LING073 - User contributions [en]

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T19:17:41Z

Tbanach1: /* Differences */

===Differences===

Nota Bene: We were unable to find cyrillic sentences, so we took the latin alphabet and converted it. However, this may cause errors.

==Comparative Particles==

There are no comparative particles at all in Evenki.

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Мурин|horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Мурин{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|horse{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орондук|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орондук{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер|big}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}}}

==Word order==

Word order in Evenki is Subject-Complement-Verb, unlike English where the word order is Subject-Verb-Complement.

An example of this is

Тадук нунгартын аичимни ча-тын

then they doctor-pl become-pst-3pl

Then they became doctors.

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тадук|then}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тадук{{tag|adv}}|then{{tag|adv}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|нунгартын|they}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|нунгартын{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|they{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|аичимни|doctor}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|аичимни{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}|doctor{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|чатын|become}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|чатын{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3}}|become{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3}}}}

== Necessity of to be verbs ==

Unlike in english, even can easily remove the verb to be.

Тар орон ньами (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тар|that}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тар{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|that{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орон|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орон{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|ньами|female}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|ньами{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|female{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

== Case system ==

All evenki nouns operate under a case system, unlike english nouns. Compare the word for reindeer in the two sentences:

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

Тар орон ньами (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Мурин|horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Мурин{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|horse{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орондук|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орондук{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер|big}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тар|that}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тар{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|that{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орон|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орон{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|ньами|female}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|ньами{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|female{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

== Negation ==

Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle.

Би-де нунган-да е-че-вун еме-ре.

I-clt he-clt neg.aux-pst-lpl.exe come-part

'Neither I nor he came.

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Биде|I}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Биде{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|clt}}|I{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|clt}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|нунганда|he}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|нунганда{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|clt}}|he{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|clt}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|ечевун|negation}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|ечевун{{tag|neg}}{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|lpl}}|negation{{tag|neg}}{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|lpl}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|емере|come}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|емере{{tag|v}}{{tag|part}}|come{{tag|v}}{{tag|part}}}}

identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).

These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as # in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).

===evn-eng Tests===
Use the TransferMorphTest and TransferTest templates. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the Transfer rules page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:evenki]][[Category:english]]

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T19:09:54Z

Tbanach1: /* Differences */

===Differences===

Nota Bene: We were unable to find good cyrillic sentences, so we took the latin alphabet and converted it. However, this may cause errors.

==Comparative Particles==

There are no comparative particles at all in Evenki.

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Мурин|horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Мурин{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|horse{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орондук|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орондук{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер|big}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}}}

==Word order==

Word order in Evenki is Subject-Complement-Verb, unlike English where the word order is Subject-Verb-Complement.

An example of this is

Тадук нунгартын аичимни ча-тын

then they doctor-pl become-pst-3pl

Then they became doctors.

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тадук|then}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тадук{{tag|adv}}|then{{tag|adv}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|нунгартын|they}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|нунгартын{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|they{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|аичимни|doctor}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|аичимни{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}|doctor{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|чатын|become}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|чатын{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3}}|become{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3}}}}

== Necessity of to be verbs ==

Unlike in english, even can easily remove the verb to be.

Тар орон ньами (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тар|that}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тар{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|that{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орон|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орон{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|ньами|female}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|ньами{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|female{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

== Case system ==

All evenki nouns operate under a case system, unlike english nouns. Compare the word for reindeer in the two sentences:

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

Тар орон ньами (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Мурин|horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Мурин{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|horse{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орондук|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орондук{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер|big}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тар|that}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тар{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|that{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орон|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орон{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|ньами|female}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|ньами{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|female{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

== Negation ==

Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle.

Би-де нунган-да е-че-вун еме-ре.

I-clt he-clt neg.aux-pst-lpl.exe come-part

'Neither I nor he came.

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Биде|I}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Биде{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|clt}}|I{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|clt}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|нунганда|he}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|нунганда{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|clt}}|he{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|clt}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|ечевун|negation}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|ечевун{{tag|neg}}{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|lpl}}|negation{{tag|neg}}{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|lpl}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|емере|come}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|емере{{tag|v}}{{tag|part}}|come{{tag|v}}{{tag|part}}}}

identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).

These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as # in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).

===evn-eng Tests===
Use the TransferMorphTest and TransferTest templates. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the Transfer rules page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:evenki]][[Category:english]]

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T19:04:00Z

Tbanach1: /* Negation */

===Differences===

==Comparative Particles==

There are no comparative particles at all in Evenki.

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Мурин|horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Мурин{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|horse{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орондук|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орондук{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер|big}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}}}

==Word order==

Word order in Evenki is Subject-Complement-Verb, unlike English where the word order is Subject-Verb-Complement.

An example of this is

Тадук нунгартын аичимни ча-тын

then they doctor-pl become-pst-3pl

Then they became doctors.

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тадук|then}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тадук{{tag|adv}}|then{{tag|adv}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|нунгартын|they}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|нунгартын{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|they{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|аичимни|doctor}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|аичимни{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}|doctor{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|чатын|become}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|чатын{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3}}|become{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3}}}}

== Necessity of to be verbs ==

Unlike in english, even can easily remove the verb to be.

Тар орон ньами (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тар|that}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тар{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|that{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орон|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орон{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|ньами|female}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|ньами{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|female{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

== Case system ==

All evenki nouns operate under a case system, unlike english nouns. Compare the word for reindeer in the two sentences:

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

Тар орон ньами (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Мурин|horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Мурин{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|horse{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орондук|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орондук{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер|big}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тар|that}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тар{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|that{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орон|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орон{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|ньами|female}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|ньами{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|female{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

== Negation ==

Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle.

Би-де нунган-да е-че-вун еме-ре.

I-clt he-clt neg.aux-pst-lpl.exe come-part

'Neither I nor he came.

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Биде|I}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Биде{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|clt}}|I{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|clt}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|нунганда|he}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|нунганда{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|clt}}|he{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|clt}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|ечевун|negation}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|ечевун{{tag|neg}}{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|lpl}}|negation{{tag|neg}}{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|lpl}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|емере|come}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|емере{{tag|v}}{{tag|part}}|come{{tag|v}}{{tag|part}}}}

identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).

These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as # in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).

===evn-eng Tests===
Use the TransferMorphTest and TransferTest templates. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the Transfer rules page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:evenki]][[Category:english]]

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T19:03:50Z

Tbanach1: /* Negation */

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T18:58:12Z

Tbanach1: /* Negation */

===Differences===

==Comparative Particles==

There are no comparative particles at all in Evenki.

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Мурин|horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Мурин{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|horse{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орондук|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орондук{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер|big}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}}}

==Word order==

Word order in Evenki is Subject-Complement-Verb, unlike English where the word order is Subject-Verb-Complement.

An example of this is

Тадук нунгартын аичимни ча-тын

then they doctor-pl become-pst-3pl

Then they became doctors.

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тадук|then}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тадук{{tag|adv}}|then{{tag|adv}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|нунгартын|they}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|нунгартын{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|they{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|аичимни|doctor}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|аичимни{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}|doctor{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|чатын|become}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|чатын{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3}}|become{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3}}}}

== Necessity of to be verbs ==

Unlike in english, even can easily remove the verb to be.

Тар орон ньами (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тар|that}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тар{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|that{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орон|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орон{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|ньами|female}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|ньами{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|female{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

== Case system ==

All evenki nouns operate under a case system, unlike english nouns. Compare the word for reindeer in the two sentences:

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

Тар орон ньами (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Мурин|horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Мурин{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|horse{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орондук|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орондук{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер|big}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тар|that}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тар{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|that{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орон|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орон{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|ньами|female}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|ньами{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|female{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

== Negation ==

Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle.

Би-де нунган-да е-че-вун еме-ре.

I-clt he-clt neg.aux-pst-lpl.exe come-part

'Neither I nor he came.

identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).

These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as # in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).

===evn-eng Tests===
Use the TransferMorphTest and TransferTest templates. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the Transfer rules page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:evenki]][[Category:english]]

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T18:52:45Z

Tbanach1: /* Case system */

===Differences===

==Comparative Particles==

There are no comparative particles at all in Evenki.

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Мурин|horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Мурин{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|horse{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орондук|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орондук{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер|big}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}}}

==Word order==

Word order in Evenki is Subject-Complement-Verb, unlike English where the word order is Subject-Verb-Complement.

An example of this is

Тадук нунгартын аичимни ча-тын

then they doctor-pl become-pst-3pl

Then they became doctors.

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тадук|then}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тадук{{tag|adv}}|then{{tag|adv}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|нунгартын|they}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|нунгартын{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|they{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|аичимни|doctor}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|аичимни{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}|doctor{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|чатын|become}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|чатын{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3}}|become{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3}}}}

== Necessity of to be verbs ==

Unlike in english, even can easily remove the verb to be.

Тар орон ньами (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тар|that}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тар{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|that{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орон|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орон{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|ньами|female}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|ньами{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|female{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

== Case system ==

All evenki nouns operate under a case system, unlike english nouns. Compare the word for reindeer in the two sentences:

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

Тар орон ньами (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Мурин|horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Мурин{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|horse{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орондук|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орондук{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер|big}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тар|that}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тар{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|that{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орон|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орон{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|ньами|female}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|ньами{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|female{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

== Negation ==

Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle along with a negative subject, similar to the word nor in English.

With the sentence ӈи-вэл[prn] кэсэгӣчивунду[noun], са̄рича̄нинду эвки[the negation] бидемэчин[verb], which translates to English No one[prn] shall be subjected[verb] to torture[verb] or to cruel,[adj] inhuman[adj] or degrading[adj] treatment[noun] or punishment.[noun], the only negation in the Evenki sentence is эвки, as opposed to english where there is a positive or, but the only negation is in the subject.

identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).

These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as # in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).

===evn-eng Tests===
Use the TransferMorphTest and TransferTest templates. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the Transfer rules page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:evenki]][[Category:english]]

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T18:52:15Z

Tbanach1: /* Case system */

===Differences===

==Comparative Particles==

There are no comparative particles at all in Evenki.

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Мурин|horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Мурин{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|horse{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орондук|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орондук{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер|big}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}}}

==Word order==

Word order in Evenki is Subject-Complement-Verb, unlike English where the word order is Subject-Verb-Complement.

An example of this is

Тадук нунгартын аичимни ча-тын

then they doctor-pl become-pst-3pl

Then they became doctors.

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тадук|then}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тадук{{tag|adv}}|then{{tag|adv}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|нунгартын|they}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|нунгартын{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|they{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|аичимни|doctor}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|аичимни{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}|doctor{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|чатын|become}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|чатын{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3}}|become{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3}}}}

== Necessity of to be verbs ==

Unlike in english, even can easily remove the verb to be.

Тар орон ньами (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тар|that}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тар{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|that{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орон|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орон{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|ньами|female}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|ньами{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|female{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

== Case system ==

All evenki nouns operate under a case system, unlike english nouns. Compare the word for reindeer in the two sentences:

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

Тар орон ньами (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тар|that}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тар{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|that{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орон|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орон{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|ньами|female}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|ньами{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|female{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

== Negation ==

Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle along with a negative subject, similar to the word nor in English.

With the sentence ӈи-вэл[prn] кэсэгӣчивунду[noun], са̄рича̄нинду эвки[the negation] бидемэчин[verb], which translates to English No one[prn] shall be subjected[verb] to torture[verb] or to cruel,[adj] inhuman[adj] or degrading[adj] treatment[noun] or punishment.[noun], the only negation in the Evenki sentence is эвки, as opposed to english where there is a positive or, but the only negation is in the subject.

identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).

These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as # in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).

===evn-eng Tests===
Use the TransferMorphTest and TransferTest templates. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the Transfer rules page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:evenki]][[Category:english]]

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T18:52:00Z

Tbanach1: /* Case system */

===Differences===

==Comparative Particles==

There are no comparative particles at all in Evenki.

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Мурин|horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Мурин{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|horse{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орондук|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орондук{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер|big}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}}}

==Word order==

Word order in Evenki is Subject-Complement-Verb, unlike English where the word order is Subject-Verb-Complement.

An example of this is

Тадук нунгартын аичимни ча-тын

then they doctor-pl become-pst-3pl

Then they became doctors.

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тадук|then}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тадук{{tag|adv}}|then{{tag|adv}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|нунгартын|they}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|нунгартын{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|they{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|аичимни|doctor}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|аичимни{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}|doctor{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|чатын|become}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|чатын{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3}}|become{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3}}}}

== Necessity of to be verbs ==

Unlike in english, even can easily remove the verb to be.

Тар орон ньами (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тар|that}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тар{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|that{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орон|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орон{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|ньами|female}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|ньами{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|female{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

== Case system ==

All evenki nouns operate under a case system, unlike english nouns. Compare the word for reindeer in the two sentences:

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

Тар орон ньами (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

== Negation ==

Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle along with a negative subject, similar to the word nor in English.

With the sentence ӈи-вэл[prn] кэсэгӣчивунду[noun], са̄рича̄нинду эвки[the negation] бидемэчин[verb], which translates to English No one[prn] shall be subjected[verb] to torture[verb] or to cruel,[adj] inhuman[adj] or degrading[adj] treatment[noun] or punishment.[noun], the only negation in the Evenki sentence is эвки, as opposed to english where there is a positive or, but the only negation is in the subject.

identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).

These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as # in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).

===evn-eng Tests===
Use the TransferMorphTest and TransferTest templates. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the Transfer rules page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:evenki]][[Category:english]]

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T18:51:47Z

Tbanach1: /* Case system */

===Differences===

==Comparative Particles==

There are no comparative particles at all in Evenki.

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Мурин|horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Мурин{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|horse{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орондук|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орондук{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер|big}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}}}

==Word order==

Word order in Evenki is Subject-Complement-Verb, unlike English where the word order is Subject-Verb-Complement.

An example of this is

Тадук нунгартын аичимни ча-тын

then they doctor-pl become-pst-3pl

Then they became doctors.

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тадук|then}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тадук{{tag|adv}}|then{{tag|adv}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|нунгартын|they}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|нунгартын{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|they{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|аичимни|doctor}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|аичимни{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}|doctor{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|чатын|become}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|чатын{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3}}|become{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3}}}}

== Necessity of to be verbs ==

Unlike in english, even can easily remove the verb to be.

