LING073 - User contributions [en]

Miskito and English

2021-05-23T07:20:21Z

Rvelasc1: /* Evaluations */

[[Category:Miskito]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]]

 Note: Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito Miskito] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English] 

==Developed Resources==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng Miq-Eng Lexican transfer repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq Miq transducer repo]
*[https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng apertium-eng repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng-corpus Corpus repo]

== Initial Miq → Eng Evaluation ==
===Corpus Coverage===
Monolingual coverage: 52 / 116 (~0.44827586206896551724)

Bilingual coverage: coverage: 37 / 118 (~0.31355932203389830508)

===Sentence Analysis===
====Sentence 1====
Yang wal wîna kalila piras
* Intended: I don’t eat meat and chicken.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^wal<post>/with<pr>$ ^wîna<n>/meat<n>$ ^kalila<n>/chicken<n>$ ^piaia<v><pres><neg>/eat<vblex><pres><neg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I with #meat #chicken #eat

====Sentence 2====
Yang siknis brisna mango.
* Intended: I’m allergic to mangos.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^siknis<n>/allergy<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p1>/have<vbhaver><pres><p1>$ ^mango<n>/mango<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I #allergy #have #mango

====Sentence 3====
Dia prais brisma cuartocana timia kumi?
* Intended: How much is a room?
** ^Dia<det><itg>/What<det><itg>$ ^prais<n>/cost<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p2>/have<vbhaver><pres><p2>$ ^cuartocana<n>/room<n>$ ^timia<n>/night<n>$ ^kumi<adj>/one<adj>$^?<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #What #cost #have #room #one #night?

====Sentence 4====
* Intended: Is there a place to sleep?
* Lexical transfer: *Manuapo *ansara #place *barsara *yapaya?
* Miskito: Manuapo ansara pleiski barsara yapaya?

====Sentence 5====
* Intended: Is there a place to wash clothes ?
* Lexical transfer: *Nara *pleis *kum *apo *cuala *tuskaya?
* Miskito: Nara pleis kum apo cuala tuskaya?

====Sentence 6====
* Intended: Tomorrow, I will stay at this lovely hotel.
* Lexical transfer: #I *yauhka *takash *keisna *naha *hotel *pain.
* Miskito: Yang yauhka takash keisna naha hotel pain.

====Sentence 7====
* Intended: Is there a place to rent bikes?
* Lexical transfer: *Pleeskum *barsekei *baisikil *rin *monaya?
* Miskito: Pleeskum barsekei baisikil rin monaya?

====Sentence 8====
* Intended: What are you doing tonight?
* Lexical transfer: *Dia *dow *keisma *na #night.
* Miskito: Dia dow keisma na timia.

====Sentence 9====
* Intended: What do you think of the government?
* Lexical transfer: #You *dia *lukisma *naho *gabament?
* Miskito: Man dia lukisma naho gabament?

====Sentence 10====
* Intended: Today is Friday.
* Lexical transfer: *Naiwa *lika *praidi.
* Miskito: Naiwa lika praidi.

==Final Evaluation==
===Additions===
* 200+ stems added
* 2 new lexical selection rules
** sangni
** taya
* 3 new disambiguation rules in miq transducer for possessive nouns/verbs and object pronouns
* 1 new transfer rule for possessive nouns
** Also debugged plural nouns transfer rule

===Evaluations===
*Precision: 100.00000%
*Recall: 87.00787%

* Coverage over large corpus
** ~70.08%
** Tokens in corpus: 13, 819
** Stems in Transducer: 344

====MT miq → eng====
Tests run on miq.longer.txt from our bilingual repo

* Word error rate (WER): 91.11 %
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 73.33 %
* Percentage of unknown words: 3.53 %

Trimmed coverage over miq.longer.txt
* coverage: 95 / 98 (~0.96938775510204081633)

====MT eng → miq====
Tests run on eng.longer.txt from our bilingual repo

* Word error rate (WER): 100.00 %
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.55 %
* Percentage of unknown words: 46.67 %

Trimmed coverage over eng.longer.txt
* coverage: 67 / 109 (~0.61467889908256880734)

Miskito and English

2021-05-22T06:01:27Z

Rvelasc1:

[[Category:Miskito]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]]

 Note: Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito Miskito] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English] 

==Developed Resources==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng Miq-Eng Lexican transfer repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq Miq transducer repo]
*[https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng apertium-eng repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng-corpus Corpus repo]

== Initial Miq → Eng Evaluation ==
===Corpus Coverage===
Monolingual coverage: 52 / 116 (~0.44827586206896551724)

Bilingual coverage: coverage: 37 / 118 (~0.31355932203389830508)

===Sentence Analysis===
====Sentence 1====
Yang wal wîna kalila piras
* Intended: I don’t eat meat and chicken.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^wal<post>/with<pr>$ ^wîna<n>/meat<n>$ ^kalila<n>/chicken<n>$ ^piaia<v><pres><neg>/eat<vblex><pres><neg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I with #meat #chicken #eat

====Sentence 2====
Yang siknis brisna mango.
* Intended: I’m allergic to mangos.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^siknis<n>/allergy<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p1>/have<vbhaver><pres><p1>$ ^mango<n>/mango<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I #allergy #have #mango

====Sentence 3====
Dia prais brisma cuartocana timia kumi?
* Intended: How much is a room?
** ^Dia<det><itg>/What<det><itg>$ ^prais<n>/cost<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p2>/have<vbhaver><pres><p2>$ ^cuartocana<n>/room<n>$ ^timia<n>/night<n>$ ^kumi<adj>/one<adj>$^?<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #What #cost #have #room #one #night?

====Sentence 4====
* Intended: Is there a place to sleep?
* Lexical transfer: *Manuapo *ansara #place *barsara *yapaya?
* Miskito: Manuapo ansara pleiski barsara yapaya?

====Sentence 5====
* Intended: Is there a place to wash clothes ?
* Lexical transfer: *Nara *pleis *kum *apo *cuala *tuskaya?
* Miskito: Nara pleis kum apo cuala tuskaya?

====Sentence 6====
* Intended: Tomorrow, I will stay at this lovely hotel.
* Lexical transfer: #I *yauhka *takash *keisna *naha *hotel *pain.
* Miskito: Yang yauhka takash keisna naha hotel pain.

====Sentence 7====
* Intended: Is there a place to rent bikes?
* Lexical transfer: *Pleeskum *barsekei *baisikil *rin *monaya?
* Miskito: Pleeskum barsekei baisikil rin monaya?

====Sentence 8====
* Intended: What are you doing tonight?
* Lexical transfer: *Dia *dow *keisma *na #night.
* Miskito: Dia dow keisma na timia.

====Sentence 9====
* Intended: What do you think of the government?
* Lexical transfer: #You *dia *lukisma *naho *gabament?
* Miskito: Man dia lukisma naho gabament?

====Sentence 10====
* Intended: Today is Friday.
* Lexical transfer: *Naiwa *lika *praidi.
* Miskito: Naiwa lika praidi.

==Final Evaluation==
===Additions===
* 200+ stems added
* 2 new lexical selection rules
** sangni
** taya
* 3 new disambiguation rules in miq transducer for possessive nouns/verbs and object pronouns
* 1 new transfer rule for possessive nouns
** Also debugged plural nouns transfer rule

===Evaluations===
* Precision and Recall
**annotated and raw .txt files included in ling073-miq-eng repo, but the precision recall test is not working

* Coverage over large corpus
** ~70.08%
** Tokens in corpus: 13, 819
** Stems in Transducer: 344

====MT miq → eng====
Tests run on miq.longer.txt from our bilingual repo

* Word error rate (WER): 91.11 %
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 73.33 %
* Percentage of unknown words: 3.53 %

Trimmed coverage over miq.longer.txt
* coverage: 95 / 98 (~0.96938775510204081633)

====MT eng → miq====
Tests run on eng.longer.txt from our bilingual repo

* Word error rate (WER): 100.00 %
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.55 %
* Percentage of unknown words: 46.67 %

Trimmed coverage over eng.longer.txt
* coverage: 67 / 109 (~0.61467889908256880734)

Miskito and English

2021-05-22T05:57:04Z

Rvelasc1: /* Evaluations */

[[Category:Miskito]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]]

 Note: Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito Miskito] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English] 
== Initial Miq → Eng Evaluation ==
===Corpus Coverage===
Monolingual coverage: 52 / 116 (~0.44827586206896551724)

Bilingual coverage: coverage: 37 / 118 (~0.31355932203389830508)

===Sentence Analysis===
====Sentence 1====
Yang wal wîna kalila piras
* Intended: I don’t eat meat and chicken.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^wal<post>/with<pr>$ ^wîna<n>/meat<n>$ ^kalila<n>/chicken<n>$ ^piaia<v><pres><neg>/eat<vblex><pres><neg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I with #meat #chicken #eat

====Sentence 2====
Yang siknis brisna mango.
* Intended: I’m allergic to mangos.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^siknis<n>/allergy<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p1>/have<vbhaver><pres><p1>$ ^mango<n>/mango<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I #allergy #have #mango

====Sentence 3====
Dia prais brisma cuartocana timia kumi?
* Intended: How much is a room?
** ^Dia<det><itg>/What<det><itg>$ ^prais<n>/cost<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p2>/have<vbhaver><pres><p2>$ ^cuartocana<n>/room<n>$ ^timia<n>/night<n>$ ^kumi<adj>/one<adj>$^?<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #What #cost #have #room #one #night?

====Sentence 4====
* Intended: Is there a place to sleep?
* Lexical transfer: *Manuapo *ansara #place *barsara *yapaya?
* Miskito: Manuapo ansara pleiski barsara yapaya?

====Sentence 5====
* Intended: Is there a place to wash clothes ?
* Lexical transfer: *Nara *pleis *kum *apo *cuala *tuskaya?
* Miskito: Nara pleis kum apo cuala tuskaya?

====Sentence 6====
* Intended: Tomorrow, I will stay at this lovely hotel.
* Lexical transfer: #I *yauhka *takash *keisna *naha *hotel *pain.
* Miskito: Yang yauhka takash keisna naha hotel pain.

====Sentence 7====
* Intended: Is there a place to rent bikes?
* Lexical transfer: *Pleeskum *barsekei *baisikil *rin *monaya?
* Miskito: Pleeskum barsekei baisikil rin monaya?

====Sentence 8====
* Intended: What are you doing tonight?
* Lexical transfer: *Dia *dow *keisma *na #night.
* Miskito: Dia dow keisma na timia.

====Sentence 9====
* Intended: What do you think of the government?
* Lexical transfer: #You *dia *lukisma *naho *gabament?
* Miskito: Man dia lukisma naho gabament?

====Sentence 10====
* Intended: Today is Friday.
* Lexical transfer: *Naiwa *lika *praidi.
* Miskito: Naiwa lika praidi.

==Final Evaluation==
===Additions===
* 200+ stems added
* 2 new lexical selection rules
** sangni
** taya
* 3 new disambiguation rules in miq transducer for possessive nouns/verbs and object pronouns
* 1 new transfer rule for possessive nouns
** Also debugged plural nouns transfer rule

===Evaluations===
* Precision and Recall
**annotated and raw .txt files included in ling073-miq-eng repo, but the precision recall test is not working

* Coverage over large corpus
** ~70.08%
** Tokens in corpus: 13, 819
** Stems in Transducer: 344

====MT miq → eng====
Tests run on miq.longer.txt from our bilingual repo

* Word error rate (WER): 91.11 %
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 73.33 %
* Percentage of unknown words: 3.53 %

Trimmed coverage over miq.longer.txt
* coverage: 95 / 98 (~0.96938775510204081633)

====MT eng → miq====
Tests run on eng.longer.txt from our bilingual repo

* Word error rate (WER): 100.00 %
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.55 %
* Percentage of unknown words: 46.67 %

Trimmed coverage over eng.longer.txt
* coverage: 67 / 109 (~0.61467889908256880734)

==Developed Resources==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng Miq-Eng Lexican transfer repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq Miq transducer repo]
*[https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng apertium-eng repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng-corpus Corpus repo]

Miskito and English

2021-05-22T05:55:34Z

Rvelasc1: /* Evaluations */

[[Category:Miskito]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]]

 Note: Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito Miskito] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English] 
== Initial Miq → Eng Evaluation ==
===Corpus Coverage===
Monolingual coverage: 52 / 116 (~0.44827586206896551724)

Bilingual coverage: coverage: 37 / 118 (~0.31355932203389830508)

===Sentence Analysis===
====Sentence 1====
Yang wal wîna kalila piras
* Intended: I don’t eat meat and chicken.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^wal<post>/with<pr>$ ^wîna<n>/meat<n>$ ^kalila<n>/chicken<n>$ ^piaia<v><pres><neg>/eat<vblex><pres><neg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I with #meat #chicken #eat

====Sentence 2====
Yang siknis brisna mango.
* Intended: I’m allergic to mangos.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^siknis<n>/allergy<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p1>/have<vbhaver><pres><p1>$ ^mango<n>/mango<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I #allergy #have #mango

====Sentence 3====
Dia prais brisma cuartocana timia kumi?
* Intended: How much is a room?
** ^Dia<det><itg>/What<det><itg>$ ^prais<n>/cost<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p2>/have<vbhaver><pres><p2>$ ^cuartocana<n>/room<n>$ ^timia<n>/night<n>$ ^kumi<adj>/one<adj>$^?<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #What #cost #have #room #one #night?

====Sentence 4====
* Intended: Is there a place to sleep?
* Lexical transfer: *Manuapo *ansara #place *barsara *yapaya?
* Miskito: Manuapo ansara pleiski barsara yapaya?

====Sentence 5====
* Intended: Is there a place to wash clothes ?
* Lexical transfer: *Nara *pleis *kum *apo *cuala *tuskaya?
* Miskito: Nara pleis kum apo cuala tuskaya?

====Sentence 6====
* Intended: Tomorrow, I will stay at this lovely hotel.
* Lexical transfer: #I *yauhka *takash *keisna *naha *hotel *pain.
* Miskito: Yang yauhka takash keisna naha hotel pain.

====Sentence 7====
* Intended: Is there a place to rent bikes?
* Lexical transfer: *Pleeskum *barsekei *baisikil *rin *monaya?
* Miskito: Pleeskum barsekei baisikil rin monaya?

====Sentence 8====
* Intended: What are you doing tonight?
* Lexical transfer: *Dia *dow *keisma *na #night.
* Miskito: Dia dow keisma na timia.

====Sentence 9====
* Intended: What do you think of the government?
* Lexical transfer: #You *dia *lukisma *naho *gabament?
* Miskito: Man dia lukisma naho gabament?

