LING073 - User contributions [en]

Biak/Final project

2021-05-20T15:07:27Z

Tmou1: /* Code */

== Additions ==
* Inalienable Possession
** Expanded contrastive grammar page to add more tests
** Added inalienable stems to the multilingual dictionary
** Added structural transfer rule
* Alienable Possession
** Expanded structural transfer rule, signifying possession through "'s" or a possessive pronoun depending on the sentence with the presence of the alienable possession form.
* Interjections
** Added support for standalone filler words as well as filler letters added to the end of words such as e, u, etc.
** Added disambiguation rule to differentiate article and verb ambiguation that arose as a result of interjection pattern.
* Adjectives - exist only as verbs in Biak
** Used .lsx file to resolve verbs that exist as "be" + adj
* Nouns with multiword meanings
** Used .lsx file to differentiate between the adjective and noun part of the word, such as in the case of "old woman"
* Plurals
** In Biak, nouns are edited by the conjugation of the verb. Used structural transfer to added plurality to the English noun based on the number of the verb.
* Subject pronoun inference
** Standalone verbs in Biak imply the presence of a subject pronoun. Added structural transfer rule that supports this pattern.
* Differentiating subject/object pronouns
** Using verb placement, can determine the correct English tagging of pronouns
* Complex articles/demonstratives
** Complex articles in Biak can contain specificity and adverbs, used structural transfer to handle different cases, and correctly order terms.

== Code ==

[https://github.com/tmoux/ling073-bhw Biak Transducer]

[https://github.com/tmoux/ling073-bhw-eng Biak-English Machine Translation]

== Evaluation ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Evalulation
|-
| Size of Parallel Corpus || 13,968 words
|-
| Transducer Coverage || 58.5%
|-
| Stems in Transducer || 435
|-
| WER || 88.86%
|-
| PER || 70.99%
|-
| Precision || 88.21%
|-
| Recall || 92.24%
|}

== Moving Forward ==
* Anaphora resolution for pronouns
* Extending morphology for transducer--e.g., full/partial reduplication
* Working with community
** Future direction based on community needs and wants in terms of computational linguistic tools
** Evaluation of current tools, ensuring that our tools our an accurate representative of the language
*Expanding dictionary

[[Category:sp21_FinalProjects]]

Biak/Final project

2021-05-20T15:07:21Z

Tmou1: /* Code */

== Additions ==
* Inalienable Possession
** Expanded contrastive grammar page to add more tests
** Added inalienable stems to the multilingual dictionary
** Added structural transfer rule
* Alienable Possession
** Expanded structural transfer rule, signifying possession through "'s" or a possessive pronoun depending on the sentence with the presence of the alienable possession form.
* Interjections
** Added support for standalone filler words as well as filler letters added to the end of words such as e, u, etc.
** Added disambiguation rule to differentiate article and verb ambiguation that arose as a result of interjection pattern.
* Adjectives - exist only as verbs in Biak
** Used .lsx file to resolve verbs that exist as "be" + adj
* Nouns with multiword meanings
** Used .lsx file to differentiate between the adjective and noun part of the word, such as in the case of "old woman"
* Plurals
** In Biak, nouns are edited by the conjugation of the verb. Used structural transfer to added plurality to the English noun based on the number of the verb.
* Subject pronoun inference
** Standalone verbs in Biak imply the presence of a subject pronoun. Added structural transfer rule that supports this pattern.
* Differentiating subject/object pronouns
** Using verb placement, can determine the correct English tagging of pronouns
* Complex articles/demonstratives
** Complex articles in Biak can contain specificity and adverbs, used structural transfer to handle different cases, and correctly order terms.

== Code ==

[https://github.com/tmoux/ling073-bhw Biak Transducer]
[https://github.com/tmoux/ling073-bhw-eng Biak-English Machine Translation]

== Evaluation ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Evalulation
|-
| Size of Parallel Corpus || 13,968 words
|-
| Transducer Coverage || 58.5%
|-
| Stems in Transducer || 435
|-
| WER || 88.86%
|-
| PER || 70.99%
|-
| Precision || 88.21%
|-
| Recall || 92.24%
|}

== Moving Forward ==
* Anaphora resolution for pronouns
* Extending morphology for transducer--e.g., full/partial reduplication
* Working with community
** Future direction based on community needs and wants in terms of computational linguistic tools
** Evaluation of current tools, ensuring that our tools our an accurate representative of the language
*Expanding dictionary

[[Category:sp21_FinalProjects]]