Тар орон ньами (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тар|that}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тар{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|that{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орон|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орон{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|ньами|female}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|ньами{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|female{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

== Case system ==

All evenki nouns operate under a case system, unlike english nouns. Compare the word for reindeer in the two sentences:

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

== Negation ==

Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle along with a negative subject, similar to the word nor in English.

With the sentence ӈи-вэл[prn] кэсэгӣчивунду[noun], са̄рича̄нинду эвки[the negation] бидемэчин[verb], which translates to English No one[prn] shall be subjected[verb] to torture[verb] or to cruel,[adj] inhuman[adj] or degrading[adj] treatment[noun] or punishment.[noun], the only negation in the Evenki sentence is эвки, as opposed to english where there is a positive or, but the only negation is in the subject.

identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).

These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as # in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).

===evn-eng Tests===
Use the TransferMorphTest and TransferTest templates. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the Transfer rules page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:evenki]][[Category:english]]

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T18:50:53Z

Tbanach1: /* Necessity of to be verbs */

===Differences===

==Comparative Particles==

There are no comparative particles at all in Evenki.

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Мурин|horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Мурин{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|horse{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орондук|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орондук{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер|big}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}}}

==Word order==

Word order in Evenki is Subject-Complement-Verb, unlike English where the word order is Subject-Verb-Complement.

An example of this is

Тадук нунгартын аичимни ча-тын

then they doctor-pl become-pst-3pl

Then they became doctors.

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тадук|then}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тадук{{tag|adv}}|then{{tag|adv}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|нунгартын|they}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|нунгартын{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|they{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|аичимни|doctor}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|аичимни{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}|doctor{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|чатын|become}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|чатын{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3}}|become{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3}}}}

== Necessity of to be verbs ==

Unlike in english, even can easily remove the verb to be.

Тар орон ньами (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тар|that}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тар{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|that{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орон|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орон{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|ньами|female}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|ньами{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|female{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

== Case system ==

All evenki nouns operate under a case system, unlike english nouns. As an example, the word авдуян has the base авду, which obviously changes when input into the sentence.

== Negation ==

Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle along with a negative subject, similar to the word nor in English.

With the sentence ӈи-вэл[prn] кэсэгӣчивунду[noun], са̄рича̄нинду эвки[the negation] бидемэчин[verb], which translates to English No one[prn] shall be subjected[verb] to torture[verb] or to cruel,[adj] inhuman[adj] or degrading[adj] treatment[noun] or punishment.[noun], the only negation in the Evenki sentence is эвки, as opposed to english where there is a positive or, but the only negation is in the subject.

identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).

These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as # in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).

===evn-eng Tests===
Use the TransferMorphTest and TransferTest templates. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the Transfer rules page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:evenki]][[Category:english]]

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T18:50:37Z

Tbanach1: /* Necessity of to be verbs */

===Differences===

==Comparative Particles==

There are no comparative particles at all in Evenki.

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Мурин|horse}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Мурин{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|horse{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орондук|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орондук{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер|big}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}}}

==Word order==

Word order in Evenki is Subject-Complement-Verb, unlike English where the word order is Subject-Verb-Complement.

An example of this is

Тадук нунгартын аичимни ча-тын

then they doctor-pl become-pst-3pl

Then they became doctors.

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тадук|then}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тадук{{tag|adv}}|then{{tag|adv}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|нунгартын|they}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|нунгартын{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|they{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|аичимни|doctor}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|аичимни{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}|doctor{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|чатын|become}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|чатын{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3}}|become{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3}}}}

== Necessity of to be verbs ==

Unlike in english, even can easily remove the verb to be.

Тар орон ньами (unable to find example sentences in cyrillic) (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тар|that}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тар{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|that{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орон|reindeer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орон{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

*{{transferTest|evn|eng|ньами|female}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|ньами{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|female{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}

== Case system ==

All evenki nouns operate under a case system, unlike english nouns. As an example, the word авдуян has the base авду, which obviously changes when input into the sentence.

== Negation ==

Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle along with a negative subject, similar to the word nor in English.

With the sentence ӈи-вэл[prn] кэсэгӣчивунду[noun], са̄рича̄нинду эвки[the negation] бидемэчин[verb], which translates to English No one[prn] shall be subjected[verb] to torture[verb] or to cruel,[adj] inhuman[adj] or degrading[adj] treatment[noun] or punishment.[noun], the only negation in the Evenki sentence is эвки, as opposed to english where there is a positive or, but the only negation is in the subject.

identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).

These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as # in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).

===evn-eng Tests===
Use the TransferMorphTest and TransferTest templates. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the Transfer rules page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:evenki]][[Category:english]]

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T18:48:03Z

Tbanach1: /* Word order */

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T18:42:48Z

Tbanach1: /* Comparative Particles */

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T18:42:35Z

Tbanach1: /* Comparative Particles */

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T18:41:33Z

Tbanach1: /* Comparative Particles */

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T18:32:00Z

Tbanach1: /* Necessity of to be verbs */

===Differences===

==Comparative Particles==

There are no comparative particles at all in Evenki.

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

==Word order==

Word order in Evenki is Subject-Complement-Verb, unlike English where the word order is Subject-Verb-Complement.

An example of this is

Тадук нунгартын аичимни ча-тын

then they doctor-pl become-pst-3pl

Then they became doctors/

== Necessity of to be verbs ==

Unlike in english, even can easily remove the verb to be.

Тар орон ньами (unable to find example sentences in cyrillic) (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

== Case system ==

All evenki nouns operate under a case system, unlike english nouns. As an example, the word авдуян has the base авду, which obviously changes when input into the sentence.

== Negation ==

Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle along with a negative subject, similar to the word nor in English.

With the sentence ӈи-вэл[prn] кэсэгӣчивунду[noun], са̄рича̄нинду эвки[the negation] бидемэчин[verb], which translates to English No one[prn] shall be subjected[verb] to torture[verb] or to cruel,[adj] inhuman[adj] or degrading[adj] treatment[noun] or punishment.[noun], the only negation in the Evenki sentence is эвки, as opposed to english where there is a positive or, but the only negation is in the subject.

identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).

These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as # in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).

===evn-eng Tests===
Use the TransferMorphTest and TransferTest templates. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the Transfer rules page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:evenki]][[Category:english]]

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T18:31:37Z

Tbanach1: /* Word order */

===Differences===

==Comparative Particles==

There are no comparative particles at all in Evenki.

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

==Word order==

Word order in Evenki is Subject-Complement-Verb, unlike English where the word order is Subject-Verb-Complement.

An example of this is

Тадук нунгартын аичимни ча-тын

then they doctor-pl become-pst-3pl

Then they became doctors/

== Necessity of to be verbs ==

Unlike in english, even can easily remove the verb to be.

Tar oron n'ami (unable to find example sentences in cyrillic) (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

== Case system ==

All evenki nouns operate under a case system, unlike english nouns. As an example, the word авдуян has the base авду, which obviously changes when input into the sentence.

== Negation ==

Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle along with a negative subject, similar to the word nor in English.

With the sentence ӈи-вэл[prn] кэсэгӣчивунду[noun], са̄рича̄нинду эвки[the negation] бидемэчин[verb], which translates to English No one[prn] shall be subjected[verb] to torture[verb] or to cruel,[adj] inhuman[adj] or degrading[adj] treatment[noun] or punishment.[noun], the only negation in the Evenki sentence is эвки, as opposed to english where there is a positive or, but the only negation is in the subject.

identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).

These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as # in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).

===evn-eng Tests===
Use the TransferMorphTest and TransferTest templates. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the Transfer rules page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:evenki]][[Category:english]]

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T18:30:55Z

Tbanach1: /* Comparative Particles */

===Differences===

==Comparative Particles==

There are no comparative particles at all in Evenki.

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

==Word order==

Word order in Evenki is Subject-Complement-Verb, unlike English where the word order is Subject-Verb-Complement.

An example of this is

Taduk nungartyn aichimni-1 o:-cha-tyn.

then they doctor-pl become-pst-3pl

Then they became doctors/

== Necessity of to be verbs ==

Unlike in english, even can easily remove the verb to be.

Tar oron n'ami (unable to find example sentences in cyrillic) (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

== Case system ==

All evenki nouns operate under a case system, unlike english nouns. As an example, the word авдуян has the base авду, which obviously changes when input into the sentence.

== Negation ==

Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle along with a negative subject, similar to the word nor in English.

With the sentence ӈи-вэл[prn] кэсэгӣчивунду[noun], са̄рича̄нинду эвки[the negation] бидемэчин[verb], which translates to English No one[prn] shall be subjected[verb] to torture[verb] or to cruel,[adj] inhuman[adj] or degrading[adj] treatment[noun] or punishment.[noun], the only negation in the Evenki sentence is эвки, as opposed to english where there is a positive or, but the only negation is in the subject.

identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).

These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as # in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).

===evn-eng Tests===
Use the TransferMorphTest and TransferTest templates. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the Transfer rules page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:evenki]][[Category:english]]

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T18:29:03Z

Tbanach1: /* Differences */

===Differences===

==Comparative Particles==

There are no comparative particles at all in Evenki.

Murin oron-duk hegdy-tmer.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

==Word order==

Word order in Evenki is Subject-Complement-Verb, unlike English where the word order is Subject-Verb-Complement.

An example of this is

Taduk nungartyn aichimni-1 o:-cha-tyn.

then they doctor-pl become-pst-3pl

Then they became doctors/

== Necessity of to be verbs ==

Unlike in english, even can easily remove the verb to be.

Tar oron n'ami (unable to find example sentences in cyrillic) (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

== Case system ==

All evenki nouns operate under a case system, unlike english nouns. As an example, the word авдуян has the base авду, which obviously changes when input into the sentence.

== Negation ==

Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle along with a negative subject, similar to the word nor in English.

With the sentence ӈи-вэл[prn] кэсэгӣчивунду[noun], са̄рича̄нинду эвки[the negation] бидемэчин[verb], which translates to English No one[prn] shall be subjected[verb] to torture[verb] or to cruel,[adj] inhuman[adj] or degrading[adj] treatment[noun] or punishment.[noun], the only negation in the Evenki sentence is эвки, as opposed to english where there is a positive or, but the only negation is in the subject.

identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).

These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as # in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).

===evn-eng Tests===
Use the TransferMorphTest and TransferTest templates. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the Transfer rules page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:evenki]][[Category:english]]

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T18:26:28Z

Tbanach1: /* Differences */

===Differences===

==Word order==

Word order in Evenki is Subject-Complement-Verb, unlike English where the word order is Subject-Verb-Complement.

An example of this is

Taduk nungartyn aichimni-1 o:-cha-tyn.

then they doctor-pl become-pst-3pl

Then they became doctors/

== Necessity of to be verbs ==

Unlike in english, even can easily remove the verb to be.

Tar oron n'ami (unable to find example sentences in cyrillic) (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

== Case system ==

All evenki nouns operate under a case system, unlike english nouns. As an example, the word авдуян has the base авду, which obviously changes when input into the sentence.

== Negation ==

Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle along with a negative subject, similar to the word nor in English.

With the sentence ӈи-вэл[prn] кэсэгӣчивунду[noun], са̄рича̄нинду эвки[the negation] бидемэчин[verb], which translates to English No one[prn] shall be subjected[verb] to torture[verb] or to cruel,[adj] inhuman[adj] or degrading[adj] treatment[noun] or punishment.[noun], the only negation in the Evenki sentence is эвки, as opposed to english where there is a positive or, but the only negation is in the subject.

identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).

These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as # in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).

===evn-eng Tests===
Use the TransferMorphTest and TransferTest templates. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the Transfer rules page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:evenki]][[Category:english]]

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T18:23:13Z

Tbanach1: /* Necessity of to be verbs */

===Differences===

== Necessity of to be verbs ==

Unlike in english, even can easily remove the verb to be.

Tar oron n'ami (unable to find example sentences in cyrillic) (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

== Case system ==

All evenki nouns operate under a case system, unlike english nouns. As an example, the word авдуян has the base авду, which obviously changes when input into the sentence.

== Negation ==

Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle along with a negative subject, similar to the word nor in English.

With the sentence ӈи-вэл[prn] кэсэгӣчивунду[noun], са̄рича̄нинду эвки[the negation] бидемэчин[verb], which translates to English No one[prn] shall be subjected[verb] to torture[verb] or to cruel,[adj] inhuman[adj] or degrading[adj] treatment[noun] or punishment.[noun], the only negation in the Evenki sentence is эвки, as opposed to english where there is a positive or, but the only negation is in the subject.

identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).

These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as # in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).

===evn-eng Tests===
Use the TransferMorphTest and TransferTest templates. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the Transfer rules page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:evenki]][[Category:english]]

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T18:22:32Z

Tbanach1: /* Differences */

===Differences===

== Necessity of to be verbs ==

Unlike in english, even can easily remove the verb to be.

Tar oron n'ami (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

== Case system ==

All evenki nouns operate under a case system, unlike english nouns. As an example, the word авдуян has the base авду, which obviously changes when input into the sentence.

== Negation ==

Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle along with a negative subject, similar to the word nor in English.

With the sentence ӈи-вэл[prn] кэсэгӣчивунду[noun], са̄рича̄нинду эвки[the negation] бидемэчин[verb], which translates to English No one[prn] shall be subjected[verb] to torture[verb] or to cruel,[adj] inhuman[adj] or degrading[adj] treatment[noun] or punishment.[noun], the only negation in the Evenki sentence is эвки, as opposed to english where there is a positive or, but the only negation is in the subject.

identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).

These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as # in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).

===evn-eng Tests===
Use the TransferMorphTest and TransferTest templates. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the Transfer rules page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:evenki]][[Category:english]]

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T18:19:28Z

Tbanach1: /* Case system */

===Differences===

== Case system ==

All evenki nouns operate under a case system, unlike english nouns. As an example, the word авдуян has the base авду, which obviously changes when input into the sentence.

== Negation ==

Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle along with a negative subject, similar to the word nor in English.