====Sentence 10====
* Intended: Today is Friday.
* Lexical transfer: *Naiwa *lika *praidi.
* Miskito: Naiwa lika praidi.

==Final Evaluation==
===Additions===
* 200+ stems added
* 2 new lexical selection rules
** sangni
** taya
* 3 new disambiguation rules in miq transducer for possessive nouns/verbs and object pronouns
* 1 new transfer rule for possessive nouns
** Also debugged plural nouns transfer rule

===Evaluations===
* Precision and Recall
annotated and raw .txt files included in ling073-miq-eng repo, but the precision recall test is not working

* Coverage over large corpus
** ~70.08%
** Tokens in corpus: 13, 819
** Stems in Transducer: 344

====MT miq → eng====
Tests run on miq.longer.txt from our bilingual repo

* Word error rate (WER): 91.11 %
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 73.33 %
* Percentage of unknown words: 3.53 %

Trimmed coverage over miq.longer.txt
* coverage: 95 / 98 (~0.96938775510204081633)

====MT eng → miq====
Tests run on eng.longer.txt from our bilingual repo

* Word error rate (WER): 100.00 %
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.55 %
* Percentage of unknown words: 46.67 %

Trimmed coverage over eng.longer.txt
* coverage: 67 / 109 (~0.61467889908256880734)

==Developed Resources==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng Miq-Eng Lexican transfer repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq Miq transducer repo]
*[https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng apertium-eng repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng-corpus Corpus repo]

Miskito and English

2021-05-22T05:53:54Z

Rvelasc1: /* Evaluations */

[[Category:Miskito]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]]

 Note: Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito Miskito] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English] 
== Initial Miq → Eng Evaluation ==
===Corpus Coverage===
Monolingual coverage: 52 / 116 (~0.44827586206896551724)

Bilingual coverage: coverage: 37 / 118 (~0.31355932203389830508)

===Sentence Analysis===
====Sentence 1====
Yang wal wîna kalila piras
* Intended: I don’t eat meat and chicken.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^wal<post>/with<pr>$ ^wîna<n>/meat<n>$ ^kalila<n>/chicken<n>$ ^piaia<v><pres><neg>/eat<vblex><pres><neg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I with #meat #chicken #eat

====Sentence 2====
Yang siknis brisna mango.
* Intended: I’m allergic to mangos.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^siknis<n>/allergy<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p1>/have<vbhaver><pres><p1>$ ^mango<n>/mango<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I #allergy #have #mango

====Sentence 3====
Dia prais brisma cuartocana timia kumi?
* Intended: How much is a room?
** ^Dia<det><itg>/What<det><itg>$ ^prais<n>/cost<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p2>/have<vbhaver><pres><p2>$ ^cuartocana<n>/room<n>$ ^timia<n>/night<n>$ ^kumi<adj>/one<adj>$^?<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #What #cost #have #room #one #night?

====Sentence 4====
* Intended: Is there a place to sleep?
* Lexical transfer: *Manuapo *ansara #place *barsara *yapaya?
* Miskito: Manuapo ansara pleiski barsara yapaya?

====Sentence 5====
* Intended: Is there a place to wash clothes ?
* Lexical transfer: *Nara *pleis *kum *apo *cuala *tuskaya?
* Miskito: Nara pleis kum apo cuala tuskaya?

====Sentence 6====
* Intended: Tomorrow, I will stay at this lovely hotel.
* Lexical transfer: #I *yauhka *takash *keisna *naha *hotel *pain.
* Miskito: Yang yauhka takash keisna naha hotel pain.

====Sentence 7====
* Intended: Is there a place to rent bikes?
* Lexical transfer: *Pleeskum *barsekei *baisikil *rin *monaya?
* Miskito: Pleeskum barsekei baisikil rin monaya?

====Sentence 8====
* Intended: What are you doing tonight?
* Lexical transfer: *Dia *dow *keisma *na #night.
* Miskito: Dia dow keisma na timia.

====Sentence 9====
* Intended: What do you think of the government?
* Lexical transfer: #You *dia *lukisma *naho *gabament?
* Miskito: Man dia lukisma naho gabament?

====Sentence 10====
* Intended: Today is Friday.
* Lexical transfer: *Naiwa *lika *praidi.
* Miskito: Naiwa lika praidi.

==Final Evaluation==
===Additions===
* 200+ stems added
* 2 new lexical selection rules
** sangni
** taya
* 3 new disambiguation rules in miq transducer for possessive nouns/verbs and object pronouns
* 1 new transfer rule for possessive nouns
** Also debugged plural nouns transfer rule

===Evaluations===
* Precision and Recall

* Coverage over large corpus
** ~70.08%
** Tokens in corpus: 13, 819
** Stems in Transducer: 344

====MT miq → eng====
Tests run on miq.longer.txt from our bilingual repo

* Word error rate (WER): 91.11 %
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 73.33 %
* Percentage of unknown words: 3.53 %

Trimmed coverage over miq.longer.txt
* coverage: 95 / 98 (~0.96938775510204081633)

====MT eng → miq====
Tests run on eng.longer.txt from our bilingual repo

* Word error rate (WER): 100.00 %
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.55 %
* Percentage of unknown words: 46.67 %

Trimmed coverage over eng.longer.txt
* coverage: 67 / 109 (~0.61467889908256880734)

==Developed Resources==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng Miq-Eng Lexican transfer repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq Miq transducer repo]
*[https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng apertium-eng repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng-corpus Corpus repo]

Miskito and English

2021-05-22T05:47:04Z

Rvelasc1: /* Final Evaluation */

[[Category:Miskito]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]]

 Note: Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito Miskito] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English] 
== Initial Miq → Eng Evaluation ==
===Corpus Coverage===
Monolingual coverage: 52 / 116 (~0.44827586206896551724)

Bilingual coverage: coverage: 37 / 118 (~0.31355932203389830508)

===Sentence Analysis===
====Sentence 1====
Yang wal wîna kalila piras
* Intended: I don’t eat meat and chicken.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^wal<post>/with<pr>$ ^wîna<n>/meat<n>$ ^kalila<n>/chicken<n>$ ^piaia<v><pres><neg>/eat<vblex><pres><neg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I with #meat #chicken #eat

====Sentence 2====
Yang siknis brisna mango.
* Intended: I’m allergic to mangos.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^siknis<n>/allergy<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p1>/have<vbhaver><pres><p1>$ ^mango<n>/mango<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I #allergy #have #mango

====Sentence 3====
Dia prais brisma cuartocana timia kumi?
* Intended: How much is a room?
** ^Dia<det><itg>/What<det><itg>$ ^prais<n>/cost<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p2>/have<vbhaver><pres><p2>$ ^cuartocana<n>/room<n>$ ^timia<n>/night<n>$ ^kumi<adj>/one<adj>$^?<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #What #cost #have #room #one #night?

====Sentence 4====
* Intended: Is there a place to sleep?
* Lexical transfer: *Manuapo *ansara #place *barsara *yapaya?
* Miskito: Manuapo ansara pleiski barsara yapaya?

====Sentence 5====
* Intended: Is there a place to wash clothes ?
* Lexical transfer: *Nara *pleis *kum *apo *cuala *tuskaya?
* Miskito: Nara pleis kum apo cuala tuskaya?

====Sentence 6====
* Intended: Tomorrow, I will stay at this lovely hotel.
* Lexical transfer: #I *yauhka *takash *keisna *naha *hotel *pain.
* Miskito: Yang yauhka takash keisna naha hotel pain.

====Sentence 7====
* Intended: Is there a place to rent bikes?
* Lexical transfer: *Pleeskum *barsekei *baisikil *rin *monaya?
* Miskito: Pleeskum barsekei baisikil rin monaya?

====Sentence 8====
* Intended: What are you doing tonight?
* Lexical transfer: *Dia *dow *keisma *na #night.
* Miskito: Dia dow keisma na timia.

====Sentence 9====
* Intended: What do you think of the government?
* Lexical transfer: #You *dia *lukisma *naho *gabament?
* Miskito: Man dia lukisma naho gabament?

====Sentence 10====
* Intended: Today is Friday.
* Lexical transfer: *Naiwa *lika *praidi.
* Miskito: Naiwa lika praidi.

==Final Evaluation==
===Additions===
* 200+ stems added
* 2 new lexical selection rules
** sangni
** taya
* 3 new disambiguation rules in miq transducer for possessive nouns/verbs and object pronouns
* 1 new transfer rule for possessive nouns
** Also debugged plural nouns transfer rule

===Evaluations===
* Precision and Recall

* Coverage over large corpus
** ~70.08%
** Tokens in corpus: 13, 819
** Stems in Transducer: 344

====MT miq → eng====
Tests run on miq.longer.txt from our bilingual repo

* Word error rate (WER): 91.11 %
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 73.33 %
* Percentage of unknown words: 3.53 %

Trimmed coverage over miq.longer.xt (from our bilingual repo)
* coverage: 95 / 98 (~0.96938775510204081633)

====MT eng → miq====
Tests run on eng.longer.txt from our bilingual repo

==Developed Resources==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng Miq-Eng Lexican transfer repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq Miq transducer repo]
*[https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng apertium-eng repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng-corpus Corpus repo]

Miskito and English

2021-05-22T05:30:21Z

Rvelasc1: /* MT miq → eng */

[[Category:Miskito]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]]

 Note: Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito Miskito] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English] 
== Initial Miq → Eng Evaluation ==
===Corpus Coverage===
Monolingual coverage: 52 / 116 (~0.44827586206896551724)

Bilingual coverage: coverage: 37 / 118 (~0.31355932203389830508)

===Sentence Analysis===
====Sentence 1====
Yang wal wîna kalila piras
* Intended: I don’t eat meat and chicken.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^wal<post>/with<pr>$ ^wîna<n>/meat<n>$ ^kalila<n>/chicken<n>$ ^piaia<v><pres><neg>/eat<vblex><pres><neg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I with #meat #chicken #eat

====Sentence 2====
Yang siknis brisna mango.
* Intended: I’m allergic to mangos.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^siknis<n>/allergy<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p1>/have<vbhaver><pres><p1>$ ^mango<n>/mango<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I #allergy #have #mango

====Sentence 3====
Dia prais brisma cuartocana timia kumi?
* Intended: How much is a room?
** ^Dia<det><itg>/What<det><itg>$ ^prais<n>/cost<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p2>/have<vbhaver><pres><p2>$ ^cuartocana<n>/room<n>$ ^timia<n>/night<n>$ ^kumi<adj>/one<adj>$^?<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #What #cost #have #room #one #night?

====Sentence 4====
* Intended: Is there a place to sleep?
* Lexical transfer: *Manuapo *ansara #place *barsara *yapaya?
* Miskito: Manuapo ansara pleiski barsara yapaya?

====Sentence 5====
* Intended: Is there a place to wash clothes ?
* Lexical transfer: *Nara *pleis *kum *apo *cuala *tuskaya?
* Miskito: Nara pleis kum apo cuala tuskaya?

====Sentence 6====
* Intended: Tomorrow, I will stay at this lovely hotel.
* Lexical transfer: #I *yauhka *takash *keisna *naha *hotel *pain.
* Miskito: Yang yauhka takash keisna naha hotel pain.

====Sentence 7====
* Intended: Is there a place to rent bikes?
* Lexical transfer: *Pleeskum *barsekei *baisikil *rin *monaya?
* Miskito: Pleeskum barsekei baisikil rin monaya?

====Sentence 8====
* Intended: What are you doing tonight?
* Lexical transfer: *Dia *dow *keisma *na #night.
* Miskito: Dia dow keisma na timia.

====Sentence 9====
* Intended: What do you think of the government?
* Lexical transfer: #You *dia *lukisma *naho *gabament?
* Miskito: Man dia lukisma naho gabament?

====Sentence 10====
* Intended: Today is Friday.
* Lexical transfer: *Naiwa *lika *praidi.
* Miskito: Naiwa lika praidi.

==Final Evaluation==
===Additions===
* 200+ stems added
* 2 new lexical selection rules
** sangni
** taya
* 3 new disambiguation rules in miq transducer for possessive nouns/verbs and object pronouns
* 1 new transfer rule for possessive nouns
** Also debugged plural nouns transfer rule

===Evaluations===
* Precision and Recall

* Coverage over large corpus
** ~70.08%
** Tokens in corpus: 13, 819
** Stems in Transducer: 344

====MT miq → eng====
Tests run on miq.longer.txt from the bilingual repo

* Word error rate (WER): 91.11 %
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 73.33 %
* Percentage of unknown words: 3.53 %

==Developed Resources==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng Miq-Eng Lexican transfer repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq Miq transducer repo]
*[https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng apertium-eng repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng-corpus Corpus repo]

Miskito and English

2021-05-22T05:28:12Z

Rvelasc1: /* Final Evaluation */

[[Category:Miskito]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]]

 Note: Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito Miskito] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English] 
== Initial Miq → Eng Evaluation ==
===Corpus Coverage===
Monolingual coverage: 52 / 116 (~0.44827586206896551724)

Bilingual coverage: coverage: 37 / 118 (~0.31355932203389830508)

===Sentence Analysis===
====Sentence 1====
Yang wal wîna kalila piras
* Intended: I don’t eat meat and chicken.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^wal<post>/with<pr>$ ^wîna<n>/meat<n>$ ^kalila<n>/chicken<n>$ ^piaia<v><pres><neg>/eat<vblex><pres><neg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I with #meat #chicken #eat

====Sentence 2====
Yang siknis brisna mango.
* Intended: I’m allergic to mangos.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^siknis<n>/allergy<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p1>/have<vbhaver><pres><p1>$ ^mango<n>/mango<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I #allergy #have #mango

====Sentence 3====
Dia prais brisma cuartocana timia kumi?
* Intended: How much is a room?
** ^Dia<det><itg>/What<det><itg>$ ^prais<n>/cost<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p2>/have<vbhaver><pres><p2>$ ^cuartocana<n>/room<n>$ ^timia<n>/night<n>$ ^kumi<adj>/one<adj>$^?<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #What #cost #have #room #one #night?

====Sentence 4====
* Intended: Is there a place to sleep?
* Lexical transfer: *Manuapo *ansara #place *barsara *yapaya?
* Miskito: Manuapo ansara pleiski barsara yapaya?

====Sentence 5====
* Intended: Is there a place to wash clothes ?
* Lexical transfer: *Nara *pleis *kum *apo *cuala *tuskaya?
* Miskito: Nara pleis kum apo cuala tuskaya?