Biak and English/Contrastive grammar

2021-05-13T18:27:22Z

Tmou1: /* Possessives */

==bhw-eng Tests==
=== Reordering of Article and Noun ===
Biak sentences order the noun before the article, opposite of English.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ras anya|the day}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ras{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}}}} day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|these{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== Verb Tenses ===
Verb tenses are not indicated in Biak, and in general one cannot determine whether a verb is past or present tense. The future tense is typically indicated with the word ''nari'' which precedes the verb. We will default to marking the verbs as past tense.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine dores|this deer stood}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} ores{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} stand{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|Ikak aniyasne nyas i|This snake up here smelled it}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} nas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}} smell{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Demonstrative articles ===
Demonstratives in Biak are indicated with the suffixes ''ne'', ''ya'', or ''wa'' on the complex article.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|mnu ine|this village}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnu{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} village{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine|this deer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

=== Locative Endings ===
Location of the noun can be indicated by an ending added to the complex article in Biak, translating to an adverb in English.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak aniyasne|this snake up here}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}}}}

=== Plurals ===

If a noun appears with an article, the number of the article indicates whether the noun is singular or plural.
The pronominal article can also be a suffix of the noun.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ina anskoine|these three girls}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ina{{tag|n}} anskoi{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pc}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} three{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== Implicit Subject ===
For Biak sentences lacking an explicit subject, a pronoun is assumed that agrees with the number of the verb.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|imnai kwar|it stopped already}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnai{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} kwar{{tag|adv}}|it/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stop{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} already{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|nggokain|we sit}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|kain{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ex}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} sit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

=== Possessives ===

==== Alienable Possession ====
Alienable possession is indicated by a determiner in Biak following the possessum and the possessor noun phrase, although they can come in either order. In English, the possessive is indicated by an "'s" on the possessor or a possessive personal pronoun.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak anine snonsnon vyedya|this snake's name}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} snonsnon{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}'s{{tag|gen}} name{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|snewar vyedya|his belly}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|snewar{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|prpers{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} belly{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==== Inalienable Possession ====
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|svamri| your mouth}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|svamri{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px2sg}}{{tag|sg}}|prpers{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} mouth{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars ]][[Category:Biak]]

Biak and English/Contrastive grammar

2021-05-13T18:26:49Z

Tmou1: /* Possessives */

==bhw-eng Tests==
=== Reordering of Article and Noun ===
Biak sentences order the noun before the article, opposite of English.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ras anya|the day}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ras{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}}}} day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|these{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== Verb Tenses ===
Verb tenses are not indicated in Biak, and in general one cannot determine whether a verb is past or present tense. The future tense is typically indicated with the word ''nari'' which precedes the verb. We will default to marking the verbs as past tense.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine dores|this deer stood}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} ores{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} stand{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|Ikak aniyasne nyas i|This snake up here smelled it}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} nas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}} smell{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Demonstrative articles ===
Demonstratives in Biak are indicated with the suffixes ''ne'', ''ya'', or ''wa'' on the complex article.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|mnu ine|this village}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnu{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} village{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine|this deer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

=== Locative Endings ===
Location of the noun can be indicated by an ending added to the complex article in Biak, translating to an adverb in English.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak aniyasne|this snake up here}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}}}}

=== Plurals ===

If a noun appears with an article, the number of the article indicates whether the noun is singular or plural.
The pronominal article can also be a suffix of the noun.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ina anskoine|these three girls}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ina{{tag|n}} anskoi{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pc}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} three{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== Implicit Subject ===
For Biak sentences lacking an explicit subject, a pronoun is assumed that agrees with the number of the verb.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|imnai kwar|it stopped already}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnai{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} kwar{{tag|adv}}|it/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stop{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} already{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|nggokain|we sit}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|kain{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ex}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} sit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

=== Possessives ===

==== Alienable Possession ====
Alienable possession is indicated by a determiner in Biak following the possessum and the possessor noun phrase, although they can come in either order. In English, the possessive is indicated by an "'s" on the possessor or a possessive personal pronoun.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak anine snonsnon vyedya|this snake's name}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} snonsnon{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}'s{{tag|gen}} name{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|snewar vyedya|his belly}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|snewar{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|prpers{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} belly{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==== Inalienable Possession ====
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|svamri| your mouth}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|svamri{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px2sg}}{{tag|sg}} prpers{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} mouth{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars ]][[Category:Biak]]

Biak and English/Contrastive grammar

2021-05-13T18:23:21Z

Tmou1: /* Inalienable Possession */

==bhw-eng Tests==
=== Reordering of Article and Noun ===
Biak sentences order the noun before the article, opposite of English.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ras anya|the day}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ras{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}}}} day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|these{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== Verb Tenses ===
Verb tenses are not indicated in Biak, and in general one cannot determine whether a verb is past or present tense. The future tense is typically indicated with the word ''nari'' which precedes the verb. We will default to marking the verbs as past tense.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine dores|this deer stood}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} ores{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} stand{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|Ikak aniyasne nyas i|This snake up here smelled it}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} nas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}} smell{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Demonstrative articles ===
Demonstratives in Biak are indicated with the suffixes ''ne'', ''ya'', or ''wa'' on the complex article.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|mnu ine|this village}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnu{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} village{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine|this deer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