With the sentence ӈи-вэл[prn] кэсэгӣчивунду[noun], са̄рича̄нинду эвки[the negation] бидемэчин[verb], which translates to English No one[prn] shall be subjected[verb] to torture[verb] or to cruel,[adj] inhuman[adj] or degrading[adj] treatment[noun] or punishment.[noun], the only negation in the Evenki sentence is эвки, as opposed to english where there is a positive or, but the only negation is in the subject.

identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).

These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as # in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).

===evn-eng Tests===
Use the TransferMorphTest and TransferTest templates. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the Transfer rules page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:evenki]][[Category:english]]

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T18:17:05Z

Tbanach1: /* Case system */

===Differences===

== Case system ==

All evenki nouns operate under a case system, unlike english nouns. As an example, the word

== Negation ==

Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle along with a negative subject, similar to the word nor in English.

With the sentence ӈи-вэл[prn] кэсэгӣчивунду[noun], са̄рича̄нинду эвки[the negation] бидемэчин[verb], which translates to English No one[prn] shall be subjected[verb] to torture[verb] or to cruel,[adj] inhuman[adj] or degrading[adj] treatment[noun] or punishment.[noun], the only negation in the Evenki sentence is эвки, as opposed to english where there is a positive or, but the only negation is in the subject.

identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).

These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as # in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).

===evn-eng Tests===
Use the TransferMorphTest and TransferTest templates. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the Transfer rules page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:evenki]][[Category:english]]

Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-05-10T18:15:25Z

Tbanach1: /* Differences */

===Differences===

== Case system ==

All evenki nouns operate under a case system.

== Negation ==

Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle along with a negative subject, similar to the word nor in English.

With the sentence ӈи-вэл[prn] кэсэгӣчивунду[noun], са̄рича̄нинду эвки[the negation] бидемэчин[verb], which translates to English No one[prn] shall be subjected[verb] to torture[verb] or to cruel,[adj] inhuman[adj] or degrading[adj] treatment[noun] or punishment.[noun], the only negation in the Evenki sentence is эвки, as opposed to english where there is a positive or, but the only negation is in the subject.

identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).

These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as # in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).

===evn-eng Tests===
Use the TransferMorphTest and TransferTest templates. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the Transfer rules page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:evenki]][[Category:english]]

Evenki and English/Lexical selection

2023-05-10T17:58:12Z

Tbanach1: /* evn → eng */

Evenki and English/Lexical selection

2023-05-10T17:57:57Z

Tbanach1: /* evn → eng */

Evenki and English/Lexical selection

2023-05-10T17:52:45Z

Tbanach1: /* evn → eng */

===evn → eng===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! One-to-Many Mappings !! Generalization !! Example Sentence
|-
| One example is авду(property, household, belongings, utensils, good, thing). || For the first example, it would likely be property or belongings in sentences about ownership, with property referring typically to ownership of larger, more expensive belongings, household in the sentences about the people who live there and the environment, utensils in sentences where it references a tool used to accomplish something, typically involving food, good in sentences about conceptualization of something for benefit, and thing in general sentences that are not referring to something specifically. For the second example, it is likely to translate to oppress in sentences referring to a power imbalance, such as with a government, and to translate to squeeze in sentences referring to individuals and their physical interactions. || For each translation of the word, add an example sentence (or phrase if necessary—but check with me) where the meaning is unambiguous (minimum: two sentences).
|-
| The second example is тырэ̄- (to oppress, to squeeze) || For the second example, it is likely to translate to oppress in sentences referring to a power imbalance, such as with a government, and to translate to squeeze in sentences referring to individuals and their physical interactions. || For each translation of the word, add an example sentence (or phrase if necessary—but check with me) where the meaning is unambiguous (minimum: two sentences).
|-
| First check any dictionary resources you have for words with multiple translations. Things like lacking a hand/arm or sun/day or moon/month distinction in the source language but having it in the target language are potentially good places to start. If you're translating to English and are having trouble coming up with examples for this assignment, consider words in English that are used in lexically specific ways, like in/on/at (e.g., one rides in a car but one rides on a bus) or watch/look at or say/tell. See more examples under the second bullet point above where the need for lexical selection is discussed. || Ңи-вэл кэсэгӣчивунду, са̄рича̄нинду эвки бидемэчин. || It may be that there is no obvious generalisation that can be made for a given lexical selection problem; in this case, choose a default form to select and find some other one-to-many translation that can be solved with lexical selection. You must have at least one [mostly] solvable problem.
|-
|}

[[Category:Sp23_LexicalSelection]]
[[Category:Evenki]]
[[Category:English]]

Evenki and English/Lexical selection

2023-05-10T17:52:13Z

Tbanach1: /* evn → eng */

===evn → eng===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! One-to-Many Mappings !! Generalization !! Example Sentence
|-
| One example is авду(property, household, belongings, utensils, good, thing). || For the first example, it would likely be property or belongings in sentences about ownership, with property referring typically to ownership of larger, more expensive belongings, household in the sentences about the people who live there and the environment, utensils in sentences where it references a tool used to accomplish something, typically involving food, good in sentences about conceptualization of something for benefit, and thing in general sentences that are not referring to something specifically. For the second example, it is likely to translate to oppress in sentences referring to a power imbalance, such as with a government, and to translate to squeeze in sentences referring to individuals and their physical interactions. || For each translation of the word, add an example sentence (or phrase if necessary—but check with me) where the meaning is unambiguous (minimum: two sentences).
-
| The second example is тырэ̄- (to oppress, to squeeze) || For the second example, it is likely to translate to oppress in sentences referring to a power imbalance, such as with a government, and to translate to squeeze in sentences referring to individuals and their physical interactions. || For each translation of the word, add an example sentence (or phrase if necessary—but check with me) where the meaning is unambiguous (minimum: two sentences).
|-
| First check any dictionary resources you have for words with multiple translations. Things like lacking a hand/arm or sun/day or moon/month distinction in the source language but having it in the target language are potentially good places to start. If you're translating to English and are having trouble coming up with examples for this assignment, consider words in English that are used in lexically specific ways, like in/on/at (e.g., one rides in a car but one rides on a bus) or watch/look at or say/tell. See more examples under the second bullet point above where the need for lexical selection is discussed. || Ңи-вэл кэсэгӣчивунду, са̄рича̄нинду эвки бидемэчин. || It may be that there is no obvious generalisation that can be made for a given lexical selection problem; in this case, choose a default form to select and find some other one-to-many translation that can be solved with lexical selection. You must have at least one [mostly] solvable problem.
|-
|}

[[Category:Sp23_LexicalSelection]]
[[Category:Evenki]]
[[Category:English]]

Evenki and English/Lexical selection

2023-05-10T17:50:45Z

Tbanach1: /* evn → eng */

===evn → eng===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! One-to-Many Mappings !! Generalization !! Example Sentence
|-
| One example is авду(property, household, belongings, utensils, good, thing). The second example is тырэ̄- (to oppress, to squeeze) || For the first example, it would likely be property or belongings in sentences about ownership, with property referring typically to ownership of larger, more expensive belongings, household in the sentences about the people who live there and the environment, utensils in sentences where it references a tool used to accomplish something, typically involving food, good in sentences about conceptualization of something for benefit, and thing in general sentences that are not refering to something specifically. For the second example, it is likely to translate to oppress in sentences referring to a power imbalance, such as with a government, and to translate to squeeze in sentences referring to individuals and their physical interactions. || For each translation of the word, add an example sentence (or phrase if necessary—but check with me) where the meaning is unambiguous (minimum: two sentences).
|-
| First check any dictionary resources you have for words with multiple translations. Things like lacking a hand/arm or sun/day or moon/month distinction in the source language but having it in the target language are potentially good places to start. If you're translating to English and are having trouble coming up with examples for this assignment, consider words in English that are used in lexically specific ways, like in/on/at (e.g., one rides in a car but one rides on a bus) or watch/look at or say/tell. See more examples under the second bullet point above where the need for lexical selection is discussed. || Ңи-вэл кэсэгӣчивунду, са̄рича̄нинду эвки бидемэчин. || It may be that there is no obvious generalisation that can be made for a given lexical selection problem; in this case, choose a default form to select and find some other one-to-many translation that can be solved with lexical selection. You must have at least one [mostly] solvable problem.
|-
|}

[[Category:Sp23_LexicalSelection]]
[[Category:Evenki]]
[[Category:English]]

Evenki and English

2023-05-10T17:37:27Z

Tbanach1: /* Sentence Translation */

Resources for translation between [[Evenki]] and [[English]].

===External Resources===
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-evn-eng Language Pair Repo]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-eng English Transducer]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-evn-eng Evenki to English Repo]

===Developed Resources===
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Evenki_and_English/Lexical_selection Lexical Selection]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Evenki_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar Contrastive Grammar]
===EVN → ENG Initial Evaluation===
'''Monolingual Transducer Coverage'''

*English Coverage

TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:

coverage: 129 / 129 (1)
remaining unknown forms: 0

*Evenki Coverage

TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
4 ^Ңи/*Ңи$
4 ^вэл/*вэл$
1 ^эңэсит/*эңэсит$
1 ^умунупкиттула/*умунупкиттула$
1 ^турӣнмумачин/*турӣнмумачин$
1 ^са̄рича̄нинду/*са̄рича̄нинду$
1 ^нуңан/*нуңан$
1 ^мэ̄нңи/*мэ̄нңи$
1 ^кэсэгӣчивунду/*кэсэгӣчивунду$
1 ^куңака̄н/*куңака̄н$
1 ^илэчэврэви/*илэчэврэви$
1 ^ӣвувра/*ӣвувра$
1 ^гражданствоват/*гражданствоват$
1 ^государстваду/*государстваду$
1 ^гиркумчэ̄/*гиркумчэ̄$
1 ^а̄чина/*а̄чина$
coverage: 64 / 86 (~0.74418604651162790698)
remaining unknown forms: 22

'''Bilingual Transducer Coverage'''

TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
5 ^вэл/*вэл$
5 ^Илэтыкин/*Илэтыкин$
4 ^Ңи/*Ңи$
4 ^тэдет/*тэдет$
3 ^эвки/*эвки$
2 ^бинэ/*бинэ$
2 ^бимчэ/*бимчэ$
2 ^бидемэчин/*бидемэчин$
2 ^авадытыкин/*авадытыкин$
1 ^эңэсит/*эңэсит$
1 ^эсин/*эсин$
1 ^эрэ/*эрэ$
1 ^эмэмчэ/*эмэмчэ$
1 ^чина/*чина$
1 ^чивунду/*чивунду$
1 ^умунупкиттула/*умунупкиттула$
1 ^тэдэт/*тэдэт$
1 ^ты/*ты$
1 ^тури/*тури$
1 ^тартыки/*тартыки$
coverage: 20 / 99 (~0.20202020202020202020)
remaining unknown forms: 79

=== Sentence Translation ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Original Sentence !! Intended Translation !! evn-eng-bilttrans !! evn-eng
|-
| Илэтыкин индэ̄ви, мэ̄нңи илэчэврэви тэдет бимэчин. || Everyone has the right to life, liberty and the security of person. || ^Илэтыкин<n><sg><nom>/Everyone<prn><sg><nom>$ ^*индэ̄ви/*индэ̄ви$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^*мэ̄нңи/*мэ̄нңи$ ^*илэчэврэви/*илэчэврэви$ ^*тэдет/*тэдет$ ^*бимэчин/*бимэчин$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ || Example
|-
| Ңи-вэл кэсэгӣчивунду, са̄рича̄нинду эвки бидемэчин. || No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. || Example || Example
|-
| Илэтыкин, иду-вэл нуңан биденэ, тэдет бидемэчин || Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law. || Example || Example
|-
| Ңи-вэл дявамачин, турӣнмумачин, эрэ̄смэчин эсин о̄да. || No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. || Example || Example
|-
| Илэтыкин авадытыкин государстваду бимчэ̄, гиркумчэ̄ || Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each State. || Example || Example
|-
| Илэтыкин авадытыкин государстводук сурумчэ̄, тартыки эмэмчэ̄-дэ̄. || Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country. || Example || Example
|-
| Илэтыкин гражданствоват тэдет бимчэ̄. || Everyone has the right to a nationality. || Example || Example
|-
| Ңи-вэл илэдук идэгэен, авдуян тэдэт а̄чина эвки ты̄рэ. || No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property. || Example || Example
|-
| Ңи-вэл авады-вал умунупкиттула эңэсит эвки ӣвувра. || No one may be compelled to belong to an association. || Example || Example
|-
| Энин бинэ, куңака̄н бинэ тэдет бэлэнэ гэлэ̄дерэ. || Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. || Example || Example
|-
| Эр ӈӣ буруйдукин мунэвэ биргэ боконон? || What kind of work do you do? || Example || Example
|-
| Сӣ ӈӣ? || Where do you come from? || Example || Example
|-
| Ӣдук эмэчс? || What is your country? || Example || Example
|-
| ма бугадук, ма тэгдук? || From what people are you? || Example || Example
|-
|}

=== Additions ===
Document which of the above options you completed on the pair's wiki page (in a section like "Additions"). You don't have to list the words or rules you added, but do list that you added n words or n transfer rules or the like.
Add a "polished RBMT system" tag to your repo.

=== EVN → ENG Final Evaluation ===

'''Monolingual Transducer'''
Updated precision and recall against the (updated) eval.test and eval.gold files (see Midterm overview#Evaluating your transducer),
Coverage over the large corpus,
The number of words in the large corpus,
The number of stems in the transducer.

'''Machine Translation'''
WER and PER over longer corpus.
The proportion of stems translated correctly in the longer corpus.
Trimmed coverage over longer and large corpora.
The number of tokens in longer and large corpora.

