)<br />
<br />
This method of evaluation is rudimentary and has many limitations, the biggest being that our language consultant is only one person, and therefore data from a single source cannot be called reliable. Secondly, WPM relies more on a user's familiarity with a keyboard layout than the actual ergonomic placement of keys, and since we do not have an extended period of time for our tester(s) to become used to the typing method, our most reliable form of evaluation will be the user's own feedback and critiques.<br />
<br />
The end products received altogether positive comments, with the acknowledgement of a lack of time to get used to the format. The greatest critique was the steps needed to access such a keyboard as opposed to built in systems for higher resourced languages such as French. Due to our limitations as mere students and not tried and true software developers, our ability to optimise our language consultant's experience ends here, but with hope that the project, and projects for many other under-resourced languages with such heavy populations, will be picked up by more experienced hands in the future.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp23_FinalProjects]],[[Category:Wolof]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Wolof/Final_project&diff=22551Wolof/Final project2023-05-11T00:11:21Z<p>Rlim2: /* Keyboard suite */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Keyboard suite==<br />
<br />
For the final project, three downloadable keyboard suites were created: one for macOS, one for an apple handheld device, and one for an android handheld device. It is to my knowledge that both the keyboard for apple and android devices also work on tablets.<br />
<br />
These keyboard suites were created in collaboration with an L1 Wolof community consultant, and specific changes were made to suit her preferences. While not indicative of the entire scope of Wolof users, the keyboard suites were made with an actual user in mind, and lend to the state of translanguaging between French, English, and Wolof that many speakers employ. <br />
<br />
The iphone keyboard suite was adjusted from the English QWERTY layout. Since Wolof contains 5 different types of diacritics, and Wolof speakers very often code switch between French and Wolof (especially considering the state of French loanwords), all vowel keys have been adapted to include swipes with each diacritic: â, ã, à, á, ä. Although not all vowels have all variations of each diacritic, because of the aforementioned code-switching, the larger range of swipes allows for French to be easily typed as well. The Çç swipe was added to the Cc key for the same reason. Given that the loanwords in Senegal and Gambia differ based on colonial history (French and English respectively), this keyboard allows for English, French, and Wolof to be employed simultaneously. <br />
<br />
The android keyboard followed the same layout.<br />
<br />
The development of the macOS keyboard relied on our previous project which involved deadkeys for the â, à, á, ä. Because ã is actually the only letter in Wolof to have an umalat, a deadkey was not created for it. This key was specificallt requested to be kept by our language consultant, who would previously have had to switch to a spanish keyboard for the letter, or copy paste the symbol from the internet. The addition of the velar nasal "ŋ" was consistent across all keyboard suites, and determined to be it's own independent key instead of a secondary or tertiary form of "n" <br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_lowercase.png|200px|thumb|left|lowercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_uppercase.png|200px|thumb|left|uppercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_numlock.png|200px|thumb|left|numerical page of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
==Code==<br />
<br />
link to the github repositories:<br />
https://github.com/srheal/Wol_Keyboards<br />
<br />
==Evaluation==<br />
<br />
Keyboard effectiveness was evaluated by WPM and presence of pain in the hands and wrist (for macOS suite) and thumbs/fingers (for the mobile suites)<br />
<br />
This method of evaluation is rudimentary and has many limitations, the biggest being that our language consultant is only one person, and therefore data from a single source cannot be called reliable. Secondly, WPM relies more on a user's familiarity with a keyboard layout than the actual ergonomic placement of keys, and since we do not have an extended period of time for our tester(s) to become used to the typing method, our most reliable form of evaluation will be the user's own feedback and critiques.<br />
<br />
The end products received altogether positive comments, with the acknowledgement of a lack of time to get used to the format. The greatest critique was the steps needed to access such a keyboard as opposed to built in systems for higher resourced languages such as French. Due to our limitations as mere students and not tried and true software developers, our ability to optimise our language consultant's experience ends here, but with hope that the project, and projects for many other under-resourced languages with such heavy populations, will be picked up by more experienced hands in the future.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp23_FinalProjects]],[[Category:Wolof]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Wolof/Final_project&diff=22550Wolof/Final project2023-05-11T00:01:49Z<p>Rlim2: /* Evaluation */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Keyboard suite==<br />
<br />
For the final project, three downloadable keyboard suites were created: one for macOS, one for an apple handheld device, and one for an android handheld device. It is to my knowledge that both the keyboard for apple and android devices also work on tablets.<br />
<br />
These keyboard suites were created in collaboration with an L1 Wolof community consultant, and specific changes were made to suit her preferences. While not indicative of the entire scope of Wolof users, the keyboard suites were made with an actual user in mind, and lend to the state of translanguaging between French, English, and Wolof that many speakers employ. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_lowercase.png|200px|thumb|left|lowercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_uppercase.png|200px|thumb|left|uppercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_numlock.png|200px|thumb|left|numerical page of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
==Code==<br />
<br />
link to the github repositories:<br />
https://github.com/srheal/Wol_Keyboards<br />
<br />
==Evaluation==<br />
<br />
Keyboard effectiveness was evaluated by WPM and presence of pain in the hands and wrist (for macOS suite) and thumbs/fingers (for the mobile suites)<br />
<br />
This method of evaluation is rudimentary and has many limitations, the biggest being that our language consultant is only one person, and therefore data from a single source cannot be called reliable. Secondly, WPM relies more on a user's familiarity with a keyboard layout than the actual ergonomic placement of keys, and since we do not have an extended period of time for our tester(s) to become used to the typing method, our most reliable form of evaluation will be the user's own feedback and critiques.<br />
<br />
The end products received altogether positive comments, with the acknowledgement of a lack of time to get used to the format. The greatest critique was the steps needed to access such a keyboard as opposed to built in systems for higher resourced languages such as French. Due to our limitations as mere students and not tried and true software developers, our ability to optimise our language consultant's experience ends here, but with hope that the project, and projects for many other under-resourced languages with such heavy populations, will be picked up by more experienced hands in the future.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp23_FinalProjects]],[[Category:Wolof]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Wolof/Final_project&diff=22549Wolof/Final project2023-05-11T00:01:42Z<p>Rlim2: /* Evaluation */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Keyboard suite==<br />
<br />
For the final project, three downloadable keyboard suites were created: one for macOS, one for an apple handheld device, and one for an android handheld device. It is to my knowledge that both the keyboard for apple and android devices also work on tablets.<br />
<br />
These keyboard suites were created in collaboration with an L1 Wolof community consultant, and specific changes were made to suit her preferences. While not indicative of the entire scope of Wolof users, the keyboard suites were made with an actual user in mind, and lend to the state of translanguaging between French, English, and Wolof that many speakers employ. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_lowercase.png|200px|thumb|left|lowercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_uppercase.png|200px|thumb|left|uppercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_numlock.png|200px|thumb|left|numerical page of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
==Code==<br />
<br />
link to the github repositories:<br />
https://github.com/srheal/Wol_Keyboards<br />
<br />
==Evaluation==<br />
<br />
Keyboard effectiveness was evaluated by WPM and presence of pain in the hands and wrist (for macOS suite) and thumbs/fingers (for the mobile suites)<br />
<br />
This method of evaluation is rudimentary and has many limitations, the biggest being that our language consultant is only one person, and therefore data from a single source cannot be called reliable. Secondly, WPM relies more on a user's familiarity with a keyboard layout than the actual ergonomic placement of keys, and since we do not have an extended period of time for our tester(s) to become used to the typing method, our most reliable form of evaluation will be the user's own feedback and critiques.<br />
<br />
The end products received altogether positive comments, with the acknowledgement of a lack of time to get used to the format. The greatest critique was the steps needed to access such a keyboard as opposed to built in systems for higher resourced languages such as French. Due to our limitations as mere students and not tried and true software developers, our ability to optimise our language consultant's experience ends here, but with hope that the project, and projects for many other under-resourced languages with such heavy populations, will be picked up by more experienced hands in the future.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp23_FinalProjects]],[[Category:Wolof]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Wolof/Final_project&diff=22548Wolof/Final project2023-05-11T00:01:32Z<p>Rlim2: /* Evaluation */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Keyboard suite==<br />
<br />
For the final project, three downloadable keyboard suites were created: one for macOS, one for an apple handheld device, and one for an android handheld device. It is to my knowledge that both the keyboard for apple and android devices also work on tablets.<br />
<br />
These keyboard suites were created in collaboration with an L1 Wolof community consultant, and specific changes were made to suit her preferences. While not indicative of the entire scope of Wolof users, the keyboard suites were made with an actual user in mind, and lend to the state of translanguaging between French, English, and Wolof that many speakers employ. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_lowercase.png|200px|thumb|left|lowercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_uppercase.png|200px|thumb|left|uppercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_numlock.png|200px|thumb|left|numerical page of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
==Code==<br />
<br />
link to the github repositories:<br />
https://github.com/srheal/Wol_Keyboards<br />
<br />
==Evaluation==<br />
<br />
Keyboard effectiveness was evaluated by WPM and presence of pain in the hands and wrist (for macOS suite) and thumbs/fingers (for the mobile suites)<br />
<br />
This method of evaluation is rudimentary and has many limitations, the biggest being that our language consultant is only one person, and therefore data from a single source cannot be called reliable. Secondly, WPM relies more on a user's familiarity with a keyboard layout than the actual ergonomic placement of keys, and since we do not have an extended period of time for our tester(s) to become used to the typing method, our most reliable form of evaluation will be the user's own feedback and critiques.<br />
<br />
The end products received altogether positive comments, with the acknowledgement of a lack of time to get used to the format. The greatest critique was the steps needed to access such a keyboard as opposed to built in systems for higher resourced languages such as French. Due to our limitations as mere students and not tried and true software developers, our ability to optimise our language consultant's experience ends here, but with hope that the project, and projects for many other under-resourced languages with such heavy populations, will be picked up by more experienced hands in the future. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp23_FinalProjects]],[[Category:Wolof]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Wolof/Final_project&diff=22547Wolof/Final project2023-05-10T23:49:23Z<p>Rlim2: /* Keyboard suite */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Keyboard suite==<br />
<br />
For the final project, three downloadable keyboard suites were created: one for macOS, one for an apple handheld device, and one for an android handheld device. It is to my knowledge that both the keyboard for apple and android devices also work on tablets.<br />
<br />
These keyboard suites were created in collaboration with an L1 Wolof community consultant, and specific changes were made to suit her preferences. While not indicative of the entire scope of Wolof users, the keyboard suites were made with an actual user in mind, and lend to the state of translanguaging between French, English, and Wolof that many speakers employ. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_lowercase.png|200px|thumb|left|lowercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_uppercase.png|200px|thumb|left|uppercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_numlock.png|200px|thumb|left|numerical page of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
==Code==<br />
<br />
link to the github repositories:<br />
https://github.com/srheal/Wol_Keyboards<br />
<br />
==Evaluation==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp23_FinalProjects]],[[Category:Wolof]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Wolof/Final_project&diff=22546Wolof/Final project2023-05-10T23:06:39Z<p>Rlim2: /* Code */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Keyboard suite==<br />
<br />
For the final project, three downloadable keyboard suites were created: one for macOS, one for an apple handheld device, and one for an android handheld device. It is to my knowledge that both the keyboard for apple and android devices also work on tablets.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_lowercase.png|200px|thumb|left|lowercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_uppercase.png|200px|thumb|left|uppercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_numlock.png|200px|thumb|left|numerical page of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
==Code==<br />
<br />
link to the github repositories:<br />
https://github.com/srheal/Wol_Keyboards<br />
<br />
==Evaluation==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp23_FinalProjects]],[[Category:Wolof]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Wolof/Final_project&diff=22545Wolof/Final project2023-05-10T23:06:23Z<p>Rlim2: /* Keyboard suite */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Keyboard suite==<br />
<br />
For the final project, three downloadable keyboard suites were created: one for macOS, one for an apple handheld device, and one for an android handheld device. It is to my knowledge that both the keyboard for apple and android devices also work on tablets.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_lowercase.png|200px|thumb|left|lowercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_uppercase.png|200px|thumb|left|uppercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_numlock.png|200px|thumb|left|numerical page of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
==Code==<br />
<br />
==Evaluation==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp23_FinalProjects]],[[Category:Wolof]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Wolof/Final_project&diff=22544Wolof/Final project2023-05-10T22:49:54Z<p>Rlim2: /* Keyboard suite */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Keyboard suite==<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_lowercase.png|200px|thumb|left|lowercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_uppercase.png|200px|thumb|left|uppercase of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_numlock.png|200px|thumb|left|numerical page of the proposed iphone keyboard suite]]<br />
<br />
==Code==<br />
<br />
==Evaluation==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp23_FinalProjects]],[[Category:Wolof]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=File:Iphone.png&diff=22543File:Iphone.png2023-05-10T22:01:57Z<p>Rlim2: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Wolof/Final_project&diff=22542Wolof/Final project2023-05-10T22:01:45Z<p>Rlim2: /* Keyboard suite */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Keyboard suite==<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone.png|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]<br />
<br />
==Code==<br />
<br />
==Evaluation==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp23_FinalProjects]],[[Category:Wolof]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=File:Iphone_keyboard.jpg&diff=22541File:Iphone keyboard.jpg2023-05-10T22:00:04Z<p>Rlim2: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Wolof/Final_project&diff=22540Wolof/Final project2023-05-10T21:59:51Z<p>Rlim2: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Keyboard suite==<br />
<br />
[[File:iphone_keyboard.jpg]]<br />
<br />
==Code==<br />
<br />
==Evaluation==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp23_FinalProjects]],[[Category:Wolof]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Wolof/Final_project&diff=22539Wolof/Final project2023-05-10T21:59:35Z<p>Rlim2: /* Keyboard suite */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:iphone_keyboard.jpg]]==Keyboard suite==<br />
<br />
==Code==<br />
<br />
==Evaluation==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp23_FinalProjects]],[[Category:Wolof]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Wolof/Final_project&diff=22428Wolof/Final project2023-05-09T18:03:03Z<p>Rlim2: /* Keyboard suite */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Keyboard suite==<br />
<br />
==Code==<br />
<br />
==Evaluation==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp23_FinalProjects]],[[Category:Wolof]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Wolof/Final_project&diff=22427Wolof/Final project2023-05-09T18:01:57Z<p>Rlim2: /* Keyboard suite */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Keyboard suite==<br />
[[File:Screenshot 2023-05-09 140142.png]]<br />
<br />
==Code==<br />
<br />
==Evaluation==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp23_FinalProjects]],[[Category:Wolof]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=21495Sardinian and English2023-04-21T19:04:51Z<p>Rlim2: /* 10 sentences glosses and outputs */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd Git repo for Sardinian]<br />
*[https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng Forked git repo for English]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 260<br />
Coverage: 86.92%<br />
*coverage of bilingual transducer on srd.sentences <br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 265<br />
Coverage: 52.08%<br />
<br />
==10 sentences glosses and outputs==<br />
*Things to add: sinke, fit, andande, at, devet, /deke, t', appo, natu, /ki, diat, no, isco, at<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|Sardinian sentence || intended English translation || output of srd-eng-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode || output of srd-eng (full translation) mode<br />
|-<br />
|1) Su sardu est una limba antica. || Sardinian is an ancient language. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^sardu<n><m><sg>/Sardinian<n><sg>$ ^èssere<vbser><pri><p3><sg>/be<vbser><pri><p3><sg>$ ^unu<det><ind><f><sg>/a<det><ind><f><sg>$ ^limba<n><f><sg>/language<n><sg>$ ^anticu<adj><f><sg>/ancient<adj><f><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| #The Sardinian #be #a language #ancient<br />
|-<br />
|2) Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu. || To read the article click on this link. || ^Pro<pr>/To<pr>$ ^*bider/*bider$ ^su<det><def><mf><sg>/the<det><def><mf><sg>$ ^artìculu<n><m><sg>/article<n><sg>$ ^sighire<vblex><inf>/click<vblex><inf>$ ^*custu/*custu$ ^*culligamentu/*culligamentu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ || To read #the article click *custu link<br />
|-<br />
|3) Su trenu sinke fit andande. || The train was leaving. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*sinke/*sinke$ ^*fit/*fit$ ^*andande/*andande$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| #The train *sinke #be *andande<br />
|-<br />
|4) Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke. || The train will arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| #The train #have at arrive at #the #ten<br />
|-<br />
|5) Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke. || The train is supposed to arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*devet/*devet$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| #The train *devet arrive at #the #ten<br />
|-<br />
|6) T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke. || I told you that the train would arrive at ten. || ^*T/*T$'^*appo/*appo$ ^*natu/*natu$ ^*ki/*ki$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*diat/*diat$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| *T'*appo *natu that #the train *diat arrive at #the #ten<br />
|-<br />