=== Locative Endings ===
Location of the noun can be indicated by an ending added to the complex article in Biak, translating to an adverb in English.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak aniyasne|this snake up here}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}}}}

=== Plurals ===

If a noun appears with an article, the number of the article indicates whether the noun is singular or plural.
The pronominal article can also be a suffix of the noun.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ina anskoine|these three girls}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ina{{tag|n}} anskoi{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pc}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} three{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== Implicit Subject ===
For Biak sentences lacking an explicit subject, a pronoun is assumed that agrees with the number of the verb.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|imnai kwar|it stopped already}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnai{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} kwar{{tag|adv}}|it/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stop{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} already{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|nggokain|we sit}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|kain{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ex}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} sit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

=== Possessives ===

==== Alienable Possession ====
Alienable possession is indicated by a determiner in Biak following the possessum and the possessor noun phrase, although they can come in either order. In English, the possessive is indicated by an "'s" on the possessor or a possessive personal pronoun.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak anine snonsnon vyedya|this snake's name}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} snonsnon{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}'s{{tag|gen}} name{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|snewar vyedya|his belly}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|snewar{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|prpers{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} belly{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==== Inalienable Possession ====
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|svamri | your mouth}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|svamri{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px2sg}}{{tag|sg}} mouth{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars ]][[Category:Biak]]

Biak and English/Contrastive grammar

2021-05-13T18:22:58Z

Tmou1: /* Possessives */

==bhw-eng Tests==
=== Reordering of Article and Noun ===
Biak sentences order the noun before the article, opposite of English.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ras anya|the day}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ras{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}}}} day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|these{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== Verb Tenses ===
Verb tenses are not indicated in Biak, and in general one cannot determine whether a verb is past or present tense. The future tense is typically indicated with the word ''nari'' which precedes the verb. We will default to marking the verbs as past tense.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine dores|this deer stood}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} ores{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} stand{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|Ikak aniyasne nyas i|This snake up here smelled it}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} nas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}} smell{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Demonstrative articles ===
Demonstratives in Biak are indicated with the suffixes ''ne'', ''ya'', or ''wa'' on the complex article.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|mnu ine|this village}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnu{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} village{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine|this deer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

=== Locative Endings ===
Location of the noun can be indicated by an ending added to the complex article in Biak, translating to an adverb in English.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak aniyasne|this snake up here}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}}}}

=== Plurals ===

If a noun appears with an article, the number of the article indicates whether the noun is singular or plural.
The pronominal article can also be a suffix of the noun.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ina anskoine|these three girls}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ina{{tag|n}} anskoi{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pc}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} three{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== Implicit Subject ===
For Biak sentences lacking an explicit subject, a pronoun is assumed that agrees with the number of the verb.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|imnai kwar|it stopped already}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnai{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} kwar{{tag|adv}}|it/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stop{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} already{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|nggokain|we sit}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|kain{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ex}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} sit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

=== Possessives ===

==== Alienable Possession ====
Alienable possession is indicated by a determiner in Biak following the possessum and the possessor noun phrase, although they can come in either order. In English, the possessive is indicated by an "'s" on the possessor or a possessive personal pronoun.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak anine snonsnon vyedya|this snake's name}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} snonsnon{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}'s{{tag|gen}} name{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|snewar vyedya|his belly}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|snewar{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|prpers{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} belly{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==== Inalienable Possession ====
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|svamri | your mouth}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|svamri{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px2sg}}{{tag|sg}} mouth{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars ]][[Category:Biak]]

Biak and English/Structural transfer

2021-04-29T19:18:41Z

Tmou1: /* Plurals */

==Pre-evaluation==
* WER: 105.56%
* PER: 102.78%
* Percentage of unknown words: 2.56 %

==Examples==
===Reordering of Article and Noun===
{{transferTest|bhw|eng|ras anya|the day}}

'''Outputs:'''

Tagger:
^ras<n>$ ^i<prn><pers><p3><sg><spc><giv>$^.<sent>$

Lex:
^ras<n>/day<n>$ ^i<prn><pers><p3><sg><spc><giv>/the<det><def><sp><giv>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