====Sentence 6====
* Intended: Tomorrow, I will stay at this lovely hotel.
* Lexical transfer: #I *yauhka *takash *keisna *naha *hotel *pain.
* Miskito: Yang yauhka takash keisna naha hotel pain.

====Sentence 7====
* Intended: Is there a place to rent bikes?
* Lexical transfer: *Pleeskum *barsekei *baisikil *rin *monaya?
* Miskito: Pleeskum barsekei baisikil rin monaya?

====Sentence 8====
* Intended: What are you doing tonight?
* Lexical transfer: *Dia *dow *keisma *na #night.
* Miskito: Dia dow keisma na timia.

====Sentence 9====
* Intended: What do you think of the government?
* Lexical transfer: #You *dia *lukisma *naho *gabament?
* Miskito: Man dia lukisma naho gabament?

====Sentence 10====
* Intended: Today is Friday.
* Lexical transfer: *Naiwa *lika *praidi.
* Miskito: Naiwa lika praidi.

==Final Evaluation==
===Additions===
* 200+ stems added
* 2 new lexical selection rules
** sangni
** taya
* 3 new disambiguation rules in miq transducer for possessive nouns/verbs and object pronouns
* 1 new transfer rule for possessive nouns
** Also debugged plural nouns transfer rule

===Evaluations===
* Precision and Recall

* Coverage over large corpus
** ~70.08%
** Tokens in corpus: 13, 819
** Stems in Transducer: 344

====MT miq → eng====
Tests run on miq.longer.txt from the bilingual repo

* Word error rate (WER): 91.11 %
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 73.33 %

==Developed Resources==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng Miq-Eng Lexican transfer repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq Miq transducer repo]
*[https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng apertium-eng repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng-corpus Corpus repo]

Miskito and English

2021-05-22T04:50:24Z

Rvelasc1: /* Final Evaluation */

[[Category:Miskito]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]]

 Note: Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito Miskito] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English] 
== Initial Miq → Eng Evaluation ==
===Corpus Coverage===
Monolingual coverage: 52 / 116 (~0.44827586206896551724)

Bilingual coverage: coverage: 37 / 118 (~0.31355932203389830508)

===Sentence Analysis===
====Sentence 1====
Yang wal wîna kalila piras
* Intended: I don’t eat meat and chicken.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^wal<post>/with<pr>$ ^wîna<n>/meat<n>$ ^kalila<n>/chicken<n>$ ^piaia<v><pres><neg>/eat<vblex><pres><neg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I with #meat #chicken #eat

====Sentence 2====
Yang siknis brisna mango.
* Intended: I’m allergic to mangos.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^siknis<n>/allergy<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p1>/have<vbhaver><pres><p1>$ ^mango<n>/mango<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I #allergy #have #mango

====Sentence 3====
Dia prais brisma cuartocana timia kumi?
* Intended: How much is a room?
** ^Dia<det><itg>/What<det><itg>$ ^prais<n>/cost<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p2>/have<vbhaver><pres><p2>$ ^cuartocana<n>/room<n>$ ^timia<n>/night<n>$ ^kumi<adj>/one<adj>$^?<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #What #cost #have #room #one #night?

====Sentence 4====
* Intended: Is there a place to sleep?
* Lexical transfer: *Manuapo *ansara #place *barsara *yapaya?
* Miskito: Manuapo ansara pleiski barsara yapaya?

====Sentence 5====
* Intended: Is there a place to wash clothes ?
* Lexical transfer: *Nara *pleis *kum *apo *cuala *tuskaya?
* Miskito: Nara pleis kum apo cuala tuskaya?

====Sentence 6====
* Intended: Tomorrow, I will stay at this lovely hotel.
* Lexical transfer: #I *yauhka *takash *keisna *naha *hotel *pain.
* Miskito: Yang yauhka takash keisna naha hotel pain.

====Sentence 7====
* Intended: Is there a place to rent bikes?
* Lexical transfer: *Pleeskum *barsekei *baisikil *rin *monaya?
* Miskito: Pleeskum barsekei baisikil rin monaya?

====Sentence 8====
* Intended: What are you doing tonight?
* Lexical transfer: *Dia *dow *keisma *na #night.
* Miskito: Dia dow keisma na timia.

====Sentence 9====
* Intended: What do you think of the government?
* Lexical transfer: #You *dia *lukisma *naho *gabament?
* Miskito: Man dia lukisma naho gabament?

====Sentence 10====
* Intended: Today is Friday.
* Lexical transfer: *Naiwa *lika *praidi.
* Miskito: Naiwa lika praidi.

==Final Evaluation==
===Additions===
* 200+ stems added
* 2 new lexical selection rules
** sangni
** taya
* 3 new disambiguation rules in miq transducer for possessive nouns/verbs and object pronouns
* 1 new transfer rule for possessive nouns
** Also debugged plural nouns transfer rule

===Evaluations===
* Precision and Recall

* Coverage over large corpus
** ~70.08%
** Tokens in corpus: 13, 819
** Stems in Transducer: 344

====MT miq->eng====

==Developed Resources==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng Miq-Eng Lexican transfer repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq Miq transducer repo]
*[https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng apertium-eng repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng-corpus Corpus repo]

Miskito and English

2021-05-22T03:54:42Z

Rvelasc1: /* Final Evaluation */

[[Category:Miskito]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]]

 Note: Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito Miskito] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English] 
== Initial Miq → Eng Evaluation ==
===Corpus Coverage===
Monolingual coverage: 52 / 116 (~0.44827586206896551724)

Bilingual coverage: coverage: 37 / 118 (~0.31355932203389830508)

===Sentence Analysis===
====Sentence 1====
Yang wal wîna kalila piras
* Intended: I don’t eat meat and chicken.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^wal<post>/with<pr>$ ^wîna<n>/meat<n>$ ^kalila<n>/chicken<n>$ ^piaia<v><pres><neg>/eat<vblex><pres><neg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I with #meat #chicken #eat

====Sentence 2====
Yang siknis brisna mango.
* Intended: I’m allergic to mangos.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^siknis<n>/allergy<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p1>/have<vbhaver><pres><p1>$ ^mango<n>/mango<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I #allergy #have #mango

====Sentence 3====
Dia prais brisma cuartocana timia kumi?
* Intended: How much is a room?
** ^Dia<det><itg>/What<det><itg>$ ^prais<n>/cost<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p2>/have<vbhaver><pres><p2>$ ^cuartocana<n>/room<n>$ ^timia<n>/night<n>$ ^kumi<adj>/one<adj>$^?<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #What #cost #have #room #one #night?

====Sentence 4====
* Intended: Is there a place to sleep?
* Lexical transfer: *Manuapo *ansara #place *barsara *yapaya?
* Miskito: Manuapo ansara pleiski barsara yapaya?

====Sentence 5====
* Intended: Is there a place to wash clothes ?
* Lexical transfer: *Nara *pleis *kum *apo *cuala *tuskaya?
* Miskito: Nara pleis kum apo cuala tuskaya?

====Sentence 6====
* Intended: Tomorrow, I will stay at this lovely hotel.
* Lexical transfer: #I *yauhka *takash *keisna *naha *hotel *pain.
* Miskito: Yang yauhka takash keisna naha hotel pain.

====Sentence 7====
* Intended: Is there a place to rent bikes?
* Lexical transfer: *Pleeskum *barsekei *baisikil *rin *monaya?
* Miskito: Pleeskum barsekei baisikil rin monaya?

====Sentence 8====
* Intended: What are you doing tonight?
* Lexical transfer: *Dia *dow *keisma *na #night.
* Miskito: Dia dow keisma na timia.

====Sentence 9====
* Intended: What do you think of the government?
* Lexical transfer: #You *dia *lukisma *naho *gabament?
* Miskito: Man dia lukisma naho gabament?

====Sentence 10====
* Intended: Today is Friday.
* Lexical transfer: *Naiwa *lika *praidi.
* Miskito: Naiwa lika praidi.

==Final Evaluation==
===Additions===
* 200+ stems added
* 2 new lexical selection rules
** sangni
** taya
* 3 new disambiguation rules in miq transducer for possessive nouns/verbs and object pronouns
* 1 new transfer rule for possessive nouns
** Also debugged plural nouns transfer rule

===Evaluations===
* Precision and Recall

* Coverage over large corpus
** ~70.08%
** Tokens in corpus: 13, 819
** Stems in Transducer: 344

==Developed Resources==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng Miq-Eng Lexican transfer repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq Miq transducer repo]
*[https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng apertium-eng repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng-corpus Corpus repo]

Miskito and English

2021-05-22T03:46:09Z

Rvelasc1:

[[Category:Miskito]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]]

 Note: Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito Miskito] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English] 
== Initial Miq → Eng Evaluation ==
===Corpus Coverage===
Monolingual coverage: 52 / 116 (~0.44827586206896551724)

Bilingual coverage: coverage: 37 / 118 (~0.31355932203389830508)

===Sentence Analysis===
====Sentence 1====
Yang wal wîna kalila piras
* Intended: I don’t eat meat and chicken.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^wal<post>/with<pr>$ ^wîna<n>/meat<n>$ ^kalila<n>/chicken<n>$ ^piaia<v><pres><neg>/eat<vblex><pres><neg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I with #meat #chicken #eat

====Sentence 2====
Yang siknis brisna mango.
* Intended: I’m allergic to mangos.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^siknis<n>/allergy<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p1>/have<vbhaver><pres><p1>$ ^mango<n>/mango<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I #allergy #have #mango

====Sentence 3====
Dia prais brisma cuartocana timia kumi?
* Intended: How much is a room?
** ^Dia<det><itg>/What<det><itg>$ ^prais<n>/cost<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p2>/have<vbhaver><pres><p2>$ ^cuartocana<n>/room<n>$ ^timia<n>/night<n>$ ^kumi<adj>/one<adj>$^?<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #What #cost #have #room #one #night?

====Sentence 4====
* Intended: Is there a place to sleep?
* Lexical transfer: *Manuapo *ansara #place *barsara *yapaya?
* Miskito: Manuapo ansara pleiski barsara yapaya?

====Sentence 5====
* Intended: Is there a place to wash clothes ?
* Lexical transfer: *Nara *pleis *kum *apo *cuala *tuskaya?
* Miskito: Nara pleis kum apo cuala tuskaya?

====Sentence 6====
* Intended: Tomorrow, I will stay at this lovely hotel.
* Lexical transfer: #I *yauhka *takash *keisna *naha *hotel *pain.
* Miskito: Yang yauhka takash keisna naha hotel pain.

====Sentence 7====
* Intended: Is there a place to rent bikes?
* Lexical transfer: *Pleeskum *barsekei *baisikil *rin *monaya?
* Miskito: Pleeskum barsekei baisikil rin monaya?

====Sentence 8====
* Intended: What are you doing tonight?
* Lexical transfer: *Dia *dow *keisma *na #night.
* Miskito: Dia dow keisma na timia.

====Sentence 9====
* Intended: What do you think of the government?
* Lexical transfer: #You *dia *lukisma *naho *gabament?
* Miskito: Man dia lukisma naho gabament?

====Sentence 10====
* Intended: Today is Friday.
* Lexical transfer: *Naiwa *lika *praidi.
* Miskito: Naiwa lika praidi.

==Final Evaluation==
===Improvements===
* 200+ stems added
* 2 new lexical selection rules
** sangni
** taya
* 3 new disambiguation rules in miq transducer for possessive nouns/verbs and object pronouns
* 1 new transfer rule for possessive nouns
** Also debugged plural nouns transfer rule

==Developed Resources==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng Miq-Eng Lexican transfer repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq Miq transducer repo]
*[https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng apertium-eng repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng-corpus Corpus repo]

Miskito and English

2021-05-22T03:40:20Z

Rvelasc1:

[[Category:Miskito]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]]

 Note: Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito Miskito] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English] 
== Initial Miq → Eng Evaluation ==
===Corpus Coverage===
Monolingual coverage: 52 / 116 (~0.44827586206896551724)

Bilingual coverage: coverage: 37 / 118 (~0.31355932203389830508)

===Sentence Analysis===
====Sentence 1====
Yang wal wîna kalila piras
* Intended: I don’t eat meat and chicken.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^wal<post>/with<pr>$ ^wîna<n>/meat<n>$ ^kalila<n>/chicken<n>$ ^piaia<v><pres><neg>/eat<vblex><pres><neg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I with #meat #chicken #eat

====Sentence 2====
Yang siknis brisna mango.
* Intended: I’m allergic to mangos.
** ^Yang<prn><p1>/I<prn><p1><sg>$ ^siknis<n>/allergy<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p1>/have<vbhaver><pres><p1>$ ^mango<n>/mango<n>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #I #allergy #have #mango

====Sentence 3====
Dia prais brisma cuartocana timia kumi?
* Intended: How much is a room?
** ^Dia<det><itg>/What<det><itg>$ ^prais<n>/cost<n>$ ^briaia<v><pres><p2>/have<vbhaver><pres><p2>$ ^cuartocana<n>/room<n>$ ^timia<n>/night<n>$ ^kumi<adj>/one<adj>$^?<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
** #What #cost #have #room #one #night?

====Sentence 4====
* Intended: Is there a place to sleep?
* Lexical transfer: *Manuapo *ansara #place *barsara *yapaya?
* Miskito: Manuapo ansara pleiski barsara yapaya?

====Sentence 5====
* Intended: Is there a place to wash clothes ?
* Lexical transfer: *Nara *pleis *kum *apo *cuala *tuskaya?
* Miskito: Nara pleis kum apo cuala tuskaya?

====Sentence 6====
* Intended: Tomorrow, I will stay at this lovely hotel.
* Lexical transfer: #I *yauhka *takash *keisna *naha *hotel *pain.
* Miskito: Yang yauhka takash keisna naha hotel pain.

====Sentence 7====
* Intended: Is there a place to rent bikes?
* Lexical transfer: *Pleeskum *barsekei *baisikil *rin *monaya?
* Miskito: Pleeskum barsekei baisikil rin monaya?

====Sentence 8====
* Intended: What are you doing tonight?
* Lexical transfer: *Dia *dow *keisma *na #night.
* Miskito: Dia dow keisma na timia.

====Sentence 9====
* Intended: What do you think of the government?
* Lexical transfer: #You *dia *lukisma *naho *gabament?
* Miskito: Man dia lukisma naho gabament?

====Sentence 10====
* Intended: Today is Friday.
* Lexical transfer: *Naiwa *lika *praidi.
* Miskito: Naiwa lika praidi.