|7) No'isco si at a próere cras. || I do not know if it will rain tomorrow. || ^*No/*No$'^*isco/*isco$ ^si<cnjsub>/if<cnjsub>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^*próere/*próere$ ^cras<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| *No'*isco if #have at *próere tomorrow<br />
|-<br />
|8) Una de sas berbekes est maláida. || One of the sheep is sick. || ^Unu<det><ind><f><sg>/A<det><ind><f><sg>$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*berbekes/*berbekes$ ^*est/*est$ ^*maláida/*maláida$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| #One to #the *berbekes #be *maláida<br />
|-<br />
|9) Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos. || I have lost two of my books. || ^*Appo/*Appo$ ^*pèrditu/*pèrditu$ ^*duos/*duos$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><m><pl>/the<det><def><m><pl>$ ^*libros/*libros$ ^*meos/*meos$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| *Appo *pèrditu *duos to #the *libros *meos<br />
|-<br />
|10) M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove. || They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine. || ^*M/*M$'^*an/*an$ ^*natu/*natu$ ^*ki/*ki$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*devíat/*devíat$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*nove/*nove$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| *M'#have *natu that #the train *devíat arrive at #the *nove<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || they are || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || we have || <v><pl1><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to/at || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|testu || text || <n><br />
|-<br />
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)<br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|novas || new || <adj><pl><br />
|-<br />
|noas || data || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)<br />
|-<br />
|bider || to read || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sighire || click on || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|intrare || enter || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|desizadu || desired || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|trenu || train || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sinke || [null] || <foc><br />
|-<br />
|fit || was || <v><p><imp><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|andande || leaving || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|at || it will || <><br />
|-<br />
|sas || the || <det> <br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <n><br />
|-<br />
|devet || should || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|appo || I have || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|natu || told || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|próere || to rain || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|arrivare || to arrive || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|isco || I know || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|si || if || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|ki || that || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|cras || tomorrow || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|meos || my || <pos><br />
|-<br />
|andatos || gone || <adj><pl><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girls are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo mandicatu casu<br />
<br />
'I ate cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura est toddende frores <br />
<br />
'Laura is picking flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
De frores non nd'appo tódditu<br />
<br />
'I did not pick any flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'amus comporatu pane<br />
<br />
'We did not buy bread'<br />
<br />
<br />
Mandico sa pasta kin casu<br />
<br />
'I ate pasta with cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu<br />
<br />
'Three mice at all the cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
semus ponnende vinu in ampullas<br />
<br />
'We are putting wine in bottles'<br />
<br />
<br />
lettu meu esr<br />
<br />
'It is my bed'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'appo lessu libru perunu<br />
<br />
'i did not read any book'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos<br />
<br />
'The people who stole the money will be punished'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo invitat sos de Juanne <br />
<br />
'I invited Jon's family'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussa pinna est sa mea<br />
<br />
'That pen is mine'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne<br />
<br />
'That car is John's'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custa ricca at datu mili francos a su vetzu<br />
<br />
'This rich woman gave a thousand lira to the old man'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su guvernu devíat dare ua pensione a dondzi vetzu<br />
<br />
'The government should give a pension to every old person'<br />
<br />
==Notes for improvement==<br />
*"At" is the third person singular present conjugation of aer, to have.<br />
*It can function as an auxiliary verb when paired with a past participle and thus should be translated as "has" in those cases (e.g. "John has left.").<br />
*When preceding "a" (i.e. "at a [infinitive verb]") it signals future tense: an event will happen, has yet to occur, so it would translate as "has" or "will."<br />
*Another possibility for lexical selection is pro/a/de all translating to "to."<br />
*Make sure "una" in example sentence translates to "a" in English without the hashtag, i.e. get rid of the feminine tag that maps over from the "una" analysis to the English "a" which does not have the feminine tag.<br />
*Disambiguate analyses of "deke" (ten): is it noun or adjective? (I guess this might just be morphological disambiguation and not lexical selection)<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://www.fontesarda.it/sr/sr0045.htm Conjugations of "to have" in Sardinian]<br />
*[https://sinnainotizie.com/2015/03/07/lezioni-di-grammatica-sardo-campidanese-undicesima-lezione-su-verbu-ai-aere/ Whole Sardinian grammar page about conjugations of to have all written in Sardinian language!]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=21494Sardinian and English2023-04-21T19:03:48Z<p>Rlim2: /* 10 sentences glosses and outputs */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd Git repo for Sardinian]<br />
*[https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng Forked git repo for English]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 260<br />
Coverage: 86.92%<br />
*coverage of bilingual transducer on srd.sentences <br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 265<br />
Coverage: 52.08%<br />
<br />
==10 sentences glosses and outputs==<br />
*Things to add: sinke, fit, andande, at, devet, /deke, t', appo, natu, /ki, diat, no, isco, at<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|Sardinian sentence || intended English translation || output of srd-eng-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode || output of srd-eng (full translation) mode<br />
|-<br />
|1) Su sardu est una limba antica. || Sardinian is an ancient language. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^sardu<n><m><sg>/Sardinian<n><sg>$ ^èssere<vbser><pri><p3><sg>/be<vbser><pri><p3><sg>$ ^unu<det><ind><f><sg>/a<det><ind><f><sg>$ ^limba<n><f><sg>/language<n><sg>$ ^anticu<adj><f><sg>/ancient<adj><f><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| #The Sardinian #be #a language #ancient<br />
|-<br />
|2) Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu. || To read the article click on this link. || ^Pro<pr>/To<pr>$ ^*bider/*bider$ ^su<det><def><mf><sg>/the<det><def><mf><sg>$ ^artìculu<n><m><sg>/article<n><sg>$ ^sighire<vblex><inf>/click<vblex><inf>$ ^*custu/*custu$ ^*culligamentu/*culligamentu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ || To read #the article click *custu link<br />
|-<br />
|3) Su trenu sinke fit andande. || The train was leaving. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*sinke/*sinke$ ^*fit/*fit$ ^*andande/*andande$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| #The train *sinke #be *andande<br />
|-<br />
|4) Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke. || The train will arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| #The train #have at arrive at #the #ten<br />
|-<br />
|5) Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke. || The train is supposed to arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*devet/*devet$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| #The train *devet arrive at #the #ten<br />
|-<br />
|6) T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke. || I told you that the train would arrive at ten. || ^*T/*T$'^*appo/*appo$ ^*natu/*natu$ ^*ki/*ki$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*diat/*diat$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| *T'*appo *natu that #the train *diat arrive at #the #ten<br />
|-<br />
|7) No'isco si at a próere cras. || I do not know if it will rain tomorrow. || ^*No/*No$'^*isco/*isco$ ^si<cnjsub>/if<cnjsub>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^*próere/*próere$ ^cras<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| *No'*isco if #have at *próere tomorrow<br />
|-<br />
|8) Una de sas berbekes est maláida. || One of the sheep is sick. || ^Unu<det><ind><f><sg>/A<det><ind><f><sg>$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*berbekes/*berbekes$ ^*est/*est$ ^*maláida/*maláida$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|9) Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos. || I have lost two of my books. || ^*Appo/*Appo$ ^*pèrditu/*pèrditu$ ^*duos/*duos$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><m><pl>/the<det><def><m><pl>$ ^*libros/*libros$ ^*meos/*meos$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|10) M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove. || They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine. || ^*M/*M$'^*an/*an$ ^*natu/*natu$ ^*ki/*ki$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*devíat/*devíat$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*nove/*nove$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || they are || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || we have || <v><pl1><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to/at || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|testu || text || <n><br />
|-<br />
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)<br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|novas || new || <adj><pl><br />
|-<br />
|noas || data || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)<br />
|-<br />
|bider || to read || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sighire || click on || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|intrare || enter || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|desizadu || desired || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|trenu || train || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sinke || [null] || <foc><br />
|-<br />
|fit || was || <v><p><imp><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|andande || leaving || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|at || it will || <><br />
|-<br />
|sas || the || <det> <br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <n><br />
|-<br />
|devet || should || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|appo || I have || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|natu || told || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|próere || to rain || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|arrivare || to arrive || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|isco || I know || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|si || if || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|ki || that || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|cras || tomorrow || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|meos || my || <pos><br />
|-<br />
|andatos || gone || <adj><pl><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girls are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo mandicatu casu<br />
<br />
'I ate cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura est toddende frores <br />
<br />
'Laura is picking flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
De frores non nd'appo tódditu<br />
<br />
'I did not pick any flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'amus comporatu pane<br />
<br />
'We did not buy bread'<br />
<br />
<br />
Mandico sa pasta kin casu<br />
<br />
'I ate pasta with cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu<br />
<br />
'Three mice at all the cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
semus ponnende vinu in ampullas<br />
<br />
'We are putting wine in bottles'<br />
<br />
<br />
lettu meu esr<br />
<br />
'It is my bed'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'appo lessu libru perunu<br />
<br />
'i did not read any book'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos<br />
<br />
'The people who stole the money will be punished'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo invitat sos de Juanne <br />
<br />
'I invited Jon's family'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussa pinna est sa mea<br />
<br />
'That pen is mine'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne<br />
<br />
'That car is John's'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custa ricca at datu mili francos a su vetzu<br />
<br />
'This rich woman gave a thousand lira to the old man'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su guvernu devíat dare ua pensione a dondzi vetzu<br />
<br />
'The government should give a pension to every old person'<br />
<br />
==Notes for improvement==<br />
*"At" is the third person singular present conjugation of aer, to have.<br />
*It can function as an auxiliary verb when paired with a past participle and thus should be translated as "has" in those cases (e.g. "John has left.").<br />
*When preceding "a" (i.e. "at a [infinitive verb]") it signals future tense: an event will happen, has yet to occur, so it would translate as "has" or "will."<br />
*Another possibility for lexical selection is pro/a/de all translating to "to."<br />
*Make sure "una" in example sentence translates to "a" in English without the hashtag, i.e. get rid of the feminine tag that maps over from the "una" analysis to the English "a" which does not have the feminine tag.<br />
*Disambiguate analyses of "deke" (ten): is it noun or adjective? (I guess this might just be morphological disambiguation and not lexical selection)<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://www.fontesarda.it/sr/sr0045.htm Conjugations of "to have" in Sardinian]<br />
*[https://sinnainotizie.com/2015/03/07/lezioni-di-grammatica-sardo-campidanese-undicesima-lezione-su-verbu-ai-aere/ Whole Sardinian grammar page about conjugations of to have all written in Sardinian language!]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=21493Sardinian and English2023-04-21T19:02:09Z<p>Rlim2: /* 10 sentences glosses and outputs */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd Git repo for Sardinian]<br />
*[https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng Forked git repo for English]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 260<br />
Coverage: 86.92%<br />
*coverage of bilingual transducer on srd.sentences <br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 265<br />
Coverage: 52.08%<br />
<br />
==10 sentences glosses and outputs==<br />
*Things to add: sinke, fit, andande, at, devet, /deke, t', appo, natu, /ki, diat, no, isco, at<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|Sardinian sentence || intended English translation || output of srd-eng-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode || output of srd-eng (full translation) mode<br />
|-<br />
|1) Su sardu est una limba antica. || Sardinian is an ancient language. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^sardu<n><m><sg>/Sardinian<n><sg>$ ^èssere<vbser><pri><p3><sg>/be<vbser><pri><p3><sg>$ ^unu<det><ind><f><sg>/a<det><ind><f><sg>$ ^limba<n><f><sg>/language<n><sg>$ ^anticu<adj><f><sg>/ancient<adj><f><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| #The Sardinian #be #a language #ancient<br />
|-<br />
|2) Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu. || To read the article click on this link. || ^Pro<pr>/To<pr>$ ^*bider/*bider$ ^su<det><def><mf><sg>/the<det><def><mf><sg>$ ^artìculu<n><m><sg>/article<n><sg>$ ^sighire<vblex><inf>/click<vblex><inf>$ ^*custu/*custu$ ^*culligamentu/*culligamentu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ || To read #the article click *custu link<br />
|-<br />
|3) Su trenu sinke fit andande. || The train was leaving. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*sinke/*sinke$ ^*fit/*fit$ ^*andande/*andande$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| #The train *sinke #be *andande<br />
|-<br />
|4) Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke. || The train will arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| #The train #have at arrive at #the #ten<br />
|-<br />
|5) Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke. || The train is supposed to arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*devet/*devet$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|6) T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke. || I told you that the train would arrive at ten. || ^*T/*T$'^*appo/*appo$ ^*natu/*natu$ ^*ki/*ki$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*diat/*diat$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|7) No'isco si at a próere cras. || I do not know if it will rain tomorrow. || ^*No/*No$'^*isco/*isco$ ^si<cnjsub>/if<cnjsub>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^*próere/*próere$ ^cras<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|8) Una de sas berbekes est maláida. || One of the sheep is sick. || ^Unu<det><ind><f><sg>/A<det><ind><f><sg>$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*berbekes/*berbekes$ ^*est/*est$ ^*maláida/*maláida$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|9) Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos. || I have lost two of my books. || ^*Appo/*Appo$ ^*pèrditu/*pèrditu$ ^*duos/*duos$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><m><pl>/the<det><def><m><pl>$ ^*libros/*libros$ ^*meos/*meos$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|10) M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove. || They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine. || ^*M/*M$'^*an/*an$ ^*natu/*natu$ ^*ki/*ki$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*devíat/*devíat$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*nove/*nove$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || they are || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || we have || <v><pl1><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to/at || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|testu || text || <n><br />
|-<br />
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)<br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|novas || new || <adj><pl><br />
|-<br />
|noas || data || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)<br />
|-<br />
|bider || to read || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sighire || click on || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|intrare || enter || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|desizadu || desired || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|trenu || train || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sinke || [null] || <foc><br />
|-<br />
|fit || was || <v><p><imp><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|andande || leaving || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|at || it will || <><br />
|-<br />
|sas || the || <det> <br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <n><br />
|-<br />
|devet || should || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|appo || I have || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|natu || told || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|próere || to rain || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|arrivare || to arrive || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|isco || I know || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|si || if || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|ki || that || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|cras || tomorrow || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|meos || my || <pos><br />
|-<br />
|andatos || gone || <adj><pl><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girls are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo mandicatu casu<br />
<br />
'I ate cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura est toddende frores <br />
<br />
'Laura is picking flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
De frores non nd'appo tódditu<br />
<br />
'I did not pick any flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'amus comporatu pane<br />
<br />
'We did not buy bread'<br />
<br />
<br />
Mandico sa pasta kin casu<br />
<br />
'I ate pasta with cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu<br />
<br />
'Three mice at all the cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
semus ponnende vinu in ampullas<br />
<br />
'We are putting wine in bottles'<br />
<br />
<br />
lettu meu esr<br />
<br />
'It is my bed'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'appo lessu libru perunu<br />
<br />
'i did not read any book'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos<br />
<br />
'The people who stole the money will be punished'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo invitat sos de Juanne <br />
<br />
'I invited Jon's family'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussa pinna est sa mea<br />
<br />
'That pen is mine'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne<br />
<br />
'That car is John's'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custa ricca at datu mili francos a su vetzu<br />
<br />
'This rich woman gave a thousand lira to the old man'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su guvernu devíat dare ua pensione a dondzi vetzu<br />
<br />
'The government should give a pension to every old person'<br />
<br />
==Notes for improvement==<br />
*"At" is the third person singular present conjugation of aer, to have.<br />