Transfer:
Applying rule 1 (line 47): ^ras<n>/day<n>$
Applying rule 2 (line 48): ^day<NP><ND>{^ras<n>/day<n>$}$ ^i<prn><pers><p3><sg><spc>
<giv>/the<det><def><sp><giv>$
Applying output rule 1 (line 48): the<DP><p3><sp> -> ^day<NP><ND>{^ras<n>/day<n>$}$ ^i<prn>
<pers><p3><sg><spc><giv>/the<det><def><sp><giv>$
No rule specified: ^the<det><def><sp>$
Applying output rule 0 (line 47): day<NP><sg> -> ^ras<n>/day<n>$
No rule specified: ^day<n><sg>$
No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$
^the<det><def><sp>$ ^day<n><sg>$^.<sent>$

bhw-eng:
the day

===Verb Tenses===
{{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anya dores|the deer stood}}

'''Outputs:'''

Tagger:

Lex:

Transfer:

bhw-eng:

===Plurals===

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}


Tagger:
^rum<n>$ ^na<prn><pers><p3><pl><inan><spc>+ne<det><dem>$^.<sent>$

Lex:
^rum<n>/house<n>$ ^na<prn><pers><p3><pl><inan><spc>/the<det><def><sp>$ ^ne<det><dem>/@ne<det><dem>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

Transfer:
Applying rule 1 (line 47): ^rum<n>/house<n>$
Applying rule 2 (line 48): ^house<NP><ND>{^rum<n>/house<n>$}$ ^na<prn><pers><p3><pl><inan><spc>/the<det><def><sp>$
Applying output rule 1 (line 48): the<DP><p3><sp> -> ^house<NP><ND>{^rum<n>/house<n>$}$ ^na<prn><pers><p3><pl><inan><spc>/the<det><def><sp>$
No rule specified: ^the<det><def><sp>$
Applying output rule 0 (line 47): house<NP><pl> -> ^rum<n>/house<n>$
No rule specified: ^house<n><pl>$
No rule specified: ^ne<det><dem>/@ne<det><dem>$
No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$
^the<det><def><sp>$ ^house<n><pl>$ ^@ne<det><dem>$^.<sent>$

bhw-eng:
the houses @ne

==Post-evaluation==

[[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]][[Category:Biak]][[Category:English]]

WER: 72.22%

PER: 63.89%

Percentage of unknown words: 0.00%

Biak and English/Structural transfer

2021-04-29T19:17:50Z

Tmou1: /* Plurals */

==Pre-evaluation==
* WER: 105.56%
* PER: 102.78%
* Percentage of unknown words: 2.56 %

==Examples==
===Reordering of Article and Noun===
{{transferTest|bhw|eng|ras anya|the day}}

'''Outputs:'''

Tagger:
^ras<n>$ ^i<prn><pers><p3><sg><spc><giv>$^.<sent>$

Lex:
^ras<n>/day<n>$ ^i<prn><pers><p3><sg><spc><giv>/the<det><def><sp><giv>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

Transfer:
Applying rule 1 (line 47): ^ras<n>/day<n>$
Applying rule 2 (line 48): ^day<NP><ND>{^ras<n>/day<n>$}$ ^i<prn><pers><p3><sg><spc>
<giv>/the<det><def><sp><giv>$
Applying output rule 1 (line 48): the<DP><p3><sp> -> ^day<NP><ND>{^ras<n>/day<n>$}$ ^i<prn>
<pers><p3><sg><spc><giv>/the<det><def><sp><giv>$
No rule specified: ^the<det><def><sp>$
Applying output rule 0 (line 47): day<NP><sg> -> ^ras<n>/day<n>$
No rule specified: ^day<n><sg>$
No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$
^the<det><def><sp>$ ^day<n><sg>$^.<sent>$

bhw-eng:
the day

===Verb Tenses===
{{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anya dores|the deer stood}}

'''Outputs:'''

Tagger:

Lex:

Transfer:

bhw-eng:

===Plurals===

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

Tagger:
^rum<n>$ ^na<prn><pers><p3><pl><inan><spc>+ne<det><dem>$^.<sent>$

Lex:
^rum<n>/house<n>$ ^na<prn><pers><p3><pl><inan><spc>/the<det><def><sp>$ ^ne<det><dem>/@ne<det><dem>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

Transfer:
Applying rule 1 (line 47): ^rum<n>/house<n>$
Applying rule 2 (line 48): ^house<NP><ND>{^rum<n>/house<n>$}$ ^na<prn><pers><p3><pl><inan><spc>/the<det><def><sp>$
Applying output rule 1 (line 48): the<DP><p3><sp> -> ^house<NP><ND>{^rum<n>/house<n>$}$ ^na<prn><pers><p3><pl><inan><spc>/the<det><def><sp>$
No rule specified: ^the<det><def><sp>$
Applying output rule 0 (line 47): house<NP><pl> -> ^rum<n>/house<n>$
No rule specified: ^house<n><pl>$
No rule specified: ^ne<det><dem>/@ne<det><dem>$
No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$
^the<det><def><sp>$ ^house<n><pl>$ ^@ne<det><dem>$^.<sent>$

bhw-eng:
the houses @ne

==Post-evaluation==

[[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]][[Category:Biak]][[Category:English]]