===Developed Resources===
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng Miq-Eng Lexican transfer repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq Miq transducer repo]
*[https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng apertium-eng repo]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng-corpus Corpus repo]

Miskito/Final project

2021-05-20T18:52:01Z

Rvelasc1: /* Developed Resources */

==Overview==
Over the course of the semester, we've worked on developing a rule based machine translation (RBMT) system for Miskito utilizing apertium resources.

====Implementation/Solution====
For our final project we decided to focus on our monolingual transducer and improve it as much as possible. Specifically, we directed our attention to the .lexd and .twol files to encode grammatical generalizations. We managed to implement a large range of morphological analysis for our language.

* Verb tense morphology
** Absolute Past
** Present
** Present Progressive
** Absolute Future
** Future
* Irregular Verb Morphology
* Negation in the present tense
* Possessive Noun morphology

With just a combined set of around 230 nouns and verbs, we achieved an impressive amount of coverage detailed below.

====Problems Encountered====
* Limited Resources
As Miskito has only ~140,000 native speakers, there were limited available resources to pull from in the creation of these language tools. Additionally, some of the resources we found were very dated or did not function very well.
* Reliable Information
We were able to make use of a couple of dictionaries and grammar workbooks. However, we found there were inconsistencies between these sources, which caused implementing some components of Miskito to be rather challenging.
* Implementing Morphological Rules
We found it challenging to concretely establish the morphology of Miskito and implement it into our <code>.twol</code> file.

====Areas to Fix====
* Full coverage of possessive noun morphology
* Adjective morphology

==Developed Resources==

* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-corpus Corpus Repo]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito/Keyboard Miskito Keyboard]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito/Grammar Grammar Documentation]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito/Transducer Miskito Transducer]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito/Disambiguation Disambiguation wiki]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito_and_English Miskito and English Wiki Page]
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng Miskito to English Apertium Language Pair Repo]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar Contrastive Grammars wiki]
* [https://github.com/shanecjones1999/miq-morph-analyzer Link to the code for our morphological analyzer]

==Evaluation==

To evaluate our progress, we used the metric <code>coverage-hfst</code> to record our overall corpus coverage. Below is our reported results.

====Initial Corpus Coverage====
* Coverage: 3873 / 7569 (~0.51169242964724534285)
* Remaining unknown forms: 3696

====Final Corpus Coverage====
* Coverage: 5987 / 7588 (~0.78900896151818661044)
* Remaining unknown forms: 1601

[[Category:sp21_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Miskito]]

Miskito/Final project

2021-05-20T18:27:58Z

Rvelasc1: /* Overview */

==Overview==
Over the course of the semester, we've worked on developing a rule based machine translation (RBMT) system for Miskito utilizing apertium resources.

====Implementation====
For our final project we decided to focus on our monolingual transducer and improve it as much as possible. Specifically, we directed our attention to the .lexd and .twol files to encode grammatical generalizations. We managed to implement a large range of morphological analysis for our language.

* Verb tense morphology
** Absolute Past
** Present
** Present Progressive
** Absolute Future
** Future
* Irregular Verb Morphology
* Negation in the present tense
* Possessive Noun morphology

With just a combined set of around 230 nouns and verbs, we achieved an impressive amount of coverage detailed below.

====Areas to fix====
* Full coverage of possessive noun morphology
* Adjective morphology

==Developed Resources==

* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-corpus Corpus Repo]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito/Keyboard Miskito Keyboard]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito/Grammar Grammar Documentation]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito/Transducer Miskito Transducer]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito/Disambiguation Disambiguation wiki]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito_and_English Miskito and English Wiki Page]
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng Miskito to English Apertium Language Pair Repo]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar Contrastive Grammars wiki]
* [https://github.com/shanecjones1999/miq-morph-analyzer Link to the code for our morphological analyzer]

We expanded our morphological analyzer's capabilities by adding in

==Evaluation==

[[Category:sp21_FinalProjects]]

To evaluate our progress, we used the metric <code>coverage-hfst</code> to record our overall corpus coverage. Below is our reported results.

====Initial Corpus Coverage====
* Coverage: 3873 / 7569 (~0.51169242964724534285)
* Remaining unknown forms: 3696

====Final Corpus Coverage====
* Coverage: 5987 / 7588 (~0.78900896151818661044)
* Remaining unknown forms: 1601

We were able to attain this increase in overall coverage by using two strategies:
# Adding stems for high-frequency words
# Implementing morphological rules (ie. tenses)

Miskito/Final project

2021-05-20T18:22:43Z

Rvelasc1: /* Overview */

==Overview==
Over the course of the semester, we've worked on developing a rule based machine translation (RBMT) system for Miskito utilizing apertium resources. For our final project we decided to focus on our monolingual transducer and improve it as much as possible. Specifically, we directed our attention to the .lexd and .twol files to encode grammatical generalizations. We managed to implement a large range of morphological analysis for our language.

* Verb tense morphology
** Absolute Past
** Present
** Present Progressive
** Absolute Future
** Future
* Irregular Verb Morphology
* Negation in the present tense
* Possessive Noun morphology

===Developed Resources===

* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-corpus Corpus Repo]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito/Keyboard Miskito Keyboard]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito/Grammar Grammar Documentation]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito/Transducer Miskito Transducer]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito/Disambiguation Disambiguation wiki]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito_and_English Miskito and English Wiki Page]
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng Miskito to English Apertium Language Pair Repo]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar Contrastive Grammars wiki]
* [https://github.com/shanecjones1999/miq-morph-analyzer Link to the code for our morphological analyzer]

We expanded our morphological analyzer's capabilities by adding in

==Evaluation==

[[Category:sp21_FinalProjects]]

To evaluate our progress, we used the metric <code>coverage-hfst</code> to record our overall corpus coverage. Below is our reported results.

====Initial Corpus Coverage====
* Coverage: 3873 / 7569 (~0.51169242964724534285)
* Remaining unknown forms: 3696

====Final Corpus Coverage====
* Coverage: 5987 / 7588 (~0.78900896151818661044)
* Remaining unknown forms: 1601

Miskito/Final project

2021-05-20T18:11:06Z

Rvelasc1: /* Overview */

==Overview==
Over the course of the semester

===Developed Resources===

==Evaluation==

[[Category:sp21_FinalProjects]]

Miskito/Final project

2021-05-20T18:10:19Z

Rvelasc1:

==Overview==

===Developed Resources===

==Evaluation==

[[Category:sp21_FinalProjects]]

Miskito/Final project

2021-05-20T18:10:04Z

Rvelasc1:

A Morphological Transducer for Miskito
==Overview==

===Developed Resources===

==Evaluation==

[[Category:sp21_FinalProjects]]

Miskito/Final project

2021-05-20T18:09:38Z

Rvelasc1:

=A morphological transducer for Miskito=
==Overview==

===Developed Resources===

==Evaluation==

[[Category:sp21_FinalProjects]]

Miskito/Grammar

2021-05-18T21:55:26Z

Rvelasc1: /* Possession */

[[Category: Miskito]]
[[Category: Sp21 GrammarDocumentation]]

=Parts of Speech=

==Nouns==

===Determiners/Articles===

In Miskito, the determiner follows the noun rather than precedes it like in English. In Miskito, ba and na are used as articles interchangeably depending on the proximity of the noun. "Na" is used if the noun is closeby. For example,

* aras{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}|aras ba : if the horse is distant, or
* aras{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|prx}}|aras na : if the horse is nearby (proximate).

* {{morphTest|aras{{tag|n}}|aras}}
* {{morphTest|ilili{{tag|n}}|ilili}}
* {{morphTest|daktar{{tag|n}}|daktar}}
* {{morphTest|sika{{tag|n}}|sika}}
* {{morphTest|luhpia{{tag|n}}|luhpia}}
* {{morphTest|bip{{tag|n}}|bip}}
* {{morphTest|gul{{tag|n}}|gul}}
* {{morphTest|aian{{tag|n}}|aian}}
* {{morphTest|ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}|ba}}
* {{morphTest|na{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|prx}}|na}}
* {{morphTest|ap{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}|ap}}
* {{morphTest|kum kum{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}|kum kum}}

Additionally, kum (a), kum kum (some), and ap (some) are used as articles in the exact same way. For instance,

* aras{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|aras ap : some horse. Also written as
* aras{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|aras kum kum

===Plural===

The plural marker is "nani". To make a noun plural, "nani" should be used after the noun. If there is an article, it will follow the noun and the plural. For example,

* {{aras{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}|aras nani ba}} : the horses
* {{ilili{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}|ilili nani ba}} : the sharks
* {{luhpia{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}|luhpia nani ba}} : the children

* {{luhpia{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}|luhpia nani ba}} : the children

* {{morphTest|nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}}|nani}}

===Personal Pronouns===
Miskito distinguishes three persons with a distinction for inclusive/exclusive in the first person plural.

* {{morphTest|yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}|yang}}
* {{morphTest|man{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}|man}}
* {{morphTest|witin{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}|witin}}

The plurals are formed by adding the general plural determiner "nani", except for the inclusive first person plural.

* {{morphTest|yawan{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yawan}} (inclusive)
* yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yang nani (exclusive)
* man{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|man nani
* witin{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|witin nani

===Gender===

Gender should be placed directly after the noun. If there is an article, it will follow the noun and gender. "waitna" is used for male, "mairin" is used for female, and "wainhka" is used for male (animal). For example,

* aras{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}|aras mairin ba
* aras{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|prx}}|aras wainhka na
* tuktan{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}|tuktan waitna ba

* {{morphTest|mairin{{tag|det}}{{tag|hu}}{{tag|f}}|mairin}}
* {{morphTest|wainhka{{tag|det}}{{tag|hu}}{{tag|m}}|wainhka}}
* {{morphTest|waitna{{tag|det}}{{tag|nh}}{{tag|m}}|waitna}}

===Plural and Gender===
In the case both plural and gender are used, the sequence is noun followed by gender followed by plural followed by determiner. For example,

* bip{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}|bip mairin nani ba
* aras{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|prx}}|aras wainhka nani na
* tuktan{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}|tuktan waitna nani ba

==Adjectives==
Adjectives in Miskito should be tagged {{tag|adj}}.

In Miskito, there are two types of qualified adjectives.

#Accidental qualities. When we say dus kum (a tree); wahya kum (a leaf), or sadik kum (a grapefruit), we don’t know the color or size of the item.
#Explicative Qualities – these adjectives denote permanent specific qualities of the noun.

Different to Spanish and English, the explicative adjective comes after the noun. When
the noun refers to a person, some qualified adjectives can optionally precede the noun. In
these cases, the noun takes the constructive state.

===Comparative Adjectives===
There are comparatives for inferiority, superiority, and equality.

For comparative adjectives of inferiority, we use <code>Kau wiria + wal</code>

* Nikarawa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|comp}}{{tag|adj}}|Nikarawa ba kau wiria tara sa Tech wal : Nicaragua is less big than the US

* Nikarawa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|comp}}{{tag|adj}}|Utla ba kau wiria sirpi sa dus wal : The house is less small than the tree

For comparative adjectives of superiority, we use <code>Kau + wal</code>

* Gul{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|comp}}{{tag|adj}}|Gul ba kau mana sa aian wal : Gold is more expensive than iron

For comparative adjectives of equality, we use <code>Pali + Baku</code>

* Sika{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|comp}}{{tag|adj}}|Sika ba nit pali sa daktar baku : The medicine is as necessary as the doctor

====Categories of Words Used Above====

* {{morphTest|kau{{tag|adv}}|kau}}
* {{morphTest|wiria{{tag|adv}}|wiria}}
* {{morphTest|wal{{tag|post}}|wal}}
* {{morphTest|mana{{tag|adj}}|mana}}
* {{morphTest|pali{{tag|adj}}|pali}}
* {{morphTest|sirpi{{tag|adj}}|sirpi}}

==Possession==
Possessive state nouns should be tagged {{tag|pos}}.

Forming a possessive nouns in Miskito involves a system of affixes which distinguishes between first, second, and third person. There are two general ways to form possessive nouns (alienable v. inalienable nouns), with a great number of irregular cases.

===Alienable Nouns===
The first case involves alienable nouns, or nouns who's ownership can be transferred.

'''GENERALLY:'''

When a noun ends in a consonant, the affixes are -ki, -kam, and ai- -ka for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person respectively.

«aras» (''horse'')
* {{morphTest|aras{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}|araski}}
* {{morphTest|aras{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}|araskam}}
* {{morphTest|aras{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}|ai araska}}

There are four special cases to consider. When a noun ends in a vowel, neither case changes the affixes.

'''SPECIAL CASE 1:'''

When the noun ends in the vowels "I" or "U", there are two cases to consider. If the vowel is preceded by just one consonant, then the final vowel can be dropped.

«kâpi» (''café'')
* {{morphTest|kâpi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}|kâpiki}} or kâpki
* {{morphTest|kâpi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}|kâpikam}} or kâpkam
* {{morphTest|kâpi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}|ai kâpika}} or ai kâpka

«papu» (''ant'')
* {{morphTest|papu{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}|papuki}} or papka
* {{morphTest|papu{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}|papukam}} or papkam
* {{morphTest|papu{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}|ai papuka}} or ai papka

'''SPECIAL CASE 2:'''

If the final vowel is preceded by two or more consonants, then the final vowel cannot be omitted.

«krikri» (''bed'')
* {{morphTest|krikri{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}|krikriki}}
* {{morphTest|krikri{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}|krikrikam}}
* {{morphTest|krikri{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}|ai krikrika}}

«kwirku» (''pig'')
* {{morphTest|kwirku{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}|kwirkuki}}
* {{morphTest|kwirku{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}|kwirkukam}}
* {{morphTest|kwirku{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}|ai kwirkuka}}

'''SPECIAL CASE 3:'''

When the final vowel is "A" and preceded by just one consonant, then the final must be dropped.

«kalila» (''chicken (likely hen)'')
* {{morphTest|kalila{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}|kalilki}}
* {{morphTest|kalila{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}|kalilkam}}
* {{morphTest|kalila{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}|ai kalilka}}

'''SPECIAL CASE 4:'''

When the final vowel is "A" and preceded by two or more consonants, then the final vowel "A" becomes an "I".

«walpa» (''rock'')
* {{morphTest|walpa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}|walpiki}}
* {{morphTest|walpa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}|walpikam}}
* {{morphTest|walpa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}|ai walpika}}

===Inalienable Nouns===

==Miskito Verb Tenses==
Verbs in Miskito should be tagged {{tag|v}}. The person tags needed will be {{tag|p1}}, {{tag|p2}}, {{tag|p3}}.