*It can function as an auxiliary verb when paired with a past participle and thus should be translated as "has" in those cases (e.g. "John has left.").<br />
*When preceding "a" (i.e. "at a [infinitive verb]") it signals future tense: an event will happen, has yet to occur, so it would translate as "has" or "will."<br />
*Another possibility for lexical selection is pro/a/de all translating to "to."<br />
*Make sure "una" in example sentence translates to "a" in English without the hashtag, i.e. get rid of the feminine tag that maps over from the "una" analysis to the English "a" which does not have the feminine tag.<br />
*Disambiguate analyses of "deke" (ten): is it noun or adjective? (I guess this might just be morphological disambiguation and not lexical selection)<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://www.fontesarda.it/sr/sr0045.htm Conjugations of "to have" in Sardinian]<br />
*[https://sinnainotizie.com/2015/03/07/lezioni-di-grammatica-sardo-campidanese-undicesima-lezione-su-verbu-ai-aere/ Whole Sardinian grammar page about conjugations of to have all written in Sardinian language!]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=21492Sardinian and English2023-04-21T18:59:56Z<p>Rlim2: /* 10 sentences glosses and outputs */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd Git repo for Sardinian]<br />
*[https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng Forked git repo for English]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 260<br />
Coverage: 86.92%<br />
*coverage of bilingual transducer on srd.sentences <br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 265<br />
Coverage: 52.08%<br />
<br />
==10 sentences glosses and outputs==<br />
*Things to add: sinke, fit, andande, at, devet, /deke, t', appo, natu, /ki, diat, no, isco, at<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|Sardinian sentence || intended English translation || output of srd-eng-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode || output of srd-eng (full translation) mode<br />
|-<br />
|1) Su sardu est una limba antica. || Sardinian is an ancient language. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^sardu<n><m><sg>/Sardinian<n><sg>$ ^èssere<vbser><pri><p3><sg>/be<vbser><pri><p3><sg>$ ^unu<det><ind><f><sg>/a<det><ind><f><sg>$ ^limba<n><f><sg>/language<n><sg>$ ^anticu<adj><f><sg>/ancient<adj><f><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|2) Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu. || To read the article click on this link. || ^Pro<pr>/To<pr>$ ^*bider/*bider$ ^su<det><def><mf><sg>/the<det><def><mf><sg>$ ^artìculu<n><m><sg>/article<n><sg>$ ^sighire<vblex><inf>/click<vblex><inf>$ ^*custu/*custu$ ^*culligamentu/*culligamentu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ || []<br />
|-<br />
|3) Su trenu sinke fit andande. || The train was leaving. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*sinke/*sinke$ ^*fit/*fit$ ^*andande/*andande$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|4) Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke. || The train will arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|5) Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke. || The train is supposed to arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*devet/*devet$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|6) T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke. || I told you that the train would arrive at ten. || ^*T/*T$'^*appo/*appo$ ^*natu/*natu$ ^*ki/*ki$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*diat/*diat$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|7) No'isco si at a próere cras. || I do not know if it will rain tomorrow. || ^*No/*No$'^*isco/*isco$ ^si<cnjsub>/if<cnjsub>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^*próere/*próere$ ^cras<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|8) Una de sas berbekes est maláida. || One of the sheep is sick. || ^Unu<det><ind><f><sg>/A<det><ind><f><sg>$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*berbekes/*berbekes$ ^*est/*est$ ^*maláida/*maláida$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|9) Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos. || I have lost two of my books. || ^*Appo/*Appo$ ^*pèrditu/*pèrditu$ ^*duos/*duos$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><m><pl>/the<det><def><m><pl>$ ^*libros/*libros$ ^*meos/*meos$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|10) M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove. || They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine. || ^*M/*M$'^*an/*an$ ^*natu/*natu$ ^*ki/*ki$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*devíat/*devíat$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*nove/*nove$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || they are || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || we have || <v><pl1><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to/at || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|testu || text || <n><br />
|-<br />
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)<br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|novas || new || <adj><pl><br />
|-<br />
|noas || data || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)<br />
|-<br />
|bider || to read || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sighire || click on || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|intrare || enter || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|desizadu || desired || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|trenu || train || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sinke || [null] || <foc><br />
|-<br />
|fit || was || <v><p><imp><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|andande || leaving || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|at || it will || <><br />
|-<br />
|sas || the || <det> <br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <n><br />
|-<br />
|devet || should || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|appo || I have || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|natu || told || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|próere || to rain || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|arrivare || to arrive || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|isco || I know || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|si || if || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|ki || that || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|cras || tomorrow || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|meos || my || <pos><br />
|-<br />
|andatos || gone || <adj><pl><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girls are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo mandicatu casu<br />
<br />
'I ate cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura est toddende frores <br />
<br />
'Laura is picking flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
De frores non nd'appo tódditu<br />
<br />
'I did not pick any flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'amus comporatu pane<br />
<br />
'We did not buy bread'<br />
<br />
<br />
Mandico sa pasta kin casu<br />
<br />
'I ate pasta with cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu<br />
<br />
'Three mice at all the cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
semus ponnende vinu in ampullas<br />
<br />
'We are putting wine in bottles'<br />
<br />
<br />
lettu meu esr<br />
<br />
'It is my bed'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'appo lessu libru perunu<br />
<br />
'i did not read any book'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos<br />
<br />
'The people who stole the money will be punished'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo invitat sos de Juanne <br />
<br />
'I invited Jon's family'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussa pinna est sa mea<br />
<br />
'That pen is mine'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne<br />
<br />
'That car is John's'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custa ricca at datu mili francos a su vetzu<br />
<br />
'This rich woman gave a thousand lira to the old man'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su guvernu devíat dare ua pensione a dondzi vetzu<br />
<br />
'The government should give a pension to every old person'<br />
<br />
==Notes for improvement==<br />
*"At" is the third person singular present conjugation of aer, to have.<br />
*It can function as an auxiliary verb when paired with a past participle and thus should be translated as "has" in those cases (e.g. "John has left.").<br />
*When preceding "a" (i.e. "at a [infinitive verb]") it signals future tense: an event will happen, has yet to occur, so it would translate as "has" or "will."<br />
*Another possibility for lexical selection is pro/a/de all translating to "to."<br />
*Make sure "una" in example sentence translates to "a" in English without the hashtag, i.e. get rid of the feminine tag that maps over from the "una" analysis to the English "a" which does not have the feminine tag.<br />
*Disambiguate analyses of "deke" (ten): is it noun or adjective? (I guess this might just be morphological disambiguation and not lexical selection)<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://www.fontesarda.it/sr/sr0045.htm Conjugations of "to have" in Sardinian]<br />
*[https://sinnainotizie.com/2015/03/07/lezioni-di-grammatica-sardo-campidanese-undicesima-lezione-su-verbu-ai-aere/ Whole Sardinian grammar page about conjugations of to have all written in Sardinian language!]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=21381Sardinian and English2023-04-20T15:03:40Z<p>Rlim2: /* 10 sentences glosses and outputs */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 260<br />
Coverage: 86.92%<br />
*coverage of bilingual transducer on srd.sentences <br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 265<br />
Coverage: 52.08%<br />
<br />
==10 sentences glosses and outputs==<br />
*Things to add: est (bilingual add), limba (, antica, bider, culligamentu, sinke, fit, andande, at, devet, /deke, t', appo, natu, /ki, diat, no, isco, at<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|Sardinian sentence || intended English translation || output of srd-eng-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode || output of srd-eng (full translation) mode<br />
|-<br />
|1) Su sardu est una limba antica. || Sardinian is an ancient language. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^sardu<n><m><sg>/Sardinian<n><sg>$ ^*est/*est$ ^unu<det><ind><f><sg>/a<det><ind><f><sg>$ ^*limba/*limba$ ^*antica/*antica$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ || []<br />
|-<br />
|2) Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu. || To read the article click on this link. || ^Pro<pr>/To<pr>$ ^*bider/*bider$ ^su<det><def><mf><sg>/the<det><def><mf><sg>$ ^artìculu<n><m><sg>/article<n><sg>$ ^sighire<vblex><inf>/click<vblex><inf>$ ^*custu/*custu$ ^*culligamentu/*culligamentu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ || []<br />
|-<br />
|3) Su trenu sinke fit andande. || The train was leaving. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*sinke/*sinke$ ^*fit/*fit$ ^*andande/*andande$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|4) Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke. || The train will arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|5) Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke. || The train is supposed to arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*devet/*devet$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|6) T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke. || I told you that the train would arrive at ten. || ^*T/*T$'^*appo/*appo$ ^*natu/*natu$ ^*ki/*ki$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*diat/*diat$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|7) No'isco si at a próere cras. || I do not know if it will rain tomorrow. || ^*No/*No$'^*isco/*isco$ ^si<cnjsub>/if<cnjsub>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^*próere/*próere$ ^cras<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|8) Una de sas berbekes est maláida. || One of the sheep is sick. || ^Unu<det><ind><f><sg>/A<det><ind><f><sg>$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*berbekes/*berbekes$ ^*est/*est$ ^*maláida/*maláida$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|9) Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos. || I have lost two of my books. || ^*Appo/*Appo$ ^*pèrditu/*pèrditu$ ^*duos/*duos$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><m><pl>/the<det><def><m><pl>$ ^*libros/*libros$ ^*meos/*meos$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|10) M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove. || They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine. || ^*M/*M$'^*an/*an$ ^*natu/*natu$ ^*ki/*ki$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*devíat/*devíat$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*nove/*nove$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || they are || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || we have || <v><pl1><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to/at || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|testu || text || <n><br />
|-<br />
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)<br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|novas || new || <adj><pl><br />
|-<br />
|noas || data || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)<br />
|-<br />
|bider || to read || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sighire || click on || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|intrare || enter || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|desizadu || desired || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|trenu || train || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sinke || [null] || <foc><br />
|-<br />
|fit || was || <v><p><imp><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|andande || leaving || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|at || it will || <><br />
|-<br />
|sas || the || <det> <br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <n><br />
|-<br />
|devet || should || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|appo || I have || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|natu || told || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|próere || to rain || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|arrivare || to arrive || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|isco || I know || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|si || if || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|ki || that || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|cras || tomorrow || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|meos || my || <pos><br />
|-<br />
|andatos || gone || <adj><pl><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girls are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo mandicatu casu<br />
<br />
'I ate cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura est toddende frores <br />
<br />
'Laura is picking flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
De frores non nd'appo tódditu<br />
<br />
'I did not pick any flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'amus comporatu pane<br />
<br />
'We did not buy bread'<br />
<br />
<br />
Mandico sa pasta kin casu<br />
<br />
'I ate pasta with cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu<br />
<br />
'Three mice at all the cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
semus ponnende vinu in ampullas<br />
<br />
'We are putting wine in bottles'<br />
<br />
<br />
lettu meu esr<br />
<br />
'It is my bed'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'appo lessu libru perunu<br />
<br />
'i did not read any book'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos<br />
<br />
'The people who stole the money will be punished'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo invitat sos de Juanne <br />
<br />
'I invited Jon's family'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussa pinna est sa mea<br />
<br />
'That pen is mine'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne<br />
<br />
'That car is John's'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custa ricca at datu mili francos a su vetzu<br />
<br />
'This rich woman gave a thousand lira to the old man'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su guvernu devíat dare ua pensione a dondzi vetzu<br />
<br />
'The government should give a pension to every old person'<br />
<br />
==Notes for improvement==<br />
*"At" is the third person singular present conjugation of aer, to have.<br />
*It can function as an auxiliary verb when paired with a past participle and thus should be translated as "has" in those cases (e.g. "John has left.").<br />
*When preceding "a" (i.e. "at a [infinitive verb]") it signals future tense: an event will happen, has yet to occur, so it would translate as "has" or "will."<br />
*Another possibility for lexical selection is pro/a/de all translating to "to."<br />
*Make sure "una" in example sentence translates to "a" in English without the hashtag, i.e. get rid of the feminine tag that maps over from the "una" analysis to the English "a" which does not have the feminine tag.<br />
*Disambiguate analyses of "deke" (ten): is it noun or adjective? (I guess this might just be morphological disambiguation and not lexical selection)<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=21330Sardinian and English2023-04-20T14:40:38Z<p>Rlim2: /* 10 sentences glosses and outputs */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 260<br />
Coverage: 86.92%<br />
*coverage of bilingual transducer on srd.sentences <br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 265<br />
Coverage: 52.08%<br />
<br />
==10 sentences glosses and outputs==<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|Sardinian sentence || intended English translation || output of srd-eng-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode || output of srd-eng (full translation) mode<br />
|-<br />
|1) Su sardu est una limba antica. || Sardinian is an ancient language. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^sardu<n><m><sg>/Sardinian<n><sg>$ ^*est/*est$ ^unu<det><ind><f><sg>/a<det><ind><f><sg>$ ^*limba/*limba$ ^*antica/*antica$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ || []<br />
|-<br />
|2) Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu. || To read the article click on this link. || ^Pro<pr>/To<pr>$ ^*bider/*bider$ ^su<det><def><mf><sg>/the<det><def><mf><sg>$ ^artìculu<n><m><sg>/article<n><sg>$ ^sighire<vblex><inf>/click<vblex><inf>$ ^*custu/*custu$ ^*culligamentu/*culligamentu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ || []<br />
|-<br />
|3) Su trenu sinke fit andande. || The train was leaving. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*sinke/*sinke$ ^*fit/*fit$ ^*andande/*andande$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|4) Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke. || The train will arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|5) Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke. || The train is supposed to arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*devet/*devet$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|6) T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke. || I told you that the train would arrive at ten. || ^*T/*T$'^*appo/*appo$ ^*natu/*natu$ ^*ki/*ki$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*diat/*diat$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|7) No'isco si at a próere cras. || I do not know if it will rain tomorrow. || ^*No/*No$'^*isco/*isco$ ^si<cnjsub>/if<cnjsub>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^*próere/*próere$ ^cras<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|8) Una de sas berbekes est maláida. || One of the sheep is sick. || ^Unu<det><ind><f><sg>/A<det><ind><f><sg>$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*berbekes/*berbekes$ ^*est/*est$ ^*maláida/*maláida$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|9) Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos. || I have lost two of my books. || ^*Appo/*Appo$ ^*pèrditu/*pèrditu$ ^*duos/*duos$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><m><pl>/the<det><def><m><pl>$ ^*libros/*libros$ ^*meos/*meos$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|10) M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove. || They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine. || ^*M/*M$'^*an/*an$ ^*natu/*natu$ ^*ki/*ki$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*devíat/*devíat$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*nove/*nove$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || they are || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || we have || <v><pl1><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to/at || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|testu || text || <n><br />
|-<br />
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)<br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|novas || new || <adj><pl><br />
|-<br />
|noas || data || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)<br />
|-<br />
|bider || to read || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sighire || click on || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|intrare || enter || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|desizadu || desired || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|trenu || train || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sinke || [null] || <foc><br />
|-<br />
|fit || was || <v><p><imp><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|andande || leaving || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|at || it will || <><br />
|-<br />
|sas || the || <det> <br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <n><br />
|-<br />
|devet || should || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|appo || I have || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|natu || told || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|próere || to rain || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|arrivare || to arrive || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|isco || I know || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|si || if || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|ki || that || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|cras || tomorrow || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|meos || my || <pos><br />