WER: 72.22%

PER: 63.89%

Percentage of unknown words: 0.00%

Biak and English/Structural transfer

2021-04-29T19:17:24Z

Tmou1: /* Plurals */

==Pre-evaluation==
* WER: 105.56%
* PER: 102.78%
* Percentage of unknown words: 2.56 %

==Examples==
===Reordering of Article and Noun===
{{transferTest|bhw|eng|ras anya|the day}}

'''Outputs:'''

Tagger:
^ras<n>$ ^i<prn><pers><p3><sg><spc><giv>$^.<sent>$

Lex:
^ras<n>/day<n>$ ^i<prn><pers><p3><sg><spc><giv>/the<det><def><sp><giv>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

Transfer:
Applying rule 1 (line 47): ^ras<n>/day<n>$
Applying rule 2 (line 48): ^day<NP><ND>{^ras<n>/day<n>$}$ ^i<prn><pers><p3><sg><spc>
<giv>/the<det><def><sp><giv>$
Applying output rule 1 (line 48): the<DP><p3><sp> -> ^day<NP><ND>{^ras<n>/day<n>$}$ ^i<prn>
<pers><p3><sg><spc><giv>/the<det><def><sp><giv>$
No rule specified: ^the<det><def><sp>$
Applying output rule 0 (line 47): day<NP><sg> -> ^ras<n>/day<n>$
No rule specified: ^day<n><sg>$
No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$
^the<det><def><sp>$ ^day<n><sg>$^.<sent>$

bhw-eng:
the day

===Verb Tenses===
{{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anya dores|the deer stood}}

'''Outputs:'''

Tagger:

Lex:

Transfer:

bhw-eng:

===Plurals===

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

Tagger:
^rum<n>$ ^na<prn><pers><p3><pl><inan><spc>+ne<det><dem>$^.<sent>$

Lex:
^rum<n>/house<n>$ ^na<prn><pers><p3><pl><inan><spc>/the<det><def><sp>$ ^ne<det><dem>/@ne<det><dem>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

Transfer:
Applying rule 1 (line 47): ^rum<n>/house<n>$
Applying rule 2 (line 48): ^house<NP><ND>{^rum<n>/house<n>$}$ ^na<prn><pers><p3><pl><inan><spc>/the<det><def><sp>$
Applying output rule 1 (line 48): the<DP><p3><sp> -> ^house<NP><ND>{^rum<n>/house<n>$}$ ^na<prn><pers><p3><pl><inan><spc>/the<det><def><sp>$
No rule specified: ^the<det><def><sp>$
Applying output rule 0 (line 47): house<NP><pl> -> ^rum<n>/house<n>$
No rule specified: ^house<n><pl>$
No rule specified: ^ne<det><dem>/@ne<det><dem>$
No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$
^the<det><def><sp>$ ^house<n><pl>$ ^@ne<det><dem>$^.<sent>$

Translation:
the houses @ne

==Post-evaluation==

[[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]][[Category:Biak]][[Category:English]]

WER: 72.22%

PER: 63.89%

Percentage of unknown words: 0.00%

Biak and English/Structural transfer

2021-04-29T19:08:47Z

Tmou1: /* Plurals */

==Pre-evaluation==
* WER: 105.56%
* PER: 102.78%
* Percentage of unknown words: 2.56 %

==Examples==
===Reordering of Article and Noun===
{{transferTest|bhw|eng|ras anya|the day}}
Outputs:
Transfer: <code> Applying rule 1 (line 47): ^ras<n>/day<n>$

Applying rule 2 (line 48): ^day<NP><ND>{^ras<n>/day<n>$}$ ^i<prn><pers><p3><sg><spc><giv>/the<det><def><sp><giv>$

Applying output rule 1 (line 48): the<DP><p3><sp> -> ^day<NP><ND>{^ras<n>/day<n>$}$ ^i<prn><pers><p3><sg><spc><giv>/the<det><def><sp><giv>$

No rule specified: ^the<det><def><sp>$

Applying output rule 0 (line 47): day<NP><sg> -> ^ras<n>/day<n>$

No rule specified: ^day<n><sg>$

No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$
^the<det><def><sp>$ ^day<n><sg>$^.<sent>$ </code>

===Verb Tenses===
===Plurals===

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

==Post-evaluation==

[[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]][[Category:Biak]][[Category:English]]