The stem of a verb comes from removing the -aia suffix from the infinitive. Conjugation for most tenses is formed by combining a verb stem with a set of endings. The set of endings follow a general pattern for most cases, except when the verb stem ends in a vowel.

===Simple Past===

The simple past tense of verbs is formed by combining a verb stem with a set of endings: -ri, -ram, -an, -n (third person i-stem verbs).

«prukaia» (''to hit'') with the stem «pruk»- ends in a consonant:
* {{morphTest|prukaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}|prukri}}
* {{morphTest|prukaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p2}}|prukram}}
* {{morphTest|prukaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|prukan}}

«buaia» (''to rise/get up'') with the stem «bu»- ends in a vowel «u»:
* {{morphTest|buaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}|buri}}
* {{morphTest|buaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p2}}|buram}}
* {{morphTest|buaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|buan}}

«diaia» (''to drink'') with the stem «di»- ends in a vowel «i»:
* {{morphTest|diaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}|diri}}
* {{morphTest|diaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p2}}|diram}}
* {{morphTest|diaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|din}}

Plural personal pronouns (e.g. 'We', 'They') utilize the same verb conjugations as the singulars. The construction just adds 'nani' to the singular pronoun: {{tag|n}} + nani + {{tag|v}}.

«pulaia» (''to play'') with the stem «pul»- ends in a consonant:
* {{morphTest|pulaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}|pulri}}
* {{morphTest|pulaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p2}}|pulram}}
* {{morphTest|pulaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|pulan}}

* pulaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yang nani pulri
* pulaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|man nani pulram
* pulaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|witin nani pulan

===Present 1===

Present 1 expresses an ongoing action or an imminent action at the time of speaking. For regular verbs, -una, -uma, -uya are added to the verb stem; -suna, -suma, -suya, for i-stem verbs.

«aiwanaia» (''to sing'') with the stem «aiwan»- ends in a consonant:
* {{morphTest|aiwanaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pprs}}{{tag|p1}}|aiwanuna}}
* {{morphTest|aiwanaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pprs}}{{tag|p2}}|aiwanuma}}
* {{morphTest|aiwanaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pprs}}{{tag|p3}}|aiwanuya}}

«piaia» (''to eat'') with the stem «pi»- ends in a vowel «i»:
* {{morphTest|piaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pprs}}{{tag|p1}}|pisuna}}
* {{morphTest|piaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pprs}}{{tag|p2}}|pisuma}}
* {{morphTest|piaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pprs}}{{tag|p3}}|pisuya}}

Example sentence:

Yang miskitu aisuna.
"I am speaking Miskitu."

===Present 2===

Present 2 is the general present tense. For regular verbs, -isna, -isma, -isa are added to the verb stem; -sna, -sma, -sa, for vowel-stem verbs.

«alkaia» (''to grab'') with the stem «alk»- ends in a consonant:
* {{morphTest|alkaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}|alkisna}}
* {{morphTest|alkaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}|alkisma}}
* {{morphTest|alkaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}|alkisa}}

«briaia» (''to have'') with the stem «bri»- ends in a vowel «i»:
* {{morphTest|briaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}|brisna}}
* {{morphTest|briaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}|brisma}}
* {{morphTest|briaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}|brisa}}

Example Sentence:

Yang miskitu aisisna.
"I speak Miskito."

===Imperative Forms===
To express a direct order in Miskito second person verbs take the imperative form. The construction adds an -s to the verb stem.

«pulaia» (''to play'') with the stem «pul»- ends in a consonant:
* {{morphTest|pulaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|puls}}

«aiwanaia» (''to sing'') with the stem «aiwan»- ends in a consonant:
* {{morphTest|aiwanaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|aiwans}}

=References=
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/18BblTZNXakBlPoVw_Ktib4186xlSwBRr/view?usp=sharing Learn to Speak Miskito]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskito_grammar Miskito Grammar wiki]
*[https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/25656/Grammar_YamniBalram.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y 2017 Miskito Grammar and Workbook]
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PHzBE6LTmbBLDdOCOrcG_zWgfsOgfksN/view?usp=sharing Miskito to Spanish Dictionary]

Miskito

2021-05-18T17:12:41Z

Rvelasc1: /* Corpora */

==Developed Resources==
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-corpus Corpus Repo]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito/Keyboard Miskito Keyboard]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito/Grammar Grammar Documentation]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito/Transducer Miskito Transducer]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito/Disambiguation Disambiguation wiki]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito_and_English Miskito and English Wiki Page]
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq-eng Miskito to English Apertium Language Pair Repo]
* [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Miskito_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar Contrastive Grammars wiki]

==External Resources==
===Computational===
We have downloaded lists of unigrams, bigrams, and trigrams from the Miskito language.

===Dictionaries===
*[http://www.freelang.net/online/miskito.php Online Dictionary - English to Miskito]
*[https://pueblosoriginarios.com/lenguas/miskito.php Full Dictionary - Spanish to Miskito]
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PHzBE6LTmbBLDdOCOrcG_zWgfsOgfksN/view?usp=sharing Miskito to Spanish Dictionary]
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kRgwoJIDHkdun7_bRzbgyNsvaSEog_MB/view?usp=sharing Languages of Honduras Dictionary] (Includes a small Linguistic explanation of Miskito in the beginning)

===Grammatical Descriptions===
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/18BblTZNXakBlPoVw_Ktib4186xlSwBRr/view?usp=sharing Learn to Speak Miskito] (Details basic phrases, grammar, and includes some learning exercises)
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskito_grammar Miskito Grammar wiki]
*[https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/25656/Grammar_YamniBalram.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y 2017 Miskito Grammar and Workbook]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130828093810/http://paigepenland.com/wp-content/uploads/miskito-dictionary.pdf Miskito Phrasebook Project]

===Scientific Works===
*[https://proxy.swarthmore.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/english-based-creoles-history-formation-usage/docview/1853211535/se-2?accountid=14194 English-Based Creoles: The History, Formation, and Usage of Miskito Coast Creole and Gullah]
*[https://search-proquest-com.proxy.swarthmore.edu/llba/docview/85490887/1BBD0E40A1D342B5PQ/1?accountid=14194 Problems of Vocabulary Development in Miskito of Nicaragua]

===Corpora===
*[https://omniglot.com/writing/miskito.htm Miskito language, pronunciation and alphabet - Omniglot]
*[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Miskito/Links Miskito Texts wiki]
*[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Miskito/Introduction#Welcome_to_Miskitu_Aisas! Learn to Speak Miskitu wiki]
*[https://www.jw.org/miq/ JW Page]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121010073220/http://www.manfut.org/leyendas/miskitas1.html Web archives]
*[https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_Miskito.pdf UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples]

====Media====
*Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qeZ1LvEilg0 Learn to Speak Miskito]
*Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0rNGeV8BrQ Numbers, Greetings, Bible Story in Miskito]
*Radio: [https://rights.culturalsurvival.org/coronavirus-idioma-miskito-nicaragua Coronavirus Info in Miskito]

[[Category:Miskito]]
[[Category: sp21_ResourceDocumentation]]

Miskito/Grammar

2021-05-17T18:54:08Z

Rvelasc1: /* Alienable Nouns */

[[Category: Miskito]]
[[Category: Sp21 GrammarDocumentation]]

=Parts of Speech=

==Nouns==

===Determiners/Articles===

In Miskito, the determiner follows the noun rather than precedes it like in English. In Miskito, ba and na are used as articles interchangeably depending on the proximity of the noun. "Na" is used if the noun is closeby. For example,

* aras{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}|aras ba : if the horse is distant, or
* aras{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|prx}}|aras na : if the horse is nearby (proximate).

* {{morphTest|aras{{tag|n}}|aras}}
* {{morphTest|ilili{{tag|n}}|ilili}}
* {{morphTest|daktar{{tag|n}}|daktar}}
* {{morphTest|sika{{tag|n}}|sika}}
* {{morphTest|luhpia{{tag|n}}|luhpia}}
* {{morphTest|bip{{tag|n}}|bip}}
* {{morphTest|gul{{tag|n}}|gul}}
* {{morphTest|aian{{tag|n}}|aian}}
* {{morphTest|ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}|ba}}
* {{morphTest|na{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|prx}}|na}}
* {{morphTest|ap{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}|ap}}
* {{morphTest|kum kum{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}|kum kum}}

Additionally, kum (a), kum kum (some), and ap (some) are used as articles in the exact same way. For instance,

* aras{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|aras ap : some horse. Also written as
* aras{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|aras kum kum

===Plural===

The plural marker is "nani". To make a noun plural, "nani" should be used after the noun. If there is an article, it will follow the noun and the plural. For example,

* {{aras{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}|aras nani ba}} : the horses
* {{ilili{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}|ilili nani ba}} : the sharks
* {{luhpia{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}|luhpia nani ba}} : the children

* {{luhpia{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}|luhpia nani ba}} : the children

* {{morphTest|nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}}|nani}}

===Personal Pronouns===
Miskito distinguishes three persons with a distinction for inclusive/exclusive in the first person plural.

* {{morphTest|yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}|yang}}
* {{morphTest|man{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}|man}}
* {{morphTest|witin{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}|witin}}

The plurals are formed by adding the general plural determiner "nani", except for the inclusive first person plural.

* {{morphTest|yawan{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yawan}} (inclusive)
* yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yang nani (exclusive)
* man{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|man nani
* witin{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|witin nani

===Gender===

Gender should be placed directly after the noun. If there is an article, it will follow the noun and gender. "waitna" is used for male, "mairin" is used for female, and "wainhka" is used for male (animal). For example,

* aras{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}|aras mairin ba
* aras{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|prx}}|aras wainhka na
* tuktan{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}|tuktan waitna ba

* {{morphTest|mairin{{tag|det}}{{tag|hu}}{{tag|f}}|mairin}}
* {{morphTest|wainhka{{tag|det}}{{tag|hu}}{{tag|m}}|wainhka}}
* {{morphTest|waitna{{tag|det}}{{tag|nh}}{{tag|m}}|waitna}}

===Plural and Gender===
In the case both plural and gender are used, the sequence is noun followed by gender followed by plural followed by determiner. For example,

* bip{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}|bip mairin nani ba
* aras{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|prx}}|aras wainhka nani na
* tuktan{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}|tuktan waitna nani ba

==Adjectives==
Adjectives in Miskito should be tagged {{tag|adj}}.

In Miskito, there are two types of qualified adjectives.

#Accidental qualities. When we say dus kum (a tree); wahya kum (a leaf), or sadik kum (a grapefruit), we don’t know the color or size of the item.
#Explicative Qualities – these adjectives denote permanent specific qualities of the noun.

Different to Spanish and English, the explicative adjective comes after the noun. When
the noun refers to a person, some qualified adjectives can optionally precede the noun. In
these cases, the noun takes the constructive state.

===Comparative Adjectives===
There are comparatives for inferiority, superiority, and equality.

For comparative adjectives of inferiority, we use <code>Kau wiria + wal</code>

* Nikarawa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|comp}}{{tag|adj}}|Nikarawa ba kau wiria tara sa Tech wal : Nicaragua is less big than the US

* Nikarawa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|comp}}{{tag|adj}}|Utla ba kau wiria sirpi sa dus wal : The house is less small than the tree

For comparative adjectives of superiority, we use <code>Kau + wal</code>

* Gul{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|comp}}{{tag|adj}}|Gul ba kau mana sa aian wal : Gold is more expensive than iron

For comparative adjectives of equality, we use <code>Pali + Baku</code>

* Sika{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|comp}}{{tag|adj}}|Sika ba nit pali sa daktar baku : The medicine is as necessary as the doctor

====Categories of Words Used Above====

* {{morphTest|kau{{tag|adv}}|kau}}
* {{morphTest|wiria{{tag|adv}}|wiria}}
* {{morphTest|wal{{tag|post}}|wal}}
* {{morphTest|mana{{tag|adj}}|mana}}
* {{morphTest|pali{{tag|adj}}|pali}}
* {{morphTest|sirpi{{tag|adj}}|sirpi}}

==Possession==
Possessive state nouns should be tagged {{tag|pos}}.

Forming a possessive nouns in Miskito involves a system of affixes which distinguishes between first, second, and third person. There are two general ways to form possessive nouns (alienable v. inalienable nouns), with a great number of irregular cases.

===Alienable Nouns===
The first case involves alienable nouns, or nouns who's ownership can be transferred.

'''GENERALLY:'''

When a noun ends in a consonant, the affixes are -ki, -kam, and ai- -ka for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person respectively.

«aras» (''horse'')
* {{morphTest|aras{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}|araski}}
* {{morphTest|aras{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}|araskam}}
* {{morphTest|aras{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}|ai araska}}

There are four special cases to consider. When a noun ends in a vowel, neither case changes the affixes.

'''SPECIAL CASE 1:'''

When the noun ends in the vowels "I" or "U", there are two cases to consider. If the vowel is preceded by just one consonant, then the final vowel can be dropped.

«kâpi» (''café'')
* {{morphTest|kâpi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}|kâpiki}} or kâpka
* {{morphTest|kâpi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}|kâpikam}} or kâpkam
* {{morphTest|kâpi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}|ai kâpika}} or ai kâpka

«papu» (''ant'')
* {{morphTest|papu{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}|papuki}} or papka
* {{morphTest|papu{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}|papukam}} or papkam
* {{morphTest|papu{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}|ai papuka}} or ai papka

'''SPECIAL CASE 2:'''

If the final vowel is preceded by two or more consonants, then the final vowel cannot be omitted.

«krikri» (''bed'')
* {{morphTest|krikri{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}|krikriki}}
* {{morphTest|krikri{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}|krikrikam}}
* {{morphTest|krikri{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}|ai krikrika}}

«kwirku» (''pig'')
* {{morphTest|kwirku{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}|kwirkuki}}
* {{morphTest|kwirku{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}|kwirkukam}}
* {{morphTest|kwirku{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}|ai kwirkuka}}

'''SPECIAL CASE 3:'''

When the final vowel is "A" and preceded by just one consonant, then the final must be dropped.

«kalila» (''chicken (likely hen)'')
* {{morphTest|kalila{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}|kalilki}}
* {{morphTest|kalila{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}|kalilkam}}
* {{morphTest|kalila{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}|ai kalilka}}

'''SPECIAL CASE 4:'''

When the final vowel is "A" and preceded by two or more consonants, then the final vowel "A" becomes an "I".

«walpa» (''rock'')
* {{morphTest|walpa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}|walpiki}}
* {{morphTest|walpa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}|walpikam}}
* {{morphTest|walpa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}|ai walpika}}

===Inalienable Nouns===

==Miskito Verb Tenses==
Verbs in Miskito should be tagged {{tag|v}}. The person tags needed will be {{tag|p1}}, {{tag|p2}}, {{tag|p3}}.