|-<br />
|andatos || gone || <adj><pl><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girls are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo mandicatu casu<br />
<br />
'I ate cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura est toddende frores <br />
<br />
'Laura is picking flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
De frores non nd'appo tódditu<br />
<br />
'I did not pick any flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'amus comporatu pane<br />
<br />
'We did not buy bread'<br />
<br />
<br />
Mandico sa pasta kin casu<br />
<br />
'I ate pasta with cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu<br />
<br />
'Three mice at all the cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
semus ponnende vinu in ampullas<br />
<br />
'We are putting wine in bottles'<br />
<br />
<br />
lettu meu esr<br />
<br />
'It is my bed'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'appo lessu libru perunu<br />
<br />
'i did not read any book'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos<br />
<br />
'The people who stole the money will be punished'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo invitat sos de Juanne <br />
<br />
'I invited Jon's family'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussa pinna est sa mea<br />
<br />
'That pen is mine'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne<br />
<br />
'That car is John's'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custa ricca at datu mili francos a su vetzu<br />
<br />
'This rich woman gave a thousand lira to the old man'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su guvernu devíat dare ua pensione a dondzi vetzu<br />
<br />
'The government should give a pension to every old person'<br />
<br />
==Lexical selection notes==<br />
*"At" is the third person singular present conjugation of aer, to have.<br />
*It can function as an auxiliary verb when paired with a past participle and thus should be translated as "has" in those cases (e.g. "John has left.").<br />
*When preceding "a" (i.e. "at a [infinitive verb]") it signals future tense: an event will happen, has yet to occur, so it would translate as "has" or "will."<br />
*Another possibility for lexical selection is pro/a/de all translating to "to."<br />
*Make sure "una" in example sentence translates to "a" in English without the hashtag, i.e. get rid of the feminine tag that maps over from the "una" analysis to the English "a" which does not have the feminine tag.<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=21328Sardinian and English2023-04-20T14:39:40Z<p>Rlim2: /* 10 sentences glosses and outputs */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 260<br />
Coverage: 86.92%<br />
*coverage of bilingual transducer on srd.sentences <br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 265<br />
Coverage: 52.08%<br />
<br />
==10 sentences glosses and outputs==<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|Sardinian sentence || intended English translation || output of srd-eng-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode || output of srd-eng (full translation) mode<br />
|-<br />
|1) Su sardu est una limba antica. || Sardinian is an ancient language. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|2) Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu. || To read the article click on this link. || ^Pro<pr>/To<pr>$ ^*bider/*bider$ ^su<det><def><mf><sg>/the<det><def><mf><sg>$ ^artìculu<n><m><sg>/article<n><sg>$ ^sighire<vblex><inf>/click<vblex><inf>$ ^*custu/*custu$ ^*culligamentu/*culligamentu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ || []<br />
|-<br />
|3) Su trenu sinke fit andande. || The train was leaving. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*sinke/*sinke$ ^*fit/*fit$ ^*andande/*andande$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|4) Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke. || The train will arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|5) Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke. || The train is supposed to arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*devet/*devet$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|6) T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke. || I told you that the train would arrive at ten. || ^*T/*T$'^*appo/*appo$ ^*natu/*natu$ ^*ki/*ki$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*diat/*diat$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|7) No'isco si at a próere cras. || I do not know if it will rain tomorrow. || ^*No/*No$'^*isco/*isco$ ^si<cnjsub>/if<cnjsub>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^*próere/*próere$ ^cras<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|8) Una de sas berbekes est maláida. || One of the sheep is sick. || ^Unu<det><ind><f><sg>/A<det><ind><f><sg>$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*berbekes/*berbekes$ ^*est/*est$ ^*maláida/*maláida$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|9) Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos. || I have lost two of my books. || ^*Appo/*Appo$ ^*pèrditu/*pèrditu$ ^*duos/*duos$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><m><pl>/the<det><def><m><pl>$ ^*libros/*libros$ ^*meos/*meos$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|10) M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove. || They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine. || ^*M/*M$'^*an/*an$ ^*natu/*natu$ ^*ki/*ki$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*devíat/*devíat$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*nove/*nove$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || they are || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || we have || <v><pl1><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to/at || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|testu || text || <n><br />
|-<br />
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)<br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|novas || new || <adj><pl><br />
|-<br />
|noas || data || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)<br />
|-<br />
|bider || to read || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sighire || click on || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|intrare || enter || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|desizadu || desired || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|trenu || train || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sinke || [null] || <foc><br />
|-<br />
|fit || was || <v><p><imp><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|andande || leaving || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|at || it will || <><br />
|-<br />
|sas || the || <det> <br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <n><br />
|-<br />
|devet || should || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|appo || I have || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|natu || told || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|próere || to rain || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|arrivare || to arrive || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|isco || I know || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|si || if || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|ki || that || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|cras || tomorrow || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|meos || my || <pos><br />
|-<br />
|andatos || gone || <adj><pl><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girls are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo mandicatu casu<br />
<br />
'I ate cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura est toddende frores <br />
<br />
'Laura is picking flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
De frores non nd'appo tódditu<br />
<br />
'I did not pick any flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'amus comporatu pane<br />
<br />
'We did not buy bread'<br />
<br />
<br />
Mandico sa pasta kin casu<br />
<br />
'I ate pasta with cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu<br />
<br />
'Three mice at all the cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
semus ponnende vinu in ampullas<br />
<br />
'We are putting wine in bottles'<br />
<br />
<br />
lettu meu esr<br />
<br />
'It is my bed'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'appo lessu libru perunu<br />
<br />
'i did not read any book'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos<br />
<br />
'The people who stole the money will be punished'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo invitat sos de Juanne <br />
<br />
'I invited Jon's family'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussa pinna est sa mea<br />
<br />
'That pen is mine'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne<br />
<br />
'That car is John's'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custa ricca at datu mili francos a su vetzu<br />
<br />
'This rich woman gave a thousand lira to the old man'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su guvernu devíat dare ua pensione a dondzi vetzu<br />
<br />
'The government should give a pension to every old person'<br />
<br />
==Lexical selection notes==<br />
*"At" is the third person singular present conjugation of aer, to have.<br />
*It can function as an auxiliary verb when paired with a past participle and thus should be translated as "has" in those cases (e.g. "John has left.").<br />
*When preceding "a" (i.e. "at a [infinitive verb]") it signals future tense: an event will happen, has yet to occur, so it would translate as "has" or "will."<br />
*Another possibility for lexical selection is pro/a/de all translating to "to."<br />
*Make sure "una" in example sentence translates to "a" in English without the hashtag, i.e. get rid of the feminine tag that maps over from the "una" analysis to the English "a" which does not have the feminine tag.<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=21327Sardinian and English2023-04-20T14:39:13Z<p>Rlim2: /* 10 sentences glosses and outputs */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 260<br />
Coverage: 86.92%<br />
*coverage of bilingual transducer on srd.sentences <br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 265<br />
Coverage: 52.08%<br />
<br />
==10 sentences glosses and outputs==<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|Sardinian sentence || intended English translation || output of srd-eng-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode || output of srd-eng (full translation) mode<br />
|-<br />
|1) Su sardu est una limba antica. || Sardinian is an ancient language. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|2) Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu. || To read the article click on this link. || ^Pro<pr>/To<pr>$ ^*bider/*bider$ ^su<det><def><mf><sg>/the<det><def><mf><sg>$ ^artìculu<n><m><sg>/article<n><sg>$ ^sighire<vblex><inf>/click<vblex><inf>$ ^*custu/*custu$ ^*culligamentu/*culligamentu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ || []<br />
|-<br />
|3) Su trenu sinke fit andande. || The train was leaving. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*sinke/*sinke$ ^*fit/*fit$ ^*andande/*andande$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|4) Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke. || The train will arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|5) Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke. || The train is supposed to arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*devet/*devet$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|6) T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke. || I told you that the train would arrive at ten. || ^*T/*T$'^*appo/*appo$ ^*natu/*natu$ ^*ki/*ki$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*diat/*diat$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|7) No'isco si at a próere cras. || I do not know if it will rain tomorrow. || ^*No/*No$'^*isco/*isco$ ^si<cnjsub>/if<cnjsub>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^*próere/*próere$ ^cras<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|8) Una de sas berbekes est maláida. || One of the sheep is sick. || ^Unu<det><ind><f><sg>/A<det><ind><f><sg>$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*berbekes/*berbekes$ ^*est/*est$ ^*maláida/*maláida$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|9) Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos. || I have lost two of my books. || ^*Appo/*Appo$ ^*pèrditu/*pèrditu$ ^*duos/*duos$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><m><pl>/the<det><def><m><pl>$ ^*libros/*libros$ ^*meos/*meos$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|10) M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove. || They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine. || M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove || []<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || they are || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || we have || <v><pl1><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to/at || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|testu || text || <n><br />
|-<br />
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)<br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|novas || new || <adj><pl><br />
|-<br />
|noas || data || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)<br />
|-<br />
|bider || to read || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sighire || click on || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|intrare || enter || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|desizadu || desired || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|trenu || train || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sinke || [null] || <foc><br />
|-<br />
|fit || was || <v><p><imp><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|andande || leaving || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|at || it will || <><br />
|-<br />
|sas || the || <det> <br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <n><br />
|-<br />
|devet || should || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|appo || I have || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|natu || told || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|próere || to rain || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|arrivare || to arrive || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|isco || I know || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|si || if || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|ki || that || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|cras || tomorrow || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|meos || my || <pos><br />
|-<br />
|andatos || gone || <adj><pl><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girls are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo mandicatu casu<br />
<br />
'I ate cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura est toddende frores <br />
<br />
'Laura is picking flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
De frores non nd'appo tódditu<br />
<br />
'I did not pick any flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'amus comporatu pane<br />
<br />
'We did not buy bread'<br />
<br />
<br />
Mandico sa pasta kin casu<br />
<br />
'I ate pasta with cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu<br />
<br />
'Three mice at all the cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
semus ponnende vinu in ampullas<br />
<br />
'We are putting wine in bottles'<br />
<br />
<br />
lettu meu esr<br />
<br />
'It is my bed'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'appo lessu libru perunu<br />
<br />
'i did not read any book'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos<br />
<br />
'The people who stole the money will be punished'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo invitat sos de Juanne <br />
<br />
'I invited Jon's family'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussa pinna est sa mea<br />
<br />
'That pen is mine'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne<br />
<br />
'That car is John's'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custa ricca at datu mili francos a su vetzu<br />
<br />
'This rich woman gave a thousand lira to the old man'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su guvernu devíat dare ua pensione a dondzi vetzu<br />
<br />
'The government should give a pension to every old person'<br />
<br />
==Lexical selection notes==<br />
*"At" is the third person singular present conjugation of aer, to have.<br />
*It can function as an auxiliary verb when paired with a past participle and thus should be translated as "has" in those cases (e.g. "John has left.").<br />
*When preceding "a" (i.e. "at a [infinitive verb]") it signals future tense: an event will happen, has yet to occur, so it would translate as "has" or "will."<br />
*Another possibility for lexical selection is pro/a/de all translating to "to."<br />
*Make sure "una" in example sentence translates to "a" in English without the hashtag, i.e. get rid of the feminine tag that maps over from the "una" analysis to the English "a" which does not have the feminine tag.<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=21326Sardinian and English2023-04-20T14:38:45Z<p>Rlim2: /* 10 sentences glosses and outputs */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 260<br />
Coverage: 86.92%<br />
*coverage of bilingual transducer on srd.sentences <br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 265<br />
Coverage: 52.08%<br />
<br />
==10 sentences glosses and outputs==<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|Sardinian sentence || intended English translation || output of srd-eng-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode || output of srd-eng (full translation) mode<br />
|-<br />
|1) Su sardu est una limba antica. || Sardinian is an ancient language. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|2) Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu. || To read the article click on this link. || ^Pro<pr>/To<pr>$ ^*bider/*bider$ ^su<det><def><mf><sg>/the<det><def><mf><sg>$ ^artìculu<n><m><sg>/article<n><sg>$ ^sighire<vblex><inf>/click<vblex><inf>$ ^*custu/*custu$ ^*culligamentu/*culligamentu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ || []<br />
|-<br />
|3) Su trenu sinke fit andande. || The train was leaving. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*sinke/*sinke$ ^*fit/*fit$ ^*andande/*andande$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|4) Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke. || The train will arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|5) Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke. || The train is supposed to arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*devet/*devet$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|6) T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke. || I told you that the train would arrive at ten. || ^*T/*T$'^*appo/*appo$ ^*natu/*natu$ ^*ki/*ki$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*diat/*diat$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|7) No'isco si at a próere cras. || I do not know if it will rain tomorrow. || ^*No/*No$'^*isco/*isco$ ^si<cnjsub>/if<cnjsub>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^*próere/*próere$ ^cras<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|8) Una de sas berbekes est maláida. || One of the sheep is sick. || ^Unu<det><ind><f><sg>/A<det><ind><f><sg>$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*berbekes/*berbekes$ ^*est/*est$ ^*maláida/*maláida$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|9) Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos. || I have lost two of my books. || ^*Appo/*Appo$ ^*pèrditu/*pèrditu$ ^*duos/*duos$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><m><pl>/the<det><def><m><pl>$ ^*libros/*libros$ ^*meos/*meos$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|10) M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove. || They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine. || [] || []<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || they are || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || we have || <v><pl1><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to/at || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|testu || text || <n><br />
|-<br />
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)<br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|novas || new || <adj><pl><br />
|-<br />
|noas || data || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)<br />
|-<br />
|bider || to read || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sighire || click on || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|intrare || enter || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|desizadu || desired || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|trenu || train || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sinke || [null] || <foc><br />
|-<br />
|fit || was || <v><p><imp><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|andande || leaving || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|at || it will || <><br />
|-<br />
|sas || the || <det> <br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <n><br />
|-<br />
|devet || should || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|appo || I have || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|natu || told || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|próere || to rain || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|arrivare || to arrive || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|isco || I know || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|si || if || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|ki || that || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|cras || tomorrow || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|meos || my || <pos><br />
|-<br />
|andatos || gone || <adj><pl><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girls are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo mandicatu casu<br />
<br />
'I ate cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura est toddende frores <br />
<br />
'Laura is picking flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