WER: 72.22%

PER: 63.89%

Percentage of unknown words: 0.00%

Biak and English/Structural transfer

2021-04-29T19:06:58Z

Tmou1: /* Post-evaluation */

==Pre-evaluation==
* WER: 105.56%
* PER: 102.78%
* Percentage of unknown words: 2.56 %

==Examples==
===Reordering of Article and Noun===
{{transferTest|bhw|eng|ras anya|the day}}

===Verb Tenses===
===Plurals===

==Post-evaluation==

[[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]][[Category:Biak]][[Category:English]]

WER: 72.22%

PER: 63.89%

Percentage of unknown words: 0.00%

Biak and English/Structural transfer

2021-04-29T19:05:39Z

Tmou1: /* Post-evaluation */

==Pre-evaluation==
* WER: 105.56%
* PER: 102.78%
* Percentage of unknown words: 2.56 %

==Examples==

==Post-evaluation==

[[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]][[Category:Biak]][[Category:English]]

Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 36
Number of words in test: 39
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test:
Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 26
Word error rate (WER): 72.22 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 16
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 63.89 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 26
Word Error Rate (WER): 72.22 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 16
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 63.89 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 0
Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 0%

Biak and English/Contrastive grammar

2021-04-23T19:47:09Z

Tmou1: /* indicating demonstrative from ending */

==bhw-eng Tests==
=== Reordering of Article and Noun ===
Biak sentences order the noun before the article, opposite of English.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ras anya|the day}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ras{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}}}} day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|these{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== Verb Tenses ===
Verb tenses are not indicated in Biak, and in general one cannot determine whether a verb is past or present tense. The future tense is typically indicated with the word ''nari'' which precedes the verb. We will default to marking the verbs as past tense.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine dores|this deer stood}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} ores{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} stand{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|Ikak aniyasne nyas i|This snake up here smelled it}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} nas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}} smell{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Demonstrative articles ===
Demonstratives in Biak are indicated with the suffixes ''ne'', ''ya'', or ''wa'' on the complex article.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|mnu ine|this village}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnu{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} village{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine|this deer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

=== Locative Endings ===
Location of the noun can be indicated by an ending added to the complex article in Biak, translating to an adverb in English.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak aniyasne|this snake up here}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}}}}

=== Plurals ===

If a noun appears with an article, the number of the article indicates whether the noun is singular or plural.
The pronominal article can also be a suffix of the noun.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ina anskoine|these three girls}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ina{{tag|n}} anskoi{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pc}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} three{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== Implicit Subject ===
For Biak sentences lacking an explicit subject, a pronoun is assumed that agrees with the number of the verb.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|imnai kwar|it stopped already}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnai{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} kwar{{tag|adv}}|it/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stop{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} already{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|nggokain|we sit}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|kain{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ex}}|we/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} sit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

=== Possessives ===
Alienable possession is indicated by a determiner in Biak following the possessum and the possessor noun phrase, although they can come in either order. In English, the possessive is indicated by an "'s" on the possessor or a possessive personal pronoun.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak anine snonsnon vyedya|this snake's name}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} snonsnon{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}'s{{tag|gen}} name{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|snewar vyedya|his belly}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|snewar{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|prpers{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} belly{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars ]][[Category:Biak]]

Biak and English/Contrastive grammar

2021-04-23T19:44:49Z

Tmou1: /* Verb Tenses */

==bhw-eng Tests==
=== Reordering of article and noun ===
Biak sentences order the article before the noun, opposite of English.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ras anya|the day}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ras{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}}}} day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|these{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== Verb Tenses ===
Verb tenses are not indicated in Biak, and in general one cannot determine whether a verb is past or present tense. The future tense is typically indicated with the word ''nari'' which precedes the verb. We will default to marking the verbs as past tense.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine dores|this deer stood}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} ores{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} stand{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|Ikak aniyasne nyas i|This snake up here smelled it}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} nas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}} smell{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== indicating demonstrative from ending ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|mnu ine|this village}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnu{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} village{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine|this deer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

=== Locative Endings ===
Location of the noun can be indicated by an ending added to the complex article in Biak, translating to an adverb in English.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak aniyasne|this snake up here}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}}}}

=== Plurals ===

If a noun appears with an article, the number of the article indicates whether the noun is singular or plural.
The pronominal article can also be a suffix of the noun.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ina anskoine|these three girls}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ina{{tag|n}} anskoi{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pc}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} three{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== Implicit Subject ===
For Biak sentences lacking an explicit subject, a pronoun is assumed that agrees with the number of the verb.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|imnai kwar|it stopped already}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnai{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} kwar{{tag|adv}}|it/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stop{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} already{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|nggokain|we sit}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|kain{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ex}}|we/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} sit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