[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]]

[[Category:Evenki]]

[[Category:English]]

Even/Grammar

2023-03-09T21:53:45Z

Tbanach1: /* Present Conjugation Chart */

== Parts of Speech ==

* Nouns
* Verbs
* Adjectives
* Pronouns
* Numerals
* Adverbs
* Enclitic Particles
* Postpositions
* Interjections
* Onomatopoetics

== Noun/Adjective Declensions==
{|class="wikitable sortable"

! !! Type 1 !! Type 2 !! Type 3 !! Personal !! Reflexive

|-

!NOM

| ду-# || хиркан-# || ду-л-# || ду-#-н || ду-#-

|-

!ACC

| ду || хиркам || дулбу || дуан

|-

!DES

| || || || дуган || дугаж

|-

!DAT

| дуду || хирканду || дулду || дудун || дуди

|-

!INST

| дунс || хиркан || дулди || дудин || дуди

|-

!CoM

| дунун || хирканун || двулнун || дунунни || дунуми

|-

!LOC

| дула || хиркандула || дулдула || дулан || дулаж

|-

!PROL

| дули || хиркандули || дулдули || дулин || дулиж

|-

!DIR

| дутки || хиркантаки || дултаки || дуткин || дуткиж

|-

!ABL

| дудук || хиркандук || дулдук || дудукун || дудуки

|-

!ELAT

| дугисс || хиркаpиес || дулгис || дугидин || дугиди

|-

!DIR-L

| дукла || хиркакла || дулакла || дуклан || дуклаж

|-

!DIR-P

| дукли || хиркакли || дулакли || дуклин || дуклиж

|-

!EQU

| || || || ||

|-

|}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}|дуду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}|дунс}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}|дунун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|дула}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}|дули}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}|дутки}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|дудук}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}|дугисс}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}|дукла}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|хиркам}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|хиркан}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}|хирканду}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}|хиркан}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}|хирканун}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|хиркандула}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}|хиркандули}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}|хиркантаки}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|хиркандук}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}|хиркаpиес}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}|хиркакла}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-p}}|хиркакли}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}|дулбу}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dat}}|дулду}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inst}}|дулди}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}|двулнун}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|loc}}|дулдула}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prol}}|дулдули}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir}}|дултаки}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|abl}}|дулдук}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|elat}}|дулгис}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir-l}}|дулакла}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir-p}}|дулакли}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|per}}|дун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|per}}|дуан}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|des}}{{tag|per}}|дуган}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|per}}|дудун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}{{tag|per}}|дудун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|per}}|дунунни}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}{{tag|per}}|дунунни}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}{{tag|per}}|дулин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}{{tag|per}}|дуткин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}{{tag|per}}|дудукун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}{{tag|per}}|дугидин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}{{tag|per}}|дуклан}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-p}}{{tag|per}}|дуклин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|ref}}|дун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|des}}{{tag|ref}}|дугаж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|ref}}|дуди}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}{{tag|ref}}|дуди}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ref}}|дунуми}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}{{tag|ref}}|дулаж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}{{tag|ref}}|дулиж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}{{tag|ref}}|дуткиж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}{{tag|ref}}|дудуки}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}{{tag|ref}}|дугиди}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}{{tag|ref}}|дуклаж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-p}}{{tag|ref}}|дуклиж}}

=== Plurality ===

Regular nouns

(6) д’у д’у – л (7) oран oра – р

“house” “houses” “reindeer” “reindeers”

Irregular noun example

аман ам-тил
(“father”)(“fathers”)

=== Possession Markers ===

д’у – у (my house)

д’у – с (your(singular) house)

д’у – н (his/her/its house)

д'у – уун (our house – including the person who is being spoken to)

д'у - т (our house - exclusive first person plural)

д’у – сан (your(pl) house)

д’у – тан (their house)

ев – им (my house)

ев – ин (your(sg) house)

ев – и (his/her/its house)

ев – имиз (our house – Turkish has only one type of first person plural)

ев – иниз (your(pl.) house)

ев – лери (their house)

ев – иниз (your(sg.)(formal) house)

== Pronoun Declensions ==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Case !! bии I !! нoнжaн he/she !! мeeни self !! еrеk this
| subject || {{tag|nom}} || — || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|алма}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|гүл}}
|-
! NOM
| bii-# || {{tag|acc }} || ны, ни, ну, нү, ды, ди, ду, дү, ты, ти, ту, тү || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|алманы}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|гүлдү}}
|-
! ACC
| possessor || {{tag|gen}} || нын, нин, нун, нүн, дын, дин, дун, дүн, тын, тин, тун, түн || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|алманын}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|гүлдүн}}
|-
! DAT
| "to" || {{tag|dat}} || га, го, ге, гө, ка, ко, ке, кө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|алмага}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|гүлгө}}
|-
! INST
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! COM
| "from" || {{tag|abl}} || дан, дон, ден, дөн, тан, тон, тен, төн || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|алмадан}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|гүлдөн}}
|-
! LOC
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! PROL
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! ABL
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! ELAT
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR-L
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR-P
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! EQU
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
| || бии т' || нoган ‘he, she’ || мeeни ‘self || ерек ‘this’
|-
! NOM || бии-# || нoга-#-н || мeeн-#-и || ерек-#
|-
! ACC || мин-у || нoг-ма-н || ере-у
|-
! DAT || мин-ду || нoган-ду-н || мeeн-ди || е-ду
|-
! INST || мине-& || нoган-д'и-н || мeeн-д'и || ере-&
|-
! COM || мин-н'ун || нoг-н'ун-ни || мeeн-н'у-ми || ер-н'ун
|-
! LOC || мин-дуле || нoган-дула-н || мeeн-дула-ж || е-ле
|-
! PROL || мин-дули || нoган-дули-н || мeeн-дули-ж || е-ли
|-
! DIR || мин-теки || нoган-таки-н || мeeн-теки-) || ер-теки
|-
! ABL || мин-дук || нoган-дуку-н ||~~ мeeн-дук-и || е-дук
|-||
ELAT || мин-гиc || нoг-pид'и-н || мeeн-гид'-и || ер-гиc¢
|-
DIR-L || мине-кле || нopа-кла-н || мeeне-кле-ж || ере-кле
|-
DIR-P || мине-кли || нoга-кли-н || мeeне-кли-ж || ере-кли
|-
EQU || мин-геcин || нoг-гаcин-ни || мeeн-геfи-ми || ер-геcин
|}

== Verbs ==

=== Present Conjugation Chart ===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
| || Type 1 || Type 2 || Type 3 || Type 4 || Type 5
|-
! Stem || ха-'know' || гун- ‘say’ || бi- ‘be’ || у- ‘become’ || е- хар ‘not know’
|-
! 1st sg || ха-ра-м || гé6н-е-м|| би-се-м || у-да-м || е-се-м ха-р
|-
! 2nd sg || ха-нри || гoбн-е-нри || би-се-нри || у-да-нри || е-се-нри ха-р
|-
! 3rd sg || ха-н || гдoн-ни || би-с-ни || у-д-ни || е-с-ни ха-р
|-
! 1st pl EXC || ха-р-у || гун-у || би-с-у || у-д-у || е-с-у ха-р
|-
! 1st pl INC || ха-ра-p || гун-е-p || би-се-p || у-да-p || е-се-p ха-р
|-
! 2nd pl || ха-с || гoбн-е-с || би-се-с || у-да-с || е-се-с хар
|-
! 3rd pl || ха-р || г66н || би-с || у-д || е-с-tен ха-р
|}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|1st}}|харам}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|2nd}}|ханри}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|3rd}}|хан}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|1st}}{{tag|exc}}|хару}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|1st}}{{tag|inc}}|xараp}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|2nd}}|хас}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3rd}}|хар}}

=== Past Tense Examples ===

=== Future Tense Examples ===

=== Causative Tense Examples ===

Kад’да’к - ∅ миине – у кул – ра – н

Kад’да’к - NOM уине-ACC dринк-NONFUT-3SG

“Kaddak drank the wine”

(18) Eуе – сел - ∅ Kад’да’к – у миине – у кул – укан

Even-PL-NOM Kad’da’k-ACC wine-ACC drink-CAUS:NONFUT:3PL

“Evens made Kaddak drink the wine”

=== Reciprocal Tense Examples ===

(15) Aк – нил - ∅ ау – мат – та

brother-PL-NOM wash-REC-NONFUT:3PL

“The brothers washed each other”

(16) Aк – нил - ∅ мeeр нири – л - ∅ - бур ау – мат – та

brother-PL-NOM self’s back-PL-NOMREF POS PL wash-REC-NF3PL

“The brothers washed each other’s backs”

=== Adversative Tense Examples ===

a) Aрисаг - ∅ мут - туле ем - ре - н

ghost-NOM we-LOC come-NONFUT-3SG

"The ghost came to us"

(b) Mут - ∅ арисаг - ду еме - у - ре - p

we-NOM ghost-DAT come-AD-NONFUT-1PL

"A ghost came to us, we were negatively affected"

The adversative form can also be used to form passive sentences:

(20) Nугде - ∅ етике – м ма – н

bear-NOM old man-ACC kill-NONFUT:3SC

“The bear killed the old man”

(21) Eтикен - ∅ нугде-ду ма - у – ра – н

old man-NOM bear-DAT kill-AD-NONFUT-3SG

“The old man was killed by the bear”

== Subject Agreement Endings ==

1st singular -m

2nd singular -нrи

3rd singular -н / -ни

1st plural (exclusive) -ru / -u
1st plural (inclusive) -p

2nd plural -s

3rd plural -r

== Particles ==

== Participles ==

22) a. Eм-¢е беж-# гéoн-ни
come-PERF PART man-NOM say-NONFUT:35G
‘The man who had come said’

b. Eтикен ем-&е-уе-н ха-ра-м
old man come-PERF PART-ACC-3SG know-NONFUT-18G
'(I) know that the old man has come’

c. Bии-# ем-Cе би-се-м
I-NOM come-PERF PART be-NONFUT-1SG
'T have (already) come’

== Converbs ==

(27) Eм-реке-н гун-д'и-м
come-COND CON-3SG say-FUT-1SG
'Iffwhen (s)he comes, (I) shall tell’;

9) the past converb in - gsi -, normally referring to a habitual event in the past simultaneous to the
primary event:

(28) хуpкуеи-pси-ж д'у-#-ж худ геле-ри-у
study-PAST CON-REF POS house-NOM-REF POS very miss-PAST-1SG
"When (1) studied, (I) missed my home very much’;

10) the purposive converb in -дa-/-дe-:

(29) Gу-ли таг-да-н
say-IMP:2SG read-PURP CON-38G
‘Tell him to read’;

11) the negative terminative form in -dle- is attached only to the negative auxiliary verbe- :

(30) хин е-дле-с ем-ре е-ле би-д'и-м
your not do-NEG TERM CON-2SG come-NEG CON this-LOC be-FUT-1SG
'(I) shall stay here until you come’

{{comment|your wiki page is missing the sp23_grammar_documentation category and the name of the wiki was supposed to be Even/Grammar (not Even/Language/Grammar). also, as you are updating your grammar points make sure to add morphtests. -TD}}

[[category:Even]] [[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]]

Even/Grammar

2023-03-09T21:37:14Z

Tbanach1: /* Noun/Adjective Declensions */

== Parts of Speech ==

* Nouns
* Verbs
* Adjectives
* Pronouns
* Numerals
* Adverbs
* Enclitic Particles
* Postpositions
* Interjections
* Onomatopoetics

== Noun/Adjective Declensions==
{|class="wikitable sortable"

! !! Type 1 !! Type 2 !! Type 3 !! Personal !! Reflexive

|-

!NOM

| ду-# || хиркан-# || ду-л-# || ду-#-н || ду-#-

|-

!ACC

| ду || хиркам || дулбу || дуан

|-

!DES

| || || || дуган || дугаж

|-

!DAT

| дуду || хирканду || дулду || дудун || дуди

|-

!INST

| дунс || хиркан || дулди || дудин || дуди

|-

!CoM

| дунун || хирканун || двулнун || дунунни || дунуми

|-

!LOC

| дула || хиркандула || дулдула || дулан || дулаж

|-

!PROL

| дули || хиркандули || дулдули || дулин || дулиж

|-

!DIR

| дутки || хиркантаки || дултаки || дуткин || дуткиж

|-

!ABL

| дудук || хиркандук || дулдук || дудукун || дудуки

|-

!ELAT

| дугисс || хиркаpиес || дулгис || дугидин || дугиди

|-

!DIR-L

| дукла || хиркакла || дулакла || дуклан || дуклаж

|-

!DIR-P

| дукли || хиркакли || дулакли || дуклин || дуклиж

|-

!EQU

| || || || ||

|-

|}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}|дуду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}|дунс}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}|дунун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|дула}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}|дули}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}|дутки}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|дудук}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}|дугисс}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}|дукла}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|хиркам}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|хиркан}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}|хирканду}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}|хиркан}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}|хирканун}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|хиркандула}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}|хиркандули}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}|хиркантаки}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|хиркандук}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}|хиркаpиес}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}|хиркакла}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-p}}|хиркакли}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}|дулбу}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dat}}|дулду}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inst}}|дулди}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}|двулнун}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|loc}}|дулдула}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prol}}|дулдули}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir}}|дултаки}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|abl}}|дулдук}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|elat}}|дулгис}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir-l}}|дулакла}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir-p}}|дулакли}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|per}}|дун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|per}}|дуан}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|des}}{{tag|per}}|дуган}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|per}}|дудун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}{{tag|per}}|дудун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|per}}|дунунни}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}{{tag|per}}|дунунни}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}{{tag|per}}|дулин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}{{tag|per}}|дуткин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}{{tag|per}}|дудукун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}{{tag|per}}|дугидин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}{{tag|per}}|дуклан}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-p}}{{tag|per}}|дуклин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|ref}}|дун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|des}}{{tag|ref}}|дугаж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|ref}}|дуди}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}{{tag|ref}}|дуди}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ref}}|дунуми}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}{{tag|ref}}|дулаж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}{{tag|ref}}|дулиж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}{{tag|ref}}|дуткиж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}{{tag|ref}}|дудуки}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}{{tag|ref}}|дугиди}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}{{tag|ref}}|дуклаж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-p}}{{tag|ref}}|дуклиж}}

=== Plurality ===

Regular nouns

(6) д’у д’у – л (7) oран oра – р

“house” “houses” “reindeer” “reindeers”

Irregular noun example

аман ам-тил
(“father”)(“fathers”)

=== Possession Markers ===

д’у – у (my house)

д’у – с (your(singular) house)

д’у – н (his/her/its house)

д'у – уун (our house – including the person who is being spoken to)

д'у - т (our house - exclusive first person plural)

д’у – сан (your(pl) house)

д’у – тан (their house)

ев – им (my house)

ев – ин (your(sg) house)

ев – и (his/her/its house)

ев – имиз (our house – Turkish has only one type of first person plural)

