LING073 - User contributions [en]

Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars

2023-04-27T23:46:18Z

Tdorji1:

1. For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpandʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.|These (the children) like school.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} ɲɯrganɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}}

2. Japhug generally uses postpositions to express relative position (i.e., locative postpositions zɯ, tɕu and ri), whereas English uses prepositions.

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe tɕe, tʂu tɕu ɲɤmtsɯr.|They went, and on the road they were hungry.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|auto}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}, tʂu{{tag|n}} tɕu{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} ɲɤmtsɯr{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} went{{tag|vblex}}, and{{tag|lnk}} on{{tag|pr}}{{tag|loc}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} were{{tag|aux}}{{tag|past}} hungry{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ambro ɯjme zɯ kɤzo.|Land on my horse's tail.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ambro{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}} ɯjme{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} zɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} kɤzo{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|Land{{tag|vblex}} on{{tag|pr}}{{tag|loc}} my{{tag|adv}} horse's{{tag|n}}{{tag|poss}} tail{{tag|n}}}}

3. Japhug expresses negation by a prefix on the verb, where English requires an adverb like "not" (and often an auxiliary verb like "did").

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|aʑo mɯpɯrɤʑia.|I was not present.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|aʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} mɯpɯrɤʑia{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pst}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} was{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}}{{tag|neg}} present{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|khramba kɤβzu mɤpe.|Telling lies is bad.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|khramba{{tag|n}} kɤβzu{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} mɤpe{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}|Telling{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ipfv}} lies{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} is{{tag|v}} bad{{tag|adj}}}}

4. The Japhug causative prefix on verbs would generally require a complementary clause with a verb like "made" on the "original" subject of the verb (i.e., the agent being "caused" to perform the action described by the verb).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo kɯ nɤʑo pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa.|They caused me to see you.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} kɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|erg}} nɤʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}} pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa{{tag|v}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|caus}}{{tag|1sg}}|He{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} caused{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}}{{tag|obj}} to{{tag|aux}} see{{tag|vblex}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}}}}

{{comment|add one more example here}}

5. Japhug verbs can take dual (-ndʑi) and plural (-nɯ) indexation suffixes, that can take the place of second or third person dual/plural pronouns as the object of the verb. E.g., a clause can consist of an intransitive verb alone, with a dual prefix in place of its argument. However it doesn't always do this, it can simply be an agreement with the object(s).

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ nɯ ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ toβzundʑi tɕe.|They made two piles from the bones.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ{{tag|n}} nɯ{{tag|dem}} ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ{{tag|n}} toβzundʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|du}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} two{{tag|adj}} piles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} from{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} bones{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|jya|eng|maka ɯtaʁ mɯpjɤpenɯ.|They were not good to him.}}
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|maka{{tag|adv}} ɯtaʁ{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} mɯpjɤpenɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|pl}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}} were{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}} good{{tag|adj}} to{{tag|pr}} him{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Urum and English/Contrastive Grammar

2023-04-21T00:31:57Z

Tdorji1: /* (UUM ‣ ENG) Translation Evaluation */

== (UUM ‣ ENG) Contrastive Grammar Evaluation ==

Using the ten sentences with all stems translated from the lexical transfer assignment, identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).

=== Example 1 (Definiteness Marker) ===

In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.

* {{transferTest|uum|eng|پیاوەکە|the man}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uum|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|ckb|eng|پیاوێک|a man}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|پیاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

* {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Example 2 ===
...

=== Example 3 ===
...

=== Example 4 ===
...

=== Example 5 ===
...

These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as # in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).
Document these differences on the wiki.

You'll want on the order of two or three examples of each grammatical difference.

Make a section on the Contrastive Grammar page for "xyz-abc tests"

If you're doing two-way translation (i.e., you've joined forces with another group and each half of the group is working on a separate direction), then also add a section called "abc-xyz tests". In this case, each section will have equivalent tests, but in opposite directions.

Use the TransferMorphTest and TransferTest templates. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the Transfer rules page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!

== (UUM ‣ ENG) Translation Evaluation ==

[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Urum]] [[Category:English]]

Urum and English/Lexical Selection

2023-04-21T00:21:39Z

Tdorji1:

== (UUM ‣ ENG) Lexical Selection Evaluation ==

=== Example 1 (Stomach/Interior) ===

1. SELECTION (STOMACH)

URUM TEXT: ачның ичи гырылдай
ENGLISH GLOSS: (a) hungry (person)'s stomach growls

Generalization: If comes after adj /hungry/, means /stomach/; If comes before verb /to growl/, means /stomach/

2. SELECTION (INTERIOR)

URUM TEXT: ичиндэ Христос кӧрдӱлер
ENGLISH GLOSS: (they) saw Christ in it

Generalization: Otherwise, select this!

=== Example 2 (Day/Sun) ===

1. SELECTION (Day)

URUM TEXT: Бир кӱн ола дэли гӧнлӱм уланыр
ENGLISH GLOSS: One day, my life will go on. (One day, it is possible my crazy heart will right itself).
UKRAINIAN GLOSS: колись моє серце заспокоїться

Generalization: If comes after numeral(s), means /day/; Otherwise, select this!

2. SELECTION (Sun)
URUM TEXT: Севда чырайы сары олмаз, кӱн кӧрмесе, айахташ (айакташ).
ENGLISH GLOSS: If it doesn't see the sun, the face of love will not be yellow, friend.

Generalization: If comes before verb /to see/, means /sun/!

[[Category:Sp23_LexicalSelection]][[Category:Urum]][[Category:English]]

Mirandese and Portuguese/Lexical selection

2023-04-21T00:08:04Z

Tdorji1: /* mwl → por */

== mwl → por ==

<u>Generalizations:</u>

# Portuguese "massa" should be translated as "pasta" when it precedes a sauce name.
# Mirandese "cacho" should be translated as "parcela" when it precedes de+l and then a person word.

{{comment| For each translation of the word, add an example sentence (or phrase if necessary—but check with me) where the meaning is unambiguous (minimum: two sentences).}}

[[Category:Sp23_LexicalSelection]] [[Category:Mirandese]] [[Category:Portuguese]]

Sardinian and English

2023-04-20T23:46:57Z

Tdorji1: /* Developed Resources */

=Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English=

==Developed Resources==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng-corpus Parallel corpus git repo]. Lines 1-8 from [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/ this website].
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd-eng Git repo for language pair]

{{comment| dont forget to add link to individual repo too}}

==srd → eng evaluation==
*coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 260
Coverage: 86.92%
*coverage of bilingual transducer on srd.sentences
Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 265
Coverage: 52.08%

==10 sentences glosses and outputs==
*Things to add: est (bilingual add), limba (, '''antica''', bider, culligamentu, sinke, fit, andande, at, devet, /deke, t', appo, natu, /ki, diat, no, isco, at
{| cellpadding=5
|Sardinian sentence || intended English translation || output of srd-eng-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode || output of srd-eng (full translation) mode
|-
|1) Su sardu est una limba antica. || Sardinian is an ancient language. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^sardu<n><m><sg>/Sardinian<n><sg>$ ^*est/*est$ ^unu<det><ind><f><sg>/a<det><ind><f><sg>$ ^*limba/*limba$ ^*antica/*antica$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ || []
|-
|2) Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu. || To read the article click on this link. || ^Pro<pr>/To<pr>$ ^*bider/*bider$ ^su<det><def><mf><sg>/the<det><def><mf><sg>$ ^artìculu<n><m><sg>/article<n><sg>$ ^sighire<vblex><inf>/click<vblex><inf>$ ^*custu/*custu$ ^*culligamentu/*culligamentu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ || []
|-
|3) Su trenu sinke fit andande. || The train was leaving. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*sinke/*sinke$ ^*fit/*fit$ ^*andande/*andande$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
|| []
|-
|4) Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke. || The train will arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
|| []
|-
|5) Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke. || The train is supposed to arrive at ten. || ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*devet/*devet$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
|| []
|-
|6) T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke. || I told you that the train would arrive at ten. || ^*T/*T$'^*appo/*appo$ ^*natu/*natu$ ^*ki/*ki$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*diat/*diat$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*deke/*deke$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
|| []
|-
|7) No'isco si at a próere cras. || I do not know if it will rain tomorrow. || ^*No/*No$'^*isco/*isco$ ^si<cnjsub>/if<cnjsub>$ ^*at/*at$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^*próere/*próere$ ^cras<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
|| []
|-
|8) Una de sas berbekes est maláida. || One of the sheep is sick. || ^Unu<det><ind><f><sg>/A<det><ind><f><sg>$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*berbekes/*berbekes$ ^*est/*est$ ^*maláida/*maláida$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
|| []
|-
|9) Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos. || I have lost two of my books. || ^*Appo/*Appo$ ^*pèrditu/*pèrditu$ ^*duos/*duos$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><m><pl>/the<det><def><m><pl>$ ^*libros/*libros$ ^*meos/*meos$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
|| []
|-
|10) M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove. || They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine. || ^*M/*M$'^*an/*an$ ^*natu/*natu$ ^*ki/*ki$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^*devíat/*devíat$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^*nove/*nove$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
|| []
|
|}

==expanding lexicon==

{| cellpadding=5
|medas || many || <adj>
|-https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&action=edit
|piseddas || girls || <n><pl>
|-
|sun || they are || <v>
|-
|bennidas || to come (home) || <v><pp><fpl>
|-
|balladu || to dance || <v><pp>
|-
|cantaiat || to sing || <v><sg3>
|-
|sos/sa || the || <det>
|-
|piattos || plates || <n><pl>
|-
|mesa || table || <n><sg>
|-
|bi/b' || N/A || <cl>
|-
|problemas || problems || <n><pl>
|-
|unu || one/a || <adj>/<det>
|-
|ube || where || <adv>
|-
|mortu || dead || <v><pp>
|-
|sordatos || soldiers || <n><pl>
|-
|tenimus || we have || <v><pl1>
|-
|frores || flowers || <n><pl>
|-
|keret || to be necessary || <v><sg3>
|-
|mancat || to be missing || <v><sg3>
|-
|ovos || eggs || <n><pl>
|-
|danca || meadow || <n>
|-
|ortu || orchard || <n>
|-
|frade || brother || <n>
|-
|fizza || daughter || <n>
|-
|re || king || <n>
|-
|ora || hour || <n>
|-
|subra || above/on || <prep>
|-
|a || to/at || <prep>
|-
|cumintzos || origins || <n><pl>
|-
|e || and || <conj>
|-
|andamentu || evolution || <n>
|-
|istòricu || historical || <adj>
|-
|de || of/to || <prep>
|-
|sa || the || <det>
|-
|poesia || poetry || <n>
|-
|a bolu || improvised || <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)
|-
|in || in || <prep>
|-
|sardu || Sardinian || <n>
|-
|logudoresu || Logudorese || <adj>
|-
|non || not || <adv>
|-
|ischit || known || <v><pp>
|-
|meda || much || <adv>
|-
|custu || this || <det><prox>
|-
|artìculu || article || <n>
|-
|chircat || tries || <v><sg3>
|-
|bogare || to bring out || <v>
|-
|pizu || surface || <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: [http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=b&int=0&lemmi=cerca&codice=b1264000 here])
|-
|ammentos || memories || <n><pl>
|-
|ammentu || memory || <n>
|-
|ammentare || to remember || <v>
|-
|documentados || documented || <adj>
|-
|si || [null] || <> -- reflexive
|-
|primas || first || <adj>
|-
|disputas || competitions || <n><pl>
|-
|primas || first || <adj>
|-
|tra || between || <prep>
|-
|poetes || poets || <n><pl>
|-
|cale || which || <prn><rel>
|-
|esserent || were || <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural
|-
|règulas || rules, modalities || <n><pl>
|-
|su || the || <det>
|-
|cunfruntu || confrontation || <n>
|-
|sende || being || <v><ger>
|-
|una || a/one || <art>/<adj>
|-
|chirca || research || <n>
|-
|andera || ongoing/progressive || <adj>
|-
|testu || text || <n>
|-
|diat || [null] || <subj><sg3>
|-
|poder || to be able to || <v><inf>
|-
|aer || to have || <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)
|-
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl>
|-
|mudonzos || modifications || <n><pl>
|-
|novas || new || <adj><pl>
|-
|noas || data || <n><pl>
|-
|Pro || to || <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)
|-
|bider || to read || <v><inf>
|-
|artìculu || article || <n>
|-
|sighire || click on || <v><inf>
|-
|intrare || enter || <v><inf>
|-
|desizadu || desired || <adj>
|-
|trenu || train || <n>
|-
|sinke || [null] || <foc>
|-
|fit || was || <v><p><imp><sg3>
|-
|andande || leaving || <v><ger>
|-
|at || it will || <>
|-
|sas || the || <det>
|-
|deke || ten || <n>
|-
|devet || should || <adv>
|-
|deke || ten || <adj>
|-
|appo || I have || <v><sg1>
|-
|natu || told || <v><pp>
|-
|próere || to rain || <v><inf>
|-
|arrivare || to arrive || <v><inf>
|-
|isco || I know || <v><sg1>
|-
|si || if || <conj>
|-
|ki || that || <conj>
|-
|cras || tomorrow || <adv>
|-
|meos || my || <pos>
|-
|andatos || gone || <adj><pl>
|
|}

===glosses===

Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat

'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'

Su trenu sinke fit andande

'The train was leaving"

Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke

'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'

Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke

'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'

T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke

'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'

M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove

'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'

At a próere cras

'It will rain tomorrow'

Devet próere cras

'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'

At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare

'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'

No'isco si at a próere cras

'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'

Una de sas berbekes est maláida

'one of the sheep is sick'

Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos

'I have lost two of my books'

Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas

'Many of these girls are pretty'

Una pitzinna meta bella

'a very beautiful girl'

Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas

'those two good girls'

unu better cane bellu

'a huge beautiful dog'

un'átteru bette cane

'another huge dog'

Sun andatos a Frantza

'they went to France'

Est ghiratu dae Corsica

'He returned from Corsica'

Connnosco bene sa Frantza

"i know France well'

Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu

'This book is written in German'

Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu

'This word comes from Catalan'

Su sardu est una limba antica

'Sardinian is an ancient language'

Appo mandicatu casu

'I ate cheese'

Laura est toddende frores

'Laura is picking flowers'

De frores non nd'appo tódditu

'I did not pick any flowers'

No'amus comporatu pane

'We did not buy bread'

Mandico sa pasta kin casu

'I ate pasta with cheese'

Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu

'Three mice at all the cheese'

semus ponnende vinu in ampullas

'We are putting wine in bottles'

lettu meu esr

'It is my bed'

No'appo lessu libru perunu

'i did not read any book'

Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos

'The people who stole the money will be punished'

Appo invitat sos de Juanne

'I invited Jon's family'

Cussa pinna est sa mea

'That pen is mine'

Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne

'That car is John's'

Custa ricca at datu mili francos a su vetzu

'This rich woman gave a thousand lira to the old man'

Su guvernu devíat dare ua pensione a dondzi vetzu

'The government should give a pension to every old person'

==Notes for improvement==
*"At" is the third person singular present conjugation of aer, to have.
*It can function as an auxiliary verb when paired with a past participle and thus should be translated as "has" in those cases (e.g. "John has left.").
*When preceding "a" (i.e. "at a [infinitive verb]") it signals future tense: an event will happen, has yet to occur, so it would translate as "has" or "will."
*Another possibility for lexical selection is pro/a/de all translating to "to."
*Make sure "una" in example sentence translates to "a" in English without the hashtag, i.e. get rid of the feminine tag that maps over from the "una" analysis to the English "a" which does not have the feminine tag.
*Disambiguate analyses of "deke" (ten): is it noun or adjective? (I guess this might just be morphological disambiguation and not lexical selection)

==External Resources==

*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-srd Sardinian transducer] (and our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-srd clone])
*Github repository for [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer]
*[https://www.limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Ditzion%C3%A0riu%20Universale%20Rubattu.pdf Dictionary pdf]
*[http://ditzionariu.sardegnacultura.it/it/ Online official dictionary]
*[https://it.glosbe.com/sc/it Web-based machine translator]
*[http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php?key=a&int=0&lemmi=cerca Sardinian-Italian web-based dictionary]
*[http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2009050512495700047.pdf 1931 pdf with select translations]
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0079-1636.2004.00130.x Definiteness effects: evidence from Sardinian]
*[https://www.icongrouponline.com/en/Detail/dictionary/049783698X/Webster%27s+Sardinian+-+English+Thesaurus+Dictionary: Webster's Sardinian English Thesaurus Dictionary]
*[https://www.academia.edu/15320922/Dizionario_della_lingua_Sarda_Vol_2 Italian-Sardinian Dictionary]
*[https://archive.org/details/vocabolariosardo00spanuoft/page/n361/mode/2up Old but extensive Sardo-Italian and vice versa dictionary]
*[https://limbasardasudsardigna.it/sar/images/Documenti/Didatica_e_Ainas/Vocabolariu_Sardu_Italianu_Spano.pdf nice Sardo-Italiano dictionary pdf]
[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]]

Amis

2023-04-20T23:38:46Z

Tdorji1: /* Lexical Transfer */

Our corpus can be found in the repo at https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-ami-corpus

=Developed Resources=
===Keyboard Tools===
* The Amis Keyboard Layout Wiki Page: [[Amis/Keyboard]]
* The Amis Keyboard Github Repository: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-ami-keyboard

===Transducer===
* The Amis Transducer Wiki Page: [[Amis/Transducer]]
* The Amis Transducer Repo: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-ami
===Disambiguation===
* The Morphological Disambiguator: [[Amis/Disambiguation]]
===Lexical Transfer===
* Resources for machine translation between [[Amis_and_English]]

{{comment|dont forget to add a link to your bilingual ami-eng corpus here}}

===Lexical Selection===
* Resources for [[Amis_and_English/Lexical_Selection]]
===Contrastive Grammar===
* Resources for [[Amis_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar]]

=External Resources=
===computational resources===
(spell checkers, orthography converters, speech recognition software, keyboard layouts, machine translators)

===dictionaries/phrasebooks/glossaries===
(multilingual and monolingual, online and paper)

* Short (604 entries) word list. From the bottom of the page: ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary edited by Blust, Robert & Trussel, Stephen is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. We can share and adapt the material for any purpose as long as appropriate credit is included. https://acd.clld.org/languages/227
* A very limited (one page) word list from a 1962 Linguistics conference. Citation: Torjesen, Ed (1962) "Amis (Taiwan) word list," Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session: Vol. 6, Article 7. https://commons.und.edu/sil-work-papers/vol6/iss1/7/
* A collection of raw text files with word lists and translations in English and Mandarin. Directly from the README regarding the Creative Commons Noncommercial license: 蔡中涵委員 g0v 阿美語萌典計劃使用本字典，以 CC BY-NC 授權宣告 https://github.com/miaoski/amis-data
* Same author as above, more word lists. https://github.com/miaoski/amis-safolu/tree/master/dict

===grammatical descriptions===
(theoretical and pædagogical)

* A University of Taipei webpage with vocabulary in addition to grammar lessons, stories, and audio recordings. Copyright 2020 Council of Indigenous Peoples. All Rights Reserved. http://web.klokah.tw/en/
* Jheng, Wei-Cherng Sam. 2022. The syntax of nominal modification and complex noun phrases in Siwkolan Amis, https://doi.org/10.1075/consl.21014.jhe
* Wu, Jing-lan Joy. 2006. Verb Classification, Case Marking, and Grammatical relations in Amis. (available online through SUNY Buffalo)
* Wu, J. (2003) Clausal modifiers in Amis. Concentric: Studies in English Literature and Linguistics, 29(2), 59-81.
* Bril, Isabelle. 2022. Lexical Restrictions on Grammatical Relations in Voice Constructions (Northern Amis), https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03483275
* Bril, Isabelle, and Stavros Skopeteas. 2021. The Syntax and Prosody of Focus in Northern Amis (Formosan), https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05201004
* Bril, Isabelle. 2017. Roots and Stems in Amis and Nêlêmwa (Austronesian): Lexical Categories and Functional Flexibility, https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.41.2.04bri
* Bril, Isabelle. 2016. Information Structure in Northern Amis: A Morphosyntactic Analysis, https://doi.org/10.1353/ol.2016.0021
* Chen, Tingchun. 2018. Multiple Case Assignment: An Amis Case Study
* Chen, Yi-Ting. 2016. Raising out of CP in Mod-Asp Adverbial Verb Constructions in Amis, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43897635
* Chen, Yi-Ting. 2010. The Amis Left Periphery, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40983970
* Tsai, Wei-tien Dylan. 2007. Conjunctive Reduction and Its Origin: A Comparative Study of Tsou, Amis, and Squliq Atayal, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20172329
* Describing the Morphology of Amis, https://lingdy.aa-ken.jp/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/091208-intl-symp-and-ws-ws_imanishi.pdf
* Blust, Robert. 1999. A Note on Covert Structure: Ca-Reduplication in Amis, https://doi.org/10.2307/3623398
* Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 2006. Numerals in Formosan Languages, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4499950
* Jiang, Haowen. 2016. Nominalization and Possession in Formosan Languages, https://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/95553

===scientific works===
(papers, books, websites)

===corpora===
(any collection of authentic text, linguistically annotated or not, including Wikipedia in the language, news websites, Twitter feeds, etc.)

* Pdf of the bible: Genesis 1-3 https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_ami_gen-1
* bible[dot]com: Psalms, Proverbs, and New Testament. Copyright: The Bible Society in Taiwan, 2019. https://www.bible.com/bible/3411/PSA.1.AMIS2019
* Sentence examples from the same 1962 conference listed above. Citation: (Unknown), Tamih and Montgomery, Robert L. (1962) "Amis text," Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session: Vol. 6, Article 6. https://commons.und.edu/sil-work-papers/vol6/iss1/6/
* Song Lyrics: https://youtu.be/Y2elu_GxaH0
* Wikipedia: https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E2%80%99ayayaw_pising_no_tyin-naw
* Textbook: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/files/ebook/1164886915600fa11eeaa9/print.pdf
* Ebooks for Amis/Pangcah including different dialects: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=608&search_type=3&home_cat=0&city=0&start=20

[[Category:Amis]] [[Category:sp23_ResourceDocumentation]]

Western Abenaki

2023-04-20T23:22:12Z

Tdorji1: /* Developed Resources */

[[Western Abenaki/Grammar Documentation|Grammar Documentation]]

==Developed Resources==
[[Western Abenaki/Keyboard|Keyboard]]

[[Western Abenaki/Transducer|Transducer]]

[[Western Abenaki/Disambiguator|Disambiguator]]

[[Western Abenaki/Western Abenaki and English|Lexical Transfer]]

[[Western Abenaki and English/Lexical Selection|Lexical Selection]]

[[Western Abenaki and English/Contrastive Grammar|Contrastive Grammar]]

{{comment| dont forget to add a link to your abe-eng corpus here}}

==External Resources==
===Computational===
*[https://www.languagegeek.com/issues/unicode.html Possible fonts download]
**[https://www.languagegeek.com/misc/license/gnu.html License for fonts] Essentially public domain fonts (General Public License).

