LING073 - User contributions [en]

Mixe and English

2022-05-05T03:20:52Z

WDENGLE1: Re-categorize

Resources for machine translation between [[Mixe]] and [[English]].

== External resources ==
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/ling073-sp22/ling073-mto-eng Language pair] (internal Swarthmore access may be required to view).
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/ling073-sp22/ling073-mto-eng-corpus Parallel corpus] (internal Swarthmore access may be required to view).
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/ling073-sp22/ling073-mto Mixe transducer] (internal Swarthmore access may be required to view).
* [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer].

== mto → eng evaluation (lexical transfer) ==

* Monolingual coverage over mto.sentences.txt: 242/552 (~43.8%)
* Bilingual coverage over mto.sentences.txt: 103/527 (~19.5%)

=== Test of lexical transfer over 10 randomly selected sentences ===



{|
!width="25%"| mto
!width="25%"| mto-eng-biltrans
!width="25%"| mto-eng
!width="25%"| eng
|-
| ’ax paa’tyük tse?e jè vintsën vyaajny:
| <code>'^*ax/*ax$ ^*paa/*paa$'^*tyük/*tyük$ ^*tse/*tse$^?<sent>/?<sent>$^*e/*e$ ^*jè/*jè$ ^vintsën<n><sg>/owner<n><sg>$ ^*vyaajny/*vyaajny$^:<sent>/:<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>'*ax *paa'*tyük *tse?*e *jè owner *vyaajny:</code>
| Now the boss said:
|-
| kajha juu’ müjit.
| <code>^kajha<n><sg>/box<n><sg>$ ^*juu/*juu$' ^*müjit/*müjit$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>box *juu' *müjit.</code>
| Big boxes.
|-
| juu’k tse’e ’anyükojmit jayu ntijumüt, tùùtük kyajha dü ’apiv’uts müjit.
| <code>^*juu/*juu$'^*k/*k$ ^*tse/*tse$'^*e/*e$ '^*anyükojmit/*anyükojmit$ ^jäyu<n><sg>/person<n><sg>$ ^*ntijumüt/*ntijumüt$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^*tùùtük/*tùùtük$ ^*kyajha/*kyajha$ ^*dü/*dü$ '^*apiv/*apiv$'^*uts/*uts$ ^*müjit/*müjit$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>*juu'*k *tse'*e '*anyükojmit person *ntijumüt, *tùùtük *kyajha *dü '*apiv'*uts *müjit.</code>
| And the Totontepecanos, we could say for example, would fill six large boxes.
|-
| jats viijnk jayu nay tùùjtük laata dü ’apiv’ùjtspa, pero mu… ’este pi’k muutskitse’e jüdü’üm jè laata.
| <code>^*jats/*jats$ ^*viijnk/*viijnk$ ^jäyu<n><sg>/person<n><sg>$ ^*nay/*nay$ ^*tùùjtük/*tùùjtük$ ^laata<n><sg>/tin<n><sg>$ ^*dü/*dü$ '^*apiv/*apiv$'^*ùjtspa/*ùjtspa$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^*pero/*pero$ ^*mu/*mu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ '^*este/*este$ ^piꞌk<adj>/little<adj>$ ^*muutskitse/*muutskitse$'^*e/*e$ ^*jüdü/*jüdü$'^*üm/*üm$ ^*jè/*jè$ ^laata<n><sg>/tin<n><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>*jats *viijnk person *nay *tùùjtük tin *dü '*apiv'*ùjtspa, *pero *mu... '*este little *muutskitse'*e *jüdü'*üm *jè tin.</code>
| And the others would fill like six tins, but li-um, they were little, thus, those tins.
|-
| ’ax ’akijpxak tse’e yakmujùùyda.