ев – иниз (your(pl.) house)

ев – лери (their house)

ев – иниз (your(sg.)(formal) house)

== Pronoun Declensions ==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Case !! bии I !! нoнжaн he/she !! мeeни self !! еrеk this
| subject || {{tag|nom}} || — || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|алма}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|гүл}}
|-
! NOM
| bii-# || {{tag|acc }} || ны, ни, ну, нү, ды, ди, ду, дү, ты, ти, ту, тү || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|алманы}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|гүлдү}}
|-
! ACC
| possessor || {{tag|gen}} || нын, нин, нун, нүн, дын, дин, дун, дүн, тын, тин, тун, түн || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|алманын}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|гүлдүн}}
|-
! DAT
| "to" || {{tag|dat}} || га, го, ге, гө, ка, ко, ке, кө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|алмага}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|гүлгө}}
|-
! INST
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! COM
| "from" || {{tag|abl}} || дан, дон, ден, дөн, тан, тон, тен, төн || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|алмадан}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|гүлдөн}}
|-
! LOC
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! PROL
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! ABL
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! ELAT
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR-L
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR-P
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! EQU
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
| || бии т' || нoган ‘he, she’ || мeeни ‘self || ерек ‘this’
|-
! NOM || бии-# || нoга-#-н || мeeн-#-и || ерек-#
|-
! ACC || мин-у || нoг-ма-н || ере-у
|-
! DAT || мин-ду || нoган-ду-н || мeeн-ди || е-ду
|-
! INST || мине-& || нoган-д'и-н || мeeн-д'и || ере-&
|-
! COM || мин-н'ун || нoг-н'ун-ни || мeeн-н'у-ми || ер-н'ун
|-
! LOC || мин-дуле || нoган-дула-н || мeeн-дула-ж || е-ле
|-
! PROL || мин-дули || нoган-дули-н || мeeн-дули-ж || е-ли
|-
! DIR || мин-теки || нoган-таки-н || мeeн-теки-) || ер-теки
|-
! ABL || мин-дук || нoган-дуку-н ||~~ мeeн-дук-и || е-дук
|-||
ELAT || мин-гиc || нoг-pид'и-н || мeeн-гид'-и || ер-гиc¢
|-
DIR-L || мине-кле || нopа-кла-н || мeeне-кле-ж || ере-кле
|-
DIR-P || мине-кли || нoга-кли-н || мeeне-кли-ж || ере-кли
|-
EQU || мин-геcин || нoг-гаcин-ни || мeeн-геfи-ми || ер-геcин
|}

== Verbs ==

=== Present Conjugation Chart ===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
| || Type 1 || Type 2 || Type 3 || Type 4 || Type 5
|-
! Stem || ха-'know' || гун- ‘say’ || бi- ‘be’ || у- ‘become’ || е- хар ‘not know’
|-
! 1st sg || ха-ра-м || гé6н-е-м|| би-се-м || у-да-м || е-се-м ха-р
|-
! 2nd sg || ха-нри || гoбн-е-нри || би-се-нри || у-да-нри || е-се-нри ха-р
|-
! 3rd sg || ха-н || гдoн-ни || би-с-ни || у-д-ни || е-с-ни ха-р
|-
! 1st pl EXC || ха-р-у || гун-у || би-с-у || у-д-у || е-с-у ха-р
|-
! 1st pl INC || ха-ра-p || гун-е-p || би-се-p || у-да-p || е-се-p ха-р
|-
! 2nd pl || ха-с || гoбн-е-с || би-се-с || у-да-с || е-се-с хар
|-
! 3rd pl || ха-р || г66н || би-с || у-д || е-с-tен ха-р
|}

=== Past Tense Examples ===

=== Future Tense Examples ===

=== Causative Tense Examples ===

Kад’да’к - ∅ миине – у кул – ра – н

Kад’да’к - NOM уине-ACC dринк-NONFUT-3SG

“Kaddak drank the wine”

(18) Eуе – сел - ∅ Kад’да’к – у миине – у кул – укан

Even-PL-NOM Kad’da’k-ACC wine-ACC drink-CAUS:NONFUT:3PL

“Evens made Kaddak drink the wine”

=== Reciprocal Tense Examples ===

(15) Aк – нил - ∅ ау – мат – та

brother-PL-NOM wash-REC-NONFUT:3PL

“The brothers washed each other”

(16) Aк – нил - ∅ мeeр нири – л - ∅ - бур ау – мат – та

brother-PL-NOM self’s back-PL-NOMREF POS PL wash-REC-NF3PL

“The brothers washed each other’s backs”

=== Adversative Tense Examples ===

a) Aрисаг - ∅ мут - туле ем - ре - н

ghost-NOM we-LOC come-NONFUT-3SG

"The ghost came to us"

(b) Mут - ∅ арисаг - ду еме - у - ре - p

we-NOM ghost-DAT come-AD-NONFUT-1PL

"A ghost came to us, we were negatively affected"

The adversative form can also be used to form passive sentences:

(20) Nугде - ∅ етике – м ма – н

bear-NOM old man-ACC kill-NONFUT:3SC

“The bear killed the old man”

(21) Eтикен - ∅ нугде-ду ма - у – ра – н

old man-NOM bear-DAT kill-AD-NONFUT-3SG

“The old man was killed by the bear”

== Subject Agreement Endings ==

1st singular -m

2nd singular -нrи

3rd singular -н / -ни

1st plural (exclusive) -ru / -u
1st plural (inclusive) -p

2nd plural -s

3rd plural -r

== Particles ==

== Participles ==

22) a. Eм-¢е беж-# гéoн-ни
come-PERF PART man-NOM say-NONFUT:35G
‘The man who had come said’

b. Eтикен ем-&е-уе-н ха-ра-м
old man come-PERF PART-ACC-3SG know-NONFUT-18G
'(I) know that the old man has come’

c. Bии-# ем-Cе би-се-м
I-NOM come-PERF PART be-NONFUT-1SG
'T have (already) come’

== Converbs ==

(27) Eм-реке-н гун-д'и-м
come-COND CON-3SG say-FUT-1SG
'Iffwhen (s)he comes, (I) shall tell’;

9) the past converb in - gsi -, normally referring to a habitual event in the past simultaneous to the
primary event:

(28) хуpкуеи-pси-ж д'у-#-ж худ геле-ри-у
study-PAST CON-REF POS house-NOM-REF POS very miss-PAST-1SG
"When (1) studied, (I) missed my home very much’;

10) the purposive converb in -дa-/-дe-:

(29) Gу-ли таг-да-н
say-IMP:2SG read-PURP CON-38G
‘Tell him to read’;

11) the negative terminative form in -dle- is attached only to the negative auxiliary verbe- :

(30) хин е-дле-с ем-ре е-ле би-д'и-м
your not do-NEG TERM CON-2SG come-NEG CON this-LOC be-FUT-1SG
'(I) shall stay here until you come’

{{comment|your wiki page is missing the sp23_grammar_documentation category and the name of the wiki was supposed to be Even/Grammar (not Even/Language/Grammar). also, as you are updating your grammar points make sure to add morphtests. -TD}}

[[category:Even]] [[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]]

Even/Grammar

2023-03-09T21:33:15Z

Tbanach1: /* Noun/Adjective Declensions */

== Parts of Speech ==

* Nouns
* Verbs
* Adjectives
* Pronouns
* Numerals
* Adverbs
* Enclitic Particles
* Postpositions
* Interjections
* Onomatopoetics

== Noun/Adjective Declensions==
{|class="wikitable sortable"

! !! Type 1 !! Type 2 !! Type 3 !! Personal !! Reflexive

|-

!NOM

| ду-# || хиркан-# || ду-л-# || ду-#-н || ду-#-

|-

!ACC

| ду || хиркам || дулбу || дуан

|-

!DES

| || || || дуган || дугаж

|-

!DAT

| дуду || хирканду || дулду || дудун || дуди

|-

!INST

| дунс || хиркан || дулди || дудин || дуди

|-

!CoM

| дунун || хирканун || двулнун || дунунни || дунуми

|-

!LOC

| дула || хиркандула || дулдула || дулан || дулаж

|-

!PROL

| дули || хиркандули || дулдули || дулин || дулиж

|-

!DIR

| дутки || хиркантаки || дултаки || дуткин || дуткиж

|-

!ABL

| дудук || хиркандук || дулдук || дудукун || дудуки

|-

!ELAT

| дугисс || хиркаpиес || дулгис || дугидин || дугиди

|-

!DIR-L

| дукла || хиркакла || дулакла || дуклан || дуклаж

|-

!DIR-P

| дукли || хиркакли || дулакли || дуклин || дуклиж

|-

!EQU

| || || || ||

|-

|}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}|дуду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}|дунс}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}|дунун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|дула}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}|дули}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}|дутки}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|дудук}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}|дугисс}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}|дукла}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|хиркам}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|хиркан}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}|хирканду}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}|хиркан}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}|хирканун}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|хиркандула}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}|хиркандули}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}|хиркантаки}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|хиркандук}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}|хиркаpиес}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}|хиркакла}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-p}}|хиркакли}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}|дулбу}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dat}}|дулду}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inst}}|дулди}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}|двулнун}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|loc}}|дулдула}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prol}}|дулдули}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir}}|дултаки}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|abl}}|дулдук}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|elat}}|дулгис}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir-l}}|дулакла}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir-p}}|дулакли}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|per}}|дун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|per}}|дуан}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|des}}{{tag|per}}|дуган}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|per}}|дудун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}{{tag|per}}|дудун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|per}}|дунунни}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}{{tag|per}}|дунунни}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}{{tag|per}}|дулин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}{{tag|per}}|дуткин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}{{tag|per}}|дудукун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}{{tag|per}}|дугидин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}{{tag|per}}|дуклан}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-p}}{{tag|per}}|дуклин}}

=== Plurality ===

Regular nouns

(6) д’у д’у – л (7) oран oра – р

“house” “houses” “reindeer” “reindeers”

Irregular noun example

аман ам-тил
(“father”)(“fathers”)

=== Possession Markers ===

д’у – у (my house)

д’у – с (your(singular) house)

д’у – н (his/her/its house)

д'у – уун (our house – including the person who is being spoken to)

д'у - т (our house - exclusive first person plural)

д’у – сан (your(pl) house)

д’у – тан (their house)

ев – им (my house)

ев – ин (your(sg) house)

ев – и (his/her/its house)

ев – имиз (our house – Turkish has only one type of first person plural)

ев – иниз (your(pl.) house)

ев – лери (their house)

ев – иниз (your(sg.)(formal) house)

== Pronoun Declensions ==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Case !! bии I !! нoнжaн he/she !! мeeни self !! еrеk this
| subject || {{tag|nom}} || — || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|алма}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|гүл}}
|-
! NOM
| bii-# || {{tag|acc }} || ны, ни, ну, нү, ды, ди, ду, дү, ты, ти, ту, тү || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|алманы}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|гүлдү}}
|-
! ACC
| possessor || {{tag|gen}} || нын, нин, нун, нүн, дын, дин, дун, дүн, тын, тин, тун, түн || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|алманын}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|гүлдүн}}
|-
! DAT
| "to" || {{tag|dat}} || га, го, ге, гө, ка, ко, ке, кө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|алмага}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|гүлгө}}
|-
! INST
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! COM
| "from" || {{tag|abl}} || дан, дон, ден, дөн, тан, тон, тен, төн || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|алмадан}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|гүлдөн}}
|-
! LOC
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! PROL
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! ABL
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! ELAT
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR-L
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR-P
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! EQU
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
| || бии т' || нoган ‘he, she’ || мeeни ‘self || ерек ‘this’
|-
! NOM || бии-# || нoга-#-н || мeeн-#-и || ерек-#
|-
! ACC || мин-у || нoг-ма-н || ере-у
|-
! DAT || мин-ду || нoган-ду-н || мeeн-ди || е-ду
|-
! INST || мине-& || нoган-д'и-н || мeeн-д'и || ере-&
|-
! COM || мин-н'ун || нoг-н'ун-ни || мeeн-н'у-ми || ер-н'ун
|-
! LOC || мин-дуле || нoган-дула-н || мeeн-дула-ж || е-ле
|-
! PROL || мин-дули || нoган-дули-н || мeeн-дули-ж || е-ли
|-
! DIR || мин-теки || нoган-таки-н || мeeн-теки-) || ер-теки
|-
! ABL || мин-дук || нoган-дуку-н ||~~ мeeн-дук-и || е-дук
|-||
ELAT || мин-гиc || нoг-pид'и-н || мeeн-гид'-и || ер-гиc¢
|-
DIR-L || мине-кле || нopа-кла-н || мeeне-кле-ж || ере-кле
|-
DIR-P || мине-кли || нoга-кли-н || мeeне-кли-ж || ере-кли
|-
EQU || мин-геcин || нoг-гаcин-ни || мeeн-геfи-ми || ер-геcин
|}

== Verbs ==

=== Present Conjugation Chart ===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
| || Type 1 || Type 2 || Type 3 || Type 4 || Type 5
|-
! Stem || ха-'know' || гун- ‘say’ || бi- ‘be’ || у- ‘become’ || е- хар ‘not know’
|-
! 1st sg || ха-ра-м || гé6н-е-м|| би-се-м || у-да-м || е-се-м ха-р
|-
! 2nd sg || ха-нри || гoбн-е-нри || би-се-нри || у-да-нри || е-се-нри ха-р
|-
! 3rd sg || ха-н || гдoн-ни || би-с-ни || у-д-ни || е-с-ни ха-р
|-
! 1st pl EXC || ха-р-у || гун-у || би-с-у || у-д-у || е-с-у ха-р
|-
! 1st pl INC || ха-ра-p || гун-е-p || би-се-p || у-да-p || е-се-p ха-р
|-
! 2nd pl || ха-с || гoбн-е-с || би-се-с || у-да-с || е-се-с хар
|-
! 3rd pl || ха-р || г66н || би-с || у-д || е-с-tен ха-р
|}

=== Past Tense Examples ===

=== Future Tense Examples ===

=== Causative Tense Examples ===

Kад’да’к - ∅ миине – у кул – ра – н

Kад’да’к - NOM уине-ACC dринк-NONFUT-3SG

“Kaddak drank the wine”