===Dictionaries===
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190625005910/http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~abenaki/genealogy/Wobanaki/parts2.htm Joubert body parts and conjugations] All rights reserved.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190624232249/http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~abenaki/genealogy/Wobanaki/index.htm Joubert Abenaki language] All rights reserved.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306053655/http://westernabenaki.com/RELATIONS.pdf Joubert relationships] Assuming all rights reserved.
*[http://westernabenaki.com/ Western Abenaki website] Can't seem to find copyright info on any sources from this database (listed below).
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306050338/http://westernabenaki.com/partofbody.php Western Abenaki body parts]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20170718141712/http://westernabenaki.com/lessons.php Wawanolette's language lessons]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20171017011307/http://westernabenaki.com/laurent.php Joseph Laurent's ''New Familiar Abenakis and English Dialogues'']
**[http://westernabenaki.com/vocabulary1-30.php Vocab 1-30]
**[http://westernabenaki.com/vocabulary31-59.php Vocab 31-59]
**[http://westernabenaki.com/ABN-GreetingAndHealth.pdf Greeting and health transcript]
**[http://westernabenaki.com/speakingindian.php Gordon Day "Speaking Indian"]
**[http://westernabenaki.com/basicsentences1958.php Basic sentences (1958)]
**[http://westernabenaki.com/lesson21.php Wawanolette lesson 21]
*[https://archive.org/details/wobanakikimzowia00wzok/page/70/mode/2up Wobanaki kimzowi awighigan (gloss tables sprinkled throughout)]
**Likely Public Domain due to being published in 1884.
*[http://www.mfw.us/blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/0320Dictionary.pdf Bruchac and Joubert dictionary; edited by Denious] Likely all rights reserved.
*Bruchac ''Western Abenaki Dictionaries'' Volumes 1 and 2 (PDFs downloaded on my computer). Likely all rights reserved.

===Grammatical Descriptions===
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160419101221/http://people.umass.edu/ebach/papers/alnoprdm.htm "Sketch of Western Abenaki Grammar" Bach]
**Appears to be part of Doctoral work through SOAS London or UMass. Not sure what this means in terms of copyright.
*[https://www.languagegeek.com/algon/abenaki/abenaki.html Description of orthographic variations]
**[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ou_(ligature) Information on Ȣ / ȣ / ô]
*[http://www.mfw.us/blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Laurent.pdf Joseph Laurent's ''New Familiar Abenakis and English Dialogues'']
**Includes some grammar notes throughout. Assuming Public Domain license due to it being published in 1884.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190625005905/http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~abenaki/genealogy/Wobanaki/nouns.htm Joubert nouns info] All rights reserved
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190625005748/http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~abenaki/genealogy/Wobanaki/bodyparts.htm More Joubert body parts and grammar] All rights reserved
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306050903/http://westernabenaki.com/SKnature.pdf Bruchac characterizational word forms] No copyright info
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306085212/http://westernabenaki.com/Mil-Charts.pdf Conjugations for root "mil-"] No copyright info
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306085015/http://westernabenaki.com/ditransitive.php Ditransitive verbs] No copyright info
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306033434/http://westernabenaki.com/adjectives.php Adjective endings] No copyright info
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306004100/http://westernabenaki.com/shapes.php Shape-classifiers] No copyright info
*[http://westernabenaki.com/ditransrelations.php Ditransitive/relational verb forms] No copyright info
*[http://www.mfw.us/blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Masta.pdf Masta Abenaki Grammar (53-85)]
**No copyright info other than "Copyright 1932." Assuming all rights reserved, unless it is old enough to be in Public Domain.

===Scientific Works===
*[http://www.conormquinn.com/FirstPersonDiminPat20151025.pdf 1st person patient diminutive verbs]
*[https://sci-hub.ru/10.1353/anl.2011.0009 Enclitic particles: the syntax of second position]
*[https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/North%20American/Algic/Abenaki%2C%20The%20Morphology%20of%20Modern%20Western%20%28Beach%29.pdf The Morphology of Modern Western Abenaki]
**Big ol' morphology breakdown

===Corpora===
*[http://www.mfw.us/blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Masta.pdf Masta legends and stories]
**No copyright info other than "Copyright 1932." Assuming all rights reserved, unless it is old enough to be in Public Domain.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306085009/http://westernabenaki.com/dictionary/wkz/018.php Bruchac translation of "Aw8sis8dwaw8gan/Baby Talk"]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306085233/http://westernabenaki.com/taste.php Food sentences] No copyright info.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj84AwAAQBAJ&printsec=copyright#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The First Council Fire''] All rights reserved.

[[Category:Western Abenaki]] [[Category:sp23_ResourceDocumentation]]

Western Abenaki

2023-04-20T23:21:59Z

Tdorji1: /* Developed Resources */

[[Western Abenaki/Grammar Documentation|Grammar Documentation]]

==Developed Resources==
[[Western Abenaki/Keyboard|Keyboard]]

[[Western Abenaki/Transducer|Transducer]]

[[Western Abenaki/Disambiguator|Disambiguator]]

[[Western Abenaki/Western Abenaki and English|Lexical Transfer]]

[[Western Abenaki and English/Lexical Selection|Lexical Selection]]

[[Western Abenaki and English/Contrastive Grammar|Contrastive Grammar]]

{{commend| dont forget to add a link to your abe-eng corpus here}}

==External Resources==
===Computational===
*[https://www.languagegeek.com/issues/unicode.html Possible fonts download]
**[https://www.languagegeek.com/misc/license/gnu.html License for fonts] Essentially public domain fonts (General Public License).

===Dictionaries===
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190625005910/http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~abenaki/genealogy/Wobanaki/parts2.htm Joubert body parts and conjugations] All rights reserved.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190624232249/http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~abenaki/genealogy/Wobanaki/index.htm Joubert Abenaki language] All rights reserved.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306053655/http://westernabenaki.com/RELATIONS.pdf Joubert relationships] Assuming all rights reserved.
*[http://westernabenaki.com/ Western Abenaki website] Can't seem to find copyright info on any sources from this database (listed below).
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306050338/http://westernabenaki.com/partofbody.php Western Abenaki body parts]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20170718141712/http://westernabenaki.com/lessons.php Wawanolette's language lessons]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20171017011307/http://westernabenaki.com/laurent.php Joseph Laurent's ''New Familiar Abenakis and English Dialogues'']
**[http://westernabenaki.com/vocabulary1-30.php Vocab 1-30]
**[http://westernabenaki.com/vocabulary31-59.php Vocab 31-59]
**[http://westernabenaki.com/ABN-GreetingAndHealth.pdf Greeting and health transcript]
**[http://westernabenaki.com/speakingindian.php Gordon Day "Speaking Indian"]
**[http://westernabenaki.com/basicsentences1958.php Basic sentences (1958)]
**[http://westernabenaki.com/lesson21.php Wawanolette lesson 21]
*[https://archive.org/details/wobanakikimzowia00wzok/page/70/mode/2up Wobanaki kimzowi awighigan (gloss tables sprinkled throughout)]
**Likely Public Domain due to being published in 1884.
*[http://www.mfw.us/blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/0320Dictionary.pdf Bruchac and Joubert dictionary; edited by Denious] Likely all rights reserved.
*Bruchac ''Western Abenaki Dictionaries'' Volumes 1 and 2 (PDFs downloaded on my computer). Likely all rights reserved.

===Grammatical Descriptions===
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160419101221/http://people.umass.edu/ebach/papers/alnoprdm.htm "Sketch of Western Abenaki Grammar" Bach]
**Appears to be part of Doctoral work through SOAS London or UMass. Not sure what this means in terms of copyright.
*[https://www.languagegeek.com/algon/abenaki/abenaki.html Description of orthographic variations]
**[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ou_(ligature) Information on Ȣ / ȣ / ô]
*[http://www.mfw.us/blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Laurent.pdf Joseph Laurent's ''New Familiar Abenakis and English Dialogues'']
**Includes some grammar notes throughout. Assuming Public Domain license due to it being published in 1884.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190625005905/http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~abenaki/genealogy/Wobanaki/nouns.htm Joubert nouns info] All rights reserved
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190625005748/http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~abenaki/genealogy/Wobanaki/bodyparts.htm More Joubert body parts and grammar] All rights reserved
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306050903/http://westernabenaki.com/SKnature.pdf Bruchac characterizational word forms] No copyright info
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306085212/http://westernabenaki.com/Mil-Charts.pdf Conjugations for root "mil-"] No copyright info
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306085015/http://westernabenaki.com/ditransitive.php Ditransitive verbs] No copyright info
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306033434/http://westernabenaki.com/adjectives.php Adjective endings] No copyright info
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306004100/http://westernabenaki.com/shapes.php Shape-classifiers] No copyright info
*[http://westernabenaki.com/ditransrelations.php Ditransitive/relational verb forms] No copyright info
*[http://www.mfw.us/blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Masta.pdf Masta Abenaki Grammar (53-85)]
**No copyright info other than "Copyright 1932." Assuming all rights reserved, unless it is old enough to be in Public Domain.

===Scientific Works===
*[http://www.conormquinn.com/FirstPersonDiminPat20151025.pdf 1st person patient diminutive verbs]
*[https://sci-hub.ru/10.1353/anl.2011.0009 Enclitic particles: the syntax of second position]
*[https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/North%20American/Algic/Abenaki%2C%20The%20Morphology%20of%20Modern%20Western%20%28Beach%29.pdf The Morphology of Modern Western Abenaki]
**Big ol' morphology breakdown

===Corpora===
*[http://www.mfw.us/blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Masta.pdf Masta legends and stories]
**No copyright info other than "Copyright 1932." Assuming all rights reserved, unless it is old enough to be in Public Domain.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306085009/http://westernabenaki.com/dictionary/wkz/018.php Bruchac translation of "Aw8sis8dwaw8gan/Baby Talk"]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306085233/http://westernabenaki.com/taste.php Food sentences] No copyright info.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj84AwAAQBAJ&printsec=copyright#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The First Council Fire''] All rights reserved.

[[Category:Western Abenaki]] [[Category:sp23_ResourceDocumentation]]

Quechua and Spanish

2023-04-07T00:19:27Z

Tdorji1:

hello

Shan/Disambiguation

2023-03-30T23:39:14Z

Tdorji1:

==Initial Evaluation==
In the last coverage test of a large file, the ambiguity was 2052616 / 1743796 (~1.177)

So there are some ambiguity in the transducer.

{{comment|pls add ur language tag and the sp23 disambiguation tag}}
===Example===

'''ၵဝ် ၽုၵ်ႇ ၵုၺ်တူၼ်ႈၼိုင်ႈ'''

I plant one cotton plant

^ၵဝ်/ၵဝ်<prn><person><p1><sg>$ ^ၽ/ၽ<qst>$ ^ုၵ်ႇ/*ုၵ်ႇ$ ^ၵုၺ်/*ၵုၺ်$ '''^တူၼ်ႈ/တူၼ်ႈ<clf>/တူၼ်ႈ<n>$''' ^ၼိုင်ႈ/ၼိုင်ႈ<num>$ ^./.<sent>$

'''ၶုၼ်ၽီတူၼ်ႈမႆႉ'''

^ၶုၼ်/*ၶုၼ်$ ^ၽ/ၽ<qst>$ ^ီ/*ီ$ '''^တူၼ်ႈ/တူၼ်ႈ<clf>/တူၼ်ႈ<n>$''' ^မႆႉ/*မႆႉ$ ^./.<sent>$

Gods of trees

The word တူၼ်ႈ means tree or trunk and can both mean a tree or it can be a classifier used for trees and plants. So to reduce the ambiguity in situations like this, we created a select rule where if there were numerals <num> right before or after a noun/classifier, then it is a classifer and not a noun.

==Final Evaluation==
The final ambiguity of the large corpus was 1924881 / 1743796 (~1.10384528924254901376)

Kamba/Disambiguation

2023-03-30T23:35:44Z

Tdorji1:

===Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity===

{{comment|pls add a link to git here. include final disam evaluation too}}

==Bible Corpus==
Ambiguity: ~1.00233109766072304924

Tokens: 24294

Analyses: 24537

==Storybook Corpus==

Ambiguity: ~1.00818181818181818182

Tokens: 1100

Analyses: 1109

==Disambiguation Evaluation==

Ambiguous words: class 9/10 nouns look the same in the singular and plural.

"Nyũngũ niũkwa"

“The cooking pots are going to break.” -- from Whiteley and Muli (1962) pgs 26 and 139

Nyũngũ nĩũkwa

The cooking pot is going to break. -- our modification to make it singular

[[Category:Sp23_Disambiguation]]
[[Category:Kamba]]

<!-- ==Examples of Two Possible Ambiguous Terms==

==Sentence 1 *From Bible==
English Gloss:
"Then on the third day Abraham lifted up his eyes, and saw the place afar off."

"Ĩtina wa kyalo kya mĩthenya ĩtatũ, Avalaamu nĩwoonie vandũ vau e vaasa."

==Sentence 2 *From Storybook L4==
English Gloss:
"Later that evening I was called by my mother and father, and Grandma."
"Masaa ma wĩyoo ĩla netiwe nĩ mwaitũ na nau na sũsũ nĩneesĩ kĩla ngwĩtĩwa"

--!>

Kamba/Disambiguation

2023-03-30T23:35:18Z

Tdorji1:

===Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity===

{{comment|pls add a link to git here}}
{{comment| include final disam evaluation too}}

==Bible Corpus==
Ambiguity: ~1.00233109766072304924

Tokens: 24294

Analyses: 24537

==Storybook Corpus==

Ambiguity: ~1.00818181818181818182

Tokens: 1100

Analyses: 1109

==Disambiguation Evaluation==

Ambiguous words: class 9/10 nouns look the same in the singular and plural.

"Nyũngũ niũkwa"

“The cooking pots are going to break.” -- from Whiteley and Muli (1962) pgs 26 and 139

Nyũngũ nĩũkwa

The cooking pot is going to break. -- our modification to make it singular

[[Category:Sp23_Disambiguation]]
[[Category:Kamba]]

<!-- ==Examples of Two Possible Ambiguous Terms==

==Sentence 1 *From Bible==
English Gloss:
"Then on the third day Abraham lifted up his eyes, and saw the place afar off."

"Ĩtina wa kyalo kya mĩthenya ĩtatũ, Avalaamu nĩwoonie vandũ vau e vaasa."

==Sentence 2 *From Storybook L4==
English Gloss:
"Later that evening I was called by my mother and father, and Grandma."
"Masaa ma wĩyoo ĩla netiwe nĩ mwaitũ na nau na sũsũ nĩneesĩ kĩla ngwĩtĩwa"

--!>

Kamba/Disambiguation

2023-03-30T23:35:02Z

Tdorji1: /* Disambiguation Evaluation */

===Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity===

{{comment|pls add a link to git here}}

==Bible Corpus==
Ambiguity: ~1.00233109766072304924

Tokens: 24294

Analyses: 24537

==Storybook Corpus==

Ambiguity: ~1.00818181818181818182

Tokens: 1100

Analyses: 1109

==Disambiguation Evaluation==

Ambiguous words: class 9/10 nouns look the same in the singular and plural.

"Nyũngũ niũkwa"

“The cooking pots are going to break.” -- from Whiteley and Muli (1962) pgs 26 and 139

Nyũngũ nĩũkwa

The cooking pot is going to break. -- our modification to make it singular

[[Category:Sp23_Disambiguation]]
[[Category:Kamba]]

<!-- ==Examples of Two Possible Ambiguous Terms==

==Sentence 1 *From Bible==
English Gloss:
"Then on the third day Abraham lifted up his eyes, and saw the place afar off."

"Ĩtina wa kyalo kya mĩthenya ĩtatũ, Avalaamu nĩwoonie vandũ vau e vaasa."

==Sentence 2 *From Storybook L4==
English Gloss:
"Later that evening I was called by my mother and father, and Grandma."
"Masaa ma wĩyoo ĩla netiwe nĩ mwaitũ na nau na sũsũ nĩneesĩ kĩla ngwĩtĩwa"

--!>

{{comment| include final disam evaluation too}}

Kamba/Disambiguation

2023-03-30T23:33:35Z

Tdorji1: /* Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity */

Wolof/Transducer

2023-03-30T23:25:25Z

Tdorji1: /* evaluation of morphological generation */

Link to the code containing our transducer for Wolof: [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-wol github]

======Notes and Evaluations======
*Initial coverage of corpus: ~34%
*By adding ci, di, ne, ak, Senegaal, and Yàlla, coverage went up to 42.3%.
*The top unknown form is now "gu," with 70 occurrences. It's unclear to me exactly how I should analyze it, given that in the Peace Corps dictionary, it is defined as a relative pronoun (which, who, whom) on p15, and in the UCLA dictionary it is defined both as a relative subject that goes between g-class nouns and adjectives (that) and as an indefinite pronoun (any).
*By fixing some errors in the code responsible for analyzing forms from our grammar page, coverage went up to 45.9%.

*There are 161 stems in the transducer.
*The list of most common unknown words is as follows:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
70 ^gu/*gu$
67 ^ca/*ca$
57 ^mu/*mu$
49 ^juróom/*juróom$
46 ^ay/*ay$
39 ^at/*at$
38 ^te/*te$
38 ^nag/*nag$
37 ^suuf/*suuf$
35 ^Aji/*Aji$
32 ^réew/*réew$
31 ^Sax/*Sax$
30 ^nekk/*nekk$
29 ^am/*am$
25 ^téeméeri/*téeméeri$
25 ^a/*a$
24 ^jur/*jur$
22 ^Kayin/*Kayin$
20 ^muy/*muy$
20 ^loolu/*loolu$
coverage: 3367 / 7335 (~0.45903203817314246762)
remaining unknown forms: 3968

*Amount of tests matching gold for each test after finishing the analyzer:
Corpus 1 of 13: singular determiners-morph
16/16 (100.0%) tests pass (8/16 (50.0%) match gold)

Corpus 2 of 13: plural determiners-morph
4/4 (100.0%) tests pass (2/4 (50.0%) match gold)

Corpus 3 of 13: Personal Pronouns-morph
16/16 (100.0%) tests pass (0/16 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 4 of 13: Demonstrative Pronouns-morph
3/3 (100.0%) tests pass (3/3 (100.0%) match gold)

Corpus 5 of 13: Interrogrative Pronouns-morph
14/14 (100.0%) tests pass (14/14 (100.0%) match gold)

Corpus 6 of 13: Indefinite Pronouns-morph
6/6 (100.0%) tests pass (6/6 (100.0%) match gold)

Corpus 7 of 13: Possessive Pronouns-morph
11/11 (100.0%) tests pass (2/11 (18.18%) match gold)

Corpus 8 of 13: Tense, Aspect, Mood marking-morph
22/22 (100.0%) tests pass (9/22 (40.91%) match gold)

Corpus 9 of 13: Voices-morph
2/2 (100.0%) tests pass (0/2 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 10 of 13: Proximity markers-morph
18/18 (100.0%) tests pass (6/18 (33.33%) match gold)

Corpus 11 of 13: Subject focus-morph
4/4 (100.0%) tests pass (0/4 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 12 of 13: Verb focus-morph
4/4 (100.0%) tests pass (0/4 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 13 of 13: Object focus-morph
4/4 (100.0%) tests pass (2/4 (50.0%) match gold)

All tests pass.

======evaluation of morphological generation======
*passing morph and gen tests after finishing transducer, including one added twol rule
*final coverage of corpus is 48.5344% after twol rule
Corpus 1 of 26: analysis
2/2 (100.0%) tests pass (0/2 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 2 of 26: generation
1/1 (100.0%) tests pass (0/1 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 3 of 26: singular determiners-morph
9/16 (56.25%) tests pass (8/9 (88.89%) match gold)

Corpus 4 of 26: singular determiners-gen
16/16 (100.0%) tests pass (0/16 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 5 of 26: plural determiners-morph
4/4 (100.0%) tests pass (2/4 (50.0%) match gold)

Corpus 6 of 26: plural determiners-gen
4/4 (100.0%) tests pass (0/4 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 7 of 26: Personal Pronouns-morph
14/16 (87.5%) tests pass (0/14 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 8 of 26: Personal Pronouns-gen
18/18 (100.0%) tests pass (0/18 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 9 of 26: Demonstrative Pronouns-morph
3/3 (100.0%) tests pass (3/3 (100.0%) match gold)

Corpus 10 of 26: Demonstrative Pronouns-gen
3/3 (100.0%) tests pass (1/3 (33.33%) match gold)

Corpus 11 of 26: Interrogrative Pronouns-morph
14/14 (100.0%) tests pass (14/14 (100.0%) match gold)

Corpus 12 of 26: Interrogrative Pronouns-gen
14/14 (100.0%) tests pass (6/14 (42.86%) match gold)

Corpus 13 of 26: Indefinite Pronouns-morph
6/6 (100.0%) tests pass (6/6 (100.0%) match gold)

Corpus 14 of 26: Indefinite Pronouns-gen
6/6 (100.0%) tests pass (6/6 (100.0%) match gold)

Corpus 15 of 26: Possessive Pronouns-morph
5/11 (45.45%) tests pass (4/5 (80.0%) match gold)

Corpus 16 of 26: Possessive Pronouns-gen
5/15 (33.33%) tests pass (0/5 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 17 of 26: Tense, Aspect, Mood marking-morph
21/22 (95.45%) tests pass (9/21 (42.86%) match gold)

Corpus 18 of 26: Tense, Aspect, Mood marking-gen
27/27 (100.0%) tests pass (18/27 (66.67%) match gold)

Corpus 19 of 26: Proximity markers-morph
8/18 (44.44%) tests pass (6/8 (75.0%) match gold)

Corpus 20 of 26: Proximity markers-gen
20/20 (100.0%) tests pass (0/20 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 21 of 26: Subject focus-morph
3/4 (75.0%) tests pass (0/3 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 22 of 26: Subject focus-gen
4/4 (100.0%) tests pass (0/4 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 23 of 26: Verb focus-morph
3/4 (75.0%) tests pass (0/3 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 24 of 26: Verb focus-gen
4/4 (100.0%) tests pass (0/4 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 25 of 26: Object focus-morph
2/3 (66.67%) tests pass (0/2 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 26 of 26: Object focus-gen
3/3 (100.0%) tests pass (0/3 (0.0%) match gold)

{{comment| pls add final evaluation of gen tests}}

[[Category:Sp23_Transducers]],[[Category:Wolof]]]

Wolof/Transducer

2023-03-30T23:25:12Z

Tdorji1: /* evaluation of morphological generation */

Link to the code containing our transducer for Wolof: [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-wol github]

======Notes and Evaluations======
*Initial coverage of corpus: ~34%
*By adding ci, di, ne, ak, Senegaal, and Yàlla, coverage went up to 42.3%.
*The top unknown form is now "gu," with 70 occurrences. It's unclear to me exactly how I should analyze it, given that in the Peace Corps dictionary, it is defined as a relative pronoun (which, who, whom) on p15, and in the UCLA dictionary it is defined both as a relative subject that goes between g-class nouns and adjectives (that) and as an indefinite pronoun (any).
*By fixing some errors in the code responsible for analyzing forms from our grammar page, coverage went up to 45.9%.