De frores non nd'appo tódditu<br />
<br />
'I did not pick any flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'amus comporatu pane<br />
<br />
'We did not buy bread'<br />
<br />
<br />
Mandico sa pasta kin casu<br />
<br />
'I ate pasta with cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu<br />
<br />
'Three mice at all the cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
semus ponnende vinu in ampullas<br />
<br />
'We are putting wine in bottles'<br />
<br />
<br />
lettu meu esr<br />
<br />
'It is my bed'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'appo lessu libru perunu<br />
<br />
'i did not read any book'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos<br />
<br />
'The people who stole the money will be punished'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo invitat sos de Juanne <br />
<br />
'I invited Jon's family'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussa pinna est sa mea<br />
<br />
'That pen is mine'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne<br />
<br />
'That car is John's'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custa ricca at datu mili francos a su vetzu<br />
<br />
'This rich woman gave a thousand lira to the old man'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su guvernu devíat dare ua pensione a dondzi vetzu<br />
<br />
'The government should give a pension to every old person'<br />
<br />
==Lexical selection notes==<br />
*"At" is the third person singular present conjugation of aer, to have.<br />
*It can function as an auxiliary verb when paired with a past participle and thus should be translated as "has" in those cases (e.g. "John has left.").<br />
*When preceding "a" (i.e. "at a [infinitive verb]") it signals future tense: an event will happen, has yet to occur, so it would translate as "has" or "will."<br />
*Another possibility for lexical selection is pro/a/de all translating to "to."<br />
*Make sure "una" in example sentence translates to "a" in English without the hashtag, i.e. get rid of the feminine tag that maps over from the "una" analysis to the English "a" which does not have the feminine tag.<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=21323Sardinian and English2023-04-20T14:38:16Z<p>Rlim2: /* 10 sentences glosses and outputs */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 260<br />
Coverage: 86.92%<br />
*coverage of bilingual transducer on srd.sentences <br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 265<br />
Coverage: 52.08%<br />
<br />
==10 sentences glosses and outputs==<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|Sardinian sentence || intended English translation || output of srd-eng-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode || output of srd-eng (full translation) mode<br />
|-<br />
|1) Su sardu est una limba antica. || Sardinian is an ancient language. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|2) Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu. || To read the article click on this link. || ^Pro<pr>/To<pr>$ ^*bider/*bider$ ^su<det><def><mf><sg>/the<det><def><mf><sg>$ ^artìculu<n><m><sg>/article<n><sg>$ ^sighire<vblex><inf>/click<vblex><inf>$ ^*custu/*custu$ ^*culligamentu/*culligamentu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ || []<br />
|-<br />
|3) Su trenu sinke fit andande. || The train was leaving. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*sinke/*sinke$ ^*fit/*fit$ ^*andande/*andande$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|4) Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke. || The train will arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|5) Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke. || The train is supposed to arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*devet/*devet$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|6) T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke. || I told you that the train would arrive at ten. || ^*T/*T$'^*appo/*appo$ ^*natu/*natu$ ^*ki/*ki$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*diat/*diat$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|7) No'isco si at a próere cras. || I do not know if it will rain tomorrow. || ^*No/*No$'^*isco/*isco$ ^si<cnjsub>/if<cnjsub>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^*próere/*próere$ ^cras<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|8) Una de sas berbekes est maláida. || One of the sheep is sick. || ^Unu<det><ind><f><sg>/A<det><ind><f><sg>$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*berbekes/*berbekes$ ^*est/*est$ ^*maláida/*maláida$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|9) Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos. || I have lost two of my books. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|10) M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove. || They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine. || [] || []<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || they are || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || we have || <v><pl1><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to/at || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|testu || text || <n><br />
|-<br />
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)<br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|novas || new || <adj><pl><br />
|-<br />
|noas || data || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)<br />
|-<br />
|bider || to read || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sighire || click on || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|intrare || enter || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|desizadu || desired || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|trenu || train || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sinke || [null] || <foc><br />
|-<br />
|fit || was || <v><p><imp><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|andande || leaving || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|at || it will || <><br />
|-<br />
|sas || the || <det> <br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <n><br />
|-<br />
|devet || should || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|appo || I have || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|natu || told || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|próere || to rain || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|arrivare || to arrive || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|isco || I know || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|si || if || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|ki || that || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|cras || tomorrow || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|meos || my || <pos><br />
|-<br />
|andatos || gone || <adj><pl><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girls are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo mandicatu casu<br />
<br />
'I ate cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura est toddende frores <br />
<br />
'Laura is picking flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
De frores non nd'appo tódditu<br />
<br />
'I did not pick any flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'amus comporatu pane<br />
<br />
'We did not buy bread'<br />
<br />
<br />
Mandico sa pasta kin casu<br />
<br />
'I ate pasta with cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu<br />
<br />
'Three mice at all the cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
semus ponnende vinu in ampullas<br />
<br />
'We are putting wine in bottles'<br />
<br />
<br />
lettu meu esr<br />
<br />
'It is my bed'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'appo lessu libru perunu<br />
<br />
'i did not read any book'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos<br />
<br />
'The people who stole the money will be punished'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo invitat sos de Juanne <br />
<br />
'I invited Jon's family'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussa pinna est sa mea<br />
<br />
'That pen is mine'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne<br />
<br />
'That car is John's'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custa ricca at datu mili francos a su vetzu<br />
<br />
'This rich woman gave a thousand lira to the old man'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su guvernu devíat dare ua pensione a dondzi vetzu<br />
<br />
'The government should give a pension to every old person'<br />
<br />
==Lexical selection notes==<br />
*"At" is the third person singular present conjugation of aer, to have.<br />
*It can function as an auxiliary verb when paired with a past participle and thus should be translated as "has" in those cases (e.g. "John has left.").<br />
*When preceding "a" (i.e. "at a [infinitive verb]") it signals future tense: an event will happen, has yet to occur, so it would translate as "has" or "will."<br />
<br />
*Another possibility for lexical selection is pro/a/de all translating to "to." <br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=21322Sardinian and English2023-04-20T14:37:37Z<p>Rlim2: /* 10 sentences glosses and outputs */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 260<br />
Coverage: 86.92%<br />
*coverage of bilingual transducer on srd.sentences <br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 265<br />
Coverage: 52.08%<br />
<br />
==10 sentences glosses and outputs==<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|Sardinian sentence || intended English translation || output of srd-eng-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode || output of srd-eng (full translation) mode<br />
|-<br />
|1) Su sardu est una limba antica. || Sardinian is an ancient language. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|2) Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu. || To read the article click on this link. || ^Pro<pr>/To<pr>$ ^*bider/*bider$ ^su<det><def><mf><sg>/the<det><def><mf><sg>$ ^artìculu<n><m><sg>/article<n><sg>$ ^sighire<vblex><inf>/click<vblex><inf>$ ^*custu/*custu$ ^*culligamentu/*culligamentu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ || []<br />
|-<br />
|3) Su trenu sinke fit andande. || The train was leaving. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*sinke/*sinke$ ^*fit/*fit$ ^*andande/*andande$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|4) Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke. || The train will arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|5) Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke. || The train is supposed to arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*devet/*devet$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|6) T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke. || I told you that the train would arrive at ten. || ^*T/*T$'^*appo/*appo$ ^*natu/*natu$ ^*ki/*ki$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*diat/*diat$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|7) No'isco si at a próere cras. || I do not know if it will rain tomorrow. || ^*No/*No$'^*isco/*isco$ ^si<cnjsub>/if<cnjsub>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^*próere/*próere$ ^cras<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|8) Una de sas berbekes est maláida. || One of the sheep is sick. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|9) Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos. || I have lost two of my books. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|10) M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove. || They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine. || [] || []<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || they are || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || we have || <v><pl1><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to/at || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|testu || text || <n><br />
|-<br />
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)<br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|novas || new || <adj><pl><br />
|-<br />
|noas || data || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)<br />
|-<br />
|bider || to read || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sighire || click on || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|intrare || enter || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|desizadu || desired || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|trenu || train || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sinke || [null] || <foc><br />
|-<br />
|fit || was || <v><p><imp><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|andande || leaving || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|at || it will || <><br />
|-<br />
|sas || the || <det> <br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <n><br />
|-<br />
|devet || should || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|appo || I have || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|natu || told || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|próere || to rain || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|arrivare || to arrive || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|isco || I know || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|si || if || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|ki || that || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|cras || tomorrow || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|meos || my || <pos><br />
|-<br />
|andatos || gone || <adj><pl><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girls are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo mandicatu casu<br />
<br />
'I ate cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura est toddende frores <br />
<br />
'Laura is picking flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
De frores non nd'appo tódditu<br />
<br />
'I did not pick any flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'amus comporatu pane<br />
<br />
'We did not buy bread'<br />
<br />
<br />
Mandico sa pasta kin casu<br />
<br />
'I ate pasta with cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu<br />
<br />
'Three mice at all the cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
semus ponnende vinu in ampullas<br />
<br />
'We are putting wine in bottles'<br />
<br />
<br />
lettu meu esr<br />
<br />
'It is my bed'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'appo lessu libru perunu<br />
<br />
'i did not read any book'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos<br />
<br />
'The people who stole the money will be punished'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo invitat sos de Juanne <br />
<br />
'I invited Jon's family'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussa pinna est sa mea<br />
<br />
'That pen is mine'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne<br />
<br />
'That car is John's'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custa ricca at datu mili francos a su vetzu<br />
<br />
'This rich woman gave a thousand lira to the old man'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su guvernu devíat dare ua pensione a dondzi vetzu<br />
<br />
'The government should give a pension to every old person'<br />
<br />
==Lexical selection notes==<br />
*"At" is the third person singular present conjugation of aer, to have.<br />
*It can function as an auxiliary verb when paired with a past participle and thus should be translated as "has" in those cases (e.g. "John has left.").<br />
*When preceding "a" (i.e. "at a [infinitive verb]") it signals future tense: an event will happen, has yet to occur, so it would translate as "has" or "will."<br />
<br />
*Another possibility for lexical selection is pro/a/de all translating to "to." <br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=21320Sardinian and English2023-04-20T14:36:47Z<p>Rlim2: /* 10 sentences glosses and outputs */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 260<br />
Coverage: 86.92%<br />
*coverage of bilingual transducer on srd.sentences <br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 265<br />
Coverage: 52.08%<br />
<br />
==10 sentences glosses and outputs==<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|Sardinian sentence || intended English translation || output of srd-eng-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode || output of srd-eng (full translation) mode<br />
|-<br />
|1) Su sardu est una limba antica. || Sardinian is an ancient language. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|2) Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu. || To read the article click on this link. || ^Pro<pr>/To<pr>$ ^*bider/*bider$ ^su<det><def><mf><sg>/the<det><def><mf><sg>$ ^artìculu<n><m><sg>/article<n><sg>$ ^sighire<vblex><inf>/click<vblex><inf>$ ^*custu/*custu$ ^*culligamentu/*culligamentu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ || []<br />
|-<br />
|3) Su trenu sinke fit andande. || The train was leaving. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*sinke/*sinke$ ^*fit/*fit$ ^*andande/*andande$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|4) Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke. || The train will arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|5) Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke. || The train is supposed to arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*devet/*devet$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|6) T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke. || I told you that the train would arrive at ten. || ^*T/*T$'^*appo/*appo$ ^*natu/*natu$ ^*ki/*ki$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*diat/*diat$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|7) No'isco si at a próere cras. || I do not know if it will rain tomorrow. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|8) Una de sas berbekes est maláida. || One of the sheep is sick. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|9) Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos. || I have lost two of my books. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|10) M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove. || They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine. || [] || []<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || they are || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || we have || <v><pl1><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to/at || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|testu || text || <n><br />
|-<br />
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)<br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|novas || new || <adj><pl><br />
|-<br />
|noas || data || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)<br />
|-<br />
|bider || to read || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sighire || click on || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|intrare || enter || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|desizadu || desired || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|trenu || train || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sinke || [null] || <foc><br />
|-<br />
|fit || was || <v><p><imp><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|andande || leaving || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|at || it will || <><br />
|-<br />
|sas || the || <det> <br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <n><br />
|-<br />
|devet || should || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|appo || I have || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|natu || told || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|próere || to rain || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|arrivare || to arrive || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|isco || I know || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|si || if || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|ki || that || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|cras || tomorrow || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|meos || my || <pos><br />
|-<br />
|andatos || gone || <adj><pl><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girls are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo mandicatu casu<br />
<br />
'I ate cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura est toddende frores <br />
<br />
'Laura is picking flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
De frores non nd'appo tódditu<br />
<br />
'I did not pick any flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'amus comporatu pane<br />
<br />
'We did not buy bread'<br />
<br />
<br />
Mandico sa pasta kin casu<br />
<br />
'I ate pasta with cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu<br />
<br />
'Three mice at all the cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
semus ponnende vinu in ampullas<br />
<br />
'We are putting wine in bottles'<br />
<br />
<br />
lettu meu esr<br />
<br />
'It is my bed'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'appo lessu libru perunu<br />
<br />
'i did not read any book'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos<br />
<br />
'The people who stole the money will be punished'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo invitat sos de Juanne <br />
<br />
'I invited Jon's family'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussa pinna est sa mea<br />
<br />
'That pen is mine'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne<br />
<br />
'That car is John's'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custa ricca at datu mili francos a su vetzu<br />
<br />
'This rich woman gave a thousand lira to the old man'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su guvernu devíat dare ua pensione a dondzi vetzu<br />
<br />
'The government should give a pension to every old person'<br />
<br />
==Lexical selection notes==<br />
*"At" is the third person singular present conjugation of aer, to have.<br />
*It can function as an auxiliary verb when paired with a past participle and thus should be translated as "has" in those cases (e.g. "John has left.").<br />
*When preceding "a" (i.e. "at a [infinitive verb]") it signals future tense: an event will happen, has yet to occur, so it would translate as "has" or "will."<br />
<br />
*Another possibility for lexical selection is pro/a/de all translating to "to." <br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=21318Sardinian and English2023-04-20T14:36:03Z<p>Rlim2: /* 10 sentences glosses and outputs */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 260<br />