=== Possessives ===
Alienable possession is indicated by a determiner in Biak following the possessum and the possessor noun phrase, although they can come in either order. In English, the possessive is indicated by an "'s" on the possessor or a possessive personal pronoun.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak anine snonsnon vyedya|this snake's name}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} snonsnon{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}'s{{tag|gen}} name{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|snewar vyedya|his belly}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|snewar{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|prpers{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} belly{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars ]][[Category:Biak]]

Biak and English/Contrastive grammar

2021-04-23T19:44:21Z

Tmou1: /* verb tenses */

==bhw-eng Tests==
=== Reordering of article and noun ===
Biak sentences order the article before the noun, opposite of English.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ras anya|the day}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ras{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}}}} day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|these{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== Verb Tenses ===
Verb tenses are not indicated in Biak, and in general one cannot determine whether a verb is past or present. The future tense is typically indicated with the word ''nari'' which precedes the verb.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine dores|this deer stood}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} ores{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} stand{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|Ikak aniyasne nyas i|This snake up here smelled it}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} nas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}} smell{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== indicating demonstrative from ending ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|mnu ine|this village}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnu{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} village{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine|this deer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

=== locative ===

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak aniyasne|this snake up here}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}}}}

=== Plurals ===

If a noun appears with an article, the number of the article indicates whether the noun is singular or plural.
The pronominal article can also be a suffix of the noun.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ina anskoine|these three girls}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ina{{tag|n}} anskoi{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pc}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} three{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== Implicit Subject ===
For Biak sentences lacking an explicit subject, a pronoun is assumed that agrees with the number of the verb.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|imnai kwar|it stopped already}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnai{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} kwar{{tag|adv}}|it/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stop{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} already{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|nggokain|we sit}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|kain{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ex}}|we/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} sit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

=== Possessives ===
Alienable possession is indicated by a determiner in Biak following the possessum and the possessor noun phrase, although they can come in either order. In English, the possessive is indicated by an "'s" on the possessor or a possessive personal pronoun.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak anine snonsnon vyedya|this snake's name}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} snonsnon{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}'s{{tag|gen}} name{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|snewar vyedya|his belly}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|snewar{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|prpers{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} belly{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars ]][[Category:Biak]]

Biak and English/Contrastive grammar

2021-04-23T19:40:29Z

Tmou1: /* Plurals */

==bhw-eng Tests==
=== article comes after the noun ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ras anya|the day}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ras{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}}}} day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|these{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== verb tenses ===

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine dores|this deer stood}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} ores{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} stand{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|Ikak aniyasne nyas i|This snake up here smelled it}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} nas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}} smell{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== indicating demonstrative from ending ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|mnu ine|this village}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnu{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} village{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine|this deer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

=== locative ===

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak aniyasne|this snake up here}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}}}}

=== Plurals ===

If a noun appears with an article, the number of the article indicates whether the noun is singular or plural.
The pronominal article can also be a suffix of the noun.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ina anskoine|these three girls}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ina{{tag|n}} anskoi{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pc}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} three{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== subject is implicit ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|imnai kwar|it stopped already}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnai{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} kwar{{tag|adv}}|it/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stop{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} already{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|nggokain|we sit}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|kain{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ex}}|we/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} sit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

=== Possessives ===
Alienable possession is indicated by a determiner in Biak following the possessum and the possessor noun phrase, although they can come in either order. In English, the possessive is indicated by an "'s" on the possessor or a possessive personal pronoun.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak anine snonsnon vyedya|this snake's name}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} snonsnon{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}'s{{tag|gen}} name{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|snewar vyedya|his belly}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|snewar{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|prpers{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} belly{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars ]][[Category:Biak]]

Biak and English/Contrastive grammar

2021-04-23T19:38:36Z

Tmou1: /* plural */

==bhw-eng Tests==
=== article comes after the noun ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ras anya|the day}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ras{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}}}} day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|these{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== verb tenses ===

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine dores|this deer stood}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} ores{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} stand{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|Ikak aniyasne nyas i|This snake up here smelled it}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} nas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}} smell{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== indicating demonstrative from ending ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|mnu ine|this village}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnu{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} village{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine|this deer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

=== locative ===

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak aniyasne|this snake up here}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}}}}

=== Plurals ===

If a noun appears with an article, the number of the article indicates whether the noun is singular or plural.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ina anskoine|these three girls}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ina{{tag|n}} anskoi{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pc}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} three{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== subject is implicit ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|imnai kwar|it stopped already}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnai{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} kwar{{tag|adv}}|it/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stop{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} already{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|nggokain|we sit}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|kain{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ex}}|we/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} sit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

=== Possessives ===
Possession is indicated by a determiner in Biak following the possessum and the possessor noun phrase, although they can come in either order. In English, the possessive is indicated by an "'s" on the noun or a possessive personal pronoun.