*There are 161 stems in the transducer.
*The list of most common unknown words is as follows:
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
70 ^gu/*gu$
67 ^ca/*ca$
57 ^mu/*mu$
49 ^juróom/*juróom$
46 ^ay/*ay$
39 ^at/*at$
38 ^te/*te$
38 ^nag/*nag$
37 ^suuf/*suuf$
35 ^Aji/*Aji$
32 ^réew/*réew$
31 ^Sax/*Sax$
30 ^nekk/*nekk$
29 ^am/*am$
25 ^téeméeri/*téeméeri$
25 ^a/*a$
24 ^jur/*jur$
22 ^Kayin/*Kayin$
20 ^muy/*muy$
20 ^loolu/*loolu$
coverage: 3367 / 7335 (~0.45903203817314246762)
remaining unknown forms: 3968

*Amount of tests matching gold for each test after finishing the analyzer:
Corpus 1 of 13: singular determiners-morph
16/16 (100.0%) tests pass (8/16 (50.0%) match gold)

Corpus 2 of 13: plural determiners-morph
4/4 (100.0%) tests pass (2/4 (50.0%) match gold)

Corpus 3 of 13: Personal Pronouns-morph
16/16 (100.0%) tests pass (0/16 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 4 of 13: Demonstrative Pronouns-morph
3/3 (100.0%) tests pass (3/3 (100.0%) match gold)

Corpus 5 of 13: Interrogrative Pronouns-morph
14/14 (100.0%) tests pass (14/14 (100.0%) match gold)

Corpus 6 of 13: Indefinite Pronouns-morph
6/6 (100.0%) tests pass (6/6 (100.0%) match gold)

Corpus 7 of 13: Possessive Pronouns-morph
11/11 (100.0%) tests pass (2/11 (18.18%) match gold)

Corpus 8 of 13: Tense, Aspect, Mood marking-morph
22/22 (100.0%) tests pass (9/22 (40.91%) match gold)

Corpus 9 of 13: Voices-morph
2/2 (100.0%) tests pass (0/2 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 10 of 13: Proximity markers-morph
18/18 (100.0%) tests pass (6/18 (33.33%) match gold)

Corpus 11 of 13: Subject focus-morph
4/4 (100.0%) tests pass (0/4 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 12 of 13: Verb focus-morph
4/4 (100.0%) tests pass (0/4 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 13 of 13: Object focus-morph
4/4 (100.0%) tests pass (2/4 (50.0%) match gold)

All tests pass.

======evaluation of morphological generation======
*passing morph and gen tests after finishing transducer, including one added twol rule
*final coverage of corpus is 48.5344% after twol rule
Corpus 1 of 26: analysis
2/2 (100.0%) tests pass (0/2 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 2 of 26: generation
1/1 (100.0%) tests pass (0/1 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 3 of 26: singular determiners-morph
9/16 (56.25%) tests pass (8/9 (88.89%) match gold)

Corpus 4 of 26: singular determiners-gen
16/16 (100.0%) tests pass (0/16 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 5 of 26: plural determiners-morph
4/4 (100.0%) tests pass (2/4 (50.0%) match gold)

Corpus 6 of 26: plural determiners-gen
4/4 (100.0%) tests pass (0/4 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 7 of 26: Personal Pronouns-morph
14/16 (87.5%) tests pass (0/14 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 8 of 26: Personal Pronouns-gen
18/18 (100.0%) tests pass (0/18 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 9 of 26: Demonstrative Pronouns-morph
3/3 (100.0%) tests pass (3/3 (100.0%) match gold)

Corpus 10 of 26: Demonstrative Pronouns-gen
3/3 (100.0%) tests pass (1/3 (33.33%) match gold)

Corpus 11 of 26: Interrogrative Pronouns-morph
14/14 (100.0%) tests pass (14/14 (100.0%) match gold)

Corpus 12 of 26: Interrogrative Pronouns-gen
14/14 (100.0%) tests pass (6/14 (42.86%) match gold)

Corpus 13 of 26: Indefinite Pronouns-morph
6/6 (100.0%) tests pass (6/6 (100.0%) match gold)

Corpus 14 of 26: Indefinite Pronouns-gen
6/6 (100.0%) tests pass (6/6 (100.0%) match gold)

Corpus 15 of 26: Possessive Pronouns-morph
5/11 (45.45%) tests pass (4/5 (80.0%) match gold)

Corpus 16 of 26: Possessive Pronouns-gen
5/15 (33.33%) tests pass (0/5 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 17 of 26: Tense, Aspect, Mood marking-morph
21/22 (95.45%) tests pass (9/21 (42.86%) match gold)

Corpus 18 of 26: Tense, Aspect, Mood marking-gen
27/27 (100.0%) tests pass (18/27 (66.67%) match gold)

Corpus 19 of 26: Proximity markers-morph
8/18 (44.44%) tests pass (6/8 (75.0%) match gold)

Corpus 20 of 26: Proximity markers-gen
20/20 (100.0%) tests pass (0/20 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 21 of 26: Subject focus-morph
3/4 (75.0%) tests pass (0/3 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 22 of 26: Subject focus-gen
4/4 (100.0%) tests pass (0/4 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 23 of 26: Verb focus-morph
3/4 (75.0%) tests pass (0/3 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 24 of 26: Verb focus-gen
4/4 (100.0%) tests pass (0/4 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 25 of 26: Object focus-morph
2/3 (66.67%) tests pass (0/2 (0.0%) match gold)

Corpus 26 of 26: Object focus-gen
3/3 (100.0%) tests pass (0/3 (0.0%) match gold)

{{comment| pls add final evaluation of gen tests}]

[[Category:Sp23_Transducers]],[[Category:Wolof]]]

Western Abenaki/Transducer

2023-03-30T23:20:36Z

Tdorji1: /* Reg Tests */

This is a WIP transducer for Western Abenaki

==Evaluation==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-abe Code]

===Coverage Data===
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
14 ^ni/*ni$
8 ^idamow/*idamow$
7 ^ȣnda/*ȣnda$
7 ^paami/*paami$
7 ^oji/*oji$
7 ^itekw/*itekw$
6 ^ȣda/*ȣda$
5 ^tȣni/*tȣni$
5 ^niji/*niji$
5 ^kanwa/*kanwa$
5 ^aidid/*aidid$
4 ^waji/*waji$
4 ^nokmessek/*nokmessek$
4 ^alȣmiwi/*alȣmiwi$
4 ^ala/*ala$
4 ^achi/*achi$
3 ^wji/*wji$
3 ^wassakol/*wassakol$
3 ^pmȣwzimek/*pmȣwzimek$
3 ^pazgo/*pazgo$
coverage: 64 / 689 (~0.09288824383164005806)

remaining unknown forms: 625

ambiguity: 797 / 689 (~1.15674891146589259797)

'''Thu Mar 2 08:54:14 PM EST 2023''': 64/689 ~0.09288824383164005806 \| 797/689 ~1.15674891146589259797

===Reg Tests===

{{Comment| please add your final evaluation of transducer}}

Corpus 1 of 6: Noun Pluralization-gen
15/15 (100.0%) tests pass '''(13/15 (86.67%) match gold)'''

Corpus 2 of 6: Pronouns and Possession-gen
26/26 (100.0%) tests pass '''(0/26 (0.0%) match gold)'''

Corpus 3 of 6: Locative Case-gen
8/8 (100.0%) tests pass '''(0/8 (0.0%) match gold)'''

Corpus 4 of 6: Adjective Agreement-gen
9/9 (100.0%) tests pass '''(0/9 (0.0%) match gold)'''

Corpus 5 of 6: Verbs-gen
43/43 (100.0%) tests pass '''(0/43 (0.0%) match gold)'''

Corpus 6 of 6: Adverbs-gen
10/10 (100.0%) tests pass '''(0/10 (0.0%) match gold)'''

[[Category:Western Abenaki]] [[Category:Sp23_Transducers]]

Urum/Disambiguation

2023-03-23T23:40:17Z

Tdorji1: /* Initial Ambiguity Evaluation */

= Initial Ambiguity Evaluation =

Ambiguity before AND after disambiguation: ~1.06040963702921553410

== Example of Two Possible Readings of an Ambiguous Term 'O' ==

'''SENTENCE 1:'''

English Gloss: "If I go, and he starts, don't fall behind."
^мен<prn><nom>$ ^барсам<v><iv><cond><p1><sg>$ ^,<cm>$ ^о<prn><p3><sg><nom>/о<intj>$ ^да<part>$ ^башласа<iv><cond><p3><sg>$ ^артымызға<?> p.56$ ^хувма<v><tv><pres><neg><p2><sg>$

'''SENTENCE 2:'''

English Gloss: "That old man knows."
^О/о<prn><dem>$ ^харт/харт<adj>$ ^адам/адам<n><nom>$^,/,<cm>$ ^билий/биль<v><tv><pres><p3><pl>/биль<v><tv><pres><p3><sg>$^./.<sent>$

'''NOTE:'''
According to some sources, 'o' can also be realized as the verb "to be," or "to be able to."

{{comment| don't forget to add a link to the git repository on the disambiguator wiki page -TD }}

= Ambiguity Evaluation =

'''Total Number of rlx Rules''' TOTAL: 5 Rules
Ambiguity before disambiguation: ~1.06040963702921553410
Ambiguity after disambiguation: ~1.05885742646152616274

[[Category:Urum]]
[[Category:Sp23_Disambiguation]]

Even/Grammar

2023-03-23T23:28:26Z

Tdorji1: /* Converbs */

== Parts of Speech ==

* Nouns
* Verbs
* Adjectives
* Pronouns
* Numerals
* Adverbs
* Enclitic Particles
* Postpositions
* Interjections
* Onomatopoetics

== Noun and Adjective Declensions==
{|class="wikitable sortable"

! !! Type 1 !! Type 2 !! Type 3 !! Personal !! Reflexive

|-

!NOM

| ду-# || хиркан-# || ду-л-# || ду-#-н || ду-#-

|-

!ACC

| ду || хиркам || дулбу || дуан

|-

!DES

| || || || дуган || дугаж

|-

!DAT

| дуду || хирканду || дулду || дудун || дуди

|-

!INST

| дунс || хиркан || дулди || дудин || дуди

|-

!CoM

| дунун || хирканун || двулнун || дунунни || дунуми

|-

!LOC

| дула || хиркандула || дулдула || дулан || дулаж

|-

!PROL

| дули || хиркандули || дулдули || дулин || дулиж

|-

!DIR

| дутки || хиркантаки || дултаки || дуткин || дуткиж

|-

!ABL

| дудук || хиркандук || дулдук || дудукун || дудуки

|-

!ELAT

| дугисс || хиркаpиес || дулгис || дугидин || дугиди

|-

!DIR-L

| дукла || хиркакла || дулакла || дуклан || дуклаж

|-

!DIR-P

| дукли || хиркакли || дулакли || дуклин || дуклиж

|-

!EQU

| || || || ||

|-

|}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}|дуду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}|дунс}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}|дунун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|дула}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}|дули}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}|дутки}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|дудук}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}|дугисс}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}|дукла}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|хиркам}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|хиркан}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}|хирканду}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}|хиркан}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}|хирканун}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|хиркандула}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}|хиркандули}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}|хиркантаки}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|хиркандук}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}|хиркаpиес}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}|хиркакла}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-p}}|хиркакли}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}|дулбу}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dat}}|дулду}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inst}}|дулди}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}|двулнун}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|loc}}|дулдула}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prol}}|дулдули}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir}}|дултаки}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|abl}}|дулдук}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|elat}}|дулгис}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir-l}}|дулакла}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir-p}}|дулакли}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|per}}|дун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|per}}|дуан}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|des}}{{tag|per}}|дуган}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|per}}|дудун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}{{tag|per}}|дудун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|per}}|дунунни}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}{{tag|per}}|дунунни}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}{{tag|per}}|дулин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}{{tag|per}}|дуткин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}{{tag|per}}|дудукун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}{{tag|per}}|дугидин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}{{tag|per}}|дуклан}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-p}}{{tag|per}}|дуклин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|ref}}|дун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|des}}{{tag|ref}}|дугаж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|ref}}|дуди}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}{{tag|ref}}|дуди}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ref}}|дунуми}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}{{tag|ref}}|дулаж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}{{tag|ref}}|дулиж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}{{tag|ref}}|дуткиж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}{{tag|ref}}|дудуки}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}{{tag|ref}}|дугиди}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}{{tag|ref}}|дуклаж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-p}}{{tag|ref}}|дуклиж}}

=== Plurality ===

Regular nouns

(6) д’у д’у – л (7) oран oра – р

“house” “houses” “reindeer” “reindeers”

Irregular noun example

аман ам-тил
(“father”)(“fathers”)

=== Possession Markers ===

д’у – у (my house)

д’у – с (your(singular) house)

д’у – н (his/her/its house)

д'у – уун (our house – including the person who is being spoken to)

д'у - т (our house - exclusive first person plural)

д’у – сан (your(pl) house)

д’у – тан (their house)

ев – им (my house)

ев – ин (your(sg) house)

ев – и (his/her/its house)

ев – имиз (our house – Turkish has only one type of first person plural)

ев – иниз (your(pl.) house)

ев – лери (their house)

ев – иниз (your(sg.)(formal) house)

== Pronoun Declensions ==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Case !! bии I !! нoнжaн he/she !! мeeни self !! еrеk this
| subject || {{tag|nom}} || — || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|алма}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|гүл}}
|-
! NOM
| bii-# || {{tag|acc }} || ны, ни, ну, нү, ды, ди, ду, дү, ты, ти, ту, тү || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|алманы}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|гүлдү}}
|-
! ACC
| possessor || {{tag|gen}} || нын, нин, нун, нүн, дын, дин, дун, дүн, тын, тин, тун, түн || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|алманын}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|гүлдүн}}
|-
! DAT
| "to" || {{tag|dat}} || га, го, ге, гө, ка, ко, ке, кө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|алмага}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|гүлгө}}
|-
! INST
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! COM
| "from" || {{tag|abl}} || дан, дон, ден, дөн, тан, тон, тен, төн || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|алмадан}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|гүлдөн}}
|-
! LOC
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! PROL
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! ABL
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! ELAT
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR-L
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR-P
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! EQU
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
| || бии т' || нoган ‘he, she’ || мeeни ‘self || ерек ‘this’
|-
! NOM || бии-# || нoга-#-н || мeeн-#-и || ерек-#
|-
! ACC || мин-у || нoг-ма-н || ере-у
|-
! DAT || мин-ду || нoган-ду-н || мeeн-ди || е-ду
|-
! INST || мине-& || нoган-д'и-н || мeeн-д'и || ере-&
|-
! COM || мин-н'ун || нoг-н'ун-ни || мeeн-н'у-ми || ер-н'ун
|-
! LOC || мин-дуле || нoган-дула-н || мeeн-дула-ж || е-ле
|-
! PROL || мин-дули || нoган-дули-н || мeeн-дули-ж || е-ли
|-
! DIR || мин-теки || нoган-таки-н || мeeн-теки-) || ер-теки
|-
! ABL || мин-дук || нoган-дуку-н ||~~ мeeн-дук-и || е-дук
|-||
ELAT || мин-гиc || нoг-pид'и-н || мeeн-гид'-и || ер-гиc¢
|-
DIR-L || мине-кле || нopа-кла-н || мeeне-кле-ж || ере-кле
|-
DIR-P || мине-кли || нoга-кли-н || мeeне-кли-ж || ере-кли
|-
EQU || мин-геcин || нoг-гаcин-ни || мeeн-геfи-ми || ер-геcин
|}

== Verbs ==

=== Present Conjugation Chart ===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
| || Type 1 || Type 2 || Type 3 || Type 4 || Type 5
|-
! Stem || ха-'know' || гун- ‘say’ || бi- ‘be’ || у- ‘become’ || е- хар ‘not know’
|-
! 1st sg || ха-ра-м || гé6н-е-м|| би-се-м || у-да-м || е-се-м ха-р
|-
! 2nd sg || ха-нри || гoбн-е-нри || би-се-нри || у-да-нри || е-се-нри ха-р
|-
! 3rd sg || ха-н || гдoн-ни || би-с-ни || у-д-ни || е-с-ни ха-р
|-
! 1st pl EXC || ха-р-у || гун-у || би-с-у || у-д-у || е-с-у ха-р
|-
! 1st pl INC || ха-ра-p || гун-е-p || би-се-p || у-да-p || е-се-p ха-р
|-
! 2nd pl || ха-с || гoбн-е-с || би-се-с || у-да-с || е-се-с хар
|-
! 3rd pl || ха-р || г66н || би-с || у-д || е-с-tен ха-р
|}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|1st}}|харам}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|2nd}}|ханри}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|3rd}}|хан}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|1st}}{{tag|exc}}|хару}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|1st}}{{tag|inc}}|xараp}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|2nd}}|хас}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3rd}}|хар}}

=== Past Tense Examples ===

=== Future Tense Examples ===

=== Causative Tense Examples ===

Kад’да’к - ∅ миине – у кул – ра – н

Kад’да’к - NOM уине-ACC dринк-NONFUT-3SG

“Kaddak drank the wine”

(18) Eуе – сел - ∅ Kад’да’к – у миине – у кул – укан

Even-PL-NOM Kad’da’k-ACC wine-ACC drink-CAUS:NONFUT:3PL

“Evens made Kaddak drink the wine”

=== Reciprocal Tense Examples ===

(15) Aк – нил - ∅ ау – мат – та

brother-PL-NOM wash-REC-NONFUT:3PL

“The brothers washed each other”

(16) Aк – нил - ∅ мeeр нири – л - ∅ - бур ау – мат – та

brother-PL-NOM self’s back-PL-NOMREF POS PL wash-REC-NF3PL

“The brothers washed each other’s backs”

=== Adversative Tense Examples ===

a) Aрисаг - ∅ мут - туле ем - ре - н

ghost-NOM we-LOC come-NONFUT-3SG

"The ghost came to us"

(b) Mут - ∅ арисаг - ду еме - у - ре - p

we-NOM ghost-DAT come-AD-NONFUT-1PL

"A ghost came to us, we were negatively affected"

The adversative form can also be used to form passive sentences:

(20) Nугде - ∅ етике – м ма – н

bear-NOM old man-ACC kill-NONFUT:3SC

“The bear killed the old man”

(21) Eтикен - ∅ нугде-ду ма - у – ра – н

old man-NOM bear-DAT kill-AD-NONFUT-3SG

“The old man was killed by the bear”

== Subject Agreement Endings ==

1st singular -m

2nd singular -нrи

3rd singular -н / -ни

1st plural (exclusive) -ru / -u
1st plural (inclusive) -p

2nd plural -s

3rd plural -r

== Particles ==

== Participles ==

22) a. Eм-¢е беж-# гéoн-ни
come-PERF PART man-NOM say-NONFUT:35G
‘The man who had come said’

b. Eтикен ем-&е-уе-н ха-ра-м
old man come-PERF PART-ACC-3SG know-NONFUT-18G
'(I) know that the old man has come’

c. Bии-# ем-Cе би-се-м
I-NOM come-PERF PART be-NONFUT-1SG
'T have (already) come’

== Converbs ==

(27) Eм-реке-н гун-д'и-м
come-COND CON-3SG say-FUT-1SG
'Iffwhen (s)he comes, (I) shall tell’;

9) the past converb in - gsi -, normally referring to a habitual event in the past simultaneous to the
primary event:

(28) хуpкуеи-pси-ж д'у-#-ж худ геле-ри-у
study-PAST CON-REF POS house-NOM-REF POS very miss-PAST-1SG
"When (1) studied, (I) missed my home very much’;

10) the purposive converb in -дa-/-дe-:

(29) Gу-ли таг-да-н
say-IMP:2SG read-PURP CON-38G
‘Tell him to read’;

11) the negative terminative form in -dle- is attached only to the negative auxiliary verbe- :

(30) хин е-дле-с ем-ре е-ле би-д'и-м
your not do-NEG TERM CON-2SG come-NEG CON this-LOC be-FUT-1SG
'(I) shall stay here until you come’

{{as you are updating your grammar points make sure to add morphtests. -TD}}

[[category:Even]] [[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]]

Even/Grammar

2023-03-23T23:28:15Z

Tdorji1: /* Converbs */

== Parts of Speech ==

* Nouns
* Verbs
* Adjectives
* Pronouns
* Numerals
* Adverbs
* Enclitic Particles
* Postpositions
* Interjections
* Onomatopoetics

== Noun and Adjective Declensions==
{|class="wikitable sortable"