(18) Eуе – сел - ∅ Kад’да’к – у миине – у кул – укан

Even-PL-NOM Kad’da’k-ACC wine-ACC drink-CAUS:NONFUT:3PL

“Evens made Kaddak drink the wine”

=== Reciprocal Tense Examples ===

(15) Aк – нил - ∅ ау – мат – та

brother-PL-NOM wash-REC-NONFUT:3PL

“The brothers washed each other”

(16) Aк – нил - ∅ мeeр нири – л - ∅ - бур ау – мат – та

brother-PL-NOM self’s back-PL-NOMREF POS PL wash-REC-NF3PL

“The brothers washed each other’s backs”

=== Adversative Tense Examples ===

a) Aрисаг - ∅ мут - туле ем - ре - н

ghost-NOM we-LOC come-NONFUT-3SG

"The ghost came to us"

(b) Mут - ∅ арисаг - ду еме - у - ре - p

we-NOM ghost-DAT come-AD-NONFUT-1PL

"A ghost came to us, we were negatively affected"

The adversative form can also be used to form passive sentences:

(20) Nугде - ∅ етике – м ма – н

bear-NOM old man-ACC kill-NONFUT:3SC

“The bear killed the old man”

(21) Eтикен - ∅ нугде-ду ма - у – ра – н

old man-NOM bear-DAT kill-AD-NONFUT-3SG

“The old man was killed by the bear”

== Subject Agreement Endings ==

1st singular -m

2nd singular -нrи

3rd singular -н / -ни

1st plural (exclusive) -ru / -u
1st plural (inclusive) -p

2nd plural -s

3rd plural -r

== Particles ==

== Participles ==

22) a. Eм-¢е беж-# гéoн-ни
come-PERF PART man-NOM say-NONFUT:35G
‘The man who had come said’

b. Eтикен ем-&е-уе-н ха-ра-м
old man come-PERF PART-ACC-3SG know-NONFUT-18G
'(I) know that the old man has come’

c. Bии-# ем-Cе би-се-м
I-NOM come-PERF PART be-NONFUT-1SG
'T have (already) come’

== Converbs ==

(27) Eм-реке-н гун-д'и-м
come-COND CON-3SG say-FUT-1SG
'Iffwhen (s)he comes, (I) shall tell’;

9) the past converb in - gsi -, normally referring to a habitual event in the past simultaneous to the
primary event:

(28) хуpкуеи-pси-ж д'у-#-ж худ геле-ри-у
study-PAST CON-REF POS house-NOM-REF POS very miss-PAST-1SG
"When (1) studied, (I) missed my home very much’;

10) the purposive converb in -дa-/-дe-:

(29) Gу-ли таг-да-н
say-IMP:2SG read-PURP CON-38G
‘Tell him to read’;

11) the negative terminative form in -dle- is attached only to the negative auxiliary verbe- :

(30) хин е-дле-с ем-ре е-ле би-д'и-м
your not do-NEG TERM CON-2SG come-NEG CON this-LOC be-FUT-1SG
'(I) shall stay here until you come’

{{comment|your wiki page is missing the sp23_grammar_documentation category and the name of the wiki was supposed to be Even/Grammar (not Even/Language/Grammar). also, as you are updating your grammar points make sure to add morphtests. -TD}}

[[category:Even]] [[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]]

Even/Grammar

2023-03-09T21:23:40Z

Tbanach1: /* Noun/Adjective Declensions */

== Parts of Speech ==

* Nouns
* Verbs
* Adjectives
* Pronouns
* Numerals
* Adverbs
* Enclitic Particles
* Postpositions
* Interjections
* Onomatopoetics

== Noun/Adjective Declensions==
{|class="wikitable sortable"

! !! Type 1 !! Type 2 !! Type 3 !! Personal !! Reflexive

|-

!NOM

| ду-# || хиркан-# || ду-л-# || ду-#-н || ду-#-

|-

!ACC

| ду || хиркам || дулбу || дуан

|-

!DES

| || || || дуган || дугаж

|-

!DAT

| дуду || хирканду || дулду || дудун || дуди

|-

!INST

| дунс || хиркан || дулди || дудин || дуди

|-

!CoM

| дунун || хирканун || двулнун || дунунни || дунуми

|-

!LOC

| дула || хиркандула || дулдула || дулан || дулаж

|-

!PROL

| дули || хиркандули || дулдули || дулин || дулиж

|-

!DIR

| дутки || хиркантаки || дултаки || дуткин || дуткиж

|-

!ABL

| дудук || хиркандук || дулдук || дудукун || дудуки

|-

!ELAT

| дугисс || хиркаpиес || дулгис || дугидин || дугиди

|-

!DIR-L

| дукла || хиркакла || дулакла || дуклан || дуклаж

|-

!DIR-P

| дукли || хиркакли || дулакли || дуклин || дуклиж

|-

!EQU

| || || || ||

|-

|}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}|дуду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}|дунс}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}|дунун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|дула}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}|дули}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}|дутки}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|дудук}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}|дугисс}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}|дукла}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|хиркам}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|хиркан}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}|хирканду}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}|хиркан}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}|хирканун}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|хиркандула}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}|хиркандули}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}|хиркантаки}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|хиркандук}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}|хиркаpиес}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}|хиркакла}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-p}}|хиркакли}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}|дулбу}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dat}}|дулду}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inst}}|дулди}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}|двулнун}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|loc}}|дулдула}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prol}}|дулдули}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir}}|дултаки}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|abl}}|дулдук}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|elat}}|дулгис}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir-l}}|дулакла}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir-p}}|дулакли}}

=== Plurality ===

Regular nouns

(6) д’у д’у – л (7) oран oра – р

“house” “houses” “reindeer” “reindeers”

Irregular noun example

аман ам-тил
(“father”)(“fathers”)

=== Possession Markers ===

д’у – у (my house)

д’у – с (your(singular) house)

д’у – н (his/her/its house)

д'у – уун (our house – including the person who is being spoken to)

д'у - т (our house - exclusive first person plural)

д’у – сан (your(pl) house)

д’у – тан (their house)

ев – им (my house)

ев – ин (your(sg) house)

ев – и (his/her/its house)

ев – имиз (our house – Turkish has only one type of first person plural)

ев – иниз (your(pl.) house)

ев – лери (their house)

ев – иниз (your(sg.)(formal) house)

== Pronoun Declensions ==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Case !! bии I !! нoнжaн he/she !! мeeни self !! еrеk this
| subject || {{tag|nom}} || — || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|алма}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|гүл}}
|-
! NOM
| bii-# || {{tag|acc }} || ны, ни, ну, нү, ды, ди, ду, дү, ты, ти, ту, тү || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|алманы}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|гүлдү}}
|-
! ACC
| possessor || {{tag|gen}} || нын, нин, нун, нүн, дын, дин, дун, дүн, тын, тин, тун, түн || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|алманын}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|гүлдүн}}
|-
! DAT
| "to" || {{tag|dat}} || га, го, ге, гө, ка, ко, ке, кө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|алмага}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|гүлгө}}
|-
! INST
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! COM
| "from" || {{tag|abl}} || дан, дон, ден, дөн, тан, тон, тен, төн || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|алмадан}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|гүлдөн}}
|-
! LOC
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! PROL
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! ABL
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! ELAT
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR-L
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR-P
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! EQU
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
| || бии т' || нoган ‘he, she’ || мeeни ‘self || ерек ‘this’
|-
! NOM || бии-# || нoга-#-н || мeeн-#-и || ерек-#
|-
! ACC || мин-у || нoг-ма-н || ере-у
|-
! DAT || мин-ду || нoган-ду-н || мeeн-ди || е-ду
|-
! INST || мине-& || нoган-д'и-н || мeeн-д'и || ере-&
|-
! COM || мин-н'ун || нoг-н'ун-ни || мeeн-н'у-ми || ер-н'ун
|-
! LOC || мин-дуле || нoган-дула-н || мeeн-дула-ж || е-ле
|-
! PROL || мин-дули || нoган-дули-н || мeeн-дули-ж || е-ли
|-
! DIR || мин-теки || нoган-таки-н || мeeн-теки-) || ер-теки
|-
! ABL || мин-дук || нoган-дуку-н ||~~ мeeн-дук-и || е-дук
|-||
ELAT || мин-гиc || нoг-pид'и-н || мeeн-гид'-и || ер-гиc¢
|-
DIR-L || мине-кле || нopа-кла-н || мeeне-кле-ж || ере-кле
|-
DIR-P || мине-кли || нoга-кли-н || мeeне-кли-ж || ере-кли
|-
EQU || мин-геcин || нoг-гаcин-ни || мeeн-геfи-ми || ер-геcин
|}

== Verbs ==

=== Present Conjugation Chart ===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
| || Type 1 || Type 2 || Type 3 || Type 4 || Type 5
|-
! Stem || ха-'know' || гун- ‘say’ || бi- ‘be’ || у- ‘become’ || е- хар ‘not know’
|-
! 1st sg || ха-ра-м || гé6н-е-м|| би-се-м || у-да-м || е-се-м ха-р
|-
! 2nd sg || ха-нри || гoбн-е-нри || би-се-нри || у-да-нри || е-се-нри ха-р
|-
! 3rd sg || ха-н || гдoн-ни || би-с-ни || у-д-ни || е-с-ни ха-р
|-
! 1st pl EXC || ха-р-у || гун-у || би-с-у || у-д-у || е-с-у ха-р
|-
! 1st pl INC || ха-ра-p || гун-е-p || би-се-p || у-да-p || е-се-p ха-р
|-
! 2nd pl || ха-с || гoбн-е-с || би-се-с || у-да-с || е-се-с хар
|-
! 3rd pl || ха-р || г66н || би-с || у-д || е-с-tен ха-р
|}

=== Past Tense Examples ===

=== Future Tense Examples ===

=== Causative Tense Examples ===

Kад’да’к - ∅ миине – у кул – ра – н

Kад’да’к - NOM уине-ACC dринк-NONFUT-3SG

“Kaddak drank the wine”

(18) Eуе – сел - ∅ Kад’да’к – у миине – у кул – укан

Even-PL-NOM Kad’da’k-ACC wine-ACC drink-CAUS:NONFUT:3PL

“Evens made Kaddak drink the wine”

=== Reciprocal Tense Examples ===

(15) Aк – нил - ∅ ау – мат – та

brother-PL-NOM wash-REC-NONFUT:3PL

“The brothers washed each other”

(16) Aк – нил - ∅ мeeр нири – л - ∅ - бур ау – мат – та

brother-PL-NOM self’s back-PL-NOMREF POS PL wash-REC-NF3PL

“The brothers washed each other’s backs”

=== Adversative Tense Examples ===

a) Aрисаг - ∅ мут - туле ем - ре - н

ghost-NOM we-LOC come-NONFUT-3SG

"The ghost came to us"

(b) Mут - ∅ арисаг - ду еме - у - ре - p

we-NOM ghost-DAT come-AD-NONFUT-1PL

"A ghost came to us, we were negatively affected"

The adversative form can also be used to form passive sentences:

(20) Nугде - ∅ етике – м ма – н

bear-NOM old man-ACC kill-NONFUT:3SC

“The bear killed the old man”

(21) Eтикен - ∅ нугде-ду ма - у – ра – н

old man-NOM bear-DAT kill-AD-NONFUT-3SG

“The old man was killed by the bear”

== Subject Agreement Endings ==

1st singular -m

2nd singular -нrи

3rd singular -н / -ни

1st plural (exclusive) -ru / -u
1st plural (inclusive) -p

2nd plural -s

3rd plural -r

== Particles ==

== Participles ==

22) a. Eм-¢е беж-# гéoн-ни
come-PERF PART man-NOM say-NONFUT:35G
‘The man who had come said’

b. Eтикен ем-&е-уе-н ха-ра-м
old man come-PERF PART-ACC-3SG know-NONFUT-18G
'(I) know that the old man has come’

c. Bии-# ем-Cе би-се-м
I-NOM come-PERF PART be-NONFUT-1SG
'T have (already) come’

== Converbs ==

(27) Eм-реке-н гун-д'и-м
come-COND CON-3SG say-FUT-1SG
'Iffwhen (s)he comes, (I) shall tell’;

9) the past converb in - gsi -, normally referring to a habitual event in the past simultaneous to the
primary event:

(28) хуpкуеи-pси-ж д'у-#-ж худ геле-ри-у
study-PAST CON-REF POS house-NOM-REF POS very miss-PAST-1SG
"When (1) studied, (I) missed my home very much’;

10) the purposive converb in -дa-/-дe-:

(29) Gу-ли таг-да-н
say-IMP:2SG read-PURP CON-38G
‘Tell him to read’;

11) the negative terminative form in -dle- is attached only to the negative auxiliary verbe- :

(30) хин е-дле-с ем-ре е-ле би-д'и-м
your not do-NEG TERM CON-2SG come-NEG CON this-LOC be-FUT-1SG
'(I) shall stay here until you come’

{{comment|your wiki page is missing the sp23_grammar_documentation category and the name of the wiki was supposed to be Even/Grammar (not Even/Language/Grammar). also, as you are updating your grammar points make sure to add morphtests. -TD}}

[[category:Even]] [[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]]

Even/Grammar

2023-03-09T21:10:06Z

Tbanach1: /* Noun/Adjective Declensions */

== Parts of Speech ==

* Nouns
* Verbs
* Adjectives
* Pronouns
* Numerals
* Adverbs
* Enclitic Particles
* Postpositions
* Interjections
* Onomatopoetics

== Noun/Adjective Declensions==
{|class="wikitable sortable"

! !! Type 1 !! Type 2 !! Type 3 !! Personal !! Reflexive

|-

!NOM

| ду-# || хиркан-# || ду-л-# || ду-#-н || ду-#-

|-

!ACC

| ду || хиркам || дулбу || дуан

|-

!DES

| || || || дуган || дугаж

|-

!DAT

| дуду || хирканду || дулду || дудун || дуди

|-

!INST

| дунс || хиркан || дулди || дудин || дуди

|-

!CoM

| дунун || хирканун || двулнун || дунунни || дунуми

|-

!LOC

| дула || хиркандула || дулдула || дулан || дулаж

|-

!PROL

| дули || хиркандули || дулдули || дулин || дулиж

|-

!DIR

| дутки || хиркантаки || дултаки || дуткин || дуткиж

|-

!ABL

| дудук || хиркандук || дулдук || дудукун || дудуки

|-

!ELAT

| дугисс || хиркаpиес || дулгис || дугидин || дугиди

|-

!DIR-L

| дукла || хиркакла || дулакла || дуклан || дуклаж

|-

!DIR-P

| дукли || хиркакли || дулакли || дуклин || дуклиж

|-

!EQU

| || || || ||

|-

|}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}|дуду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}|дунс}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}|дунун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|дула}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}|дули}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}|дутки}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|дудук}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}|дугисс}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}|дукла}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-p}}|дукли}}