The stem of a verb comes from removing the -aia suffix from the infinitive. Conjugation for most tenses is formed by combining a verb stem with a set of endings. The set of endings follow a general pattern for most cases, except when the verb stem ends in a vowel.

===Simple Past===

The simple past tense of verbs is formed by combining a verb stem with a set of endings: -ri, -ram, -an, -n (third person i-stem verbs).

«prukaia» (''to hit'') with the stem «pruk»- ends in a consonant:
* {{morphTest|prukaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}|prukri}}
* {{morphTest|prukaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p2}}|prukram}}
* {{morphTest|prukaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|prukan}}

«buaia» (''to rise/get up'') with the stem «bu»- ends in a vowel «u»:
* {{morphTest|buaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}|buri}}
* {{morphTest|buaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p2}}|buram}}
* {{morphTest|buaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|buan}}

«diaia» (''to drink'') with the stem «di»- ends in a vowel «i»:
* {{morphTest|diaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}|diri}}
* {{morphTest|diaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p2}}|diram}}
* {{morphTest|diaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|din}}

Plural personal pronouns (e.g. 'We', 'They') utilize the same verb conjugations as the singulars. The construction just adds 'nani' to the singular pronoun: {{tag|n}} + nani + {{tag|v}}.

«pulaia» (''to play'') with the stem «pul»- ends in a consonant:
* {{morphTest|pulaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}|pulri}}
* {{morphTest|pulaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p2}}|pulram}}
* {{morphTest|pulaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|pulan}}

* pulaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|yang nani pulri
* pulaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|man nani pulram
* pulaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|witin nani pulan

===Present 1===

Present 1 expresses an ongoing action or an imminent action at the time of speaking. For regular verbs, -una, -uma, -uya are added to the verb stem; -suna, -suma, -suya, for i-stem verbs.

«aiwanaia» (''to sing'') with the stem «aiwan»- ends in a consonant:
* {{morphTest|aiwanaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pprs}}{{tag|p1}}|aiwanuna}}
* {{morphTest|aiwanaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pprs}}{{tag|p2}}|aiwanuma}}
* {{morphTest|aiwanaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pprs}}{{tag|p3}}|aiwanuya}}

«piaia» (''to eat'') with the stem «pi»- ends in a vowel «i»:
* {{morphTest|piaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pprs}}{{tag|p1}}|pisuna}}
* {{morphTest|piaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pprs}}{{tag|p2}}|pisuma}}
* {{morphTest|piaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pprs}}{{tag|p3}}|pisuya}}

Example sentence:

Yang miskitu aisuna.
"I am speaking Miskitu."

===Present 2===

Present 2 is the general present tense. For regular verbs, -isna, -isma, -isa are added to the verb stem; -sna, -sma, -sa, for vowel-stem verbs.

«alkaia» (''to grab'') with the stem «alk»- ends in a consonant:
* {{morphTest|alkaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}|alkisna}}
* {{morphTest|alkaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}|alkisma}}
* {{morphTest|alkaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}|alkisa}}

«briaia» (''to have'') with the stem «bri»- ends in a vowel «i»:
* {{morphTest|briaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}|brisna}}
* {{morphTest|briaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}|brisma}}
* {{morphTest|briaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}|brisa}}

Example Sentence:

Yang miskitu aisisna.
"I speak Miskito."

===Imperative Forms===
To express a direct order in Miskito second person verbs take the imperative form. The construction adds an -s to the verb stem.

«pulaia» (''to play'') with the stem «pul»- ends in a consonant:
* {{morphTest|pulaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|puls}}

«aiwanaia» (''to sing'') with the stem «aiwan»- ends in a consonant:
* {{morphTest|aiwanaia{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|aiwans}}

=References=
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/18BblTZNXakBlPoVw_Ktib4186xlSwBRr/view?usp=sharing Learn to Speak Miskito]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskito_grammar Miskito Grammar wiki]
*[https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/25656/Grammar_YamniBalram.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y 2017 Miskito Grammar and Workbook]
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PHzBE6LTmbBLDdOCOrcG_zWgfsOgfksN/view?usp=sharing Miskito to Spanish Dictionary]

Miskito and English/Lexical selection

2021-05-17T16:26:51Z

Rvelasc1: /* Case 4 */

== Miq → Eng ==
===Case 1===
mani - summer, year

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Mani an brisma. || How old are you? (lit. How many years do you have?)
|-
| Miskitu nani ba mani piuara insla irbisa. || The Miskitu prepare crops in the summer. (lit. The Miskitu tear apart farm with machete in summer.)
|}

Generalization for determining which translation is correct:
* If ''mani'' is followed by the adjective ''raya'' (new) or by the verb ''briaia'' (to have), then year is selected.
* We set summer as the default select for ''mani'', but if it's followed by the noun ''piu'' (time/season), it must be summer.

===Case 2===
ra - in, on, at

Example sentences:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| John rum ra sa. || John is in the room.
|-
| Buk ba tibil ra sa. || The book is on the table.
|-
| Mairin ba dur ra sa. || The woman is at the door.
|}

Generalization for determining which translation is correct.
* We can assume ''ra'' translates to ''in'' except for other edge cases.
* If the sentence has ''table'', translate to ''on''.
* If the sentence has ''door'', translate to ''at''.

===Case 3===
sangni- green, clear

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Yang naikra yula sangni sa. || My pupils are green.
|-
| Tuktan nani ba lî sangni disa. || The children drink clear water.
|}

Generalization for determining which translation is correct:
* The default translation is green.
* If ''sangni'' is preceded by the noun ''lî'' (water), then it should be translated as clear.

===Case 4===
taya - skin; family

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Man taya pihini brisma. || You have white skin.
|-
| Yang taiya tara kum brisna. || I have a big family.
|}

Generalization for determining which translation is correct:
* The default translation skin.
* If the noun is followed by size adjectives like ''tara'' (big), then it will be translated as family.

[[ Category:Sp21_LexicalSelection ]] [[Category: Miskito]] [[Category:English]]

Miskito and English/Lexical selection

2021-05-16T18:51:11Z

Rvelasc1: /* Miq → Eng */

== Miq → Eng ==
===Case 1===
mani - summer, year

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Mani an brisma. || How old are you? (lit. How many years do you have?)
|-
| Miskitu nani ba mani piuara insla irbisa. || The Miskitu prepare crops in the summer. (lit. The Miskitu tear apart farm with machete in summer.)
|}

Generalization for determining which translation is correct:
* If ''mani'' is followed by the adjective ''raya'' (new) or by the verb ''briaia'' (to have), then year is selected.
* We set summer as the default select for ''mani'', but if it's followed by the noun ''piu'' (time/season), it must be summer.

===Case 2===
ra - in, on, at

Example sentences:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| John rum ra sa. || John is in the room.
|-
| Buk ba tibil ra sa. || The book is on the table.
|-
| Mairin ba dur ra sa. || The woman is at the door.
|}

Generalization for determining which translation is correct.
* We can assume ''ra'' translates to ''in'' except for other edge cases.
* If the sentence has ''table'', translate to ''on''.
* If the sentence has ''door'', translate to ''at''.

===Case 3===
sangni- green, clear

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Yang naikra yula sangni sa. || My pupils are green.
|-
| Tuktan nani ba lî sangni disa. || The children drink clear water.
|}

Generalization for determining which translation is correct:
* The default translation is green.
* If ''sangni'' is preceded by the noun ''lî'' (water), then it should be translated as clear.

===Case 4===
taya - skin; family

Example sentences: La gente se sujeta la faja en la cintura.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Man taya pihini brisma. || You have white skin.
|-
| Yang taiya tara kum brisna. || I have a big family.
|}

Generalization for determining which translation is correct:
* The default translation skin.
* If the noun is followed by size adjectives like ''tara'' (big), then it will be translated as family.

[[ Category:Sp21_LexicalSelection ]] [[Category: Miskito]] [[Category:English]]

Miskito and English/Lexical selection

2021-05-16T18:50:32Z

Rvelasc1: /* Miq → Eng */

== Miq → Eng ==
===Case 1===
mani - summer, year

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Mani an brisma. || How old are you? (lit. How many years do you have?)
|-
| Miskitu nani ba mani piuara insla irbisa. || The Miskitu prepare crops in the summer. (lit. The Miskitu tear apart farm with machete in summer.)
|}

Generalization for determining which translation is correct:
* If ''mani'' is followed by the adjective ''raya'' (new) or by the verb ''briaia'' (to have), then year is selected.
* We set summer as the default select for ''mani'', but if it's followed by the noun ''piu'' (time/season), it must be summer.

===Case 2===
ra - in, on, at

Example sentences:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| John rum ra sa. || John is in the room.
|-
| Buk ba tibil ra sa. || The book is on the table.
|-
| Mairin ba dur ra sa. || The woman is at the door.
|}

Generalization for determining which translation is correct.
* We can assume ''ra'' translates to ''in'' except for other edge cases.
* If the sentence has ''table'', translate to ''on''.
* If the sentence has ''door'', translate to ''at''.

===Case 3===
sangni- green, clear

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Yang naikra yula sangni sa. || My pupils are green.
|-
| Tuktan nani ba lî sangni disa. || The children drink clear water.
|}
Generalization for determining which translation is correct:

* The default translation is green.
* If ''sangni'' is preceded by the noun ''lî'' (water), then it should be translated as clear.

===Case 4===
taya - skin; family

Example sentences: La gente se sujeta la faja en la cintura.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Man taya pihini brisma. || You have white skin.
|-
| Yang taiya tara kum brisna. || I have a big family.
|}
Generalization for determining which translation is correct:

* The default translation skin.
* If the noun is followed by size adjectives like ''tara'' (big), then it will be translated as family.

[[ Category:Sp21_LexicalSelection ]] [[Category: Miskito]] [[Category:English]]

Miskito and English/Lexical selection

2021-05-16T18:49:57Z

Rvelasc1: /* Miq → Eng */

== Miq → Eng ==
===Case 1===
mani - summer, year

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Mani an brisma. || How old are you? (lit. How many years do you have?)
|-
| Miskitu nani ba mani piuara insla irbisa. || The Miskitu prepare crops in the summer. (lit. The Miskitu tear apart farm with machete in summer.)
|}

Generalization for determining which translation is correct:
* If ''mani'' is followed by the adjective ''raya'' (new) or by the verb ''briaia'' (to have), then year is selected.
* We set summer as the default select for ''mani'', but if it's followed by the noun ''piu'' (time/season), it must be summer.

===Case 2===
ra - in, on, at

Example sentences:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| John rum ra sa. || John is in the room.
|-
| Buk ba tibil ra sa. || The book is on the table.
|-
| Mairin ba dur ra sa. || The woman is at the door.
|}

Generalization for determining which translation is correct.
* We can assume ''ra'' translates to ''in'' except for other edge cases.
* If the sentence has ''table'', translate to ''on''.
* If the sentence has ''door'', translate to ''at''.

===Case 3===
sangni- green, clear

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Yang naikra yula sangni sa. || My pupils are green.
|-
| Tuktan nani ba lî sangni disa. || The children drink clear water.
|}
Generalization for determining which translation is correct:

* The default translation is green.
* If ''sangni'' is preceded by the noun ''lî'' (water), then it should be translated as clear.

===Case 4===
taya - skin; family

Example sentences: La gente se sujeta la faja en la cintura.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Man taya pihini brisma. || You have white skin.
|-
| Yang taiya tara kum brisna. || I have a big family.
|}
Generalization for determining which translation is correct:

* The default translation skin.
* If the noun is followed by size adjectives like ''tara'' (big), then it will be translated as family.

[[ Category:Sp21_LexicalSelection ]] [[Category: Miskito]] [[Category:English]]

Miskito and English/Lexical selection

2021-05-16T18:48:52Z

Rvelasc1: /* Miq → Eng */

== Miq → Eng ==
===Case 1===
mani - summer, year

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Mani an brisma. || How old are you? (lit. How many years do you have?)
|-
| Miskitu nani ba mani piuara insla irbisa. || The Miskitu prepare crops in the summer. (lit. The Miskitu tear apart farm with machete in summer.)
|}
Generalization for determining which translation is correct:

* If ''mani'' is followed by the adjective ''raya'' (new) or by the verb ''briaia'' (to have), then year is selected.
* We set summer as the default select for ''mani'', but if it's followed by the noun ''piu'' (time/season), it must be summer.

===Case 2===
ra - in, on, at

Example sentences:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| John rum ra sa. || John is in the room.
|-
| Buk ba tibil ra sa. || The book is on the table.
|-
| Mairin ba dur ra sa. || The woman is at the door.
|}

Generalization for determining which translation is correct.
* We can assume ''ra'' translates to ''in'' except for other edge cases.
* If the sentence has ''table'', translate to ''on''.
* If the sentence has ''door'', translate to ''at''.

===Case 3===
sangni- green, clear

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Yang naikra yula sangni sa. || My pupils are green.
|-
| Tuktan nani ba lî sangni disa. || The children drink clear water.
|}
Generalization for determining which translation is correct:

* The default translation is green.
* If ''sangni'' is preceded by the noun ''lî'' (water), then it should be translated as clear.

===Case 4===
taya - skin; family

Example sentences: La gente se sujeta la faja en la cintura.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Man taya pihini brisma. || You have white skin.
|-
| Yang taiya tara kum brisna. || I have a big family.
|}
Generalization for determining which translation is correct:

* The default translation skin.
* If the noun is followed by size adjectives like ''tara'' (big), then it will be translated as family.

[[ Category:Sp21_LexicalSelection ]] [[Category: Miskito]] [[Category:English]]

Miskito and English/Lexical selection

2021-05-16T18:48:35Z

Rvelasc1: /* Case 4 */

== Miq → Eng ==
===Case 1===
mani - summer, year

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Mani an brisma. || How old are you? (lit. How many years do you have?)
|-
| Miskitu nani ba mani piuara insla irbisa. || The Miskitu prepare crops in the summer. (lit. The Miskitu tear apart farm with machete in summer.)
|}
Generalization for determining which translation is correct:

* If ''mani'' is followed by the adjective ''raya'' (new) or by the verb ''briaia'' (to have), then year is selected.
* We set summer as the default select for ''mani'', but if it's followed by the noun ''piu'' (time/season), it must be summer.

===Case 2===
ra - in, on, at

Example sentences:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| John rum ra sa. || John is in the room.
|-
| Buk ba tibil ra sa. || The book is on the table.
|-
| Mairin ba dur ra sa. || The woman is at the door.
|}

Generalization for determining which translation is correct.
* We can assume ''ra'' translates to ''in'' except for other edge cases.
* If the sentence has ''table'', translate to ''on''.
* If the sentence has ''door'', translate to ''at''.