Coverage: 86.92%<br />
*coverage of bilingual transducer on srd.sentences <br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 265<br />
Coverage: 52.08%<br />
<br />
==10 sentences glosses and outputs==<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|Sardinian sentence || intended English translation || output of srd-eng-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode || output of srd-eng (full translation) mode<br />
|-<br />
|1) Su sardu est una limba antica. || Sardinian is an ancient language. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|2) Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu. || To read the article click on this link. || ^Pro<pr>/To<pr>$ ^*bider/*bider$ ^su<det><def><mf><sg>/the<det><def><mf><sg>$ ^artìculu<n><m><sg>/article<n><sg>$ ^sighire<vblex><inf>/click<vblex><inf>$ ^*custu/*custu$ ^*culligamentu/*culligamentu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ || []<br />
|-<br />
|3) Su trenu sinke fit andande. || The train was leaving. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*sinke/*sinke$ ^*fit/*fit$ ^*andande/*andande$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|4) Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke. || The train will arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|5) Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke. || The train is supposed to arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*devet/*devet$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|6) T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke. || I told you that the train would arrive at ten. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|7) No'isco si at a próere cras. || I do not know if it will rain tomorrow. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|8) Una de sas berbekes est maláida. || One of the sheep is sick. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|9) Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos. || I have lost two of my books. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|10) M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove. || They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine. || [] || []<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || they are || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || we have || <v><pl1><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to/at || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|testu || text || <n><br />
|-<br />
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)<br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|novas || new || <adj><pl><br />
|-<br />
|noas || data || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)<br />
|-<br />
|bider || to read || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sighire || click on || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|intrare || enter || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|desizadu || desired || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|trenu || train || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sinke || [null] || <foc><br />
|-<br />
|fit || was || <v><p><imp><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|andande || leaving || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|at || it will || <><br />
|-<br />
|sas || the || <det> <br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <n><br />
|-<br />
|devet || should || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|appo || I have || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|natu || told || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|próere || to rain || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|arrivare || to arrive || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|isco || I know || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|si || if || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|ki || that || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|cras || tomorrow || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|meos || my || <pos><br />
|-<br />
|andatos || gone || <adj><pl><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girls are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo mandicatu casu<br />
<br />
'I ate cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura est toddende frores <br />
<br />
'Laura is picking flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
De frores non nd'appo tódditu<br />
<br />
'I did not pick any flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'amus comporatu pane<br />
<br />
'We did not buy bread'<br />
<br />
<br />
Mandico sa pasta kin casu<br />
<br />
'I ate pasta with cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu<br />
<br />
'Three mice at all the cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
semus ponnende vinu in ampullas<br />
<br />
'We are putting wine in bottles'<br />
<br />
<br />
lettu meu esr<br />
<br />
'It is my bed'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'appo lessu libru perunu<br />
<br />
'i did not read any book'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos<br />
<br />
'The people who stole the money will be punished'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo invitat sos de Juanne <br />
<br />
'I invited Jon's family'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussa pinna est sa mea<br />
<br />
'That pen is mine'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne<br />
<br />
'That car is John's'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custa ricca at datu mili francos a su vetzu<br />
<br />
'This rich woman gave a thousand lira to the old man'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su guvernu devíat dare ua pensione a dondzi vetzu<br />
<br />
'The government should give a pension to every old person'<br />
<br />
==Lexical selection notes==<br />
*"At" is the third person singular present conjugation of aer, to have.<br />
*It can function as an auxiliary verb when paired with a past participle and thus should be translated as "has" in those cases (e.g. "John has left.").<br />
*When preceding "a" (i.e. "at a [infinitive verb]") it signals future tense: an event will happen, has yet to occur, so it would translate as "has" or "will."<br />
<br />
*Another possibility for lexical selection is pro/a/de all translating to "to." <br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=21316Sardinian and English2023-04-20T14:35:32Z<p>Rlim2: /* 10 sentences glosses and outputs */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 260<br />
Coverage: 86.92%<br />
*coverage of bilingual transducer on srd.sentences <br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 265<br />
Coverage: 52.08%<br />
<br />
==10 sentences glosses and outputs==<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|Sardinian sentence || intended English translation || output of srd-eng-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode || output of srd-eng (full translation) mode<br />
|-<br />
|1) Su sardu est una limba antica. || Sardinian is an ancient language. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|2) Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu. || To read the article click on this link. || ^Pro<pr>/To<pr>$ ^*bider/*bider$ ^su<det><def><mf><sg>/the<det><def><mf><sg>$ ^artìculu<n><m><sg>/article<n><sg>$ ^sighire<vblex><inf>/click<vblex><inf>$ ^*custu/*custu$ ^*culligamentu/*culligamentu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ || []<br />
|-<br />
|3) Su trenu sinke fit andande. || The train was leaving. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*sinke/*sinke$ ^*fit/*fit$ ^*andande/*andande$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|4) Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke. || The train will arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|5) Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke. || The train is supposed to arrive at ten. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|6) T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke. || I told you that the train would arrive at ten. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|7) No'isco si at a próere cras. || I do not know if it will rain tomorrow. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|8) Una de sas berbekes est maláida. || One of the sheep is sick. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|9) Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos. || I have lost two of my books. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|10) M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove. || They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine. || [] || []<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || they are || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || we have || <v><pl1><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to/at || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|testu || text || <n><br />
|-<br />
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)<br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|novas || new || <adj><pl><br />
|-<br />
|noas || data || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)<br />
|-<br />
|bider || to read || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sighire || click on || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|intrare || enter || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|desizadu || desired || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|trenu || train || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sinke || [null] || <foc><br />
|-<br />
|fit || was || <v><p><imp><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|andande || leaving || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|at || it will || <><br />
|-<br />
|sas || the || <det> <br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <n><br />
|-<br />
|devet || should || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|appo || I have || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|natu || told || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|próere || to rain || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|arrivare || to arrive || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|isco || I know || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|si || if || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|ki || that || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|cras || tomorrow || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|meos || my || <pos><br />
|-<br />
|andatos || gone || <adj><pl><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girls are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo mandicatu casu<br />
<br />
'I ate cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura est toddende frores <br />
<br />
'Laura is picking flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
De frores non nd'appo tódditu<br />
<br />
'I did not pick any flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'amus comporatu pane<br />
<br />
'We did not buy bread'<br />
<br />
<br />
Mandico sa pasta kin casu<br />
<br />
'I ate pasta with cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu<br />
<br />
'Three mice at all the cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
semus ponnende vinu in ampullas<br />
<br />
'We are putting wine in bottles'<br />
<br />
<br />
lettu meu esr<br />
<br />
'It is my bed'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'appo lessu libru perunu<br />
<br />
'i did not read any book'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos<br />
<br />
'The people who stole the money will be punished'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo invitat sos de Juanne <br />
<br />
'I invited Jon's family'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussa pinna est sa mea<br />
<br />
'That pen is mine'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne<br />
<br />
'That car is John's'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custa ricca at datu mili francos a su vetzu<br />
<br />
'This rich woman gave a thousand lira to the old man'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su guvernu devíat dare ua pensione a dondzi vetzu<br />
<br />
'The government should give a pension to every old person'<br />
<br />
==Lexical selection notes==<br />
*"At" is the third person singular present conjugation of aer, to have.<br />
*It can function as an auxiliary verb when paired with a past participle and thus should be translated as "has" in those cases (e.g. "John has left.").<br />
*When preceding "a" (i.e. "at a [infinitive verb]") it signals future tense: an event will happen, has yet to occur, so it would translate as "has" or "will."<br />
<br />
*Another possibility for lexical selection is pro/a/de all translating to "to." <br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=21312Sardinian and English2023-04-20T14:34:49Z<p>Rlim2: /* 10 sentences glosses and outputs */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 260<br />
Coverage: 86.92%<br />
*coverage of bilingual transducer on srd.sentences <br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 265<br />
Coverage: 52.08%<br />
<br />
==10 sentences glosses and outputs==<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|Sardinian sentence || intended English translation || output of srd-eng-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode || output of srd-eng (full translation) mode<br />
|-<br />
|1) Su sardu est una limba antica. || Sardinian is an ancient language. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|2) Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu. || To read the article click on this link. || ^Pro<pr>/To<pr>$ ^*bider/*bider$ ^su<det><def><mf><sg>/the<det><def><mf><sg>$ ^artìculu<n><m><sg>/article<n><sg>$ ^sighire<vblex><inf>/click<vblex><inf>$ ^*custu/*custu$ ^*culligamentu/*culligamentu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ || []<br />
|-<br />
|3) Su trenu sinke fit andande. || The train was leaving. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*sinke/*sinke$ ^*fit/*fit$ ^*andande/*andande$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
|| []<br />
|-<br />
|4) Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke. || The train will arrive at ten. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|5) Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke. || The train is supposed to arrive at ten. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|6) T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke. || I told you that the train would arrive at ten. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|7) No'isco si at a próere cras. || I do not know if it will rain tomorrow. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|8) Una de sas berbekes est maláida. || One of the sheep is sick. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|9) Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos. || I have lost two of my books. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|10) M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove. || They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine. || [] || []<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || they are || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || we have || <v><pl1><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to/at || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|testu || text || <n><br />
|-<br />
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)<br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|novas || new || <adj><pl><br />
|-<br />
|noas || data || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)<br />
|-<br />
|bider || to read || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sighire || click on || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|intrare || enter || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|desizadu || desired || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|trenu || train || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sinke || [null] || <foc><br />
|-<br />
|fit || was || <v><p><imp><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|andande || leaving || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|at || it will || <><br />
|-<br />
|sas || the || <det> <br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <n><br />
|-<br />
|devet || should || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|appo || I have || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|natu || told || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|próere || to rain || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|arrivare || to arrive || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|isco || I know || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|si || if || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|ki || that || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|cras || tomorrow || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|meos || my || <pos><br />
|-<br />
|andatos || gone || <adj><pl><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girls are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo mandicatu casu<br />
<br />
'I ate cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura est toddende frores <br />
<br />
'Laura is picking flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
De frores non nd'appo tódditu<br />
<br />
'I did not pick any flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'amus comporatu pane<br />
<br />
'We did not buy bread'<br />
<br />
<br />
Mandico sa pasta kin casu<br />
<br />
'I ate pasta with cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu<br />
<br />
'Three mice at all the cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
semus ponnende vinu in ampullas<br />
<br />
'We are putting wine in bottles'<br />
<br />
<br />
lettu meu esr<br />
<br />
'It is my bed'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'appo lessu libru perunu<br />
<br />
'i did not read any book'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos<br />
<br />
'The people who stole the money will be punished'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo invitat sos de Juanne <br />
<br />
'I invited Jon's family'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussa pinna est sa mea<br />
<br />
'That pen is mine'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne<br />
<br />
'That car is John's'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custa ricca at datu mili francos a su vetzu<br />
<br />
'This rich woman gave a thousand lira to the old man'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su guvernu devíat dare ua pensione a dondzi vetzu<br />
<br />
'The government should give a pension to every old person'<br />
<br />
==Lexical selection notes==<br />
*"At" is the third person singular present conjugation of aer, to have.<br />
*It can function as an auxiliary verb when paired with a past participle and thus should be translated as "has" in those cases (e.g. "John has left.").<br />
*When preceding "a" (i.e. "at a [infinitive verb]") it signals future tense: an event will happen, has yet to occur, so it would translate as "has" or "will."<br />
<br />
*Another possibility for lexical selection is pro/a/de all translating to "to." <br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=21310Sardinian and English2023-04-20T14:34:03Z<p>Rlim2: /* 10 sentences glosses and outputs */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 260<br />
Coverage: 86.92%<br />
*coverage of bilingual transducer on srd.sentences <br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 265<br />
Coverage: 52.08%<br />
<br />
==10 sentences glosses and outputs==<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|Sardinian sentence || intended English translation || output of srd-eng-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode || output of srd-eng (full translation) mode<br />
|-<br />
|1) Su sardu est una limba antica. || Sardinian is an ancient language. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|2) Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu. || To read the article click on this link. || ^Pro<pr>/To<pr>$ ^*bider/*bider$ ^su<det><def><mf><sg>/the<det><def><mf><sg>$ ^artìculu<n><m><sg>/article<n><sg>$ ^sighire<vblex><inf>/click<vblex><inf>$ ^*custu/*custu$ ^*culligamentu/*culligamentu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ || []<br />
|-<br />
|3) Su trenu sinke fit andande. || The train was leaving. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|4) Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke. || The train will arrive at ten. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|5) Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke. || The train is supposed to arrive at ten. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|6) T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke. || I told you that the train would arrive at ten. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|7) No'isco si at a próere cras. || I do not know if it will rain tomorrow. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|8) Una de sas berbekes est maláida. || One of the sheep is sick. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|9) Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos. || I have lost two of my books. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|10) M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove. || They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine. || [] || []<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || they are || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || we have || <v><pl1><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to/at || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|testu || text || <n><br />
|-<br />
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)<br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|novas || new || <adj><pl><br />
|-<br />
|noas || data || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)<br />
|-<br />
|bider || to read || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sighire || click on || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|intrare || enter || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|desizadu || desired || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|trenu || train || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sinke || [null] || <foc><br />