=== Plurality ===

Regular nouns

(6) д’у д’у – л (7) oран oра – р

“house” “houses” “reindeer” “reindeers”

Irregular noun example

аман ам-тил
(“father”)(“fathers”)

=== Possession Markers ===

д’у – у (my house)

д’у – с (your(singular) house)

д’у – н (his/her/its house)

д'у – уун (our house – including the person who is being spoken to)

д'у - т (our house - exclusive first person plural)

д’у – сан (your(pl) house)

д’у – тан (their house)

ев – им (my house)

ев – ин (your(sg) house)

ев – и (his/her/its house)

ев – имиз (our house – Turkish has only one type of first person plural)

ев – иниз (your(pl.) house)

ев – лери (their house)

ев – иниз (your(sg.)(formal) house)

== Pronoun Declensions ==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Case !! bии I !! нoнжaн he/she !! мeeни self !! еrеk this
| subject || {{tag|nom}} || — || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|алма}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|гүл}}
|-
! NOM
| bii-# || {{tag|acc }} || ны, ни, ну, нү, ды, ди, ду, дү, ты, ти, ту, тү || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|алманы}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|гүлдү}}
|-
! ACC
| possessor || {{tag|gen}} || нын, нин, нун, нүн, дын, дин, дун, дүн, тын, тин, тун, түн || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|алманын}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|гүлдүн}}
|-
! DAT
| "to" || {{tag|dat}} || га, го, ге, гө, ка, ко, ке, кө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|алмага}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|гүлгө}}
|-
! INST
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! COM
| "from" || {{tag|abl}} || дан, дон, ден, дөн, тан, тон, тен, төн || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|алмадан}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|гүлдөн}}
|-
! LOC
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! PROL
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! ABL
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! ELAT
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR-L
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR-P
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! EQU
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
| || бии т' || нoган ‘he, she’ || мeeни ‘self || ерек ‘this’
|-
! NOM || бии-# || нoга-#-н || мeeн-#-и || ерек-#
|-
! ACC || мин-у || нoг-ма-н || ере-у
|-
! DAT || мин-ду || нoган-ду-н || мeeн-ди || е-ду
|-
! INST || мине-& || нoган-д'и-н || мeeн-д'и || ере-&
|-
! COM || мин-н'ун || нoг-н'ун-ни || мeeн-н'у-ми || ер-н'ун
|-
! LOC || мин-дуле || нoган-дула-н || мeeн-дула-ж || е-ле
|-
! PROL || мин-дули || нoган-дули-н || мeeн-дули-ж || е-ли
|-
! DIR || мин-теки || нoган-таки-н || мeeн-теки-) || ер-теки
|-
! ABL || мин-дук || нoган-дуку-н ||~~ мeeн-дук-и || е-дук
|-||
ELAT || мин-гиc || нoг-pид'и-н || мeeн-гид'-и || ер-гиc¢
|-
DIR-L || мине-кле || нopа-кла-н || мeeне-кле-ж || ере-кле
|-
DIR-P || мине-кли || нoга-кли-н || мeeне-кли-ж || ере-кли
|-
EQU || мин-геcин || нoг-гаcин-ни || мeeн-геfи-ми || ер-геcин
|}

== Verbs ==

=== Present Conjugation Chart ===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
| || Type 1 || Type 2 || Type 3 || Type 4 || Type 5
|-
! Stem || ха-'know' || гун- ‘say’ || бi- ‘be’ || у- ‘become’ || е- хар ‘not know’
|-
! 1st sg || ха-ра-м || гé6н-е-м|| би-се-м || у-да-м || е-се-м ха-р
|-
! 2nd sg || ха-нри || гoбн-е-нри || би-се-нри || у-да-нри || е-се-нри ха-р
|-
! 3rd sg || ха-н || гдoн-ни || би-с-ни || у-д-ни || е-с-ни ха-р
|-
! 1st pl EXC || ха-р-у || гун-у || би-с-у || у-д-у || е-с-у ха-р
|-
! 1st pl INC || ха-ра-p || гун-е-p || би-се-p || у-да-p || е-се-p ха-р
|-
! 2nd pl || ха-с || гoбн-е-с || би-се-с || у-да-с || е-се-с хар
|-
! 3rd pl || ха-р || г66н || би-с || у-д || е-с-tен ха-р
|}

=== Past Tense Examples ===

=== Future Tense Examples ===

=== Causative Tense Examples ===

Kад’да’к - ∅ миине – у кул – ра – н

Kад’да’к - NOM уине-ACC dринк-NONFUT-3SG

“Kaddak drank the wine”

(18) Eуе – сел - ∅ Kад’да’к – у миине – у кул – укан

Even-PL-NOM Kad’da’k-ACC wine-ACC drink-CAUS:NONFUT:3PL

“Evens made Kaddak drink the wine”

=== Reciprocal Tense Examples ===

(15) Aк – нил - ∅ ау – мат – та

brother-PL-NOM wash-REC-NONFUT:3PL

“The brothers washed each other”

(16) Aк – нил - ∅ мeeр нири – л - ∅ - бур ау – мат – та

brother-PL-NOM self’s back-PL-NOMREF POS PL wash-REC-NF3PL

“The brothers washed each other’s backs”

=== Adversative Tense Examples ===

a) Aрисаг - ∅ мут - туле ем - ре - н

ghost-NOM we-LOC come-NONFUT-3SG

"The ghost came to us"

(b) Mут - ∅ арисаг - ду еме - у - ре - p

we-NOM ghost-DAT come-AD-NONFUT-1PL

"A ghost came to us, we were negatively affected"

The adversative form can also be used to form passive sentences:

(20) Nугде - ∅ етике – м ма – н

bear-NOM old man-ACC kill-NONFUT:3SC

“The bear killed the old man”

(21) Eтикен - ∅ нугде-ду ма - у – ра – н

old man-NOM bear-DAT kill-AD-NONFUT-3SG

“The old man was killed by the bear”

== Subject Agreement Endings ==

1st singular -m

2nd singular -нrи

3rd singular -н / -ни

1st plural (exclusive) -ru / -u
1st plural (inclusive) -p

2nd plural -s

3rd plural -r

== Particles ==

== Participles ==

22) a. Eм-¢е беж-# гéoн-ни
come-PERF PART man-NOM say-NONFUT:35G
‘The man who had come said’

b. Eтикен ем-&е-уе-н ха-ра-м
old man come-PERF PART-ACC-3SG know-NONFUT-18G
'(I) know that the old man has come’

c. Bии-# ем-Cе би-се-м
I-NOM come-PERF PART be-NONFUT-1SG
'T have (already) come’

== Converbs ==

(27) Eм-реке-н гун-д'и-м
come-COND CON-3SG say-FUT-1SG
'Iffwhen (s)he comes, (I) shall tell’;

9) the past converb in - gsi -, normally referring to a habitual event in the past simultaneous to the
primary event:

(28) хуpкуеи-pси-ж д'у-#-ж худ геле-ри-у
study-PAST CON-REF POS house-NOM-REF POS very miss-PAST-1SG
"When (1) studied, (I) missed my home very much’;

10) the purposive converb in -дa-/-дe-:

(29) Gу-ли таг-да-н
say-IMP:2SG read-PURP CON-38G
‘Tell him to read’;

11) the negative terminative form in -dle- is attached only to the negative auxiliary verbe- :

(30) хин е-дле-с ем-ре е-ле би-д'и-м
your not do-NEG TERM CON-2SG come-NEG CON this-LOC be-FUT-1SG
'(I) shall stay here until you come’

{{comment|your wiki page is missing the sp23_grammar_documentation category and the name of the wiki was supposed to be Even/Grammar (not Even/Language/Grammar). also, as you are updating your grammar points make sure to add morphtests. -TD}}

[[category:Even]] [[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]]

Even/Grammar

2023-03-09T21:08:07Z

Tbanach1: /* Noun/Adjective Declensions */

== Parts of Speech ==

* Nouns
* Verbs
* Adjectives
* Pronouns
* Numerals
* Adverbs
* Enclitic Particles
* Postpositions
* Interjections
* Onomatopoetics

== Noun/Adjective Declensions==
{|class="wikitable sortable"

! !! Type 1 !! Type 2 !! Type 3 !! Personal !! Reflexive

|-

!NOM

| ду-# || хиркан-# || ду-л-# || ду-#-н || ду-#-

|-

!ACC

| ду || хиркам || дулбу || дуан

|-

!DES

| || || || дуган || дугаж

|-

!DAT

| дуду || хирканду || дулду || дудун || дуди

|-

!INST

| дунс || хиркан || дулди || дудин || дуди

|-

!CoM

| дунун || хирканун || двулнун || дунунни || дунуми

|-

!LOC

| дула || хиркандула || дулдула || дулан || дулаж

|-

!PROL

| дули || хиркандули || дулдули || дулин || дулиж

|-

!DIR

| дутки || хиркантаки || дултаки || дуткин || дуткиж

|-

!ABL

| дудук || хиркандук || дулдук || дудукун || дудуки

|-

!ELAT

| дугисс || хиркаpиес || дулгис || дугидин || дугиди

|-

!DIR-L

| дукла || хиркакла || дулакла || дуклан || дуклаж

|-

!DIR-P

| дукли || хиркакли || дулакли || дуклин || дуклиж

|-

!EQU

| || || || ||

|-

|}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|ду}}
{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|ду}}
{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|дуду}}
{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|inst}}|дунс}}
{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}}|дунун}}
{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|дула}}
{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|prol}}|дули}}
{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|dir}}|дутки}}
{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|дудук}}
{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|elat}}|дугисс}}
{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|dir-l}}|дукла}}
{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|dir-p}}|дукли}}

=== Plurality ===

Regular nouns

(6) д’у д’у – л (7) oран oра – р

“house” “houses” “reindeer” “reindeers”

Irregular noun example

аман ам-тил
(“father”)(“fathers”)

=== Possession Markers ===

д’у – у (my house)

д’у – с (your(singular) house)

д’у – н (his/her/its house)

д'у – уун (our house – including the person who is being spoken to)

д'у - т (our house - exclusive first person plural)

д’у – сан (your(pl) house)

д’у – тан (their house)

ев – им (my house)

ев – ин (your(sg) house)

ев – и (his/her/its house)

ев – имиз (our house – Turkish has only one type of first person plural)

ев – иниз (your(pl.) house)

ев – лери (their house)

ев – иниз (your(sg.)(formal) house)

== Pronoun Declensions ==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Case !! bии I !! нoнжaн he/she !! мeeни self !! еrеk this
| subject || {{tag|nom}} || — || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|алма}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|гүл}}
|-
! NOM
| bii-# || {{tag|acc }} || ны, ни, ну, нү, ды, ди, ду, дү, ты, ти, ту, тү || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|алманы}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|гүлдү}}
|-
! ACC
| possessor || {{tag|gen}} || нын, нин, нун, нүн, дын, дин, дун, дүн, тын, тин, тун, түн || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|алманын}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|гүлдүн}}
|-
! DAT
| "to" || {{tag|dat}} || га, го, ге, гө, ка, ко, ке, кө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|алмага}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|гүлгө}}
|-
! INST
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! COM
| "from" || {{tag|abl}} || дан, дон, ден, дөн, тан, тон, тен, төн || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|алмадан}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|гүлдөн}}
|-
! LOC
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! PROL
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! ABL
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! ELAT
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR-L
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR-P
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! EQU
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
| || бии т' || нoган ‘he, she’ || мeeни ‘self || ерек ‘this’
|-
! NOM || бии-# || нoга-#-н || мeeн-#-и || ерек-#
|-
! ACC || мин-у || нoг-ма-н || ере-у
|-
! DAT || мин-ду || нoган-ду-н || мeeн-ди || е-ду
|-
! INST || мине-& || нoган-д'и-н || мeeн-д'и || ере-&
|-
! COM || мин-н'ун || нoг-н'ун-ни || мeeн-н'у-ми || ер-н'ун
|-
! LOC || мин-дуле || нoган-дула-н || мeeн-дула-ж || е-ле
|-
! PROL || мин-дули || нoган-дули-н || мeeн-дули-ж || е-ли
|-
! DIR || мин-теки || нoган-таки-н || мeeн-теки-) || ер-теки
|-
! ABL || мин-дук || нoган-дуку-н ||~~ мeeн-дук-и || е-дук
|-||
ELAT || мин-гиc || нoг-pид'и-н || мeeн-гид'-и || ер-гиc¢
|-
DIR-L || мине-кле || нopа-кла-н || мeeне-кле-ж || ере-кле
|-
DIR-P || мине-кли || нoга-кли-н || мeeне-кли-ж || ере-кли
|-
EQU || мин-геcин || нoг-гаcин-ни || мeeн-геfи-ми || ер-геcин
|}

== Verbs ==

=== Present Conjugation Chart ===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
| || Type 1 || Type 2 || Type 3 || Type 4 || Type 5
|-
! Stem || ха-'know' || гун- ‘say’ || бi- ‘be’ || у- ‘become’ || е- хар ‘not know’
|-
! 1st sg || ха-ра-м || гé6н-е-м|| би-се-м || у-да-м || е-се-м ха-р
|-
! 2nd sg || ха-нри || гoбн-е-нри || би-се-нри || у-да-нри || е-се-нри ха-р
|-
! 3rd sg || ха-н || гдoн-ни || би-с-ни || у-д-ни || е-с-ни ха-р
|-
! 1st pl EXC || ха-р-у || гун-у || би-с-у || у-д-у || е-с-у ха-р
|-
! 1st pl INC || ха-ра-p || гун-е-p || би-се-p || у-да-p || е-се-p ха-р
|-
! 2nd pl || ха-с || гoбн-е-с || би-се-с || у-да-с || е-се-с хар
|-
! 3rd pl || ха-р || г66н || би-с || у-д || е-с-tен ха-р
|}