! !! Type 1 !! Type 2 !! Type 3 !! Personal !! Reflexive

|-

!NOM

| ду-# || хиркан-# || ду-л-# || ду-#-н || ду-#-

|-

!ACC

| ду || хиркам || дулбу || дуан

|-

!DES

| || || || дуган || дугаж

|-

!DAT

| дуду || хирканду || дулду || дудун || дуди

|-

!INST

| дунс || хиркан || дулди || дудин || дуди

|-

!CoM

| дунун || хирканун || двулнун || дунунни || дунуми

|-

!LOC

| дула || хиркандула || дулдула || дулан || дулаж

|-

!PROL

| дули || хиркандули || дулдули || дулин || дулиж

|-

!DIR

| дутки || хиркантаки || дултаки || дуткин || дуткиж

|-

!ABL

| дудук || хиркандук || дулдук || дудукун || дудуки

|-

!ELAT

| дугисс || хиркаpиес || дулгис || дугидин || дугиди

|-

!DIR-L

| дукла || хиркакла || дулакла || дуклан || дуклаж

|-

!DIR-P

| дукли || хиркакли || дулакли || дуклин || дуклиж

|-

!EQU

| || || || ||

|-

|}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}|дуду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}|дунс}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}|дунун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|дула}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}|дули}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}|дутки}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|дудук}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}|дугисс}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}|дукла}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|хиркам}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|хиркан}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}|хирканду}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}|хиркан}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}|хирканун}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|хиркандула}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}|хиркандули}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}|хиркантаки}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|хиркандук}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}|хиркаpиес}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}|хиркакла}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-p}}|хиркакли}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}|дулбу}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dat}}|дулду}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inst}}|дулди}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}|двулнун}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|loc}}|дулдула}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prol}}|дулдули}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir}}|дултаки}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|abl}}|дулдук}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|elat}}|дулгис}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir-l}}|дулакла}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir-p}}|дулакли}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|per}}|дун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|per}}|дуан}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|des}}{{tag|per}}|дуган}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|per}}|дудун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}{{tag|per}}|дудун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|per}}|дунунни}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}{{tag|per}}|дунунни}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}{{tag|per}}|дулин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}{{tag|per}}|дуткин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}{{tag|per}}|дудукун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}{{tag|per}}|дугидин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}{{tag|per}}|дуклан}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-p}}{{tag|per}}|дуклин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|ref}}|дун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|des}}{{tag|ref}}|дугаж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|ref}}|дуди}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}{{tag|ref}}|дуди}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ref}}|дунуми}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}{{tag|ref}}|дулаж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}{{tag|ref}}|дулиж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}{{tag|ref}}|дуткиж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}{{tag|ref}}|дудуки}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}{{tag|ref}}|дугиди}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}{{tag|ref}}|дуклаж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-p}}{{tag|ref}}|дуклиж}}

=== Plurality ===

Regular nouns

(6) д’у д’у – л (7) oран oра – р

“house” “houses” “reindeer” “reindeers”

Irregular noun example

аман ам-тил
(“father”)(“fathers”)

=== Possession Markers ===

д’у – у (my house)

д’у – с (your(singular) house)

д’у – н (his/her/its house)

д'у – уун (our house – including the person who is being spoken to)

д'у - т (our house - exclusive first person plural)

д’у – сан (your(pl) house)

д’у – тан (their house)

ев – им (my house)

ев – ин (your(sg) house)

ев – и (his/her/its house)

ев – имиз (our house – Turkish has only one type of first person plural)

ев – иниз (your(pl.) house)

ев – лери (their house)

ев – иниз (your(sg.)(formal) house)

== Pronoun Declensions ==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Case !! bии I !! нoнжaн he/she !! мeeни self !! еrеk this
| subject || {{tag|nom}} || — || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|алма}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|гүл}}
|-
! NOM
| bii-# || {{tag|acc }} || ны, ни, ну, нү, ды, ди, ду, дү, ты, ти, ту, тү || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|алманы}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|гүлдү}}
|-
! ACC
| possessor || {{tag|gen}} || нын, нин, нун, нүн, дын, дин, дун, дүн, тын, тин, тун, түн || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|алманын}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|гүлдүн}}
|-
! DAT
| "to" || {{tag|dat}} || га, го, ге, гө, ка, ко, ке, кө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|алмага}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|гүлгө}}
|-
! INST
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! COM
| "from" || {{tag|abl}} || дан, дон, ден, дөн, тан, тон, тен, төн || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|алмадан}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|гүлдөн}}
|-
! LOC
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! PROL
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! ABL
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! ELAT
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR-L
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR-P
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! EQU
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
| || бии т' || нoган ‘he, she’ || мeeни ‘self || ерек ‘this’
|-
! NOM || бии-# || нoга-#-н || мeeн-#-и || ерек-#
|-
! ACC || мин-у || нoг-ма-н || ере-у
|-
! DAT || мин-ду || нoган-ду-н || мeeн-ди || е-ду
|-
! INST || мине-& || нoган-д'и-н || мeeн-д'и || ере-&
|-
! COM || мин-н'ун || нoг-н'ун-ни || мeeн-н'у-ми || ер-н'ун
|-
! LOC || мин-дуле || нoган-дула-н || мeeн-дула-ж || е-ле
|-
! PROL || мин-дули || нoган-дули-н || мeeн-дули-ж || е-ли
|-
! DIR || мин-теки || нoган-таки-н || мeeн-теки-) || ер-теки
|-
! ABL || мин-дук || нoган-дуку-н ||~~ мeeн-дук-и || е-дук
|-||
ELAT || мин-гиc || нoг-pид'и-н || мeeн-гид'-и || ер-гиc¢
|-
DIR-L || мине-кле || нopа-кла-н || мeeне-кле-ж || ере-кле
|-
DIR-P || мине-кли || нoга-кли-н || мeeне-кли-ж || ере-кли
|-
EQU || мин-геcин || нoг-гаcин-ни || мeeн-геfи-ми || ер-геcин
|}

== Verbs ==

=== Present Conjugation Chart ===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
| || Type 1 || Type 2 || Type 3 || Type 4 || Type 5
|-
! Stem || ха-'know' || гун- ‘say’ || бi- ‘be’ || у- ‘become’ || е- хар ‘not know’
|-
! 1st sg || ха-ра-м || гé6н-е-м|| би-се-м || у-да-м || е-се-м ха-р
|-
! 2nd sg || ха-нри || гoбн-е-нри || би-се-нри || у-да-нри || е-се-нри ха-р
|-
! 3rd sg || ха-н || гдoн-ни || би-с-ни || у-д-ни || е-с-ни ха-р
|-
! 1st pl EXC || ха-р-у || гун-у || би-с-у || у-д-у || е-с-у ха-р
|-
! 1st pl INC || ха-ра-p || гун-е-p || би-се-p || у-да-p || е-се-p ха-р
|-
! 2nd pl || ха-с || гoбн-е-с || би-се-с || у-да-с || е-се-с хар
|-
! 3rd pl || ха-р || г66н || би-с || у-д || е-с-tен ха-р
|}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|1st}}|харам}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|2nd}}|ханри}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|3rd}}|хан}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|1st}}{{tag|exc}}|хару}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|1st}}{{tag|inc}}|xараp}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|2nd}}|хас}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3rd}}|хар}}

=== Past Tense Examples ===

=== Future Tense Examples ===

=== Causative Tense Examples ===

Kад’да’к - ∅ миине – у кул – ра – н

Kад’да’к - NOM уине-ACC dринк-NONFUT-3SG

“Kaddak drank the wine”

(18) Eуе – сел - ∅ Kад’да’к – у миине – у кул – укан

Even-PL-NOM Kad’da’k-ACC wine-ACC drink-CAUS:NONFUT:3PL

“Evens made Kaddak drink the wine”

=== Reciprocal Tense Examples ===

(15) Aк – нил - ∅ ау – мат – та

brother-PL-NOM wash-REC-NONFUT:3PL

“The brothers washed each other”

(16) Aк – нил - ∅ мeeр нири – л - ∅ - бур ау – мат – та

brother-PL-NOM self’s back-PL-NOMREF POS PL wash-REC-NF3PL

“The brothers washed each other’s backs”

=== Adversative Tense Examples ===

a) Aрисаг - ∅ мут - туле ем - ре - н

ghost-NOM we-LOC come-NONFUT-3SG

"The ghost came to us"

(b) Mут - ∅ арисаг - ду еме - у - ре - p

we-NOM ghost-DAT come-AD-NONFUT-1PL

"A ghost came to us, we were negatively affected"

The adversative form can also be used to form passive sentences:

(20) Nугде - ∅ етике – м ма – н

bear-NOM old man-ACC kill-NONFUT:3SC

“The bear killed the old man”

(21) Eтикен - ∅ нугде-ду ма - у – ра – н

old man-NOM bear-DAT kill-AD-NONFUT-3SG

“The old man was killed by the bear”

== Subject Agreement Endings ==

1st singular -m

2nd singular -нrи

3rd singular -н / -ни

1st plural (exclusive) -ru / -u
1st plural (inclusive) -p

2nd plural -s

3rd plural -r

== Particles ==

== Participles ==

22) a. Eм-¢е беж-# гéoн-ни
come-PERF PART man-NOM say-NONFUT:35G
‘The man who had come said’

b. Eтикен ем-&е-уе-н ха-ра-м
old man come-PERF PART-ACC-3SG know-NONFUT-18G
'(I) know that the old man has come’

c. Bии-# ем-Cе би-се-м
I-NOM come-PERF PART be-NONFUT-1SG
'T have (already) come’

== Converbs ==

(27) Eм-реке-н гун-д'и-м
come-COND CON-3SG say-FUT-1SG
'Iffwhen (s)he comes, (I) shall tell’;

9) the past converb in - gsi -, normally referring to a habitual event in the past simultaneous to the
primary event:

(28) хуpкуеи-pси-ж д'у-#-ж худ геле-ри-у
study-PAST CON-REF POS house-NOM-REF POS very miss-PAST-1SG
"When (1) studied, (I) missed my home very much’;

10) the purposive converb in -дa-/-дe-:

(29) Gу-ли таг-да-н
say-IMP:2SG read-PURP CON-38G
‘Tell him to read’;

11) the negative terminative form in -dle- is attached only to the negative auxiliary verbe- :

(30) хин е-дле-с ем-ре е-ле би-д'и-м
your not do-NEG TERM CON-2SG come-NEG CON this-LOC be-FUT-1SG
'(I) shall stay here until you come’

{{comment: as you are updating your grammar points make sure to add morphtests. -TD}}

[[category:Even]] [[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]]

Even/Grammar

2023-03-23T23:28:00Z

Tdorji1: /* Converbs */

== Parts of Speech ==

* Nouns
* Verbs
* Adjectives
* Pronouns
* Numerals
* Adverbs
* Enclitic Particles
* Postpositions
* Interjections
* Onomatopoetics

== Noun and Adjective Declensions==
{|class="wikitable sortable"

! !! Type 1 !! Type 2 !! Type 3 !! Personal !! Reflexive

|-

!NOM

| ду-# || хиркан-# || ду-л-# || ду-#-н || ду-#-

|-

!ACC

| ду || хиркам || дулбу || дуан

|-

!DES

| || || || дуган || дугаж

|-

!DAT

| дуду || хирканду || дулду || дудун || дуди

|-

!INST

| дунс || хиркан || дулди || дудин || дуди

|-

!CoM

| дунун || хирканун || двулнун || дунунни || дунуми

|-

!LOC

| дула || хиркандула || дулдула || дулан || дулаж

|-

!PROL

| дули || хиркандули || дулдули || дулин || дулиж

|-

!DIR

| дутки || хиркантаки || дултаки || дуткин || дуткиж

|-

!ABL

| дудук || хиркандук || дулдук || дудукун || дудуки

|-

!ELAT

| дугисс || хиркаpиес || дулгис || дугидин || дугиди

|-

!DIR-L

| дукла || хиркакла || дулакла || дуклан || дуклаж

|-

!DIR-P

| дукли || хиркакли || дулакли || дуклин || дуклиж

|-

!EQU

| || || || ||

|-

|}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}|дуду}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}|дунс}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}|дунун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|дула}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}|дули}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}|дутки}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|дудук}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}|дугисс}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}|дукла}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|хиркам}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}|хиркан}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}|хирканду}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}|хиркан}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}|хирканун}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|хиркандула}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}|хиркандули}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}|хиркантаки}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|хиркандук}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}|хиркаpиес}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}|хиркакла}}

{{morphTest|хиркан{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-p}}|хиркакли}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|ду}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}|дулбу}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dat}}|дулду}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inst}}|дулди}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}}|двулнун}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|loc}}|дулдула}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prol}}|дулдули}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir}}|дултаки}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|abl}}|дулдук}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|elat}}|дулгис}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir-l}}|дулакла}}

{{morphTest|дул{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir-p}}|дулакли}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|per}}|дун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|per}}|дуан}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|des}}{{tag|per}}|дуган}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|per}}|дудун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}{{tag|per}}|дудун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|per}}|дунунни}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}{{tag|per}}|дунунни}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}{{tag|per}}|дулин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}{{tag|per}}|дуткин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}{{tag|per}}|дудукун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}{{tag|per}}|дугидин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}{{tag|per}}|дуклан}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-p}}{{tag|per}}|дуклин}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|ref}}|дун}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|des}}{{tag|ref}}|дугаж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}}{{tag|ref}}|дуди}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|inst}}{{tag|ref}}|дуди}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|com}}{{tag|ref}}|дунуми}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}{{tag|ref}}|дулаж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prol}}{{tag|ref}}|дулиж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}{{tag|ref}}|дуткиж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}{{tag|ref}}|дудуки}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|elat}}{{tag|ref}}|дугиди}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-l}}{{tag|ref}}|дуклаж}}

{{morphTest|ду{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir-p}}{{tag|ref}}|дуклиж}}

=== Plurality ===

Regular nouns

(6) д’у д’у – л (7) oран oра – р

“house” “houses” “reindeer” “reindeers”

Irregular noun example

аман ам-тил
(“father”)(“fathers”)

=== Possession Markers ===

д’у – у (my house)

д’у – с (your(singular) house)

д’у – н (his/her/its house)

д'у – уун (our house – including the person who is being spoken to)

д'у - т (our house - exclusive first person plural)

д’у – сан (your(pl) house)

д’у – тан (their house)

ев – им (my house)

ев – ин (your(sg) house)

ев – и (his/her/its house)

ев – имиз (our house – Turkish has only one type of first person plural)

ев – иниз (your(pl.) house)

ев – лери (their house)

ев – иниз (your(sg.)(formal) house)

== Pronoun Declensions ==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Case !! bии I !! нoнжaн he/she !! мeeни self !! еrеk this
| subject || {{tag|nom}} || — || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|алма}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|гүл}}
|-
! NOM
| bii-# || {{tag|acc }} || ны, ни, ну, нү, ды, ди, ду, дү, ты, ти, ту, тү || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|алманы}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|гүлдү}}
|-
! ACC
| possessor || {{tag|gen}} || нын, нин, нун, нүн, дын, дин, дун, дүн, тын, тин, тун, түн || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|алманын}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|гүлдүн}}
|-
! DAT
| "to" || {{tag|dat}} || га, го, ге, гө, ка, ко, ке, кө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|алмага}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|гүлгө}}
|-
! INST
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! COM
| "from" || {{tag|abl}} || дан, дон, ден, дөн, тан, тон, тен, төн || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|алмадан}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|гүлдөн}}
|-
! LOC
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! PROL
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! ABL
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! ELAT
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR-L
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR-P
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! EQU
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
| || бии т' || нoган ‘he, she’ || мeeни ‘self || ерек ‘this’
|-
! NOM || бии-# || нoга-#-н || мeeн-#-и || ерек-#
|-
! ACC || мин-у || нoг-ма-н || ере-у
|-
! DAT || мин-ду || нoган-ду-н || мeeн-ди || е-ду
|-
! INST || мине-& || нoган-д'и-н || мeeн-д'и || ере-&
|-
! COM || мин-н'ун || нoг-н'ун-ни || мeeн-н'у-ми || ер-н'ун
|-
! LOC || мин-дуле || нoган-дула-н || мeeн-дула-ж || е-ле
|-
! PROL || мин-дули || нoган-дули-н || мeeн-дули-ж || е-ли
|-
! DIR || мин-теки || нoган-таки-н || мeeн-теки-) || ер-теки
|-
! ABL || мин-дук || нoган-дуку-н ||~~ мeeн-дук-и || е-дук
|-||
ELAT || мин-гиc || нoг-pид'и-н || мeeн-гид'-и || ер-гиc¢
|-
DIR-L || мине-кле || нopа-кла-н || мeeне-кле-ж || ере-кле
|-
DIR-P || мине-кли || нoга-кли-н || мeeне-кли-ж || ере-кли
|-
EQU || мин-геcин || нoг-гаcин-ни || мeeн-геfи-ми || ер-геcин
|}

== Verbs ==

=== Present Conjugation Chart ===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
| || Type 1 || Type 2 || Type 3 || Type 4 || Type 5
|-
! Stem || ха-'know' || гун- ‘say’ || бi- ‘be’ || у- ‘become’ || е- хар ‘not know’
|-
! 1st sg || ха-ра-м || гé6н-е-м|| би-се-м || у-да-м || е-се-м ха-р
|-
! 2nd sg || ха-нри || гoбн-е-нри || би-се-нри || у-да-нри || е-се-нри ха-р
|-
! 3rd sg || ха-н || гдoн-ни || би-с-ни || у-д-ни || е-с-ни ха-р
|-
! 1st pl EXC || ха-р-у || гун-у || би-с-у || у-д-у || е-с-у ха-р
|-
! 1st pl INC || ха-ра-p || гун-е-p || би-се-p || у-да-p || е-се-p ха-р
|-
! 2nd pl || ха-с || гoбн-е-с || би-се-с || у-да-с || е-се-с хар
|-
! 3rd pl || ха-р || г66н || би-с || у-д || е-с-tен ха-р
|}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|1st}}|харам}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|2nd}}|ханри}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|3rd}}|хан}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|1st}}{{tag|exc}}|хару}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|1st}}{{tag|inc}}|xараp}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|2nd}}|хас}}

{{morphTest|ха{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3rd}}|хар}}

=== Past Tense Examples ===

=== Future Tense Examples ===

=== Causative Tense Examples ===

Kад’да’к - ∅ миине – у кул – ра – н

Kад’да’к - NOM уине-ACC dринк-NONFUT-3SG

“Kaddak drank the wine”

(18) Eуе – сел - ∅ Kад’да’к – у миине – у кул – укан

Even-PL-NOM Kad’da’k-ACC wine-ACC drink-CAUS:NONFUT:3PL

“Evens made Kaddak drink the wine”

=== Reciprocal Tense Examples ===

(15) Aк – нил - ∅ ау – мат – та

brother-PL-NOM wash-REC-NONFUT:3PL

“The brothers washed each other”

(16) Aк – нил - ∅ мeeр нири – л - ∅ - бур ау – мат – та

brother-PL-NOM self’s back-PL-NOMREF POS PL wash-REC-NF3PL

“The brothers washed each other’s backs”

=== Adversative Tense Examples ===

a) Aрисаг - ∅ мут - туле ем - ре - н

ghost-NOM we-LOC come-NONFUT-3SG

"The ghost came to us"

(b) Mут - ∅ арисаг - ду еме - у - ре - p

we-NOM ghost-DAT come-AD-NONFUT-1PL

"A ghost came to us, we were negatively affected"

The adversative form can also be used to form passive sentences:

(20) Nугде - ∅ етике – м ма – н

bear-NOM old man-ACC kill-NONFUT:3SC

“The bear killed the old man”

(21) Eтикен - ∅ нугде-ду ма - у – ра – н

old man-NOM bear-DAT kill-AD-NONFUT-3SG

“The old man was killed by the bear”

== Subject Agreement Endings ==

1st singular -m

2nd singular -нrи

3rd singular -н / -ни

1st plural (exclusive) -ru / -u
1st plural (inclusive) -p

2nd plural -s

3rd plural -r

== Particles ==

== Participles ==

22) a. Eм-¢е беж-# гéoн-ни
come-PERF PART man-NOM say-NONFUT:35G
‘The man who had come said’

b. Eтикен ем-&е-уе-н ха-ра-м
old man come-PERF PART-ACC-3SG know-NONFUT-18G
'(I) know that the old man has come’

c. Bии-# ем-Cе би-се-м
I-NOM come-PERF PART be-NONFUT-1SG
'T have (already) come’

== Converbs ==

(27) Eм-реке-н гун-д'и-м
come-COND CON-3SG say-FUT-1SG
'Iffwhen (s)he comes, (I) shall tell’;

9) the past converb in - gsi -, normally referring to a habitual event in the past simultaneous to the
primary event:

(28) хуpкуеи-pси-ж д'у-#-ж худ геле-ри-у
study-PAST CON-REF POS house-NOM-REF POS very miss-PAST-1SG
"When (1) studied, (I) missed my home very much’;

10) the purposive converb in -дa-/-дe-:

(29) Gу-ли таг-да-н
say-IMP:2SG read-PURP CON-38G
‘Tell him to read’;

11) the negative terminative form in -dle- is attached only to the negative auxiliary verbe- :

(30) хин е-дле-с ем-ре е-ле би-д'и-м
your not do-NEG TERM CON-2SG come-NEG CON this-LOC be-FUT-1SG
'(I) shall stay here until you come’

{{comment as you are updating your grammar points make sure to add morphtests. -TD}}

[[category:Even]] [[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]]

Urum/Keyboard

2023-02-20T01:56:44Z

Tdorji1: /* Note */

SP23 keyboard documentation for [[Urum]] [uˈrum].

This keyboard project is aimed at providing a comprehensive and accessible keyboard design for the [[Urum]] language. The [[Urum]] language is an endangered language and this keyboard project aims to support the language and its community by providing an easy-to-use tool for typing and communicating in their native language. This project is licensed under the MIT license. Refer to the LICENSE.md file on the [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-uum-keyboard GitHub] page for the keyboard for more licensing information.

= Keyboard Layout =

The following is a keymap which represents the keymappings that are used for the Urum keyboard that we have created. Please consult this key map when using this keyboard, or otherwise the source code for the project.
{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|~|´|һ|Һ}} {{kbdkey|1|!}} {{kbdkey|2|\}} {{kbdkey|3|№}} {{kbdkey|4|;}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|:}} {{kbdkey|7|?}} {{kbdkey|8|*|₴}} {{kbdkey|9|(}} {{kbdkey|0|)}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}

{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|й|Й}} {{kbdkey|ң|Ң|ц|Ц}} {{kbdkey|у|У|ӱ|Ÿ}} {{kbdkey|к|К}} {{kbdkey|е|Е|ё|Ё}} {{kbdkey|н|Н}} {{kbdkey|г|Г}} {{kbdkey|ш|Ш}} {{kbdkey|ғ|Ғ|щ|Щ}} {{kbdkey|з|З}} {{kbdkey|х|Х}} {{kbdkey|ъ|Ъ|Ї|ї}} {{kbdkey|\|{{!}} }} }}

{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|ф|Ф|θ|Θ}} {{kbdkey|ы|Ы|і|І}} {{kbdkey|в|В}} {{kbdkey|а|А}} {{kbdkey|п|П}} {{kbdkey|р|Р}} {{kbdkey|о|О|ӧ|Ö}} {{kbdkey|л|Л}} {{kbdkey|д|Д}} {{kbdkey|ж|Ж}} {{kbdkey|э|Э|є|Є}} }}

{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|я|Я}} {{kbdkey|ч|Ч}} {{kbdkey|с|С}} {{kbdkey|м|М}} {{kbdkey|и|И}} {{kbdkey|т|Т}} {{kbdkey|ь|Ь}} {{kbdkey|б|Б}} {{kbdkey|ю|Ю}} {{kbdkey|.|,}} }}

= Justification =
We based this keyboard on the Russian and Ukrainian keyboards, because they are the most similar keyboards to Urum based on the letters. Since the Urum people live in Southern Ukraine, they should be familiar to the Russian/Ukrainian keyboard layouts (and, based on Alina's observations, they use Ukrainian as their second language online). This keyboard in universal in use for Urum, Ukrainian, and Russian.