|-<br />
|fit || was || <v><p><imp><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|andande || leaving || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|at || it will || <><br />
|-<br />
|sas || the || <det> <br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <n><br />
|-<br />
|devet || should || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|appo || I have || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|natu || told || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|próere || to rain || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|arrivare || to arrive || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|isco || I know || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|si || if || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|ki || that || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|cras || tomorrow || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|meos || my || <pos><br />
|-<br />
|andatos || gone || <adj><pl><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girls are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo mandicatu casu<br />
<br />
'I ate cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura est toddende frores <br />
<br />
'Laura is picking flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
De frores non nd'appo tódditu<br />
<br />
'I did not pick any flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'amus comporatu pane<br />
<br />
'We did not buy bread'<br />
<br />
<br />
Mandico sa pasta kin casu<br />
<br />
'I ate pasta with cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu<br />
<br />
'Three mice at all the cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
semus ponnende vinu in ampullas<br />
<br />
'We are putting wine in bottles'<br />
<br />
<br />
lettu meu esr<br />
<br />
'It is my bed'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'appo lessu libru perunu<br />
<br />
'i did not read any book'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos<br />
<br />
'The people who stole the money will be punished'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo invitat sos de Juanne <br />
<br />
'I invited Jon's family'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussa pinna est sa mea<br />
<br />
'That pen is mine'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne<br />
<br />
'That car is John's'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custa ricca at datu mili francos a su vetzu<br />
<br />
'This rich woman gave a thousand lira to the old man'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su guvernu devíat dare ua pensione a dondzi vetzu<br />
<br />
'The government should give a pension to every old person'<br />
<br />
==Lexical selection notes==<br />
*"At" is the third person singular present conjugation of aer, to have.<br />
*It can function as an auxiliary verb when paired with a past participle and thus should be translated as "has" in those cases (e.g. "John has left.").<br />
*When preceding "a" (i.e. "at a [infinitive verb]") it signals future tense: an event will happen, has yet to occur, so it would translate as "has" or "will."<br />
<br />
*Another possibility for lexical selection is pro/a/de all translating to "to." <br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=21309Sardinian and English2023-04-20T14:33:51Z<p>Rlim2: /* 10 sentences glosses and outputs */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 260<br />
Coverage: 86.92%<br />
*coverage of bilingual transducer on srd.sentences <br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 265<br />
Coverage: 52.08%<br />
<br />
==10 sentences glosses and outputs==<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|Sardinian sentence || intended English translation || output of srd-eng-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode || output of srd-eng (full translation) mode<br />
|-<br />
|1) Su sardu est una limba antica. || Sardinian is an ancient language. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|2) Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu. || To read the article click on this link. || [^Pro<pr>/To<pr>$ ^*bider/*bider$ ^su<det><def><mf><sg>/the<det><def><mf><sg>$ ^artìculu<n><m><sg>/article<n><sg>$ ^sighire<vblex><inf>/click<vblex><inf>$ ^*custu/*custu$ ^*culligamentu/*culligamentu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$] || []<br />
|-<br />
|3) Su trenu sinke fit andande. || The train was leaving. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|4) Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke. || The train will arrive at ten. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|5) Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke. || The train is supposed to arrive at ten. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|6) T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke. || I told you that the train would arrive at ten. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|7) No'isco si at a próere cras. || I do not know if it will rain tomorrow. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|8) Una de sas berbekes est maláida. || One of the sheep is sick. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|9) Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos. || I have lost two of my books. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|10) M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove. || They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine. || [] || []<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || they are || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || we have || <v><pl1><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to/at || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|testu || text || <n><br />
|-<br />
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)<br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|novas || new || <adj><pl><br />
|-<br />
|noas || data || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)<br />
|-<br />
|bider || to read || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sighire || click on || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|intrare || enter || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|desizadu || desired || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|trenu || train || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sinke || [null] || <foc><br />
|-<br />
|fit || was || <v><p><imp><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|andande || leaving || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|at || it will || <><br />
|-<br />
|sas || the || <det> <br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <n><br />
|-<br />
|devet || should || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|appo || I have || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|natu || told || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|próere || to rain || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|arrivare || to arrive || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|isco || I know || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|si || if || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|ki || that || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|cras || tomorrow || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|meos || my || <pos><br />
|-<br />
|andatos || gone || <adj><pl><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girls are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo mandicatu casu<br />
<br />
'I ate cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura est toddende frores <br />
<br />
'Laura is picking flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
De frores non nd'appo tódditu<br />
<br />
'I did not pick any flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'amus comporatu pane<br />
<br />
'We did not buy bread'<br />
<br />
<br />
Mandico sa pasta kin casu<br />
<br />
'I ate pasta with cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu<br />
<br />
'Three mice at all the cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
semus ponnende vinu in ampullas<br />
<br />
'We are putting wine in bottles'<br />
<br />
<br />
lettu meu esr<br />
<br />
'It is my bed'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'appo lessu libru perunu<br />
<br />
'i did not read any book'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos<br />
<br />
'The people who stole the money will be punished'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo invitat sos de Juanne <br />
<br />
'I invited Jon's family'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussa pinna est sa mea<br />
<br />
'That pen is mine'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne<br />
<br />
'That car is John's'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custa ricca at datu mili francos a su vetzu<br />
<br />
'This rich woman gave a thousand lira to the old man'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su guvernu devíat dare ua pensione a dondzi vetzu<br />
<br />
'The government should give a pension to every old person'<br />
<br />
==Lexical selection notes==<br />
*"At" is the third person singular present conjugation of aer, to have.<br />
*It can function as an auxiliary verb when paired with a past participle and thus should be translated as "has" in those cases (e.g. "John has left.").<br />
*When preceding "a" (i.e. "at a [infinitive verb]") it signals future tense: an event will happen, has yet to occur, so it would translate as "has" or "will."<br />
<br />
*Another possibility for lexical selection is pro/a/de all translating to "to." <br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=21307Sardinian and English2023-04-20T14:33:32Z<p>Rlim2: /* 10 sentences glosses and outputs */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 260<br />
Coverage: 86.92%<br />
*coverage of bilingual transducer on srd.sentences <br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 265<br />
Coverage: 52.08%<br />
<br />
==10 sentences glosses and outputs==<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|Sardinian sentence || intended English translation || output of srd-eng-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode || output of srd-eng (full translation) mode<br />
|-<br />
|1) Su sardu est una limba antica. || Sardinian is an ancient language. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|2) Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu. || To read the article click on this link. || [^Pro<pr>/To<pr>$ ^*bider/*bider$ ^su<det><def><mf><sg>/the<det><def><mf><sg>$ ^artìculu<n><m><sg>/article<n><sg>$ ^sighire<vblex><inf>/click<vblex><inf>$ ^*custu/*custu$ ^*culligamentu/*culligamentu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
] || []<br />
|-<br />
|3) Su trenu sinke fit andande. || The train was leaving. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|4) Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke. || The train will arrive at ten. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|5) Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke. || The train is supposed to arrive at ten. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|6) T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke. || I told you that the train would arrive at ten. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|7) No'isco si at a próere cras. || I do not know if it will rain tomorrow. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|8) Una de sas berbekes est maláida. || One of the sheep is sick. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|9) Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos. || I have lost two of my books. || [] || []<br />
|-<br />
|10) M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove. || They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine. || [] || []<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || they are || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || we have || <v><pl1><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to/at || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|testu || text || <n><br />
|-<br />
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)<br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|novas || new || <adj><pl><br />
|-<br />
|noas || data || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)<br />
|-<br />
|bider || to read || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sighire || click on || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|intrare || enter || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|desizadu || desired || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|trenu || train || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sinke || [null] || <foc><br />
|-<br />
|fit || was || <v><p><imp><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|andande || leaving || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|at || it will || <><br />
|-<br />
|sas || the || <det> <br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <n><br />
|-<br />
|devet || should || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|appo || I have || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|natu || told || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|próere || to rain || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|arrivare || to arrive || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|isco || I know || <v><sg1><br />
|-<br />
|si || if || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|ki || that || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|cras || tomorrow || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|meos || my || <pos><br />
|-<br />
|andatos || gone || <adj><pl><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girls are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo mandicatu casu<br />
<br />
'I ate cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura est toddende frores <br />
<br />
'Laura is picking flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
De frores non nd'appo tódditu<br />
<br />
'I did not pick any flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'amus comporatu pane<br />
<br />
'We did not buy bread'<br />
<br />
<br />
Mandico sa pasta kin casu<br />
<br />
'I ate pasta with cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu<br />
<br />
'Three mice at all the cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
semus ponnende vinu in ampullas<br />
<br />
'We are putting wine in bottles'<br />
<br />
<br />
lettu meu esr<br />
<br />
'It is my bed'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'appo lessu libru perunu<br />
<br />
'i did not read any book'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos<br />
<br />
'The people who stole the money will be punished'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo invitat sos de Juanne <br />
<br />
'I invited Jon's family'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussa pinna est sa mea<br />
<br />
'That pen is mine'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne<br />
<br />
'That car is John's'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custa ricca at datu mili francos a su vetzu<br />
<br />
'This rich woman gave a thousand lira to the old man'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su guvernu devíat dare ua pensione a dondzi vetzu<br />
<br />
'The government should give a pension to every old person'<br />
<br />
==Lexical selection notes==<br />
*"At" is the third person singular present conjugation of aer, to have.<br />
*It can function as an auxiliary verb when paired with a past participle and thus should be translated as "has" in those cases (e.g. "John has left.").<br />
*When preceding "a" (i.e. "at a [infinitive verb]") it signals future tense: an event will happen, has yet to occur, so it would translate as "has" or "will."<br />
<br />
*Another possibility for lexical selection is pro/a/de all translating to "to." <br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=20996Sardinian and English2023-04-09T19:59:23Z<p>Rlim2: /* expanding lexicon */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 187<br />
Coverage: 91.98%<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || to have || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ki/k'|| N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || to hold/to have || <v><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|testu || text || <n><br />
|-<br />
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)<br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|novas || new || <adj><pl><br />
|-<br />
|noas || data || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)<br />
|-<br />
|bider || to read || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sighire || click on || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|intrare || enter || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|desizadu || desired || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|trenu || train || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sinke || [null] || <foc><br />
|-<br />
|fit || was || <v><p><imp><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|andande || leaving || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|at || desired || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|arrivare || arrive || <v><br />
|-<br />
|sas || at || <pp><br />
|-<br />
|deke || ten o'clock || <n><br />
|-<br />
|devet || should || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
Remaining stems from sentences left to translate:<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke <br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras <br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida <br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos <br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girls are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo mandicatu casu<br />
<br />
'I ate cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura est toddende frores <br />
<br />
'Laura is picking flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
De frores non nd'appo tódditu<br />
<br />
'I did not pick any flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'amus comporatu pane<br />
<br />
'We did not buy bread'<br />
<br />
<br />
Mandico sa pasta kin casu<br />
<br />
'I ate pasta with cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu<br />
<br />
'Three mice at all the cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
semus ponnende vinu in ampullas<br />
<br />
'We are putting wine in bottles'<br />
<br />
<br />
lettu meu esr<br />
<br />
'It is my bed'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'appo lessu libru perunu<br />
<br />
'i did not read any book'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos<br />
<br />
'The people who stole the money will be punished'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo invitat sos de Juanne <br />
<br />
'I invited Jon's family'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussa pinna est sa mea<br />
<br />
'That pen is mine'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne<br />
<br />
'That car is John's'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custa ricca at datu mili francos a su vetzu<br />
<br />
'This rich woman gave a thousand lira to the old man'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su guvernu devíat dare ua pensione a dondzi vetzu<br />
<br />
'The government should give a pension to every old person'<br />
<br />
==Lexical selection notes==<br />
*"At" is the third person singular present conjugation of aer, to have.<br />
*It can function as an auxiliary verb when paired with a past participle and thus should be translated as "has" in those cases (e.g. "John has left.").<br />
*When preceding "a" (i.e. "at a [infinitive verb]") it signals future tense: an event will happen, has yet to occur, so it would translate as "has" or "will."<br />
<br />
*Another possibility for lexical selection is pro/a/de all translating to "to." <br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=20910Sardinian and English2023-04-06T14:52:04Z<p>Rlim2: /* glosses */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 187<br />
Coverage: 91.98%<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || to have || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ki/k'|| N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || to hold/to have || <v><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|testu || text || <n><br />
|-<br />
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)<br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|novas || new || <adj><pl><br />
|-<br />
|noas || data || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)<br />
|-<br />
|bider || to read || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sighire || click on || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|intrare || enter || <v><inf><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
Remaining stems from sentences left to translate:<br />
Pro intrare in sas rubricas inoghe a manca pressare subra a su tìtulu de s'argumentu desizadu.<br />
De su volùmene sos curadores ant ammanizadu una sìntesi chi ponzo a disponimentu in custu situ per chiesisiat chi lu cherzat abbaidare.<br />
In su matessi tempus, bogat a pizu sos fundadores de su fràigu de su cunventu e pro donniunu offerit un'ischeda istòrica e etimològica de sos sambenados issoro.<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande <br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke <br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke <br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke <br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras <br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida <br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos <br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girls are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo mandicatu casu<br />
<br />
'I ate cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura est toddende frores <br />
<br />
'Laura is picking flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
De frores non nd'appo tódditu<br />
<br />
'I did not pick any flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'amus comporatu pane<br />
<br />
'We did not buy bread'<br />
<br />
<br />
Mandico sa pasta kin casu<br />
<br />
'I ate pasta with cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu<br />
<br />