=== Past Tense Examples ===

=== Future Tense Examples ===

=== Causative Tense Examples ===

Kад’да’к - ∅ миине – у кул – ра – н

Kад’да’к - NOM уине-ACC dринк-NONFUT-3SG

“Kaddak drank the wine”

(18) Eуе – сел - ∅ Kад’да’к – у миине – у кул – укан

Even-PL-NOM Kad’da’k-ACC wine-ACC drink-CAUS:NONFUT:3PL

“Evens made Kaddak drink the wine”

=== Reciprocal Tense Examples ===

(15) Aк – нил - ∅ ау – мат – та

brother-PL-NOM wash-REC-NONFUT:3PL

“The brothers washed each other”

(16) Aк – нил - ∅ мeeр нири – л - ∅ - бур ау – мат – та

brother-PL-NOM self’s back-PL-NOMREF POS PL wash-REC-NF3PL

“The brothers washed each other’s backs”

=== Adversative Tense Examples ===

a) Aрисаг - ∅ мут - туле ем - ре - н

ghost-NOM we-LOC come-NONFUT-3SG

"The ghost came to us"

(b) Mут - ∅ арисаг - ду еме - у - ре - p

we-NOM ghost-DAT come-AD-NONFUT-1PL

"A ghost came to us, we were negatively affected"

The adversative form can also be used to form passive sentences:

(20) Nугде - ∅ етике – м ма – н

bear-NOM old man-ACC kill-NONFUT:3SC

“The bear killed the old man”

(21) Eтикен - ∅ нугде-ду ма - у – ра – н

old man-NOM bear-DAT kill-AD-NONFUT-3SG

“The old man was killed by the bear”

== Subject Agreement Endings ==

1st singular -m

2nd singular -нrи

3rd singular -н / -ни

1st plural (exclusive) -ru / -u
1st plural (inclusive) -p

2nd plural -s

3rd plural -r

== Particles ==

== Participles ==

22) a. Eм-¢е беж-# гéoн-ни
come-PERF PART man-NOM say-NONFUT:35G
‘The man who had come said’

b. Eтикен ем-&е-уе-н ха-ра-м
old man come-PERF PART-ACC-3SG know-NONFUT-18G
'(I) know that the old man has come’

c. Bии-# ем-Cе би-се-м
I-NOM come-PERF PART be-NONFUT-1SG
'T have (already) come’

== Converbs ==

(27) Eм-реке-н гун-д'и-м
come-COND CON-3SG say-FUT-1SG
'Iffwhen (s)he comes, (I) shall tell’;

9) the past converb in - gsi -, normally referring to a habitual event in the past simultaneous to the
primary event:

(28) хуpкуеи-pси-ж д'у-#-ж худ геле-ри-у
study-PAST CON-REF POS house-NOM-REF POS very miss-PAST-1SG
"When (1) studied, (I) missed my home very much’;

10) the purposive converb in -дa-/-дe-:

(29) Gу-ли таг-да-н
say-IMP:2SG read-PURP CON-38G
‘Tell him to read’;

11) the negative terminative form in -dle- is attached only to the negative auxiliary verbe- :

(30) хин е-дле-с ем-ре е-ле би-д'и-м
your not do-NEG TERM CON-2SG come-NEG CON this-LOC be-FUT-1SG
'(I) shall stay here until you come’

{{comment|your wiki page is missing the sp23_grammar_documentation category and the name of the wiki was supposed to be Even/Grammar (not Even/Language/Grammar). also, as you are updating your grammar points make sure to add morphtests. -TD}}

[[category:Even]] [[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]]

Even/Grammar

2023-03-09T21:02:02Z

Tbanach1: /* Noun/Adjective Declensions */

== Parts of Speech ==

* Nouns
* Verbs
* Adjectives
* Pronouns
* Numerals
* Adverbs
* Enclitic Particles
* Postpositions
* Interjections
* Onomatopoetics

== Noun/Adjective Declensions==
{|class="wikitable sortable"

! !! Type 1 !! Type 2 !! Type 3 !! Personal !! Reflexive

|-

!NOM

| ду-# || хиркан-# || ду-л-# || ду-#-н || ду-#-

|-

!ACC

| ду || хиркам || дулбу || дуан

|-

!DES

| || || || дуган || дугаж

|-

!DAT

| дуду || хирканду || дулду || дудун || дуди

|-

!INST

| дунс || хиркан || дулди || дудин || дуди

|-

!CoM

| дунун || хирканун || двулнун || дунунни || дунуми

|-

!LOC

| дула || хиркандула || дулдула || дулан || дулаж

|-

!PROL

| дули || хиркандули || дулдули || дулин || дулиж

|-

!DIR

| дутки || хиркантаки || дултаки || дуткин || дуткиж

|-

!ABL

| дудук || хиркандук || дулдук || дудукун || дудуки

|-

!ELAT

| дугисс || хиркаpиес || дулгис || дугидин || дугиди

|-

!DIR-L

| дукла || хиркакла || дулакла || дуклан || дуклаж

|-

!DIR-P

| дукли || хиркакли || дулакли || дуклин || дуклиж

|-

!EQU

| || || || ||

|-

|}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|ду}}

=== Plurality ===

Regular nouns

(6) д’у д’у – л (7) oран oра – р

“house” “houses” “reindeer” “reindeers”

Irregular noun example

аман ам-тил
(“father”)(“fathers”)

=== Possession Markers ===

д’у – у (my house)

д’у – с (your(singular) house)

д’у – н (his/her/its house)

д'у – уун (our house – including the person who is being spoken to)

д'у - т (our house - exclusive first person plural)

д’у – сан (your(pl) house)

д’у – тан (their house)

ев – им (my house)

ев – ин (your(sg) house)

ев – и (his/her/its house)

ев – имиз (our house – Turkish has only one type of first person plural)

ев – иниз (your(pl.) house)

ев – лери (their house)

ев – иниз (your(sg.)(formal) house)

== Pronoun Declensions ==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Case !! bии I !! нoнжaн he/she !! мeeни self !! еrеk this
| subject || {{tag|nom}} || — || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|алма}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|гүл}}
|-
! NOM
| bii-# || {{tag|acc }} || ны, ни, ну, нү, ды, ди, ду, дү, ты, ти, ту, тү || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|алманы}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|гүлдү}}
|-
! ACC
| possessor || {{tag|gen}} || нын, нин, нун, нүн, дын, дин, дун, дүн, тын, тин, тун, түн || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|алманын}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|гүлдүн}}
|-
! DAT
| "to" || {{tag|dat}} || га, го, ге, гө, ка, ко, ке, кө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|алмага}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|гүлгө}}
|-
! INST
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! COM
| "from" || {{tag|abl}} || дан, дон, ден, дөн, тан, тон, тен, төн || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|алмадан}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|гүлдөн}}
|-
! LOC
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! PROL
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! ABL
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! ELAT
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR-L
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR-P
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! EQU
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
| || бии т' || нoган ‘he, she’ || мeeни ‘self || ерек ‘this’
|-
! NOM || бии-# || нoга-#-н || мeeн-#-и || ерек-#
|-
! ACC || мин-у || нoг-ма-н || ере-у
|-
! DAT || мин-ду || нoган-ду-н || мeeн-ди || е-ду
|-
! INST || мине-& || нoган-д'и-н || мeeн-д'и || ере-&
|-
! COM || мин-н'ун || нoг-н'ун-ни || мeeн-н'у-ми || ер-н'ун
|-
! LOC || мин-дуле || нoган-дула-н || мeeн-дула-ж || е-ле
|-
! PROL || мин-дули || нoган-дули-н || мeeн-дули-ж || е-ли
|-
! DIR || мин-теки || нoган-таки-н || мeeн-теки-) || ер-теки
|-
! ABL || мин-дук || нoган-дуку-н ||~~ мeeн-дук-и || е-дук
|-||
ELAT || мин-гиc || нoг-pид'и-н || мeeн-гид'-и || ер-гиc¢
|-
DIR-L || мине-кле || нopа-кла-н || мeeне-кле-ж || ере-кле
|-
DIR-P || мине-кли || нoга-кли-н || мeeне-кли-ж || ере-кли
|-
EQU || мин-геcин || нoг-гаcин-ни || мeeн-геfи-ми || ер-геcин
|}

== Verbs ==

=== Present Conjugation Chart ===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
| || Type 1 || Type 2 || Type 3 || Type 4 || Type 5
|-
! Stem || ха-'know' || гун- ‘say’ || бi- ‘be’ || у- ‘become’ || е- хар ‘not know’
|-
! 1st sg || ха-ра-м || гé6н-е-м|| би-се-м || у-да-м || е-се-м ха-р
|-
! 2nd sg || ха-нри || гoбн-е-нри || би-се-нри || у-да-нри || е-се-нри ха-р
|-
! 3rd sg || ха-н || гдoн-ни || би-с-ни || у-д-ни || е-с-ни ха-р
|-
! 1st pl EXC || ха-р-у || гун-у || би-с-у || у-д-у || е-с-у ха-р
|-
! 1st pl INC || ха-ра-p || гун-е-p || би-се-p || у-да-p || е-се-p ха-р
|-
! 2nd pl || ха-с || гoбн-е-с || би-се-с || у-да-с || е-се-с хар
|-
! 3rd pl || ха-р || г66н || би-с || у-д || е-с-tен ха-р
|}

=== Past Tense Examples ===

=== Future Tense Examples ===

=== Causative Tense Examples ===

Kад’да’к - ∅ миине – у кул – ра – н

Kад’да’к - NOM уине-ACC dринк-NONFUT-3SG

“Kaddak drank the wine”

(18) Eуе – сел - ∅ Kад’да’к – у миине – у кул – укан

Even-PL-NOM Kad’da’k-ACC wine-ACC drink-CAUS:NONFUT:3PL

“Evens made Kaddak drink the wine”

=== Reciprocal Tense Examples ===

(15) Aк – нил - ∅ ау – мат – та

brother-PL-NOM wash-REC-NONFUT:3PL

“The brothers washed each other”

(16) Aк – нил - ∅ мeeр нири – л - ∅ - бур ау – мат – та

brother-PL-NOM self’s back-PL-NOMREF POS PL wash-REC-NF3PL

“The brothers washed each other’s backs”

=== Adversative Tense Examples ===

a) Aрисаг - ∅ мут - туле ем - ре - н

ghost-NOM we-LOC come-NONFUT-3SG

"The ghost came to us"

(b) Mут - ∅ арисаг - ду еме - у - ре - p

we-NOM ghost-DAT come-AD-NONFUT-1PL

"A ghost came to us, we were negatively affected"

The adversative form can also be used to form passive sentences:

(20) Nугде - ∅ етике – м ма – н

bear-NOM old man-ACC kill-NONFUT:3SC

“The bear killed the old man”

(21) Eтикен - ∅ нугде-ду ма - у – ра – н

old man-NOM bear-DAT kill-AD-NONFUT-3SG

“The old man was killed by the bear”

== Subject Agreement Endings ==

1st singular -m

2nd singular -нrи

3rd singular -н / -ни

1st plural (exclusive) -ru / -u
1st plural (inclusive) -p

2nd plural -s

3rd plural -r

== Particles ==

== Participles ==

22) a. Eм-¢е беж-# гéoн-ни
come-PERF PART man-NOM say-NONFUT:35G
‘The man who had come said’

b. Eтикен ем-&е-уе-н ха-ра-м
old man come-PERF PART-ACC-3SG know-NONFUT-18G
'(I) know that the old man has come’

c. Bии-# ем-Cе би-се-м
I-NOM come-PERF PART be-NONFUT-1SG
'T have (already) come’

== Converbs ==

(27) Eм-реке-н гун-д'и-м
come-COND CON-3SG say-FUT-1SG
'Iffwhen (s)he comes, (I) shall tell’;

9) the past converb in - gsi -, normally referring to a habitual event in the past simultaneous to the
primary event:

(28) хуpкуеи-pси-ж д'у-#-ж худ геле-ри-у
study-PAST CON-REF POS house-NOM-REF POS very miss-PAST-1SG
"When (1) studied, (I) missed my home very much’;

10) the purposive converb in -дa-/-дe-:

(29) Gу-ли таг-да-н
say-IMP:2SG read-PURP CON-38G
‘Tell him to read’;

11) the negative terminative form in -dle- is attached only to the negative auxiliary verbe- :

(30) хин е-дле-с ем-ре е-ле би-д'и-м
your not do-NEG TERM CON-2SG come-NEG CON this-LOC be-FUT-1SG
'(I) shall stay here until you come’

{{comment|your wiki page is missing the sp23_grammar_documentation category and the name of the wiki was supposed to be Even/Grammar (not Even/Language/Grammar). also, as you are updating your grammar points make sure to add morphtests. -TD}}

[[category:Even]] [[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]]

Even/Grammar

2023-03-09T20:58:02Z

Tbanach1: /* Noun/Adjective Declensions */

Even/Grammar

2023-02-28T15:14:15Z

Tbanach1: /* Present Conjugation Chart */

Even/Grammar

2023-02-28T15:12:53Z

Tbanach1: /* Pronoun Declensions */

Even/Grammar

2023-02-28T15:09:53Z

Tbanach1: /* Pronoun Declensions */

Even/Grammar

2023-02-21T15:25:45Z

Tbanach1: /* Converbs */

Even/Grammar

2023-02-21T15:21:33Z

Tbanach1: /* Present Conjugation Chart */

Even/Grammar

2023-02-18T04:04:38Z

Tbanach1: /* Noun/Adjective Declensions */

Even/Grammar

2023-02-18T03:52:58Z

Tbanach1: /* Noun/Adjective Declensions */

Even/Grammar

2023-02-18T03:10:03Z

Tbanach1: /* Adversative Tense Examples */

Even/Grammar

2023-02-17T21:22:45Z

Tbanach1: /* Verbs */

Even/Grammar

2023-02-17T21:21:29Z

Tbanach1: /* Causative Tense Examples */

Even/Grammar

2023-02-17T21:20:42Z

Tbanach1: /* Verbs */