== Unique Urum letters ==
We placed the unique letters of Urum either on the first or the second (AltGr) layer.
We decided to allocate separate letters for ғ and ң like they are on the Kazakh/Russian keyboard.
Umlaut letters like ӱ, ӧ are also placed on the second layer, because they are used less often than their alternatives y and o.
We also added other special letters that occurred in the narratives, such as һ and θ.

== Other letters ==
We left the Russian letters ы, и and ъ as they are on the Russian layout, because they occur in Urum too.
We also added the Ukrainian letters і, ї, є, ґ, ц (both Russian and Ukrainian) and щ (both Russian and Ukrainian) that do not occur in Urum to the second layer, at the same place they are on the Ukrainian keyboard, but on the second layer.

=== Note ===
It looks like Crimean Urum has different orthographies, one is more similar to Kazakh (with ғ, no ґ) and the other more similar to Ukrainian (with ґ, no ғ) - and it is not clear at this moment what is dominant and should be treated as "standard." Nonetheless, our keyboard contains all possible letters that the Urum people might use (given that they do not know Crimean Tatar), and we might apply some minor changes in the future, as we research the language more.

[[Category:Urum]]
[[Category:sp23_ResourceDocumentation]]
[[Category:Sp23_KeyboardLayouts]]

Urum/Keyboard

2023-02-20T01:56:28Z

Tdorji1: /* Note */

SP23 keyboard documentation for [[Urum]] [uˈrum].

This keyboard project is aimed at providing a comprehensive and accessible keyboard design for the [[Urum]] language. The [[Urum]] language is an endangered language and this keyboard project aims to support the language and its community by providing an easy-to-use tool for typing and communicating in their native language. This project is licensed under the MIT license. Refer to the LICENSE.md file on the [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-uum-keyboard GitHub] page for the keyboard for more licensing information.

= Keyboard Layout =

The following is a keymap which represents the keymappings that are used for the Urum keyboard that we have created. Please consult this key map when using this keyboard, or otherwise the source code for the project.
{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|~|´|һ|Һ}} {{kbdkey|1|!}} {{kbdkey|2|\}} {{kbdkey|3|№}} {{kbdkey|4|;}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|:}} {{kbdkey|7|?}} {{kbdkey|8|*|₴}} {{kbdkey|9|(}} {{kbdkey|0|)}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}

{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|й|Й}} {{kbdkey|ң|Ң|ц|Ц}} {{kbdkey|у|У|ӱ|Ÿ}} {{kbdkey|к|К}} {{kbdkey|е|Е|ё|Ё}} {{kbdkey|н|Н}} {{kbdkey|г|Г}} {{kbdkey|ш|Ш}} {{kbdkey|ғ|Ғ|щ|Щ}} {{kbdkey|з|З}} {{kbdkey|х|Х}} {{kbdkey|ъ|Ъ|Ї|ї}} {{kbdkey|\|{{!}} }} }}

{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|ф|Ф|θ|Θ}} {{kbdkey|ы|Ы|і|І}} {{kbdkey|в|В}} {{kbdkey|а|А}} {{kbdkey|п|П}} {{kbdkey|р|Р}} {{kbdkey|о|О|ӧ|Ö}} {{kbdkey|л|Л}} {{kbdkey|д|Д}} {{kbdkey|ж|Ж}} {{kbdkey|э|Э|є|Є}} }}

{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|я|Я}} {{kbdkey|ч|Ч}} {{kbdkey|с|С}} {{kbdkey|м|М}} {{kbdkey|и|И}} {{kbdkey|т|Т}} {{kbdkey|ь|Ь}} {{kbdkey|б|Б}} {{kbdkey|ю|Ю}} {{kbdkey|.|,}} }}

= Justification =
We based this keyboard on the Russian and Ukrainian keyboards, because they are the most similar keyboards to Urum based on the letters. Since the Urum people live in Southern Ukraine, they should be familiar to the Russian/Ukrainian keyboard layouts (and, based on Alina's observations, they use Ukrainian as their second language online). This keyboard in universal in use for Urum, Ukrainian, and Russian.

== Unique Urum letters ==
We placed the unique letters of Urum either on the first or the second (AltGr) layer.
We decided to allocate separate letters for ғ and ң like they are on the Kazakh/Russian keyboard.
Umlaut letters like ӱ, ӧ are also placed on the second layer, because they are used less often than their alternatives y and o.
We also added other special letters that occurred in the narratives, such as һ and θ.

== Other letters ==
We left the Russian letters ы, и and ъ as they are on the Russian layout, because they occur in Urum too.
We also added the Ukrainian letters і, ї, є, ґ, ц (both Russian and Ukrainian) and щ (both Russian and Ukrainian) that do not occur in Urum to the second layer, at the same place they are on the Ukrainian keyboard, but on the second layer.

=== Note ===
It looks like Crimean Urum has different orthographies, one is more similar to Kazakh (with ғ, no ґ) and the other more similar to Ukrainian (with ґ, no ғ) - and it is not clear at this moment what is dominant and should be treated as "standard." Nonetheless, our keyboard contains all possible letters that the Urum people might use (given that they do not know Crimean Tatar), and we might apply some minor changes in the future, as we research the language more.

{{comment| just some minor issues related to character mappingL: 1) last key in third row is " and not what was specified. -TD}}

[[Category:Urum]]
[[Category:sp23_ResourceDocumentation]]
[[Category:Sp23_KeyboardLayouts]]

Even/Grammar

2023-02-19T20:14:01Z

Tdorji1: /* Converbs */

== Parts of Speech ==

* Nouns
* Verbs
* Adjectives
* Pronouns
* Numerals
* Adverbs
* Enclitic Particles
* Postpositions
* Interjections
* Onomatopoetics

== Noun/Adjective Declensions==
{|class="wikitable sortable"

! !! Type 1 !! Type 2 !! Type 3 !! Personal !! Reflexive

|-

!NOM

| ду-# || хиркан-# || ду-л-# || ду-#-н || ду-#-

|-

!ACC

| ду || хиркам || дулбу || дуан

|-

!DES

| || || || дуган || дугаж

|-

!DAT

| дуду || хирканду || дулду || дудун || дуди

|-

!INST

| дунс || хиркан || дулди || дудин || дуди

|-

!CoM

| дунун || хирканун || двулнун || дунунни || дунуми

|-

!LOC

| дула || хиркандула || дулдула || дулан || дулаж

|-

!PROL

| дули || хиркандули || дулдули || дулин || дулиж

|-

!DIR

| дутки || хиркантаки || дултаки || дуткин || дуткиж

|-

!ABL

| дудук || хиркандук || дулдук || дудукун || дудуки

|-

!ELAT

| дугисс || хиркаpиес || дулгис || дугидин || дугиди

|-

!DIR-L

| дукла || хиркакла || дулакла || дуклан || дуклаж

|-

!DIR-P

| дукли || хиркакли || дулакли || дуклин || дуклиж

|-

!EQU

| || || || ||

|-

|}

=== Plurality ===

Regular nouns

(6) d’uu d’uu – l (7) oran ora – r

“house” “houses” “reindeer” “reindeers”

Irregular noun example

aman am-til
(“father”)(“fathers”)

=== Possession Markers ===

d’uu – w (my house)

d’uu – s (your(singular) house)

d’uu – n (his/her/its house)

d'uu – wun (our house – including the person who is being spoken to)

d'uu - t (our house - exclusive first person plural)

d’uu – san (your(pl) house)

d’uu – tan (their house)

ev – im (my house)

ev – in (your(sg) house)

ev – i (his/her/its house)

ev – imiz (our house – Turkish has only one type of first person plural)

ev – iniz (your(pl.) house)

ev – leri (their house)

ev – iniz (your(sg.)(formal) house)

== Pronoun Declensions ==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Case !! bii I !! nonjan he/she !! meeni self !! erek this
| subject || {{tag|nom}} || — || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|алма}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|гүл}}
|-
! NOM
| bii-# || {{tag|acc }} || ны, ни, ну, нү, ды, ди, ду, дү, ты, ти, ту, тү || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|алманы}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|гүлдү}}
|-
! ACC
| possessor || {{tag|gen}} || нын, нин, нун, нүн, дын, дин, дун, дүн, тын, тин, тун, түн || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|алманын}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|гүлдүн}}
|-
! DAT
| "to" || {{tag|dat}} || га, го, ге, гө, ка, ко, ке, кө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|алмага}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|гүлгө}}
|-
! INST
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! COM
| "from" || {{tag|abl}} || дан, дон, ден, дөн, тан, тон, тен, төн || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|алмадан}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|гүлдөн}}
|-
! LOC
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! PROL
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! ABL
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! ELAT
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR-L
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! DIR-P
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|-
! EQU
| "at, in on" || {{tag|loc}} || да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө || {{morphTest|алма{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|алмада}} || {{morphTest|гүл{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|гүлдө}}
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
| || bii T' || nogan ‘he, she’ || meeni ‘self || erek ‘this’
|-
! NOM || bii-# || noga-#-n || meen-#-i || erek-#
|-
! ACC || min-u || nog-ma-n || ere-w
|-
! DAT || min-du || nogan-du-n || meen-di || e-du
|-
! INST || mine-& || nogan-d'i-n || meen-d'i || ere-&
|-
! COM || min-n'un || nog-n'un-ni || meen-n'u-mi || er-n'un
|-
! LOC || min-dule || nogan-dula-n || meen-dula-j || e-le
|-
! PROL || min-duli || nogan-duli-n || meen-duli-j || e-li
|-
! DIR || min-teki || nogan-taki-n || meen-teki-) || er-teki
|-
! ABL || min-duk || nogan-duku-n ||~~ meen-duk-i || e-duk
|-||
ELAT || min-gic || nog-pid'i-n || meen-gid'-i || er-gic¢
|-
DIR-L || mine-kle || nopa-kla-n || meene-kle-j || ere-kle
|-
DIR-P || mine-kli || noga-kli-n || meene-kli-j || ere-kli
|-
EQU || min-gecin || nog-gacin-ni || meen-gefi-mi || er-gecin
|}

== Verbs ==

=== Present Conjugation Chart ===

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5
haa-'know' goon- ‘say’ bi- ‘be’ 00- e- haar
‘become’ ‘not know’
SG 1 haa-ra-m gé6n-e-m bi-se-m oo-da-m e-se-m haa-r
2 haa-nri gobn-e-nri ~~ bi-se-nri oo-da-nri e-se-nri haa-r
3 haa-n gdon-ni bi-s-ni 00-d-ni e-s-ni haa-r
PL 1EXC haa-r-u goon-u bi-s-u oo-d-u e-s-u haa-r
1INC haa-ra-p goon-e-p bi-se-p oo-da-p e-se-p haa-r
2 haa-s gobn-e-s bi-se-s oo-da-s e-se-s haar
3 haa-r g66n bi-s oo-d e-s-ten haa-r

=== Past Tense Examples ===

=== Future Tense Examples ===

=== Causative Tense Examples ===

Kad’da’k - ∅ miine – w kool – ra – n

Kad’da’k - NOM wine-ACC drink-NONFUT-3SG

“Kaddak drank the wine”

(18) Ewe – sel - ∅ Kad’da’k – u miine – w kool – ukan

Even-PL-NOM Kad’da’k-ACC wine-ACC drink-CAUS:NONFUT:3PL

“Evens made Kaddak drink the wine”

=== Reciprocal Tense Examples ===

(15) Ak – nil - ∅ aw – mat – ta

brother-PL-NOM wash-REC-NONFUT:3PL

“The brothers washed each other”

(16) Ak – nil - ∅ meer niri – l - ∅ - bur aw – mat – ta

brother-PL-NOM self’s back-PL-NOMREF POS PL wash-REC-NF3PL

“The brothers washed each other’s backs”

=== Adversative Tense Examples ===

a) Arisag - ∅ mut - tule em - re - n

ghost-NOM we-LOC come-NONFUT-3SG

"The ghost came to us"

(b) Mut - ∅ arisag - du eme - w - re - p

we-NOM ghost-DAT come-AD-NONFUT-1PL

"A ghost came to us, we were negatively affected"

The adversative form can also be used to form passive sentences:

(20) Nugde - ∅ etike – m maa – n

bear-NOM old man-ACC kill-NONFUT:3SC

“The bear killed the old man”

(21) Etiken - ∅ nugde-du maa - w – ra – n

old man-NOM bear-DAT kill-AD-NONFUT-3SG

“The old man was killed by the bear”

== Subject Agreement Endings ==

1st singular -m

2nd singular -nri

3rd singular -n / -ni

1st plural (exclusive) -ru / -u
1st plural (inclusive) -p

2nd plural -s

3rd plural -r

== Particles ==

== Participles ==

22) a. Em-¢e bej-# géon-ni
come-PERF PART man-NOM say-NONFUT:35G
‘The man who had come said’

b. Etiken em-&e-we-n haa-ra-m
old man come-PERF PART-ACC-3SG know-NONFUT-18G
'(I) know that the old man has come’

c. Bii-# em-Ce bi-se-m
I-NOM come-PERF PART be-NONFUT-1SG
'T have (already) come’

== Converbs ==

(27) Em-reke-n goon-d'i-m
come-COND CON-3SG say-FUT-1SG
'Iffwhen (s)he comes, (I) shall tell’;

9) the past converb in - gsi -, normally referring to a habitual event in the past simultaneous to the
primary event:

(28) Hupkuéi-psi-j d'uu-#-j hood gele-ri-w
study-PAST CON-REF POS house-NOM-REF POS very miss-PAST-1SG
"When (1) studied, (I) missed my home very much’;

10) the purposive converb in -da-/-de-:

(29) Goo-li tag-da-n
say-IMP:2SG read-PURP CON-38G
‘Tell him to read’;

11) the negative terminative form in -dle- is attached only to the negative auxiliary verbe- :

(30) Hin e-dle-s em-re e-le bi-d'i-m
your not do-NEG TERM CON-2SG come-NEG CON this-LOC be-FUT-1SG
'(I) shall stay here until you come’

{{comment|your wiki page is missing the sp23_grammar_documentation category and the name of the wiki was supposed to be Even/Grammar (not Even/Language/Grammar). also, as you are updating your grammar points make sure to add morphtests. -TD}}

[[category:Even]]

Huaylas Quechua/Grammar

2023-02-17T00:42:47Z

Tdorji1: /* Notes */

==Background==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

== Language Typology ==

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language <ref name="parkerGrammar"> Parker, Gary John. ''Gramatica Quechua (Ancash-Huailas)'' / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976 </ref>. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes <ref name="parkerGrammar"/>.Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS <ref name="guerreroMasters"> Julca Guerrero, Felix Claudio. [http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19155 ''The person-marking system in Huaylas Quechua''] </ref>. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

== Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua ==

=== Nouns ===

==== Noun Phrases ====
Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase <ref name="parkerGrammar"/> <ref>try saying that three times fast!</ref>. For example, the noun phrase ''hara chakra,'' meaning ''corn farm,'' is composed of the noun adjunct ''hara'' (corn) first, and the modified ''chakra'' (farm) <ref> ''Chakra'' refers to a specific type of farm with no direct English translation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacra]</ref> second.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Modifying with Nouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Spanish !! English translation
|-
| hara chakra || chacra de maiz || corn farm
|-
| chakra allpa || tierra de una chacra || farmland
|}

==== Noun Inflection ====
Nouns inflect in the following order:

:Categories of person (possessor) → Number (singular/plural) → Case

An example is as follows:

{{interlinear|indent=2| lang = qwh| glossing = link
|top = ''Makikikunawan''
|maki ki kuna wan
|hand your-POS plural with-INST-COM
|Hand your plural with
|'With your hands.'}}

{{interlinear |Nginda-rni ngaja-mi jurliji-rdarra diyim ka-rdu |DEM(M)-FOC see-IRR bird-PL fly 3SG-go |'Look at all the birds flying!'}}

''makikikunawan''
:noun(''hand'') + possessor(''your'') + number(''plural'') + preposition/case(''with'')

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Modifying with Nouns
|-
! Huaylas !! Inflection !! English
|-
| maki|| none || hand
|-
| makiki|| possessor || your hand
|-
| makikuna || plural || hands
|-
| makiwan || with (the, a) || hand
|-
| makikikunawan || possessor + number + case || with your hands
|}

=== Verbs ===

== Case ==

== Person Marking ==

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:sp23_GrammarDocumentation]][[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Urum/Keyboard

2023-02-17T00:14:09Z

Tdorji1: /* Note */

SP23 keyboard documentation for [[Urum]] [uˈrum].

This keyboard project is aimed at providing a comprehensive and accessible keyboard design for the [[Urum]] language. The [[Urum]] language is an endangered language and this keyboard project aims to support the language and its community by providing an easy-to-use tool for typing and communicating in their native language. This project is licensed under the MIT license. Refer to the LICENSE.md file on the [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-uum-keyboard GitHub] page for the keyboard for more licensing information.

= Keyboard Layout =

The following is a keymap which represents the keymappings that are used for the Urum keyboard that we have created. Please consult this key map when using this keyboard, or otherwise the source code for the project.
{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|Һ|һ|~|´}} {{kbdkey|1|!}} {{kbdkey|2|@}} {{kbdkey|3|#}} {{kbdkey|4|$}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|^}} {{kbdkey|7|&}} {{kbdkey|8|*}} {{kbdkey|9|(}} {{kbdkey|0|)}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}

{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|й|Й}} {{kbdkey|ң|Ң|ц|Ц}} {{kbdkey|у|У|ӱ|Ÿ}} {{kbdkey|к|К}} {{kbdkey|е|Е|ё|Ё}} {{kbdkey|н|Н}} {{kbdkey|г|Г}} {{kbdkey|ш|Ш}} {{kbdkey|ғ|Ғ|щ|Щ}} {{kbdkey|з|З}} {{kbdkey|х|Х}} {{kbdkey|ъ|Ъ|Ї|ї}} {{kbdkey|\|{{!}} }} }}

{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|ф|Ф|θ|Θ}} {{kbdkey|ы|Ы|і|І}} {{kbdkey|в|В}} {{kbdkey|а|А}} {{kbdkey|п|П}} {{kbdkey|р|Р}} {{kbdkey|о|О|ӧ|Ö}} {{kbdkey|л|Л}} {{kbdkey|д|Д}} {{kbdkey|ж|Ж}} {{kbdkey|э|Э|є|Є}} }}

{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|я|Я}} {{kbdkey|ч|Ч}} {{kbdkey|с|С}} {{kbdkey|м|М}} {{kbdkey|и|И}} {{kbdkey|т|Т}} {{kbdkey|ь|Ь}} {{kbdkey|б|Б}} {{kbdkey|ю|Ю}} {{kbdkey|.|,}} }}

= Justification =
We based this keyboard on the Russian and Ukrainian keyboards, because they are the most similar keyboards to Urum based on the letters. Since the Urum people live in Southern Ukraine, they should be familiar to the Russian/Ukrainian keyboard layouts (and, based on Alina's observations, they use Ukrainian as their second language online). This keyboard in universal in use for Urum, Ukrainian, and Russian.

== Unique Urum letters ==
We placed the unique letters of Urum either on the first or the second (AltGr) layer.
We decided to allocate separate letters for ғ and ң like they are on the Kazakh/Russian keyboard.
Umlaut letters like ӱ, ӧ are also placed on the second layer, because they are used less often than their alternatives y and o.
We also added other special letters that occurred in the narratives, such as һ and θ.

== Other letters ==
We left the Russian letters ы, и and ъ as they are on the Russian layout, because they occur in Urum too.
We also added the Ukrainian letters і, ї, є, ґ, ц (both Russian and Ukrainian) and щ (both Russian and Ukrainian) that do not occur in Urum to the second layer, at the same place they are on the Ukrainian keyboard, but on the second layer.

=== Note ===
It looks like Crimean Urum has different orthographies, one is more similar to Kazakh (with ғ, no ґ) and the other more similar to Ukrainian (with ґ, no ғ) - and it is not clear at this moment what is dominant and should be treated as "standard." Nonetheless, our keyboard contains all possible letters that the Urum people might use (given that they do not know Crimean Tatar), and we might apply some minor changes in the future, as we research the language more.

{{comment| just some minor issues related to character mappingL: 1) last key in third row is " and not what was specified. 2) second level for last key in fourth row is , and not ? 3) the second level for some of the keys in first rows does not match the description. -TD}}

[[Category:Urum]]
[[Category:sp23_ResourceDocumentation]]
[[Category:Sp23_KeyboardLayouts]]

Japhug/Keyboard

2023-02-14T16:11:04Z

Tdorji1:

Keyboard layout for Japhug in IPA.

==Description==

Speakers of Japhug, similar to many other Gyalrongic language speakers, didn’t have the tradition to record their language. Some texts used Tibetan Scripts, but not only those texts are flooded with Tibetan loan words, but they also fail to accurately reflect Japhug pronunciation.

Therefore, we use the IPA for the course. Specifically, Japhug has 41 distinct phonemes, they are

a b β c ɕ d e ɤ f g ɣ ɢ h i j ɟ k l ɬ m n ɲ ŋ ɴ o p q r ʁ s ʂ t u ɯ w x χ y z ʐ ʑ

(For convenience, we use 'h' instead of 'ʰ' appending to consonants to represent aspiration) We use a modified QWERTY layout to type IPA for Japhug, as seen in the next section.