===Case 3===
sangni- green, clear

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Yang naikra yula sangni sa. || My pupils are green.
|-
| Tuktan nani ba lî sangni disa. || The children drink clear water.
|}
Generalization for determining which translation is correct:

* The default translation is green.
* If ''sangni'' is preceded by the noun ''lî'' (water), then it should be translated as clear.

===Case 4===
taya - skin; family

Example sentences: La gente se sujeta la faja en la cintura.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Man taya pihini brisma. || You have white skin.
|-
| Yang taiya tara kum brisna. || I have a big family.
|}
Generalization for determining which translation is correct:

* The default translation skin.
* If the noun is followed by size adjectives like ''tara'' (big), then it will be translated as family.

[[ Category:Sp21_LexicalSelection ]] [[Category: Miskito]] [[Category:English]]

Miskito and English/Lexical selection

2021-05-16T18:48:00Z

Rvelasc1: /* Case 3 */

== Miq → Eng ==
===Case 1===
mani - summer, year

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Mani an brisma. || How old are you? (lit. How many years do you have?)
|-
| Miskitu nani ba mani piuara insla irbisa. || The Miskitu prepare crops in the summer. (lit. The Miskitu tear apart farm with machete in summer.)
|}
Generalization for determining which translation is correct:

* If ''mani'' is followed by the adjective ''raya'' (new) or by the verb ''briaia'' (to have), then year is selected.
* We set summer as the default select for ''mani'', but if it's followed by the noun ''piu'' (time/season), it must be summer.

===Case 2===
ra - in, on, at

Example sentences:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| John rum ra sa. || John is in the room.
|-
| Buk ba tibil ra sa. || The book is on the table.
|-
| Mairin ba dur ra sa. || The woman is at the door.
|}

Generalization for determining which translation is correct.
* We can assume ''ra'' translates to ''in'' except for other edge cases.
* If the sentence has ''table'', translate to ''on''.
* If the sentence has ''door'', translate to ''at''.

===Case 3===
sangni- green, clear

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Yang naikra yula sangni sa. || My pupils are green.
|-
| Tuktan nani ba lî sangni disa. || The children drink clear water.
|}
Generalization for determining which translation is correct:

* The default translation is green.
* If ''sangni'' is preceded by the noun ''lî'' (water), then it should be translated as clear.

===Case 4===
taya - skin; family

Example sentences: La gente se sujeta la faja en la cintura.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Man taya pihini brisma. || You have white skin.
|-
| Yang taiya tara kum brisna. || I have a big family.
|}
Generalization for determining which translation is correct:

* The default translation skin.
* If the noun is followed by size adjectives like ''tara''(big), then it will be translated as family.

[[ Category:Sp21_LexicalSelection ]] [[Category: Miskito]] [[Category:English]]

Miskito and English/Lexical selection

2021-05-16T18:28:52Z

Rvelasc1: /* Case 3 */

== Miq → Eng ==
===Case 1===
mani - summer, year

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Mani an brisma. || How old are you? (lit. How many years do you have?)
|-
| Miskitu nani ba mani piuara insla irbisa. || The Miskitu prepare crops in the summer. (lit. The Miskitu tear apart farm with machete in summer.)
|}
Generalization for determining which translation is correct:

* If ''mani'' is followed by the adjective ''raya'' (new) or by the verb ''briaia'' (to have), then year is selected.
* We set summer as the default select for ''mani'', but if it's followed by the noun ''piu'' (time/season), it must be summer.

===Case 2===
ra - in, on, at

Example sentences:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| John rum ra sa. || John is in the room.
|-
| Buk ba tibil ra sa. || The book is on the table.
|-
| Mairin ba dur ra sa. || The woman is at the door.
|}

Generalization for determining which translation is correct.
* We can assume ''ra'' translates to ''in'' except for other edge cases.
* If the sentence has ''table'', translate to ''on''.
* If the sentence has ''door'', translate to ''at''.

===Case 3===
maisa - waistline, food that grows after boiling/cooking (like rice), plentiful

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Upla ba ai maisara bilk wilkisa. || People fasten their skirts along their waistline.
|-
| Rais pain ba maisa sa. || Good quality rice is highly productive.
|}
Generalization for determining which translation is correct:

* If the sentence contains foods that grow when cooking or heating, it refers to that. Otherwise, it refers to waistline.
* If the sentence mentions words related to quantity, it refers to plentiful.

===Case 4===
taya - skin; family

Example sentences: La gente se sujeta la faja en la cintura.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Man taya pihini brisma. || You have white skin.
|-
| Yang taiya tara kum brisna. || I have a big family.
|}
Generalization for determining which translation is correct:

* The default translation skin.
* If the noun is followed by size adjectives like ''tara''(big), then it will be translated as family.

[[ Category:Sp21_LexicalSelection ]] [[Category: Miskito]] [[Category:English]]

Miskito and English/Lexical selection

2021-05-16T18:28:42Z

Rvelasc1:

== Miq → Eng ==
===Case 1===
mani - summer, year

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Mani an brisma. || How old are you? (lit. How many years do you have?)
|-
| Miskitu nani ba mani piuara insla irbisa. || The Miskitu prepare crops in the summer. (lit. The Miskitu tear apart farm with machete in summer.)
|}
Generalization for determining which translation is correct:

* If ''mani'' is followed by the adjective ''raya'' (new) or by the verb ''briaia'' (to have), then year is selected.
* We set summer as the default select for ''mani'', but if it's followed by the noun ''piu'' (time/season), it must be summer.

===Case 2===
ra - in, on, at

Example sentences:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| John rum ra sa. || John is in the room.
|-
| Buk ba tibil ra sa. || The book is on the table.
|-
| Mairin ba dur ra sa. || The woman is at the door.
|}

Generalization for determining which translation is correct.
* We can assume ''ra'' translates to ''in'' except for other edge cases.
* If the sentence has ''table'', translate to ''on''.
* If the sentence has ''door'', translate to ''at''.

===Case 3===
maisa - waistline, food that grows after boiling/cooking (like rice), plentiful

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Upla ba ai maisara bilk wilkisa. || People fasten their skirts along their waistline.
|-
| Rais pain ba maisa sa. || Good quality rice is highly productive.
|}
Generalization for determining which translation is correct:

* If the sentence contains foods that grow when cooking or heating, it refers to that. Otherwise, it refers to waistline.
* If the sentence mentions words related to quantity, it refers to plentiful.

===Case 3===
taya - skin; family

Example sentences: La gente se sujeta la faja en la cintura.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Miskito Sentence !! English Translation
|-
| Man taya pihini brisma. || You have white skin.
|-
| Yang taiya tara kum brisna. || I have a big family.
|}
Generalization for determining which translation is correct:

* The default translation skin.
* If the noun is followed by size adjectives like ''tara''(big), then it will be translated as family.

[[ Category:Sp21_LexicalSelection ]] [[Category: Miskito]] [[Category:English]]

Miskito and English/Contrastive Grammar

2021-05-12T16:44:53Z

Rvelasc1: /* Miq-Eng tests */

== Miq-Eng tests ==

===Object Order===
Miskito is an SOV language, so the object phrase always follows the noun phrase and generally precedes the verb phrase (there are some exceptions). In contrast, English is an SVO language.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Yang wal wîna kalila piras.| I don't eat meat and chicken}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng|yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}} wîna{{tag|n}} kalila{{tag|n}} piras{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|neg}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} meat{{tag|n}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}}}} chicken{{tag|n}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Titan pata ba pat ridi sa.| The breakfast is ready.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng|titan{{tag|n}} pata{{tag|n}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} pat{{tag|adv}} ridi{{tag|adj}} sa{{tag|vkaia}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} breakfast{{tag|n}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} ready{{tag|adj}}}}

===Adjective Order===
In Miskito, adjectives come between the subject and the determiner. This is the reverse in English.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Bîp mairin nani ba yabal ra kan | The cows were on the road}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| bîp{{tag|n}} mairin{{tag|adj}} nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} yabal{{tag|n}} ra{{tag|post}} kan{{tag|vkaia}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} cows{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} on{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Yang plun damni daukri | I made sweet food}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}} plun{{tag|n}} damni{{tag|adj}} daukri{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} made{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} sweet{{tag|adj}} food{{tag|n}}}}

===Subject Deletion===
Unlike English, first person verbs can stand alone to make a grammatically correct sentence.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Mai kaikisna | I see you}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| mai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p2}} kaikisna{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Ai kaikan| He saw me}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}} kaikan{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} | he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Plurals===
In Miskito, plurality is created by adding the word ''nani'' after the noun. In contrast, English creates plurals by adding ''s'' to the end of nouns.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Yang bîp nani kaikri | I saw the cows}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}} bîp{{tag|n}} nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}} kaikri{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} saw{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} cows{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Witin nani pain sa | They are good}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| witin{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}} nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}} pain{{tag|adj}} sa{{tag|vkaia}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} | They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} are{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} good{{tag|adj}}}}

===Possessives===
Posession in Miskito modifies the possessed noun with a suffix. Whereas in English, possession is marked on the possessor.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| man araskam | Your horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| man{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}} araskam{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2}}| your{{tag|det}}{{tag|px2sg}} horse{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Yang bîkki tibil ra sa | My bag is on the table}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}} bîkki{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1}} tibil{{tag|n}} ra{{tag|post}} sa{{tag|vkaia}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} | my{{tag|det}}{{tag|px1sg}} bag{{tag|n}} is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} on{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} table{{tag|n}}}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category: Miskito]] [[Category: English]]

Miskito and English/Contrastive Grammar

2021-05-12T16:36:17Z

Rvelasc1: /* Possessives */

== Miq-Eng tests ==

===Object Order===
Miskito is an SOV language, so the object phrase always follows the noun phrase and generally precedes the verb phrase (there are some exceptions). In contrast, English is an SVO language.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Yang wal wîna kalila piras.| I don't eat meat and chicken}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng|yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}} wîna{{tag|n}} kalila{{tag|n}} piras{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|neg}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} meat{{tag|n}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}}}} chicken{{tag|n}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Titan pata ba pat ridi sa.| The breakfast is ready.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng|titan{{tag|n}} pata{{tag|n}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} pat{{tag|adv}} ridi{{tag|adj}} sa{{tag|vkaia}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} breakfast{{tag|n}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} ready{{tag|adj}}}}

===Adjective Order===
In Miskito, adjectives come between the subject and the determiner. This is the reverse in English.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Bîp mairin nani ba yabal ra kan | The cows were on the road}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| bîp{{tag|n}} mairin{{tag|adj}} nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} yabal{{tag|n}} ra{{tag|post}} kan{{tag|vkaia}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} cows{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} on{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Yang plun damni daukri | I made sweet food}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}} plun{{tag|n}} damni{{tag|adj}} daukri{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} made{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} sweet{{tag|adj}} food{{tag|n}}}}

===Subject Deletion===
Unlike English, first person verbs can stand alone to make a grammatically correct sentence.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Mai kaikisna | I see you}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| mai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p2}} kaikisna{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Ai kaikan| He saw me}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}} kaikan{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} | he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Plurals===
In Miskito, plurality is created by adding the word ''nani'' after the noun. In contrast, English creates plurals by adding ''s'' to the end of nouns.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Yang bîp nani kaikri | I saw the cows}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}} bîp{{tag|n}} nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}} kaikri{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} saw{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} cows{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Witin nani pain sa | They are good}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| witin{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}} nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}} pain{{tag|adj}} sa{{tag|vkaia}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} | They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} are{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} good{{tag|adj}}}}

===Possessives===
Posession in Miskito modifies the possessed noun with a suffix. Whereas in English, possession is marked on the possessor.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| man araskam | Your horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| man{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}} araskam{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2}}| your{{tag|det}}{{tag|px2sg}} horse{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Yang bîkki tibil ra sa | My bag is on the table}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| Yang bîkki tibil ra sa | my bag is on the table}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category: Miskito]] [[Category: English]]

Miskito and English/Contrastive Grammar

2021-05-12T16:32:13Z

Rvelasc1: /* Miq-Eng tests */

== Miq-Eng tests ==

===Object Order===
Miskito is an SOV language, so the object phrase always follows the noun phrase and generally precedes the verb phrase (there are some exceptions). In contrast, English is an SVO language.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Yang wal wîna kalila piras.| I don't eat meat and chicken}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng|yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}} wîna{{tag|n}} kalila{{tag|n}} piras{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|neg}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} meat{{tag|n}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}}}} chicken{{tag|n}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Titan pata ba pat ridi sa.| The breakfast is ready.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng|titan{{tag|n}} pata{{tag|n}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} pat{{tag|adv}} ridi{{tag|adj}} sa{{tag|vkaia}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} breakfast{{tag|n}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} ready{{tag|adj}}}}

===Adjective Order===
In Miskito, adjectives come between the subject and the determiner. This is the reverse in English.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Bîp mairin nani ba yabal ra kan | The cows were on the road}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| bîp{{tag|n}} mairin{{tag|adj}} nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} yabal{{tag|n}} ra{{tag|post}} kan{{tag|vkaia}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} cows{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} on{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Yang plun damni daukri | I made sweet food}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}} plun{{tag|n}} damni{{tag|adj}} daukri{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} made{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} sweet{{tag|adj}} food{{tag|n}}}}

===Subject Deletion===
Unlike English, first person verbs can stand alone to make a grammatically correct sentence.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Mai kaikisna | I see you}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| mai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p2}} kaikisna{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Ai kaikan| He saw me}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}} kaikan{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} | he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Plurals===
In Miskito, plurality is created by adding the word ''nani'' after the noun. In contrast, English creates plurals by adding ''s'' to the end of nouns.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Yang bîp nani kaikri | I saw the cows}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}} bîp{{tag|n}} nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}} kaikri{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} saw{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} cows{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Witin nani pain sa | They are good}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| witin{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}} nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}} pain{{tag|adj}} sa{{tag|vkaia}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} | They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} are{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} good{{tag|adj}}}}

===Possessives===
Posession in Miskito modifies the possessed noun with a suffix. Whereas in English, possession is marked on the possessor.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| man araskam| Your horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| man{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}} araskam{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2sg}}| your{{tag|det}}{{tag|px2sg}} horse{{tag|n}}}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category: Miskito]] [[Category: English]]