'Three mice at all the cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
semus ponnende vinu in ampullas<br />
<br />
'We are putting wine in bottles'<br />
<br />
<br />
lettu meu esr<br />
<br />
'It is my bed'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'appo lessu libru perunu<br />
<br />
'i did not read any book'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos<br />
<br />
'The people who stole the money will be punished'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo invitat sos de Juanne <br />
<br />
'I invited Jon's family'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussa pinna est sa mea<br />
<br />
'That pen is mine'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne<br />
<br />
'That car is John's'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custa ricca at datu mili francos a su vetzu<br />
<br />
'This rich woman gave a thousand lira to the old man'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su guvernu devíat dare ua pensione a dondzi vetzu<br />
<br />
'The government should give a pension to every old person'<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=20909Sardinian and English2023-04-06T14:50:26Z<p>Rlim2: /* glosses */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 187<br />
Coverage: 91.98%<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || to have || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ki/k'|| N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || to hold/to have || <v><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|testu || text || <n><br />
|-<br />
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)<br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|novas || new || <adj><pl><br />
|-<br />
|noas || data || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)<br />
|-<br />
|bider || to read || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sighire || click on || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|intrare || enter || <v><inf><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
Remaining stems from sentences left to translate:<br />
Pro intrare in sas rubricas inoghe a manca pressare subra a su tìtulu de s'argumentu desizadu.<br />
De su volùmene sos curadores ant ammanizadu una sìntesi chi ponzo a disponimentu in custu situ per chiesisiat chi lu cherzat abbaidare.<br />
In su matessi tempus, bogat a pizu sos fundadores de su fràigu de su cunventu e pro donniunu offerit un'ischeda istòrica e etimològica de sos sambenados issoro.<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande <br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke <br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke <br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke <br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras <br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida <br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos <br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girls are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo mandicatu casu<br />
<br />
'I ate cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura est toddende frores <br />
<br />
'Laura is picking flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
De frores non nd'appo tódditu<br />
<br />
'I did not pick any flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'amus comporatu pane<br />
<br />
'We did not buy bread'<br />
<br />
<br />
Mandico sa pasta kin casu<br />
<br />
'I ate pasta with cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu<br />
<br />
'Three mice at all the cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
semus ponnende vinu in ampullas<br />
<br />
'We are putting wine in bottles'<br />
<br />
<br />
lettu meu esr<br />
<br />
'It is my bed'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'appo lessu libru perunu<br />
<br />
'i did not read any book'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos<br />
<br />
'The people who stole the money will be punished'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo invitat sos de Juanne <br />
<br />
'I invited Jon's family'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussa pinna est sa mea<br />
<br />
'That pen is mine'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne<br />
<br />
'That car is John's'<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=20906Sardinian and English2023-04-06T14:49:05Z<p>Rlim2: /* glosses */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 187<br />
Coverage: 91.98%<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || to have || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ki/k'|| N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || to hold/to have || <v><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|testu || text || <n><br />
|-<br />
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)<br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|novas || new || <adj><pl><br />
|-<br />
|noas || data || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)<br />
|-<br />
|bider || to read || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|sighire || click on || <v><inf><br />
|-<br />
|intrare || enter || <v><inf><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
Remaining stems from sentences left to translate:<br />
Pro intrare in sas rubricas inoghe a manca pressare subra a su tìtulu de s'argumentu desizadu.<br />
De su volùmene sos curadores ant ammanizadu una sìntesi chi ponzo a disponimentu in custu situ per chiesisiat chi lu cherzat abbaidare.<br />
In su matessi tempus, bogat a pizu sos fundadores de su fràigu de su cunventu e pro donniunu offerit un'ischeda istòrica e etimològica de sos sambenados issoro.<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande <br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke <br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke <br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke <br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras <br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida <br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos <br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girld are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo mandicatu casu<br />
<br />
'I ate cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura est toddende frores <br />
<br />
'Laura is picking flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
De frores non nd'appo tódditu<br />
<br />
'I did not pick any flowers'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'amus comporatu pane<br />
<br />
'We did not buy bread'<br />
<br />
<br />
Mandico sa pasta kin casu<br />
<br />
'I ate pasta with cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu<br />
<br />
'Three mice at all the cheese'<br />
<br />
<br />
semus ponnende vinu in ampullas<br />
<br />
'We are putting wine in bottles'<br />
<br />
<br />
lettu meu esr<br />
<br />
'It is my bed'<br />
<br />
<br />
No'appo lessu libru perunu<br />
<br />
'i did not read any book'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos<br />
<br />
'The people who stole the money will be punished'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo invitat sos de Juanne <br />
<br />
'I invited Jon's family'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussa pinna est sa mea<br />
<br />
'That pen is mine'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne<br />
<br />
'That car is John's'<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=20900Sardinian and English2023-04-06T14:40:12Z<p>Rlim2: /* expanding lexicon */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 187<br />
Coverage: 91.98%<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || to have || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ki/k'|| N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || to hold/to have || <v><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
Remaining stems from sentences left to translate:<br />
Sende una chirca in andera, su testu diat poder aer mudonzos sincasu nd'esseren a pizu novas noas.<br />
Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu.<br />
Dae s'iscrittu si cumprendet bene meda chi sa comunidade teniat cussentzia de fagher parte de una natzione - sa natzione sarda - e reconnoschiat in Casteddu sa capitale de su Rennu mancari su centru de su podere esseret in sa corte de Torinu. <br />
Pro intrare in sas rubricas inoghe a manca pressare subra a su tìtulu de s'argumentu desizadu.<br />
De su volùmene sos curadores ant ammanizadu una sìntesi chi ponzo a disponimentu in custu situ per chiesisiat chi lu cherzat abbaidare.<br />
In su matessi tempus, bogat a pizu sos fundadores de su fràigu de su cunventu e pro donniunu offerit un'ischeda istòrica e etimològica de sos sambenados issoro.<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande <br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke <br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke <br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke <br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras <br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida <br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos <br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girld are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=20898Sardinian and English2023-04-06T14:39:50Z<p>Rlim2: /* expanding lexicon */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 187<br />
Coverage: 91.98%<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || to have || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ki/k'|| N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || to hold/to have || <v><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
Remaining stems from sentences left to translate:<br />
Sende una chirca in andera, su testu diat poder aer mudonzos sincasu nd'esseren a pizu novas noas.<br />
Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu.<br />
Dae s'iscrittu si cumprendet bene meda chi sa comunidade teniat cussentzia de fagher parte de una natzione - sa natzione sarda - e reconnoschiat in Casteddu sa capitale de su Rennu mancari su centru de su podere esseret in sa corte de Torinu. <br />
Pro intrare in sas rubricas inoghe a manca pressare subra a su tìtulu de s'argumentu desizadu.<br />
De su volùmene sos curadores ant ammanizadu una sìntesi chi ponzo a disponimentu in custu situ per chiesisiat chi lu cherzat abbaidare.<br />
In su matessi tempus, bogat a pizu sos fundadores de su fràigu de su cunventu e pro donniunu offerit un'ischeda istòrica e etimològica de sos sambenados issoro.<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande <br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke <br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke <br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke <br />
No'isco si at a próere cras <br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida <br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos <br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girld are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=20897Sardinian and English2023-04-06T14:39:01Z<p>Rlim2: /* glosses */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 187<br />
Coverage: 91.98%<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || to have || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ki/k'|| N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || to hold/to have || <v><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
Remaining stems from sentences left to translate:<br />
Sende una chirca in andera, su testu diat poder aer mudonzos sincasu nd'esseren a pizu novas noas.<br />
Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu.<br />
Dae s'iscrittu si cumprendet bene meda chi sa comunidade teniat cussentzia de fagher parte de una natzione - sa natzione sarda - e reconnoschiat in Casteddu sa capitale de su Rennu mancari su centru de su podere esseret in sa corte de Torinu. <br />
Pro intrare in sas rubricas inoghe a manca pressare subra a su tìtulu de s'argumentu desizadu.<br />
De su volùmene sos curadores ant ammanizadu una sìntesi chi ponzo a disponimentu in custu situ per chiesisiat chi lu cherzat abbaidare.<br />
In su matessi tempus, bogat a pizu sos fundadores de su fràigu de su cunventu e pro donniunu offerit un'ischeda istòrica e etimològica de sos sambenados issoro.<br />
<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girld are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
<br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=20895Sardinian and English2023-04-06T14:37:25Z<p>Rlim2: /* glosses */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 187<br />
Coverage: 91.98%<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || to have || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ki/k'|| N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || to hold/to have || <v><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
Remaining stems from sentences left to translate:<br />
Sende una chirca in andera, su testu diat poder aer mudonzos sincasu nd'esseren a pizu novas noas.<br />
Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu.<br />
Dae s'iscrittu si cumprendet bene meda chi sa comunidade teniat cussentzia de fagher parte de una natzione - sa natzione sarda - e reconnoschiat in Casteddu sa capitale de su Rennu mancari su centru de su podere esseret in sa corte de Torinu. <br />
Pro intrare in sas rubricas inoghe a manca pressare subra a su tìtulu de s'argumentu desizadu.<br />
De su volùmene sos curadores ant ammanizadu una sìntesi chi ponzo a disponimentu in custu situ per chiesisiat chi lu cherzat abbaidare.<br />
In su matessi tempus, bogat a pizu sos fundadores de su fràigu de su cunventu e pro donniunu offerit un'ischeda istòrica e etimològica de sos sambenados issoro.<br />
<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girld are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
Sun andatos a Frantza<br />
<br />
'they went to France'<br />
<br />
<br />
Est ghiratu dae Corsica<br />
<br />
'He returned from Corsica'<br />
<br />
<br />
Connnosco bene sa Frantza <br />
<br />
"i know France well'<br />
<br />
<br />
Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu<br />
'This book is written in German'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu<br />
'This word comes from Catalan'<br />
<br />
<br />
Su sardu est una limba antica <br />
'Sardinian is an ancient language'<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=20893Sardinian and English2023-04-06T14:33:55Z<p>Rlim2: /* glosses */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 187<br />
Coverage: 91.98%<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || to have || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ki/k'|| N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || to hold/to have || <v><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
Remaining stems from sentences left to translate:<br />
Sende una chirca in andera, su testu diat poder aer mudonzos sincasu nd'esseren a pizu novas noas.<br />
Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu.<br />
Dae s'iscrittu si cumprendet bene meda chi sa comunidade teniat cussentzia de fagher parte de una natzione - sa natzione sarda - e reconnoschiat in Casteddu sa capitale de su Rennu mancari su centru de su podere esseret in sa corte de Torinu. <br />
Pro intrare in sas rubricas inoghe a manca pressare subra a su tìtulu de s'argumentu desizadu.<br />
De su volùmene sos curadores ant ammanizadu una sìntesi chi ponzo a disponimentu in custu situ per chiesisiat chi lu cherzat abbaidare.<br />
In su matessi tempus, bogat a pizu sos fundadores de su fràigu de su cunventu e pro donniunu offerit un'ischeda istòrica e etimològica de sos sambenados issoro.<br />
<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Una de sas berbekes est maláida<br />
<br />
'one of the sheep is sick'<br />
<br />
<br />
Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos<br />
<br />
'I have lost two of my books'<br />
<br />
<br />
Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas<br />
<br />
'Many of these girld are pretty'<br />
<br />
<br />
Una pitzinna meta bella<br />
<br />
'a very beautiful girl'<br />
<br />
<br />
Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas <br />
<br />
'those two good girls'<br />
<br />
<br />
unu better cane bellu<br />
<br />
'a huge beautiful dog'<br />
<br />
<br />
un'átteru bette cane<br />
<br />
'another huge dog'<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&diff=20892Sardinian and English2023-04-06T14:30:03Z<p>Rlim2: /* glosses */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=<br />
<br />
<br />
==Developed Resources==<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].<br />
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]<br />
<br />
==srd → eng evaluation==<br />
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:<br />
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 187<br />
Coverage: 91.98%<br />
<br />
==expanding lexicon==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5<br />
|medas || many || <adj><br />
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit<br />
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl> <br />
|-<br />
|sun || to have || <v> <br />
|-<br />
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl><br />
|-<br />
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|sos/sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|piattos || plates || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|mesa || table || <n><sg><br />
|-<br />
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|problemas || problems || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det><br />
|-<br />
|ki/k'|| N/A || <cl><br />
|-<br />
|ube || where || <br />
|-<br />
|mortu || dead || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|tenimus || to hold/to have || <v><br />
|-<br />
|frores || flowers || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|danca || meadow || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ortu || orchard || <n><br />
|-<br />
|frade || brother || <n><br />
|-<br />
|fizza || daughter || <n><br />
|-<br />
|re || king || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ora || hour || <n><br />
|-<br />
|subra || above/on || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|a || to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|e || and || <conj><br />
|-<br />
|andamentu || evolution || <n><br />
|-<br />
|istòricu || historical || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|de || of/to || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sa || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|poesia || poetry || <n><br />
|-<br />
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)<br />
|-<br />
|in || in || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|sardu || Sardinian || <n><br />
|-<br />
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|non || not || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|ischit || known || <v><pp><br />
|-<br />
|meda || much || <adv><br />
|-<br />
|custu || this || <det><prox><br />
|-<br />
|artìculu || article || <n><br />
|-<br />
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3><br />
|-<br />
|bogare || to bring out || <v><br />
|-<br />
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])<br />
|-<br />
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|ammentu || memory || <n><br />
|-<br />
|ammentare || to remember || <v><br />
|-<br />
|documentados || documented || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive<br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|primas || first || <adj><br />
|-<br />
|tra || between || <prep><br />
|-<br />
|poetes || poets || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|cale || which || <prn><rel><br />
|-<br />
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural<br />
|-<br />
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl><br />
|-<br />
|su || the || <det><br />
|-<br />
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|sende || being || <v><ger><br />
|-<br />
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj><br />
|-<br />
|chirca || research || <n><br />
|-<br />
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
Remaining stems from sentences left to translate:<br />
Sende una chirca in andera, su testu diat poder aer mudonzos sincasu nd'esseren a pizu novas noas.<br />
Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu.<br />
Dae s'iscrittu si cumprendet bene meda chi sa comunidade teniat cussentzia de fagher parte de una natzione - sa natzione sarda - e reconnoschiat in Casteddu sa capitale de su Rennu mancari su centru de su podere esseret in sa corte de Torinu. <br />
Pro intrare in sas rubricas inoghe a manca pressare subra a su tìtulu de s'argumentu desizadu.<br />
De su volùmene sos curadores ant ammanizadu una sìntesi chi ponzo a disponimentu in custu situ per chiesisiat chi lu cherzat abbaidare.<br />
In su matessi tempus, bogat a pizu sos fundadores de su fràigu de su cunventu e pro donniunu offerit un'ischeda istòrica e etimològica de sos sambenados issoro.<br />
<br />
<br />
===glosses===<br />
<br />
Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat<br />
<br />
'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu sinke fit andande<br />
<br />
'The train was leaving"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke<br />
<br />
'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove<br />
<br />
'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras<br />
<br />
'It will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Devet próere cras<br />
<br />
'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare<br />
<br />
'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No'isco si at a próere cras<br />
<br />
'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'<br />
<br />
==External Resources==<br />
<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])<br />
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]<br />
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]<br />
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]<br />
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]<br />
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]<br />
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]<br />
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]<br />
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]<br />
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]<br />
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]</div>Rlim2