{{comment| these two keys in the second level do not display what was described: ʑ and y. it also appears like the AltGr level is not working. let me know if i missed it. -TD}}

==IPA Japhug Keyboard layout==

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|`|~||}} {{kbdkey|1|!}} {{kbdkey|2|@}} {{kbdkey|3|#}} {{kbdkey|4|$}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|^}} {{kbdkey|7|&}} {{kbdkey|8|*}} {{kbdkey|9|(}} {{kbdkey|0|)}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|q}} {{kbdkey|w}} {{kbdkey|e}} {{kbdkey|r|ʁ}} {{kbdkey|t}} {{kbdkey|ɤ|y}} {{kbdkey|u}} {{kbdkey|i}} {{kbdkey|o}} {{kbdkey|p}} {{kbdkey|[|{}} {{kbdkey|]|} }} {{kbdkey|\|{{!}}}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|a}} {{kbdkey|s|ʂ}} {{kbdkey|d}} {{kbdkey|f}} {{kbdkey|g|ɣ|ɢ}} {{kbdkey|h}} {{kbdkey|j|ɟ}} {{kbdkey|k}} {{kbdkey|l|ɬ}} {{kbdkey|;|:}} {{kbdkey|'|"}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|z|ʑ|ʐ}} {{kbdkey|x|χ}} {{kbdkey|c|ɕ}} {{kbdkey|ɯ|v}} {{kbdkey|b|β}} {{kbdkey|n|ŋ|ɴ}} {{kbdkey|m|ɲ}} {{kbdkey|,|<}} {{kbdkey|.|>}} {{kbdkey|/|?}} }}

The first level is mostly the same as the QWERTY layout, except:
# 'v' is replaced by 'ɯ', and 'v' is moved to the shift level, because 'ɯ' is the most common vowel in Japhug, while 'v' is not used in Japhug at all.
# 'y' is replaced by 'ɤ', and 'y' is moved to the shift level, because 'ɤ' is far more common than 'y' in Japhug.

The arrangement of phonemes in the shift level is based on similarity. For example, the shift level of 's' is 'ʂ'. Some keys do not have the shift level. By default, shift levels of those keys are the corresponding uppercase letters, e.g. 'A' in 'a'.

Only three keys have the alt layer. They are 'ɢ' in 'g', 'ʐ' in 'z' and 'ɴ' in 'n'. Based on the corpus we collected, those three keys in the alt level are quite uncommon.

==Installation==
Make sure IBus is installed. If not, please follow the instructions [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Making_a_keyboard_layout_using_IBus here].

After you install IBus, download the file <code>jya_v1.mim</code> from [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-keyboard the Github Repo] under the main branch.

When <code>jya_v1.mim</code> is downloaded, create the following directory:

<code>mkdir ~/.m17n.d/ </code>

And copy the <code>jya_v1.mim</code> to that directory:

<code>cp ~/.m17n.d/ jya_v1.mim </code>

Then restart IBus. Then right click the IBus icon -> Preferences -> Input Method -> Add -> More... -> Search for "Jiarong" -> click "ling073(m17n)" -> add

Then the IPA Japhug Keyboard is successfully installed.
[[Category:Sp23_KeyboardLayouts]][[Category:Japhug]][[Category:Keyboard_layouts]]

Japhug/Keyboard

2023-02-14T05:39:23Z

Tdorji1:

Keyboard layout for Japhug in IPA.

==Description==

Speakers of Japhug, similar to many other Gyalrongic language speakers, didn’t have the tradition to record their language. Some texts used Tibetan Scripts, but not only those texts are flooded with Tibetan loan words, but they also fail to accurately reflect Japhug pronunciation.

Therefore, we use the IPA for the course. Specifically, Japhug has 41 distinct phonemes, they are

a b β c ɕ d e ɤ f g ɣ ɢ h i j ɟ k l ɬ m n ɲ ŋ ɴ o p q r ʁ s ʂ t u ɯ w x χ y z ʐ ʑ

(For convenience, we use 'h' instead of 'ʰ' appending to consonants to represent aspiration) We use a modified QWERTY layout to type IPA for Japhug, as seen in the next section.

{{comment| your keyboard doesn't show up no iBus but if you change jya to t in line 30 of your mim file, it will work. these two keys in the second level do not display what was described: ʑ and y. it also appears like the AltGr level is not working. let me know if i missed it. -TD}}

==IPA Japhug Keyboard layout==

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|`|~||}} {{kbdkey|1|!}} {{kbdkey|2|@}} {{kbdkey|3|#}} {{kbdkey|4|$}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|^}} {{kbdkey|7|&}} {{kbdkey|8|*}} {{kbdkey|9|(}} {{kbdkey|0|)}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|q}} {{kbdkey|w}} {{kbdkey|e}} {{kbdkey|r|ʁ}} {{kbdkey|t}} {{kbdkey|ɤ|y}} {{kbdkey|u}} {{kbdkey|i}} {{kbdkey|o}} {{kbdkey|p}} {{kbdkey|[|{}} {{kbdkey|]|} }} {{kbdkey|\|{{!}}}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|a}} {{kbdkey|s|ʂ}} {{kbdkey|d}} {{kbdkey|f}} {{kbdkey|g|ɣ|ɢ}} {{kbdkey|h}} {{kbdkey|j|ɟ}} {{kbdkey|k}} {{kbdkey|l|ɬ}} {{kbdkey|;|:}} {{kbdkey|'|"}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|z|ʑ|ʐ}} {{kbdkey|x|χ}} {{kbdkey|c|ɕ}} {{kbdkey|ɯ|v}} {{kbdkey|b|β}} {{kbdkey|n|ŋ|ɴ}} {{kbdkey|m|ɲ}} {{kbdkey|,|<}} {{kbdkey|.|>}} {{kbdkey|/|?}} }}

The first level is mostly the same as the QWERTY layout, except:
# 'v' is replaced by 'ɯ', and 'v' is moved to the shift level, because 'ɯ' is the most common vowel in Japhug, while 'v' is not used in Japhug at all.
# 'y' is replaced by 'ɤ', and 'y' is moved to the shift level, because 'ɤ' is far more common than 'y' in Japhug.

The arrangement of phonemes in the shift level is based on similarity. For example, the shift level of 's' is 'ʂ'. Some keys do not have the shift level. By default, shift levels of those keys are the corresponding uppercase letters, e.g. 'A' in 'a'.

Only three keys have the alt layer. They are 'ɢ' in 'g', 'ʐ' in 'z' and 'ɴ' in 'n'. Based on the corpus we collected, those three keys in the alt level are quite uncommon.

==Installation==
Make sure IBus is installed. If not, please follow the instructions [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Making_a_keyboard_layout_using_IBus here].

After you install IBus, download the file <code>jya_v1.mim</code> from [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-keyboard the Github Repo] under the main branch.

When <code>jya_v1.mim</code> is downloaded, create the following directory:

<code>mkdir ~/.m17n.d/ </code>

And copy the <code>jya_v1.mim</code> to that directory:

<code>cp ~/.m17n.d/ jya_v1.mim </code>

Then restart IBus. Then right click the IBus icon -> Preferences -> Input Method -> Add -> More... -> Search for "Jiarong" -> click "ling073(m17n)" -> add

Then the IPA Japhug Keyboard is successfully installed.
[[Category:Sp23_KeyboardLayouts]][[Category:Japhug]][[Category:Keyboard_layouts]]

Japhug/Keyboard

2023-02-14T05:38:19Z

Tdorji1: /* Description */

Keyboard layout for Japhug in IPA.

==Description==

Speakers of Japhug, similar to many other Gyalrongic language speakers, didn’t have the tradition to record their language. Some texts used Tibetan Scripts, but not only those texts are flooded with Tibetan loan words, but they also fail to accurately reflect Japhug pronunciation.

Therefore, we use the IPA for the course. Specifically, Japhug has 41 distinct phonemes, they are

a b β c ɕ d e ɤ f g ɣ ɢ h i j ɟ k l ɬ m n ɲ ŋ ɴ o p q r ʁ s ʂ t u ɯ w x χ y z ʐ ʑ

(For convenience, we use 'h' instead of 'ʰ' appending to consonants to represent aspiration) We use a modified QWERTY layout to type IPA for Japhug, as seen in the next section.

{{comment| your keyboard doesn't show up no iBus but if you change jya to t in line 30 of your mim file, it will work. also, these two keys in the second level do not display what was described: ʑ and y. -TD}}

==IPA Japhug Keyboard layout==

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|`|~||}} {{kbdkey|1|!}} {{kbdkey|2|@}} {{kbdkey|3|#}} {{kbdkey|4|$}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|^}} {{kbdkey|7|&}} {{kbdkey|8|*}} {{kbdkey|9|(}} {{kbdkey|0|)}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|q}} {{kbdkey|w}} {{kbdkey|e}} {{kbdkey|r|ʁ}} {{kbdkey|t}} {{kbdkey|ɤ|y}} {{kbdkey|u}} {{kbdkey|i}} {{kbdkey|o}} {{kbdkey|p}} {{kbdkey|[|{}} {{kbdkey|]|} }} {{kbdkey|\|{{!}}}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|a}} {{kbdkey|s|ʂ}} {{kbdkey|d}} {{kbdkey|f}} {{kbdkey|g|ɣ|ɢ}} {{kbdkey|h}} {{kbdkey|j|ɟ}} {{kbdkey|k}} {{kbdkey|l|ɬ}} {{kbdkey|;|:}} {{kbdkey|'|"}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|z|ʑ|ʐ}} {{kbdkey|x|χ}} {{kbdkey|c|ɕ}} {{kbdkey|ɯ|v}} {{kbdkey|b|β}} {{kbdkey|n|ŋ|ɴ}} {{kbdkey|m|ɲ}} {{kbdkey|,|<}} {{kbdkey|.|>}} {{kbdkey|/|?}} }}

The first level is mostly the same as the QWERTY layout, except:
# 'v' is replaced by 'ɯ', and 'v' is moved to the shift level, because 'ɯ' is the most common vowel in Japhug, while 'v' is not used in Japhug at all.
# 'y' is replaced by 'ɤ', and 'y' is moved to the shift level, because 'ɤ' is far more common than 'y' in Japhug.

The arrangement of phonemes in the shift level is based on similarity. For example, the shift level of 's' is 'ʂ'. Some keys do not have the shift level. By default, shift levels of those keys are the corresponding uppercase letters, e.g. 'A' in 'a'.

Only three keys have the alt layer. They are 'ɢ' in 'g', 'ʐ' in 'z' and 'ɴ' in 'n'. Based on the corpus we collected, those three keys in the alt level are quite uncommon.

==Installation==
Make sure IBus is installed. If not, please follow the instructions [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Making_a_keyboard_layout_using_IBus here].

After you install IBus, download the file <code>jya_v1.mim</code> from [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-keyboard the Github Repo] under the main branch.

When <code>jya_v1.mim</code> is downloaded, create the following directory:

<code>mkdir ~/.m17n.d/ </code>

And copy the <code>jya_v1.mim</code> to that directory:

<code>cp ~/.m17n.d/ jya_v1.mim </code>

Then restart IBus. Then right click the IBus icon -> Preferences -> Input Method -> Add -> More... -> Search for "Jiarong" -> click "ling073(m17n)" -> add

Then the IPA Japhug Keyboard is successfully installed.
[[Category:Sp23_KeyboardLayouts]][[Category:Japhug]][[Category:Keyboard_layouts]]

Even/Keyboard

2023-02-14T05:36:00Z

Tdorji1: /* Justification */

===Keyboard Layout===

* Here's a basic '''Even layout based on a Russian layout''':
{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|`|ё|Ё}} {{kbdkey|1|!}} {{kbdkey|2|\}} {{kbdkey|3|#}} {{kbdkey|4|;}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|:}} {{kbdkey|7|?}} {{kbdkey|8|*}} {{kbdkey|9|(}} {{kbdkey|0|)}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|й|Й}} {{kbdkey|ц|Ц}} {{kbdkey|у|У}} {{kbdkey|к|К}} {{kbdkey|е|Е}} {{kbdkey|н|Н|ӈ|Ӈ}} {{kbdkey|г|Г}} {{kbdkey|ш|Ш}} {{kbdkey|щ|Щ}} {{kbdkey|з|З}} {{kbdkey|х|Х}} {{kbdkey|ъ|Ъ}} {{kbdkey|\| }} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|ф|Ф}} {{kbdkey|ы|Ы}} {{kbdkey|в|В}} {{kbdkey|а|А}} {{kbdkey|п|П}} {{kbdkey|р|Р}} {{kbdkey|о|О|ѳ|Ѳ}} {{kbdkey|л|Л}} {{kbdkey|д|Д}} {{kbdkey|ж|Ж}} {{kbdkey|э|Э}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|я|Я}} {{kbdkey|ч|Ч}} {{kbdkey|с|С}} {{kbdkey|м|М}} {{kbdkey|и|И}} {{kbdkey|т|Т}} {{kbdkey|ь|Ь}} {{kbdkey|б|Б}} {{kbdkey|ю|Ю}} {{kbdkey|.|,}} }}

==Installation==
To use the keyboard download the file from the github repository and put it in the ~/.m17n.d directory.

{{comment|A more detailed instruction might be helpful. It's supposed to be directed to someone who has never used iBus before. Also, add a license in both wiki and gitbus repo. -TD}}

==Resources==

===External resources===
We referenced the freely available Russian keyboard from the m17n Ibus directory and modified it.

===Developed Resources===

Github Repository: [[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-eve-keyboard]]

==Justification==
This keyboard is heavily based on the standard Russian keyboard. Our rationale for this is that Russian and Even both use cyrillic with only two characters differing. This makes it very convenient, as most Even speakers are also Russian speakers so they are already familiar with the layout. However, this also has unfortunate implications in that as it is based on Russian, it tends toward colonialism. However, this keyboard is primarily meant for use within this class, so we chose to continue on with our original keyboard layout.

{{comment|Which two characters are differing? What change did you make? -TD}}

[[Category:Sp23_KeyboardLayouts]]

[[Category:Even]]

==Licensing==
MIT License

Even/Keyboard

2023-02-14T05:34:26Z

Tdorji1: /* Installation */

===Keyboard Layout===

* Here's a basic '''Even layout based on a Russian layout''':
{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|`|ё|Ё}} {{kbdkey|1|!}} {{kbdkey|2|\}} {{kbdkey|3|#}} {{kbdkey|4|;}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|:}} {{kbdkey|7|?}} {{kbdkey|8|*}} {{kbdkey|9|(}} {{kbdkey|0|)}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|й|Й}} {{kbdkey|ц|Ц}} {{kbdkey|у|У}} {{kbdkey|к|К}} {{kbdkey|е|Е}} {{kbdkey|н|Н|ӈ|Ӈ}} {{kbdkey|г|Г}} {{kbdkey|ш|Ш}} {{kbdkey|щ|Щ}} {{kbdkey|з|З}} {{kbdkey|х|Х}} {{kbdkey|ъ|Ъ}} {{kbdkey|\| }} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|ф|Ф}} {{kbdkey|ы|Ы}} {{kbdkey|в|В}} {{kbdkey|а|А}} {{kbdkey|п|П}} {{kbdkey|р|Р}} {{kbdkey|о|О|ѳ|Ѳ}} {{kbdkey|л|Л}} {{kbdkey|д|Д}} {{kbdkey|ж|Ж}} {{kbdkey|э|Э}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|я|Я}} {{kbdkey|ч|Ч}} {{kbdkey|с|С}} {{kbdkey|м|М}} {{kbdkey|и|И}} {{kbdkey|т|Т}} {{kbdkey|ь|Ь}} {{kbdkey|б|Б}} {{kbdkey|ю|Ю}} {{kbdkey|.|,}} }}

==Installation==
To use the keyboard download the file from the github repository and put it in the ~/.m17n.d directory.

{{comment|A more detailed instruction might be helpful. It's supposed to be directed to someone who has never used iBus before. Also, add a license in both wiki and gitbus repo. -TD}}

==Resources==

===External resources===
We referenced the freely available Russian keyboard from the m17n Ibus directory and modified it.

===Developed Resources===

Github Repository: [[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-eve-keyboard]]

==Justification==
This keyboard is heavily based on the standard Russian keyboard. Our rationale for this is that Russian and Even both use cyrillic with only two characters differing. This makes it very convenient, as most Even speakers are also Russian speakers so they are already familiar with the layout. However, this also has unfortunate implications in that as it is based on Russian, it tends toward colonialism. However, this keyboard is primarily meant for use within this class, so we chose to continue on with our original keyboard layout.

[[Category:Sp23_KeyboardLayouts]]

[[Category:Even]]

==Licensing==
MIT License

Even/Keyboard

2023-02-14T05:33:55Z

Tdorji1: /* Installation */

===Keyboard Layout===

* Here's a basic '''Even layout based on a Russian layout''':
{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|`|ё|Ё}} {{kbdkey|1|!}} {{kbdkey|2|\}} {{kbdkey|3|#}} {{kbdkey|4|;}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|:}} {{kbdkey|7|?}} {{kbdkey|8|*}} {{kbdkey|9|(}} {{kbdkey|0|)}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|й|Й}} {{kbdkey|ц|Ц}} {{kbdkey|у|У}} {{kbdkey|к|К}} {{kbdkey|е|Е}} {{kbdkey|н|Н|ӈ|Ӈ}} {{kbdkey|г|Г}} {{kbdkey|ш|Ш}} {{kbdkey|щ|Щ}} {{kbdkey|з|З}} {{kbdkey|х|Х}} {{kbdkey|ъ|Ъ}} {{kbdkey|\| }} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|ф|Ф}} {{kbdkey|ы|Ы}} {{kbdkey|в|В}} {{kbdkey|а|А}} {{kbdkey|п|П}} {{kbdkey|р|Р}} {{kbdkey|о|О|ѳ|Ѳ}} {{kbdkey|л|Л}} {{kbdkey|д|Д}} {{kbdkey|ж|Ж}} {{kbdkey|э|Э}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|я|Я}} {{kbdkey|ч|Ч}} {{kbdkey|с|С}} {{kbdkey|м|М}} {{kbdkey|и|И}} {{kbdkey|т|Т}} {{kbdkey|ь|Ь}} {{kbdkey|б|Б}} {{kbdkey|ю|Ю}} {{kbdkey|.|,}} }}

==Installation==
To use the keyboard download the file from the github repository and put it in the ~/.m17n.d directory.

{{comment|A more detailed instruction might be helpful. It's supposed to be directed to someone who has never used iBus before. -TD}}

==Resources==

===External resources===
We referenced the freely available Russian keyboard from the m17n Ibus directory and modified it.

===Developed Resources===

Github Repository: [[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-eve-keyboard]]

==Justification==
This keyboard is heavily based on the standard Russian keyboard. Our rationale for this is that Russian and Even both use cyrillic with only two characters differing. This makes it very convenient, as most Even speakers are also Russian speakers so they are already familiar with the layout. However, this also has unfortunate implications in that as it is based on Russian, it tends toward colonialism. However, this keyboard is primarily meant for use within this class, so we chose to continue on with our original keyboard layout.

[[Category:Sp23_KeyboardLayouts]]

[[Category:Even]]

==Licensing==
MIT License

Huaylas Quechua/Keyboard

2023-02-14T05:32:16Z

Tdorji1:

== existing resources ==

When looking for other resources, we did not find any for our specific variety of Quechua. Quechua is a macrolanguage, and the more popular varieties of Cuzco, Ayacucho, and Southern Bolivian Quechua have existing resources. However, mutual intelligibility between these variants and Huaylas Quechua is low.

On Windows, there is a catch-all Language Pack for Quechua. However, the keyboard layout is exactly the same as the keyboard layout for Spanish. Gboard, a keyboard app for Android devices, also has keyboard layouts for the three most popular varieties but not for the specific variant we are working with.

== developing resources ==

=== Layout based on Spanish ===

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|{{!}}|°}} {{kbdkey|1|!}} {{kbdkey|2|"}} {{kbdkey|3|#}} {{kbdkey|4|$}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|&}} {{kbdkey|7|/}} {{kbdkey|8|(}} {{kbdkey|9|)}} {{kbdkey|0|=}} {{kbdkey|'|?}} {{kbdkey|¿|¡}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|q|Q}} {{kbdkey|w|W}} {{kbdkey|e|E}} {{kbdkey|r|R}} {{kbdkey|t|T}} {{kbdkey|y|Y}} {{kbdkey|u|U}} {{kbdkey|i|I}} {{kbdkey|o|O}} {{kbdkey|p|P}} {{kbdkey|{{green|◌̈}}|{{green|◌́}}}} {{kbdkey|+|*| }} {{kbdkey|}|]}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|a|A}} {{kbdkey|s|S}} {{kbdkey|d|D}} {{kbdkey|f|F}} {{kbdkey|g|G}} {{kbdkey|h|H}} {{kbdkey|j|J}} {{kbdkey|k|K}} {{kbdkey|l|L}} {{kbdkey|ñ|Ñ}} {{kbdkey|{|[}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|z|Z}} {{kbdkey|x|X}} {{kbdkey|c|C}} {{kbdkey|v|V}} {{kbdkey|b|B}} {{kbdkey|n|N}} {{kbdkey|m|M}} {{kbdkey|,|;}} {{kbdkey|.|:}} {{kbdkey|-|_|}} }}

{{comment| when i tested the keyboard, the SHIFT level of the first key on the first row is ~ instead of ° -TD}}

==== Justification ====

We wanted to base our layout for Huaylas Quechua on the Spanish layout since the language is spoken in Peru, a Spanish-speaking country. Like the other varieties of Quechua, it did not have a written orthography until the late 20th century. Thus, because of Spanish colonization, the orthography is based on the Latin Alphabet. When creating the layout, I had to recreate the base “Spanish format”. One of the main changes we wanted to make with this layout for Hauylas Quechua was in regards to the dead key for the accent mark. In Huaylas Quechua, it is much more common for vowels to have the two dot diacritic ( ¨ ) than an accent mark ( ´ ). So, we switched the case of these marks to have the diacritic be in the lower case.

==== How to Install ====

If you are using Linux and have IBus running:
# Download the [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-qwh-keyboard qwh-ling.mim] file to your computer
# Copy the file to you ~/.m17n.d/ directory
#: If you don't have that directory created, create it using the command "mkdir ~/.m17n.d/"
# Once the file has been added to the directory, restart IBus
# Then, go to Preferences in IBus, and click the Input Method tab
# Click Add
# In the menu of available layouts, select Other
# Scroll till you find "qwh-ling073", and click
# You can now type in Huaylas Quechua!!!