Miskito and English/Contrastive Grammar

2021-05-12T16:28:47Z

Rvelasc1: /* Miq-Eng tests */

== Miq-Eng tests ==

===Object Order===
Miskito is an SOV language, so the object phrase always follows the noun phrase and generally precedes the verb phrase (there are some exceptions). In contrast, English is an SVO language.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Yang wal wîna kalila piras.| I don't eat meat and chicken}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng|yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}} wîna{{tag|n}} kalila{{tag|n}} piras{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|neg}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} meat{{tag|n}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}}}} chicken{{tag|n}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Titan pata ba pat ridi sa.| The breakfast is ready.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng|titan{{tag|n}} pata{{tag|n}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} pat{{tag|adv}} ridi{{tag|adj}} sa{{tag|vkaia}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} breakfast{{tag|n}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} ready{{tag|adj}}}}

===Adjective Order===
In Miskito, adjectives come between the subject and the determiner. This is the reverse in English.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Bîp mairin nani ba yabal ra kan | The cows were on the road}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| bîp{{tag|n}} mairin{{tag|adj}} nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} yabal{{tag|n}} ra{{tag|post}} kan{{tag|vkaia}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} cows{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} on{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Yang plun damni daukri | I made sweet food}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}} plun{{tag|n}} damni{{tag|adj}} daukri{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} made{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} sweet{{tag|adj}} food{{tag|n}}}}

===Subject Deletion===
Unlike English, first person verbs can stand alone to make a grammatically correct sentence.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Mai kaikisna | I see you}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| mai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p2}} kaikisna{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Ai kaikan| He saw me}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}} kaikan{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} | he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Plurals===
In Miskito, plurality is created by adding the word ''nani'' after the noun. In contrast, English creates plurals by adding ''s'' to the end of nouns.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Yang bîp nani kaikri | I saw the cows}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}} bîp{{tag|n}} nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}} kaikri{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} saw{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} cows{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Witin nani pain sa | They are good}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| Aras{{tag|n}} nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} horses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Possessives===
Posession in Miskito modifies the possessed noun with a suffix. Whereas in English, possession is marked on the possessor.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| man araskam| Your horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| man{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}} araskam{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2sg}}| your{{tag|det}}{{tag|px2sg}} horse{{tag|n}}}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category: Miskito]] [[Category: English]]

Miskito and English/Contrastive Grammar

2021-05-12T16:21:57Z

Rvelasc1: /* Subject Deletion */

== Miq-Eng tests ==

===Object Order===
Miskito is an SOV language, so the object phrase always follows the noun phrase and generally precedes the verb phrase (there are some exceptions). In contrast, English is an SVO language.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Yang wal wîna kalila piras.| I don't eat meat and chicken}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng|yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}} wîna{{tag|n}} kalila{{tag|n}} piras{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|neg}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} meat{{tag|n}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}}}} chicken{{tag|n}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Titan pata ba pat ridi sa.| The breakfast is ready.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng|titan{{tag|n}} pata{{tag|n}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} pat{{tag|adv}} ridi{{tag|adj}} sa{{tag|vkaia}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} breakfast{{tag|n}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} ready{{tag|adj}}}}

===Adjective Order===
In Miskito, adjectives come between the subject and the determiner. This is the reverse in English.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Bîp mairin nani ba yabal ra kan | The cows were on the road}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| bîp{{tag|n}} mairin{{tag|adj}} nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} yabal{{tag|n}} ra{{tag|post}} kan{{tag|vkaia}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} cows{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} on{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Yang plun damni daukri | I made sweet food}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}} plun{{tag|n}} damni{{tag|adj}} daukri{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} made{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} sweet{{tag|adj}} food{{tag|n}}}}

===Subject Deletion===
Unlike English, first person verbs can stand alone to make a grammatically correct sentence.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Mai kaikisna | I see you}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| mai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p2}} kaikisna{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Ai kaikan| He saw me}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| ai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}} kaikan{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} | he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

===Plurals===
In Miskito, plurality is created by adding the word ''nani'' after the noun. In contrast, English creates plurals by adding ''s'' to the end of nouns.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Aras nani ba| The horses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| Aras{{tag|n}} nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} horses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Possessives===
Posession in Miskito modifies the possessed noun with a suffix. Whereas in English, possession is marked on the possessor.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| man araskam| Your horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| man{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}} araskam{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2sg}}| your{{tag|det}}{{tag|px2sg}} horse{{tag|n}}}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category: Miskito]] [[Category: English]]

Miskito and English/Contrastive Grammar

2021-05-12T16:16:55Z

Rvelasc1: /* Miq-Eng tests */

== Miq-Eng tests ==

===Object Order===
Miskito is an SOV language, so the object phrase always follows the noun phrase and generally precedes the verb phrase (there are some exceptions). In contrast, English is an SVO language.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Yang wal wîna kalila piras.| I don't eat meat and chicken}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng|yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}} wîna{{tag|n}} kalila{{tag|n}} piras{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|neg}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} meat{{tag|n}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}}}} chicken{{tag|n}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Titan pata ba pat ridi sa.| The breakfast is ready.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng|titan{{tag|n}} pata{{tag|n}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} pat{{tag|adv}} ridi{{tag|adj}} sa{{tag|vkaia}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} breakfast{{tag|n}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} ready{{tag|adj}}}}

===Adjective Order===
In Miskito, adjectives come between the subject and the determiner. This is the reverse in English.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Bîp mairin nani ba yabal ra kan | The cows were on the road}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| bîp{{tag|n}} mairin{{tag|adj}} nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} yabal{{tag|n}} ra{{tag|post}} kan{{tag|vkaia}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} cows{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} on{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Yang plun damni daukri | I made sweet food}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}} plun{{tag|n}} damni{{tag|adj}} daukri{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} made{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} sweet{{tag|adj}} food{{tag|n}}}}

===Subject Deletion===
Unlike English, first person verbs can stand alone to make a grammatically correct sentence.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Mai kaikisna | I see you}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| mai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p2}} kaikisna{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| kalila pisna| I eat chicken}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| kalila{{tag|n}} pisna{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} chicken{{tag|n}}}}

===Plurals===
In Miskito, plurality is created by adding the word ''nani'' after the noun. In contrast, English creates plurals by adding ''s'' to the end of nouns.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Aras nani ba| The horses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| Aras{{tag|n}} nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} horses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Possessives===
Posession in Miskito modifies the possessed noun with a suffix. Whereas in English, possession is marked on the possessor.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| man araskam| Your horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| man{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}} araskam{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2sg}}| your{{tag|det}}{{tag|px2sg}} horse{{tag|n}}}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category: Miskito]] [[Category: English]]

Miskito and English/Contrastive Grammar

2021-05-12T16:14:02Z

Rvelasc1: /* Subject Deletion */

== Miq-Eng tests ==

===Object Order===
Miskito is an SOV language, so the object phrase always follows the noun phrase and generally precedes the verb phrase (there are some exceptions). In contrast, English is an SVO language.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Yang wal wîna kalila piras.| I don't eat meat and chicken}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng|yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}} wîna{{tag|n}} kalila{{tag|n}} piras{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|neg}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} meat{{tag|n}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}}}} chicken{{tag|n}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Titan pata ba pat ridi sa.| The breakfast is ready.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng|titan{{tag|n}} pata{{tag|n}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} pat{{tag|adv}} ridi{{tag|adj}} sa{{tag|vkaia}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} breakfast{{tag|n}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} ready{{tag|adj}}}}

===Adjective Order===
In Miskito, adjectives come between the subject and the determiner. This is the reverse in English.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Bîp mairin nani ba yabal ra kan | The cows were on the road}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| bîp{{tag|n}} mairin{{tag|adj}} nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} yabal{{tag|n}} ra{{tag|post}} kan{{tag|vkaia}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} cows{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} on{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Yang plun damni daukri | I made sweet food}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}} plun{{tag|n}} damni{{tag|adj}} daukri{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} made{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} sweet{{tag|adj}} food{{tag|n}}}}

===Subject Deletion===
Unlike English, first person verbs can stand alone to make a grammatically correct sentence.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Mai kaikisna | I see you}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| mai{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p2}} kaikisna{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}} | I see you}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| kalila pisna| I eat chicken}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| kalila{{tag|n}} pisna{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} chicken{{tag|n}}}}

===Plurals===
In Miskito, plurality is created by adding the word ''nani'' after the noun. In contrast, English creates plurals by adding ''s'' to the end of nouns.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Aras nani ba| The horses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| Aras{{tag|n}} nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} horses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Possessives===
Posession in Miskito modifies the possessed noun with a suffix. Whereas in English, possession is marked on the possessor.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| man araskam| Your horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| man{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}} araskam{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2sg}}| your{{tag|det}}{{tag|px2sg}} horse{{tag|n}}}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category: Miskito]] [[Category: English]]

Miskito and English/Contrastive Grammar

2021-05-12T16:00:42Z

Rvelasc1: /* Adjective Order */

== Miq-Eng tests ==

===Object Order===
Miskito is an SOV language, so the object phrase always follows the noun phrase and generally precedes the verb phrase (there are some exceptions). In contrast, English is an SVO language.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Yang wal wîna kalila piras.| I don't eat meat and chicken}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng|yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}} wîna{{tag|n}} kalila{{tag|n}} piras{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|neg}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} meat{{tag|n}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}}}} chicken{{tag|n}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Titan pata ba pat ridi sa.| The breakfast is ready.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng|titan{{tag|n}} pata{{tag|n}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} pat{{tag|adv}} ridi{{tag|adj}} sa{{tag|vkaia}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} breakfast{{tag|n}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} ready{{tag|adj}}}}

===Adjective Order===
In Miskito, adjectives come between the subject and the determiner. This is the reverse in English.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Bîp mairin nani ba yabal ra kan | The cows were on the road}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| bîp{{tag|n}} mairin{{tag|adj}} nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} yabal{{tag|n}} ra{{tag|post}} kan{{tag|vkaia}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} cows{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} on{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Yang plun damni daukri | I made sweet food}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}} plun{{tag|n}} damni{{tag|adj}} daukri{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} made{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} sweet{{tag|adj}} food{{tag|n}}}}

===Subject Deletion===
Unlike English, first person verbs can stand alone to make a grammatically correct sentence.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| wapri| I walked}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| wapri{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} walked{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| kalila pisna| I eat chicken}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| kalila{{tag|n}} pisna{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} chicken{{tag|n}}}}

===Plurals===
In Miskito, plurality is created by adding the word ''nani'' after the noun. In contrast, English creates plurals by adding ''s'' to the end of nouns.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Aras nani ba| The horses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| Aras{{tag|n}} nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} horses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Possessives===
Posession in Miskito modifies the possessed noun with a suffix. Whereas in English, possession is marked on the possessor.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| man araskam| Your horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| man{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}} araskam{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2sg}}| your{{tag|det}}{{tag|px2sg}} horse{{tag|n}}}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category: Miskito]] [[Category: English]]

Miskito and English/Contrastive Grammar

2021-05-12T15:55:47Z

Rvelasc1: /* Adjective Order */

== Miq-Eng tests ==

===Object Order===
Miskito is an SOV language, so the object phrase always follows the noun phrase and generally precedes the verb phrase (there are some exceptions). In contrast, English is an SVO language.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Yang wal wîna kalila piras.| I don't eat meat and chicken}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng|yang{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}} wîna{{tag|n}} kalila{{tag|n}} piras{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|neg}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} meat{{tag|n}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}}}} chicken{{tag|n}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Titan pata ba pat ridi sa.| The breakfast is ready.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng|titan{{tag|n}} pata{{tag|n}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} pat{{tag|adv}} ridi{{tag|adj}} sa{{tag|vkaia}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} breakfast{{tag|n}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} ready{{tag|adj}}}}

===Adjective Order===
In Miskito, adjectives come between the subject and the determiner. This is the reverse in English.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Bîp mairin nani ba yabal ra kan | The cows were on the road}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| bîp{{tag|n}} mairin{{tag|adj}} nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} yabal{{tag|n}} ra{{tag|post}} kan{{tag|vkaia}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} cows{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} on{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng|Yang plun damni daukri | I made sweet food}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng|tutni{{tag|n}} yamni{{tag|adj}} | good{{tag|adj}} afternoon{{tag|n}}}}

===Subject Deletion===
Unlike English, first person verbs can stand alone to make a grammatically correct sentence.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| wapri| I walked}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| wapri{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} walked{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| kalila pisna| I eat chicken}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| kalila{{tag|n}} pisna{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} chicken{{tag|n}}}}

===Plurals===
In Miskito, plurality is created by adding the word ''nani'' after the noun. In contrast, English creates plurals by adding ''s'' to the end of nouns.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| Aras nani ba| The horses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| Aras{{tag|n}} nani{{tag|det}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}} ba{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dst}} | The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} horses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

===Possessives===
Posession in Miskito modifies the possessed noun with a suffix. Whereas in English, possession is marked on the possessor.

* {{transferTest|miq|eng| man araskam| Your horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|miq|eng| man{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}} araskam{{tag|n}}{{tag|px2sg}}| your{{tag|det}}{{tag|px2sg}} horse{{tag|n}}}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category: Miskito]] [[Category: English]]

Miskito and English/Contrastive Grammar

2021-05-12T15:39:36Z

Rvelasc1: /* Adjective Order */

Miskito/Disambiguation

2021-05-12T06:28:42Z

Rvelasc1:

==Code==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-miq Github Repo]

==Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity==
Upon initial evaluation, our transducer has an ambiguity of ~1.01368738023542294005.
* Total number of forms: 329
* Number of unique forms: 325

==Ambiguous words added==
Sentences taken from ''Aprendamos el Miskito'' by Melgara Brown
====Mairin====
* <adj> female
** Bîp mairin nani ba yabal ra kan. | The cows were on the road.
*** <code>^Bîp/bîp<n>$ ^mairin/mairin<n>/'''mairin<adj>'''$ ^nani/nani<det><pl>$ ^ba/ba<det><def><dst>$ ^yabal/yabal<n>$ ^ra/ra<post>$ ^kan/kaia<vkaia><past><p3>$^../..<sent>$</code>
* <n> woman
** Mairin ba bîp wainhka ba kaikan. | The woman saw the bull.
*** <code>^Mairin/'''mairin<n>'''/mairin<adj>$ ^ba/ba<det><def><dst>$ ^bîp/bîp<n>$ ^wainhka/wainhka<n>/wainhka<adj>$ ^ba/ba<det><def><dst>$ ^kaikan/*kaikan$^../..<sent>$</code>

==Final Evaluation of Ambiguity==
Ambiguity after disambiguation: ~1.01341363263071448125
* Total number of forms: 331
* Number of unique forms: 327

[[Category:Miskito]] [[Category:Sp21_Disambiguation]]

Miskito/Disambiguation

2021-05-12T06:20:21Z