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak anine snonsnon vyedya|this snake's name}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} snonsnon{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}'s{{tag|gen}} name{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|snewar vyedya|his belly}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|snewar{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|prpers{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} belly{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars ]][[Category:Biak]]

Biak and English/Contrastive grammar

2021-04-23T18:53:23Z

Tmou1: /* locative */

==bhw-eng Tests==
=== article comes after the noun ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ras anya|the day}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ras{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}}}} day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|these{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== verb tenses ===

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine dores|this deer stood}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} ores{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} stand{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|Ikak aniyasne nyas i|This snake up here smelled it}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} nas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}} smell{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== indicating demonstrative from ending ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|mnu ine|this village}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnu{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} village{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine|this deer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

=== locative ===

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak aniyasne|this snake up here}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}}}}

=== plural ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ina anskoine|these three girls}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ina{{tag|n}} anskoi{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pc}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} three{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== subject is implicit ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|imnai kwar|it stopped already}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnai{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} kwar{{tag|adv}}|it/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stop{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} already{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|nggokain|we sit}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|kain{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ex}}|we/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} sit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

=== possessives ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak anine snonsnon vyedya|this snake's name}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} snonsnon{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}'s{{tag|gen}} name{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|snewar vyedya|her belly}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|snewar{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|her/prpers{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} belly{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars ]][[Category:Biak]]

Biak and English/Contrastive grammar

2021-04-23T18:51:24Z

Tmou1: /* verb tenses */

==bhw-eng Tests==
=== article comes after the noun ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ras anya|the day}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ras{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}}}} day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|these{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== verb tenses ===

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine dores|this deer stood}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} ores{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} stand{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|Ikak aniyasne nyas i|This snake up here smelled it}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} nas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}} smell{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== indicating demonstrative from ending ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|mnu ine|this village}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnu{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} village{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine|this deer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

=== locative ===
=== plural ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ina anskoine|these three girls}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ina{{tag|n}} anskoi{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pc}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} three{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== subject is implicit ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|imnai kwar|it stopped already}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnai{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} kwar{{tag|adv}}|it/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stop{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} already{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|nggokain|we sit}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|kain{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ex}}|we/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} sit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

=== possessives ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak anine snonsnon vyedya|this snake's name}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} snonsnon{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}'s{{tag|gen}} name{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|snewar vyedya|her belly}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|snewar{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|her/prpers{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} belly{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars ]][[Category:Biak]]

Biak and English/Contrastive grammar

2021-04-23T18:42:31Z

Tmou1: /* verb tenses */

==Grammatical Differences==
=== article comes after the noun ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ras anya|the day}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ras{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}}}} day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|these{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== verb tenses ===

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine dores|this deer stood}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} ores{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} stand{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|Ikak aniyasne nyas i|This snake up here smelled it}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} nas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}} smell{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}

=== indicating demonstrative from ending ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|mnu ine|this village}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnu{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} village{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine|this deer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

=== locative ===
=== plural ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ina anskoine|these three girls}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ina{{tag|n}} anskoi{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pc}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} three{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== subject is implicit ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|imnai kwar|it stopped already}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnai{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} kwar{{tag|adv}}|it/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stop{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} already{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|nggokain|we sit}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|kain{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ex}}|we/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} sit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

=== possessives ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak anine snonsnon vyedya Kormsamba|this snake's name was Kormsamba}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} snonsnon{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}} Kormsamba{{tag|n}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}'s{{tag|gen}} name{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} was/be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==bhw-eng Tests==
[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars ]][[Category:Biak]]

Biak and English/Contrastive grammar

2021-04-23T18:26:48Z

Tmou1: /* verb tenses */

==Grammatical Differences==
=== article comes after the noun ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ras anya|the day}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ras{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}}}} day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|these{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== verb tenses ===

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine dores|this deer stood}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} ores{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} stand{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}

=== indicating demonstrative from ending ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|mnu ine|this village}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnu{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} village{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine|this deer}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}

=== locative ===
=== plural ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ina anskoine|these three girls}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ina{{tag|n}} anskoi{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pc}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} three{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}

=== subject is implicit ===
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|imnai kwar|it stopped already}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnai{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} kwar{{tag|adv}}|it/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stop{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} already{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|nggokain|we sit}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|kain{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ex}}|we/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} sit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

=== possessives ===

==bhw-eng Tests==
[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars ]][[Category:Biak]]

Biak and English/Contrastive grammar

2021-04-22T19:24:32Z