[[Category:Sp23 KeyboardLayouts]] [[Category:Huaylas Quechua]]

Wolof/Keyboard

2023-02-14T05:26:09Z

Tdorji1:

This resource is open-sourced under the MIT License (2023)

To download keyboard use this link: [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-wol-keyboard link for git repo with keyboard]

'''Documentation of rationale:'''
*Note: None of the creators of this keyboard speak or read Wolof, and this resource was not created in consultation with Wolof speakers. We have done our best to create a keyboard that reasonably accommodates the Wolof language.
*We have based our keyboard off of the AZERTY keyboard because it has some of the diacritic characters we needed for Wolof and because French is an official language of Senegal and is spoken in other regions in which Wolof is used (e.g. Mauritania).
*Since the Wolof alphabet does not have V or Z, we moved these off of the main key block for letters. We kept them because they are useful for typing in English and French, which are the official languages of countries in which Wolof is spoken. Also, V is used in roman numerals.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolof_language#Orthography_and_pronunciation Wiki]</ref>
*We added e with diaeresis, o with accent aigu, n with tilde, and the ŋ character because these are commonly used characters in Wolof.
*We added e with diaeresis to the main key block rather than e with accent aigu because it had higher frequency of use in the text of Wolof Wikipedia pages.
*Accent aigu and accent grave are easily accessible dead-keys because they are used in common Wolof characters in addition to French characters. Alt-2 and Alt-7 can also add circumflex and diaeresis for French compatibility, and we have included the cedille for this same purpose.
*We have kept many of the other symbols from the AZERTY layout for convenience, and we have dispensed with characters with infrequent use cases as needed (e.g. paragraph symbol).

'''Existing Resources'''
*Microsoft layout exists<ref>[http://kbdlayout.info/KBDWOL/ Microsoft layout]</ref>
*Doubled Latin letters are common: see this 63-letter alphabet<ref>[https://jangawolofdictionary.home.blog/alphabet/ Janga Wolof - Alphabet]</ref>
*Other keyboard that could be useful for ideas: <ref>[https://www.typingbaba.com/keyboard/online-wolof-keyboard.php Other keyboard]</ref>

* Here's a basic '''Wolof layout based on a U.S. English layout''':
{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|1|&|}} {{kbdkey|2|z}} {{kbdkey|3|\|"}} {{kbdkey|4|'}} {{kbdkey|5|(}} {{kbdkey|6|-}} {{kbdkey|7|~}} {{kbdkey|8|_}} {{kbdkey|9|ç}} {{kbdkey|0|à}} {{kbdkey|°|)}} {{kbdkey|_|=}} {{kbdkey|*|ã}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|a|A}} {{kbdkey|ë|Ë}} {{kbdkey|e|E}} {{kbdkey|r|R}} {{kbdkey|t|T}} {{kbdkey|y|Y}} {{kbdkey|u|U}} {{kbdkey|i|I}} {{kbdkey|o|O}} {{kbdkey|p|P}} {{kbdkey|´|`}} {{kbdkey|ó|Ó}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|q|Q}} {{kbdkey|s|S}} {{kbdkey|d|D}} {{kbdkey|f|F}} {{kbdkey|g|G}} {{kbdkey|h|H}} {{kbdkey|j|J}} {{kbdkey|k|K}} {{kbdkey|l|L}} {{kbdkey|m|M}} {{kbdkey|ŋ|%}} {{kbdkey|v|V}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|w|W}} {{kbdkey|x|X}} {{kbdkey|c|C}} {{kbdkey|ñ|Ñ}} {{kbdkey|b|B}} {{kbdkey|n|N}} {{kbdkey|,|?}} {{kbdkey|;|.}} {{kbdkey|:|/}} {{kbdkey|!|{{!}}}} }}

{{comment| There is an extra key (*/ã in the first row) and the V key is documented to be at the end of the third row but it’s actually at the end of the second row. -TD}}

Combinations of inputs that result in other inputs include the following:
<div style="column-count:3;-moz-column-count:3;-webkit-column-count:3">
* <code>◌́</code> <code>a</code> = <code>á</code>
* <code>◌́</code> <code>e</code> = <code>é</code>
* <code>◌́</code> <code>i</code> = <code>í</code>
* <code>◌́</code> <code>o</code> = <code>ó</code>
* <code>◌́</code> <code>u</code> = <code>ú</code>

</div>

[[Category:Sp23_KeyboardLayouts]],[[Category:Wolof]]]

Wolof/Keyboard

2023-02-14T05:25:12Z

Tdorji1:

This resource is open-sourced under the MIT License (2023)

To download keyboard use this link: [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-wol-keyboard link for git repo with keyboard]

'''Documentation of rationale:'''
*Note: None of the creators of this keyboard speak or read Wolof, and this resource was not created in consultation with Wolof speakers. We have done our best to create a keyboard that reasonably accommodates the Wolof language.
*We have based our keyboard off of the AZERTY keyboard because it has some of the diacritic characters we needed for Wolof and because French is an official language of Senegal and is spoken in other regions in which Wolof is used (e.g. Mauritania).
*Since the Wolof alphabet does not have V or Z, we moved these off of the main key block for letters. We kept them because they are useful for typing in English and French, which are the official languages of countries in which Wolof is spoken. Also, V is used in roman numerals.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolof_language#Orthography_and_pronunciation Wiki]</ref>
*We added e with diaeresis, o with accent aigu, n with tilde, and the ŋ character because these are commonly used characters in Wolof.
*We added e with diaeresis to the main key block rather than e with accent aigu because it had higher frequency of use in the text of Wolof Wikipedia pages.
*Accent aigu and accent grave are easily accessible dead-keys because they are used in common Wolof characters in addition to French characters. Alt-2 and Alt-7 can also add circumflex and diaeresis for French compatibility, and we have included the cedille for this same purpose.
*We have kept many of the other symbols from the AZERTY layout for convenience, and we have dispensed with characters with infrequent use cases as needed (e.g. paragraph symbol).

'''Existing Resources'''
*Microsoft layout exists<ref>[http://kbdlayout.info/KBDWOL/ Microsoft layout]</ref>
*Doubled Latin letters are common: see this 63-letter alphabet<ref>[https://jangawolofdictionary.home.blog/alphabet/ Janga Wolof - Alphabet]</ref>
*Other keyboard that could be useful for ideas: <ref>[https://www.typingbaba.com/keyboard/online-wolof-keyboard.php Other keyboard]</ref>

* Here's a basic '''Wolof layout based on a U.S. English layout''':
{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|1|&|}} {{kbdkey|2|z}} {{kbdkey|3|\|"}} {{kbdkey|4|'}} {{kbdkey|5|(}} {{kbdkey|6|-}} {{kbdkey|7|~}} {{kbdkey|8|_}} {{kbdkey|9|ç}} {{kbdkey|0|à}} {{kbdkey|°|)}} {{kbdkey|_|=}} {{kbdkey|*|ã}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|a|A}} {{kbdkey|ë|Ë}} {{kbdkey|e|E}} {{kbdkey|r|R}} {{kbdkey|t|T}} {{kbdkey|y|Y}} {{kbdkey|u|U}} {{kbdkey|i|I}} {{kbdkey|o|O}} {{kbdkey|p|P}} {{kbdkey|´|`}} {{kbdkey|ó|Ó}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|q|Q}} {{kbdkey|s|S}} {{kbdkey|d|D}} {{kbdkey|f|F}} {{kbdkey|g|G}} {{kbdkey|h|H}} {{kbdkey|j|J}} {{kbdkey|k|K}} {{kbdkey|l|L}} {{kbdkey|m|M}} {{kbdkey|ŋ|%}} {{kbdkey|v|V}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|w|W}} {{kbdkey|x|X}} {{kbdkey|c|C}} {{kbdkey|ñ|Ñ}} {{kbdkey|b|B}} {{kbdkey|n|N}} {{kbdkey|,|?}} {{kbdkey|;|.}} {{kbdkey|:|/}} {{kbdkey|!|{{!}}}} }}

{{comment| There is an extra key (ã in the first row) and the V key is documented to be at the end of the third row but it’s actually at the end of the second row. -TD}}

Combinations of inputs that result in other inputs include the following:
<div style="column-count:3;-moz-column-count:3;-webkit-column-count:3">
* <code>◌́</code> <code>a</code> = <code>á</code>
* <code>◌́</code> <code>e</code> = <code>é</code>
* <code>◌́</code> <code>i</code> = <code>í</code>
* <code>◌́</code> <code>o</code> = <code>ó</code>
* <code>◌́</code> <code>u</code> = <code>ú</code>

</div>

[[Category:Sp23_KeyboardLayouts]],[[Category:Wolof]]]

Mirandese/Keyboard

2023-02-10T02:02:44Z

Tdorji1:

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|\|¦}} {{kbdkey|1|!}} {{kbdkey|2|”|@}} {{kbdkey|3|#|£}} {{kbdkey|4|$|§}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|&}} {{kbdkey|7|/|{}} {{kbdkey|8|(|[}} {{kbdkey|9|)|]}} {{kbdkey|0|=|}|}} {{kbdkey|’|?}} {{kbdkey|«|»|<|>}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|q|Q}} {{kbdkey|w|W}} {{kbdkey|e|E||€}} {{kbdkey|r|R}} {{kbdkey|t|T}} {{kbdkey|y|Y}} {{kbdkey|u|U|ũ|Ũ}} {{kbdkey|i|I}} {{kbdkey|o|O}} {{kbdkey|p|P}} {{kbdkey|+|*|}} {{kbdkey|{{green|◌̂}}}} {{kbdkey|{{green|◌́}}}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|a|A}} {{kbdkey|s|S}} {{kbdkey|d|D}} {{kbdkey|f|F}} {{kbdkey|g|G}} {{kbdkey|h|H}} {{kbdkey|j|J}} {{kbdkey|k|K}} {{kbdkey|l|L}} {{kbdkey|ç|Ç}} {{kbdkey|º|ª}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|z|Z}} {{kbdkey|x|X}} {{kbdkey|c|C}} {{kbdkey|v|V}} {{kbdkey|b|B}} {{kbdkey|n|N}} {{kbdkey|m|M}} {{kbdkey|,|;}} {{kbdkey|.|:}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} }}

<u>Key</u>: <font color="blue">Blue</font> = Alt Gr; <font color="green">Green</font> = combining characters.

==Justification==
We based our Mirandese keyboard off of the European Portuguese keyboard (as seen on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants#Portuguese this Wiki page]) given that most-if not all-Mirandese speakers also speak Portuguese, and thus, are likely to be familiar with said keyboard. We chose the European Portuguese variant over another QWERTY like the American English keyboard because there was more overlap in terms of symbols, and this way we would not have to make too many significant changes in the layout. We made some slight adjustments, assuming the keyboard would strictly be used to write in Mirandese. To match the number of keys on our Windows keyboard, we had to adjust the position of “< >.” We mapped them to Alt Gr + guillemets (« »). We also mapped the lowercase and uppercase u’s with tildes to Alt Gr + u/U as u is the only vowel that can have a tilde in Mirandese. We got rid of the Alt Gr code for the diaeresis, the grave accent dead key, and the tilde dead key. On the two keys to the right of the “+ *” key, we added combining characters for the acute accent (which applies to all vowels) and the circumflex accent (which applies to "e" and "o"). This way, one key is used to type every accented vowel using two keystrokes for both the acute accent and the circumflex.

[[Category:Mirandese]] [[Category:Sp23_KeyboardLayouts]]

Category:San Martín Quechua

2023-01-27T02:53:27Z

Tdorji1: Created page with "Category:Languages"

[[Category:Languages]

Category:Awngi

2023-01-27T02:37:43Z

Tdorji1: Created page with "Category:Languages"

[[Category:Languages]]

Category:Chol

2023-01-27T02:37:40Z

Tdorji1: Created page with "Category:Languages"

[[Category:Languages]]

Category:Tulu

2023-01-27T02:37:19Z

Tdorji1: Created page with "Category:Languages"

[[Category:Languages]]

Amdo Tibetan

2023-01-25T03:06:08Z

Tdorji1:

[[Category:Languages]]

Amdo Tibetan

2023-01-25T03:05:45Z

Tdorji1: Created page with "Category:Language"

[[Category:Language]]

Category:Dolgan

2023-01-24T03:41:27Z

Tdorji1: Created page with "Category:Languages"

[[Category:Languages]

User:Tdorji1

2023-01-10T22:47:38Z

Tdorji1:

hello ! i am Tshering, a sophomore. i hope to major in Cognitive Science with minors in Computer Science and Philosophy. i am curious about psycholinguistics and the philosophy of language (and meaning). after taking anthropology classes and having conversations with my linguist friends, i have developed a new interest in endangered languages.

hobbies/Interests: i love making playlists and exploring new music!

dzongkha (my first language, it's very similar to tibetan!) is underresourced, so i am hoping to work on it but i am open to other languages as well ! :)

[[Category:sp21_students]]
[[Category:Dzongkha]]

Dzongkha and English

2021-05-25T08:32:28Z

Tdorji1: /* Final Evaluation */

Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Dzongkha Dzongkha] and English.

== External Resources ==

* Find our dzo-eng machine translation repo [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-dzo-eng here].
* Find our dzo morphological transducer repo [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-dzo here].
* Fine apertium-eng repo [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng here].
* Find our dzo-eng corpus [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-dzo-eng-corpus here].

== dzo → eng evaluation ==

=== Coverage Analysis ===
* Monolingual transducer coverage: 36 / 36
* Bilingual transducer coverage: 36 / 36
* Total number of tokens in the dzo.sentences.txt file: 55
* Total number of tokens not found in the dictionary (number of unknown words): 0

=== Sentence Evaluation ===

==== Sentence 1 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' བྱི་ལི་དེ་སྒྲོམ་ནང་འདུག་
'''Intended English Translation:''' The cat is in the box.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^བྱི་ལི་<n>/cat<n>$^དེ་<det>/the<det><def>$^སྒྲོམ་<n><loc>/box<n><loc>$^འདུག་<vbser>/is<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #cat #the #box #is

==== Sentence 2 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ང་བཅས་ཀྱི་ཁྱིམ་སྦོམ་ཡོད་
'''Intended English Translation:''' Our house is big.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ང་བཅས་<prn><p1><pl><gen>/we<prn><p1><pl><gen>$^ཁྱིམ་<n>/house<n>$^སྦོམ་<adj>/big<adj>$^ཡོད་<vbser>/has<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #we #big #house #has

==== Sentence 3 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ཁོ་དགེ་སློང་མེན་
'''Intended English Translation:''' He is not a monk.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ཁོ་<prn><p3><sg><m>/he<prn><p3><sg><m>$^དགེ་སློང་<n>/monk<n>$^ཨིན་<vbser><neg>/is<vbser><neg>$
'''Translation Output:''' #he #monk #is not

==== Sentence 4 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' མོ་ལུ་སྲིངམོ་གཉིས་ཡོད་
'''Intended English Translation:''' She has two younger sisters.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^མོ་<prn><p3><sg><f><dat>/she<prn><p3><sg><f><dat>$^སྲིངམོ་<n>/sister<n>$^གཉིས་<num>/two<num>$^ཡོད་<vbser>/has<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #she #sister #two #has

==== Sentence 5 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' མོ་དེ་ཁོ་བ་རྒས་
'''Intended English Translation:''' She is older than him.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^མོ་<prn><p3><sg><f>/she<prn><p3><sg><f>$^དེ་<det>/the<det><def>$^ཁོ་<prn><p3><sg><m>/he<prn><p3><sg><m>$^རྒས་<adj><comp>/older<adj><comp>$
'''Translation Output:''' #she #the #he #older

==== Sentence 6 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ད་ཉིམ་ཤར་དོ་
'''Intended English Translation:''' The sun is shining now.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ད་<adv>/now<adv>$^ཉིམ་<n>/sun<n>$^ཤར་<v><iv><pres><prog>/shine<vblex><pres><prog>$
'''Translation Output:''' now #sun #shine

==== Sentence 7 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ང་དུས་ཚོད་ཁར་ལྷོད་ཅི་
'''Intended English Translation:''' I arrived on time.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ང་<prn><p1><sg>/I<prn><p1><sg>$^དུས་ཚོད་<n><loc>/time<n><loc>$^ལྷོད་<v><iv>/arrive<vblex>$
'''Translation Output:''' #I #time arrived

==== Sentence 8 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' སྲུང་འབྲི་མི་དག་པ་གཅིག་འདུག་
'''Intended English Translation:''' There are a few story writers.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^སྲུང་<n>/story<n>$^འབྲི་<v><tv><vadj>/write<vblex><vadj>$^གཅིག་<num>/one<num>$^འདུག་<vbser>/is<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #story #write #one #is

==== Sentence 9 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' རྒྱ་མཚོ་ལས་ནོར་བུ་འཐོབ་
'''Intended English Translation:''' [We] get jewel from the ocean.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^རྒྱ་མཚོ་<n><abl>/ocean<n><abl>$^ནོར་བུ་<n>/pearl<n>$^འཐོབ་<v><iv>/get<vblex>$
'''Translation Output:''' #ocean #pearl #get

==== Sentence 10 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' བྱི་ཙི་ཚུ་ཟུང་གེ་
'''Intended English Translation:''' Let's catch the rats.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^བྱི་ཙི་<n><adj><qnt>/rat<n><adj><qnt>$^ཟུང་<v><tv>/catch<vblex>$^གེ་<vaux><adh>/shall<vaux><adh>$
'''Translation Output:''' #rat #catch #shall

== Additions ==

* Added 100 more stems in the bilingual dictionary:
** Initial # of stems: 66
** Final # of stems: 166
* Added two more lexical selection rules.
* Added two more structural transfer rules.

== Final Evaluation ==

Dzongkha monolingual transducer:
* Precision and recall against the annotated.basic corpus: We get an error.
* Coverage over the large corpus: 3121/6718 (~0.465)
* # of words in the large corpus: 131018 characters
* # of stems in the transducer: 255 lexicon entries

Dzo-Eng MT:
* WER and PER over test phrases: 83.87 %
* WER and PER over longer corpus: 97.44 %
* Proportion of stems translated correctly in the longer corpus: 101
* Trimmed coverage over longer corpus: 101/132
* Trimmed coverage over large corpus: 9698/21689
* # of tokens in the longer corpus: 132
* # of tokens in the large corpus: 21689

[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]] [[Category:Dzongkha]] [[Category:English]]

Dzongkha and English

2021-05-25T08:32:11Z

Tdorji1: /* Final Evaluation */

Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Dzongkha Dzongkha] and English.

== External Resources ==

* Find our dzo-eng machine translation repo [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-dzo-eng here].
* Find our dzo morphological transducer repo [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-dzo here].
* Fine apertium-eng repo [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng here].
* Find our dzo-eng corpus [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-dzo-eng-corpus here].

== dzo → eng evaluation ==

=== Coverage Analysis ===
* Monolingual transducer coverage: 36 / 36
* Bilingual transducer coverage: 36 / 36
* Total number of tokens in the dzo.sentences.txt file: 55
* Total number of tokens not found in the dictionary (number of unknown words): 0

=== Sentence Evaluation ===

==== Sentence 1 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' བྱི་ལི་དེ་སྒྲོམ་ནང་འདུག་
'''Intended English Translation:''' The cat is in the box.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^བྱི་ལི་<n>/cat<n>$^དེ་<det>/the<det><def>$^སྒྲོམ་<n><loc>/box<n><loc>$^འདུག་<vbser>/is<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #cat #the #box #is

==== Sentence 2 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ང་བཅས་ཀྱི་ཁྱིམ་སྦོམ་ཡོད་
'''Intended English Translation:''' Our house is big.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ང་བཅས་<prn><p1><pl><gen>/we<prn><p1><pl><gen>$^ཁྱིམ་<n>/house<n>$^སྦོམ་<adj>/big<adj>$^ཡོད་<vbser>/has<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #we #big #house #has

==== Sentence 3 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ཁོ་དགེ་སློང་མེན་
'''Intended English Translation:''' He is not a monk.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ཁོ་<prn><p3><sg><m>/he<prn><p3><sg><m>$^དགེ་སློང་<n>/monk<n>$^ཨིན་<vbser><neg>/is<vbser><neg>$
'''Translation Output:''' #he #monk #is not

==== Sentence 4 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' མོ་ལུ་སྲིངམོ་གཉིས་ཡོད་
'''Intended English Translation:''' She has two younger sisters.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^མོ་<prn><p3><sg><f><dat>/she<prn><p3><sg><f><dat>$^སྲིངམོ་<n>/sister<n>$^གཉིས་<num>/two<num>$^ཡོད་<vbser>/has<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #she #sister #two #has

==== Sentence 5 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' མོ་དེ་ཁོ་བ་རྒས་
'''Intended English Translation:''' She is older than him.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^མོ་<prn><p3><sg><f>/she<prn><p3><sg><f>$^དེ་<det>/the<det><def>$^ཁོ་<prn><p3><sg><m>/he<prn><p3><sg><m>$^རྒས་<adj><comp>/older<adj><comp>$
'''Translation Output:''' #she #the #he #older

==== Sentence 6 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ད་ཉིམ་ཤར་དོ་
'''Intended English Translation:''' The sun is shining now.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ད་<adv>/now<adv>$^ཉིམ་<n>/sun<n>$^ཤར་<v><iv><pres><prog>/shine<vblex><pres><prog>$
'''Translation Output:''' now #sun #shine

==== Sentence 7 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ང་དུས་ཚོད་ཁར་ལྷོད་ཅི་
'''Intended English Translation:''' I arrived on time.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ང་<prn><p1><sg>/I<prn><p1><sg>$^དུས་ཚོད་<n><loc>/time<n><loc>$^ལྷོད་<v><iv>/arrive<vblex>$
'''Translation Output:''' #I #time arrived

==== Sentence 8 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' སྲུང་འབྲི་མི་དག་པ་གཅིག་འདུག་
'''Intended English Translation:''' There are a few story writers.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^སྲུང་<n>/story<n>$^འབྲི་<v><tv><vadj>/write<vblex><vadj>$^གཅིག་<num>/one<num>$^འདུག་<vbser>/is<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #story #write #one #is

==== Sentence 9 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' རྒྱ་མཚོ་ལས་ནོར་བུ་འཐོབ་
'''Intended English Translation:''' [We] get jewel from the ocean.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^རྒྱ་མཚོ་<n><abl>/ocean<n><abl>$^ནོར་བུ་<n>/pearl<n>$^འཐོབ་<v><iv>/get<vblex>$
'''Translation Output:''' #ocean #pearl #get

==== Sentence 10 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' བྱི་ཙི་ཚུ་ཟུང་གེ་
'''Intended English Translation:''' Let's catch the rats.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^བྱི་ཙི་<n><adj><qnt>/rat<n><adj><qnt>$^ཟུང་<v><tv>/catch<vblex>$^གེ་<vaux><adh>/shall<vaux><adh>$
'''Translation Output:''' #rat #catch #shall

== Additions ==

* Added 100 more stems in the bilingual dictionary:
** Initial # of stems: 66
** Final # of stems: 166
* Added two more lexical selection rules.
* Added two more structural transfer rules.

== Final Evaluation ==

Dzongkha monolingual transducer:
* Precision and recall against the annotated.basic corpus: We get an error.
* Coverage over the large corpus: 3121/6718 (~0.465)
* # of words in the large corpus: 131018 characters
* # of stems in the transducer: 255 lexicon entries

Dzo-Eng MT:
* WER and PER over test phrases: 83.87 %
* WER and PER over longer corpus: 97.44 %
* Proportion of stems translated correctly in the longer corpus: 101
* Trimmed coverage over longer corpus: 101/103
* Trimmed coverage over large corpus: 9698/21689
* # of tokens in the longer corpus: 132
* # of tokens in the large corpus: 21689

[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]] [[Category:Dzongkha]] [[Category:English]]

Dzongkha and English

2021-05-25T08:29:54Z

Tdorji1: /* Final Evaluation */

Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Dzongkha Dzongkha] and English.

== External Resources ==

* Find our dzo-eng machine translation repo [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-dzo-eng here].
* Find our dzo morphological transducer repo [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-dzo here].
* Fine apertium-eng repo [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng here].
* Find our dzo-eng corpus [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-dzo-eng-corpus here].

== dzo → eng evaluation ==

=== Coverage Analysis ===
* Monolingual transducer coverage: 36 / 36
* Bilingual transducer coverage: 36 / 36
* Total number of tokens in the dzo.sentences.txt file: 55
* Total number of tokens not found in the dictionary (number of unknown words): 0

=== Sentence Evaluation ===

==== Sentence 1 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' བྱི་ལི་དེ་སྒྲོམ་ནང་འདུག་
'''Intended English Translation:''' The cat is in the box.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^བྱི་ལི་<n>/cat<n>$^དེ་<det>/the<det><def>$^སྒྲོམ་<n><loc>/box<n><loc>$^འདུག་<vbser>/is<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #cat #the #box #is

==== Sentence 2 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ང་བཅས་ཀྱི་ཁྱིམ་སྦོམ་ཡོད་
'''Intended English Translation:''' Our house is big.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ང་བཅས་<prn><p1><pl><gen>/we<prn><p1><pl><gen>$^ཁྱིམ་<n>/house<n>$^སྦོམ་<adj>/big<adj>$^ཡོད་<vbser>/has<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #we #big #house #has

==== Sentence 3 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ཁོ་དགེ་སློང་མེན་
'''Intended English Translation:''' He is not a monk.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ཁོ་<prn><p3><sg><m>/he<prn><p3><sg><m>$^དགེ་སློང་<n>/monk<n>$^ཨིན་<vbser><neg>/is<vbser><neg>$
'''Translation Output:''' #he #monk #is not

==== Sentence 4 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' མོ་ལུ་སྲིངམོ་གཉིས་ཡོད་
'''Intended English Translation:''' She has two younger sisters.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^མོ་<prn><p3><sg><f><dat>/she<prn><p3><sg><f><dat>$^སྲིངམོ་<n>/sister<n>$^གཉིས་<num>/two<num>$^ཡོད་<vbser>/has<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #she #sister #two #has

==== Sentence 5 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' མོ་དེ་ཁོ་བ་རྒས་
'''Intended English Translation:''' She is older than him.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^མོ་<prn><p3><sg><f>/she<prn><p3><sg><f>$^དེ་<det>/the<det><def>$^ཁོ་<prn><p3><sg><m>/he<prn><p3><sg><m>$^རྒས་<adj><comp>/older<adj><comp>$
'''Translation Output:''' #she #the #he #older

==== Sentence 6 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ད་ཉིམ་ཤར་དོ་
'''Intended English Translation:''' The sun is shining now.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ད་<adv>/now<adv>$^ཉིམ་<n>/sun<n>$^ཤར་<v><iv><pres><prog>/shine<vblex><pres><prog>$
'''Translation Output:''' now #sun #shine

==== Sentence 7 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ང་དུས་ཚོད་ཁར་ལྷོད་ཅི་
'''Intended English Translation:''' I arrived on time.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ང་<prn><p1><sg>/I<prn><p1><sg>$^དུས་ཚོད་<n><loc>/time<n><loc>$^ལྷོད་<v><iv>/arrive<vblex>$
'''Translation Output:''' #I #time arrived

==== Sentence 8 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' སྲུང་འབྲི་མི་དག་པ་གཅིག་འདུག་
'''Intended English Translation:''' There are a few story writers.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^སྲུང་<n>/story<n>$^འབྲི་<v><tv><vadj>/write<vblex><vadj>$^གཅིག་<num>/one<num>$^འདུག་<vbser>/is<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #story #write #one #is

==== Sentence 9 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' རྒྱ་མཚོ་ལས་ནོར་བུ་འཐོབ་
'''Intended English Translation:''' [We] get jewel from the ocean.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^རྒྱ་མཚོ་<n><abl>/ocean<n><abl>$^ནོར་བུ་<n>/pearl<n>$^འཐོབ་<v><iv>/get<vblex>$
'''Translation Output:''' #ocean #pearl #get

==== Sentence 10 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' བྱི་ཙི་ཚུ་ཟུང་གེ་
'''Intended English Translation:''' Let's catch the rats.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^བྱི་ཙི་<n><adj><qnt>/rat<n><adj><qnt>$^ཟུང་<v><tv>/catch<vblex>$^གེ་<vaux><adh>/shall<vaux><adh>$
'''Translation Output:''' #rat #catch #shall

== Additions ==

* Added 100 more stems in the bilingual dictionary:
** Initial # of stems: 66
** Final # of stems: 166
* Added two more lexical selection rules.
* Added two more structural transfer rules.

== Final Evaluation ==

Dzongkha monolingual transducer:
* Precision and recall against the annotated.basic corpus: We get an error.
* Coverage over the large corpus: 3121/6718 (~0.465)
* # of words in the large corpus: 131018 characters
* # of stems in the transducer: 255 lexicon entries

Dzo-Eng MT:
* WER and PER over test phrases: 83.87 %
* WER and PER over longer corpus: 97.44 %
* Proportion of stems translated correctly in the longer corpus: 101
* Trimmed coverage over longer corpus: 101
* Trimmed coverage over large corpus:
* # of tokens in the longer corpus: 132
* # of tokens in the large corpus: 8187

[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]] [[Category:Dzongkha]] [[Category:English]]

Dzongkha and English

2021-05-25T08:27:09Z

Tdorji1: /* Final Evaluation */

Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Dzongkha Dzongkha] and English.

== External Resources ==

* Find our dzo-eng machine translation repo [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-dzo-eng here].
* Find our dzo morphological transducer repo [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-dzo here].
* Fine apertium-eng repo [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng here].
* Find our dzo-eng corpus [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-dzo-eng-corpus here].

== dzo → eng evaluation ==

=== Coverage Analysis ===
* Monolingual transducer coverage: 36 / 36
* Bilingual transducer coverage: 36 / 36
* Total number of tokens in the dzo.sentences.txt file: 55
* Total number of tokens not found in the dictionary (number of unknown words): 0

=== Sentence Evaluation ===

==== Sentence 1 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' བྱི་ལི་དེ་སྒྲོམ་ནང་འདུག་
'''Intended English Translation:''' The cat is in the box.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^བྱི་ལི་<n>/cat<n>$^དེ་<det>/the<det><def>$^སྒྲོམ་<n><loc>/box<n><loc>$^འདུག་<vbser>/is<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #cat #the #box #is

==== Sentence 2 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ང་བཅས་ཀྱི་ཁྱིམ་སྦོམ་ཡོད་
'''Intended English Translation:''' Our house is big.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ང་བཅས་<prn><p1><pl><gen>/we<prn><p1><pl><gen>$^ཁྱིམ་<n>/house<n>$^སྦོམ་<adj>/big<adj>$^ཡོད་<vbser>/has<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #we #big #house #has

==== Sentence 3 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ཁོ་དགེ་སློང་མེན་
'''Intended English Translation:''' He is not a monk.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ཁོ་<prn><p3><sg><m>/he<prn><p3><sg><m>$^དགེ་སློང་<n>/monk<n>$^ཨིན་<vbser><neg>/is<vbser><neg>$
'''Translation Output:''' #he #monk #is not

==== Sentence 4 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' མོ་ལུ་སྲིངམོ་གཉིས་ཡོད་
'''Intended English Translation:''' She has two younger sisters.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^མོ་<prn><p3><sg><f><dat>/she<prn><p3><sg><f><dat>$^སྲིངམོ་<n>/sister<n>$^གཉིས་<num>/two<num>$^ཡོད་<vbser>/has<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #she #sister #two #has

==== Sentence 5 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' མོ་དེ་ཁོ་བ་རྒས་
'''Intended English Translation:''' She is older than him.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^མོ་<prn><p3><sg><f>/she<prn><p3><sg><f>$^དེ་<det>/the<det><def>$^ཁོ་<prn><p3><sg><m>/he<prn><p3><sg><m>$^རྒས་<adj><comp>/older<adj><comp>$
'''Translation Output:''' #she #the #he #older

==== Sentence 6 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ད་ཉིམ་ཤར་དོ་
'''Intended English Translation:''' The sun is shining now.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ད་<adv>/now<adv>$^ཉིམ་<n>/sun<n>$^ཤར་<v><iv><pres><prog>/shine<vblex><pres><prog>$
'''Translation Output:''' now #sun #shine

==== Sentence 7 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ང་དུས་ཚོད་ཁར་ལྷོད་ཅི་
'''Intended English Translation:''' I arrived on time.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ང་<prn><p1><sg>/I<prn><p1><sg>$^དུས་ཚོད་<n><loc>/time<n><loc>$^ལྷོད་<v><iv>/arrive<vblex>$
'''Translation Output:''' #I #time arrived

==== Sentence 8 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' སྲུང་འབྲི་མི་དག་པ་གཅིག་འདུག་
'''Intended English Translation:''' There are a few story writers.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^སྲུང་<n>/story<n>$^འབྲི་<v><tv><vadj>/write<vblex><vadj>$^གཅིག་<num>/one<num>$^འདུག་<vbser>/is<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #story #write #one #is

==== Sentence 9 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' རྒྱ་མཚོ་ལས་ནོར་བུ་འཐོབ་
'''Intended English Translation:''' [We] get jewel from the ocean.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^རྒྱ་མཚོ་<n><abl>/ocean<n><abl>$^ནོར་བུ་<n>/pearl<n>$^འཐོབ་<v><iv>/get<vblex>$
'''Translation Output:''' #ocean #pearl #get

==== Sentence 10 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' བྱི་ཙི་ཚུ་ཟུང་གེ་
'''Intended English Translation:''' Let's catch the rats.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^བྱི་ཙི་<n><adj><qnt>/rat<n><adj><qnt>$^ཟུང་<v><tv>/catch<vblex>$^གེ་<vaux><adh>/shall<vaux><adh>$
'''Translation Output:''' #rat #catch #shall

== Additions ==

* Added 100 more stems in the bilingual dictionary:
** Initial # of stems: 66
** Final # of stems: 166
* Added two more lexical selection rules.
* Added two more structural transfer rules.

== Final Evaluation ==

Dzongkha monolingual transducer:
* Precision and recall against the annotated.basic corpus: We get an error.
* Coverage over the large corpus: 3121/6718 (~0.465)
* # of words in the large corpus: 131018 characters
* # of stems in the transducer: 255 lexicon entries

Dzo-Eng MT:
* WER and PER over test phrases: 83.87 %
* WER and PER over longer corpus: 97.44 %
* Proportion of stems translated correctly in the longer corpus: 36/36
* Trimmed coverage over longer corpus: 36/36
* Trimmed coverage over large corpus:
* # of tokens in the longer corpus: 36
* # of tokens in the large corpus: 8187

[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]] [[Category:Dzongkha]] [[Category:English]]

Dzongkha and English

2021-05-25T08:25:00Z

Tdorji1: /* Final Evaluation */

Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Dzongkha Dzongkha] and English.

== External Resources ==

* Find our dzo-eng machine translation repo [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-dzo-eng here].
* Find our dzo morphological transducer repo [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-dzo here].
* Fine apertium-eng repo [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng here].
* Find our dzo-eng corpus [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-dzo-eng-corpus here].

== dzo → eng evaluation ==

=== Coverage Analysis ===
* Monolingual transducer coverage: 36 / 36
* Bilingual transducer coverage: 36 / 36
* Total number of tokens in the dzo.sentences.txt file: 55
* Total number of tokens not found in the dictionary (number of unknown words): 0

=== Sentence Evaluation ===

==== Sentence 1 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' བྱི་ལི་དེ་སྒྲོམ་ནང་འདུག་
'''Intended English Translation:''' The cat is in the box.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^བྱི་ལི་<n>/cat<n>$^དེ་<det>/the<det><def>$^སྒྲོམ་<n><loc>/box<n><loc>$^འདུག་<vbser>/is<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #cat #the #box #is

==== Sentence 2 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ང་བཅས་ཀྱི་ཁྱིམ་སྦོམ་ཡོད་
'''Intended English Translation:''' Our house is big.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ང་བཅས་<prn><p1><pl><gen>/we<prn><p1><pl><gen>$^ཁྱིམ་<n>/house<n>$^སྦོམ་<adj>/big<adj>$^ཡོད་<vbser>/has<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #we #big #house #has

==== Sentence 3 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ཁོ་དགེ་སློང་མེན་
'''Intended English Translation:''' He is not a monk.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ཁོ་<prn><p3><sg><m>/he<prn><p3><sg><m>$^དགེ་སློང་<n>/monk<n>$^ཨིན་<vbser><neg>/is<vbser><neg>$
'''Translation Output:''' #he #monk #is not

==== Sentence 4 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' མོ་ལུ་སྲིངམོ་གཉིས་ཡོད་
'''Intended English Translation:''' She has two younger sisters.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^མོ་<prn><p3><sg><f><dat>/she<prn><p3><sg><f><dat>$^སྲིངམོ་<n>/sister<n>$^གཉིས་<num>/two<num>$^ཡོད་<vbser>/has<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #she #sister #two #has

==== Sentence 5 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' མོ་དེ་ཁོ་བ་རྒས་
'''Intended English Translation:''' She is older than him.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^མོ་<prn><p3><sg><f>/she<prn><p3><sg><f>$^དེ་<det>/the<det><def>$^ཁོ་<prn><p3><sg><m>/he<prn><p3><sg><m>$^རྒས་<adj><comp>/older<adj><comp>$
'''Translation Output:''' #she #the #he #older

==== Sentence 6 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ད་ཉིམ་ཤར་དོ་
'''Intended English Translation:''' The sun is shining now.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ད་<adv>/now<adv>$^ཉིམ་<n>/sun<n>$^ཤར་<v><iv><pres><prog>/shine<vblex><pres><prog>$
'''Translation Output:''' now #sun #shine

==== Sentence 7 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ང་དུས་ཚོད་ཁར་ལྷོད་ཅི་
'''Intended English Translation:''' I arrived on time.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ང་<prn><p1><sg>/I<prn><p1><sg>$^དུས་ཚོད་<n><loc>/time<n><loc>$^ལྷོད་<v><iv>/arrive<vblex>$
'''Translation Output:''' #I #time arrived

==== Sentence 8 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' སྲུང་འབྲི་མི་དག་པ་གཅིག་འདུག་
'''Intended English Translation:''' There are a few story writers.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^སྲུང་<n>/story<n>$^འབྲི་<v><tv><vadj>/write<vblex><vadj>$^གཅིག་<num>/one<num>$^འདུག་<vbser>/is<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #story #write #one #is

==== Sentence 9 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' རྒྱ་མཚོ་ལས་ནོར་བུ་འཐོབ་
'''Intended English Translation:''' [We] get jewel from the ocean.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^རྒྱ་མཚོ་<n><abl>/ocean<n><abl>$^ནོར་བུ་<n>/pearl<n>$^འཐོབ་<v><iv>/get<vblex>$
'''Translation Output:''' #ocean #pearl #get

==== Sentence 10 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' བྱི་ཙི་ཚུ་ཟུང་གེ་
'''Intended English Translation:''' Let's catch the rats.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^བྱི་ཙི་<n><adj><qnt>/rat<n><adj><qnt>$^ཟུང་<v><tv>/catch<vblex>$^གེ་<vaux><adh>/shall<vaux><adh>$
'''Translation Output:''' #rat #catch #shall

== Additions ==

* Added 100 more stems in the bilingual dictionary:
** Initial # of stems: 66
** Final # of stems: 166
* Added two more lexical selection rules.
* Added two more structural transfer rules.

== Final Evaluation ==

Dzongkha monolingual transducer:
* Precision and recall against the annotated.basic corpus: We get an error.
* Coverage over the large corpus: 3121/6718 (~0.465)
* # of words in the large corpus: 131018 characters
* # of stems in the transducer: 255 lexicon entries

Dzo-Eng MT:
* WER and PER over test phrases: 83.87 %
* WER and PER over longer corpus: 97.44 %
* Proportion of stems translated correctly in the longer corpus: 36/36
* Trimmed coverage over longer corpora: 36/36
* Trimmed coverage over large corpora:
* # of tokens in longer corpora: 36
* # of tokens in large corpora: 8187

[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]] [[Category:Dzongkha]] [[Category:English]]

Dzongkha and English

2021-05-25T08:22:37Z

Tdorji1: /* Final Evaluation */

Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Dzongkha Dzongkha] and English.

== External Resources ==

* Find our dzo-eng machine translation repo [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-dzo-eng here].
* Find our dzo morphological transducer repo [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-dzo here].
* Fine apertium-eng repo [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng here].
* Find our dzo-eng corpus [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-dzo-eng-corpus here].

== dzo → eng evaluation ==

=== Coverage Analysis ===
* Monolingual transducer coverage: 36 / 36
* Bilingual transducer coverage: 36 / 36
* Total number of tokens in the dzo.sentences.txt file: 55
* Total number of tokens not found in the dictionary (number of unknown words): 0

=== Sentence Evaluation ===

==== Sentence 1 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' བྱི་ལི་དེ་སྒྲོམ་ནང་འདུག་
'''Intended English Translation:''' The cat is in the box.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^བྱི་ལི་<n>/cat<n>$^དེ་<det>/the<det><def>$^སྒྲོམ་<n><loc>/box<n><loc>$^འདུག་<vbser>/is<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #cat #the #box #is

==== Sentence 2 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ང་བཅས་ཀྱི་ཁྱིམ་སྦོམ་ཡོད་
'''Intended English Translation:''' Our house is big.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ང་བཅས་<prn><p1><pl><gen>/we<prn><p1><pl><gen>$^ཁྱིམ་<n>/house<n>$^སྦོམ་<adj>/big<adj>$^ཡོད་<vbser>/has<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #we #big #house #has

==== Sentence 3 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ཁོ་དགེ་སློང་མེན་
'''Intended English Translation:''' He is not a monk.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ཁོ་<prn><p3><sg><m>/he<prn><p3><sg><m>$^དགེ་སློང་<n>/monk<n>$^ཨིན་<vbser><neg>/is<vbser><neg>$
'''Translation Output:''' #he #monk #is not

==== Sentence 4 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' མོ་ལུ་སྲིངམོ་གཉིས་ཡོད་
'''Intended English Translation:''' She has two younger sisters.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^མོ་<prn><p3><sg><f><dat>/she<prn><p3><sg><f><dat>$^སྲིངམོ་<n>/sister<n>$^གཉིས་<num>/two<num>$^ཡོད་<vbser>/has<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #she #sister #two #has

==== Sentence 5 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' མོ་དེ་ཁོ་བ་རྒས་
'''Intended English Translation:''' She is older than him.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^མོ་<prn><p3><sg><f>/she<prn><p3><sg><f>$^དེ་<det>/the<det><def>$^ཁོ་<prn><p3><sg><m>/he<prn><p3><sg><m>$^རྒས་<adj><comp>/older<adj><comp>$
'''Translation Output:''' #she #the #he #older

==== Sentence 6 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ད་ཉིམ་ཤར་དོ་
'''Intended English Translation:''' The sun is shining now.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ད་<adv>/now<adv>$^ཉིམ་<n>/sun<n>$^ཤར་<v><iv><pres><prog>/shine<vblex><pres><prog>$
'''Translation Output:''' now #sun #shine

==== Sentence 7 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' ང་དུས་ཚོད་ཁར་ལྷོད་ཅི་
'''Intended English Translation:''' I arrived on time.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^ང་<prn><p1><sg>/I<prn><p1><sg>$^དུས་ཚོད་<n><loc>/time<n><loc>$^ལྷོད་<v><iv>/arrive<vblex>$
'''Translation Output:''' #I #time arrived

==== Sentence 8 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' སྲུང་འབྲི་མི་དག་པ་གཅིག་འདུག་
'''Intended English Translation:''' There are a few story writers.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^སྲུང་<n>/story<n>$^འབྲི་<v><tv><vadj>/write<vblex><vadj>$^གཅིག་<num>/one<num>$^འདུག་<vbser>/is<vbser>$
'''Translation Output:''' #story #write #one #is

==== Sentence 9 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' རྒྱ་མཚོ་ལས་ནོར་བུ་འཐོབ་
'''Intended English Translation:''' [We] get jewel from the ocean.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^རྒྱ་མཚོ་<n><abl>/ocean<n><abl>$^ནོར་བུ་<n>/pearl<n>$^འཐོབ་<v><iv>/get<vblex>$
'''Translation Output:''' #ocean #pearl #get

==== Sentence 10 ====
'''Original Sentence:''' བྱི་ཙི་ཚུ་ཟུང་གེ་
'''Intended English Translation:''' Let's catch the rats.
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^བྱི་ཙི་<n><adj><qnt>/rat<n><adj><qnt>$^ཟུང་<v><tv>/catch<vblex>$^གེ་<vaux><adh>/shall<vaux><adh>$
'''Translation Output:''' #rat #catch #shall

== Additions ==

* Added 100 more stems in the bilingual dictionary:
** Initial # of stems: 66
** Final # of stems: 166
* Added two more lexical selection rules.
* Added two more structural transfer rules.

== Final Evaluation ==

Dzongkha monolingual transducer:
* Precision and recall against the annotated.basic corpus: We get an error.
* Coverage over the large corpus: 3121 / 6718 (~0.465)
* # of words in the large corpus: 131018 characters
* # of stems in the transducer: 255 lexicon entries

Dzo-Eng MT:
* WER and PER over test phrases: 83.87 %
* WER and PER over longer corpus: 97.44 %
* Proportion of stems translated correctly in the longer corpus: 36/36
* Trimmed coverage over longer corpora:
* Trimmed coverage over large corpora:
* # of tokens in longer corpora: 36
* # of tokens in large corpora: 8187

[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]] [[Category:Dzongkha]] [[Category:English]]