| <code>'^*ax/*ax$ '^*akijpxak/*akijpxak$ ^*tse/*tse$'^*e/*e$ ^*yakmujùùyda/*yakmujùùyda$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>'*ax '*akijpxak *tse'*e *yakmujùùyda.</code>
| And they would pay them the same.
|-
| vanxüp ntijumüt, pën majk peesu ve’e yakmujùùyda y’ijt, tù’kkë’ëyji tse’e tum majk peesu.
| <code>^vanxüp<n><sg>/amount<n><sg>$ ^*ntijumüt/*ntijumüt$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^*pën/*pën$ ^*majk/*majk$ ^*peesu/*peesu$ ^*ve/*ve$'^*e/*e$ ^*yakmujùùyda/*yakmujùùyda$ ^*y/*y$'^*ijt/*ijt$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^*tù/*tù$'^*kkë/*kkë$'^*ëyji/*ëyji$ ^*tse/*tse$'^*e/*e$ ^*tum/*tum$ ^*majk/*majk$ ^*peesu/*peesu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>amount *ntijumüt, *pën *majk *peesu *ve'*e *yakmujùùyda *y'*ijt, *tù'*kkë'*ëyji *tse'*e *tum *majk *peesu.</code>
| We could say for example, if it was ten pesos they would get paid, everyone would be given ten pesos.
|-
| ka’amts jèm dü ‘akèèka-I jats nay vanxüp yakmujùùyvat ’ax jù’n jè’è juu’ pi’kit laata tü dü ’apiv’uts.
| <code>^*ka/*ka$'^*amts/*amts$ ^*jèm/*jèm$ ^*dü/*dü$ '^*akèèka/*akèèka$-^*I/*I$ ^*jats/*jats$ ^*nay/*nay$ ^vanxüp<n><sg>/amount<n><sg>$ ^*yakmujùùyvat/*yakmujùùyvat$ '^*ax/*ax$ ^*jù/*jù$'^*n/*n$ ^*jè/*jè$'^*è/*è$ ^*juu/*juu$' ^*pi/*pi$'^*kit/*kit$ ^laata<n><sg>/tin<n><sg>$ ^*tü/*tü$ ^*dü/*dü$ '^*apiv/*apiv$'^*uts/*uts$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>*ka'*amts *jèm *dü '*akèèka-*I *jats *nay amount *yakmujùùyvat '*ax *jù'*n *jè'*è *juu' *pi'*kit tin *tü *dü '*apiv'*uts.</code>
| It wasn’t fair that they would give them the same amount as the people who filled the little tins.
|-
| jè nde’m jayu dü nüüjma:
| <code>^*jè/*jè$ ^*nde/*nde$'^*m/*m$ ^jäyu<n><sg>/person<n><sg>$ ^*dü/*dü$ ^*nüüjma/*nüüjma$^:<sent>/:<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>*jè *nde'*m person *dü *nüüjma:</code>
| He said to the boss:
|-
| ’ax, ’ax kum ’amaaxünts jèm jè jayu kyëts.
| <code>'^*ax/*ax$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ '^*ax/*ax$ ^*kum/*kum$ '^*amaaxünts/*amaaxünts$ ^*jèm/*jèm$ ^*jè/*jè$ ^jäyu<n><sg>/person<n><sg>$ ^*kyëts/*kyëts$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>'*ax, '*ax *kum '*amaaxünts *jèm *jè person *kyëts.</code>
| And the man, the man from here, he defends himself this way, struggling mightily anyway he could to express himself.
|-
| kuutse’e jèp ’ado’om mnëjkxta vintsotse’e jè jayu xjamëëda kotsjada?
| <code>^*jèp/*jèp$ '^*ado/*ado$'^*om/*om$ ^*mnëjkxta/*mnëjkxta$ ^*vintsotse/*vintsotse$'^*e/*e$ ^*jè/*jè$ ^jäyu<n><sg>/person<n><sg>$ ^*xjamëëda/*xjamëëda$ ^*kotsjada/*kotsjada$^?<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>*kuutse'*e *jèp '*ado'*om *mnëjkxta *vintsotse'*e *jè person *xjamëëda *kotsjada?</code>
| When you travel there to the other side, how are you able to speak with those people?
|}

[[Category:Sp22_TranslationPairs]]
[[Category:Mixe]]
[[Category:English]]

Mixe and English

2022-05-05T03:10:22Z

WDENGLE1: Rerun tests given Zabby's changes

Mixe and English

2022-05-02T02:31:20Z

WDENGLE1: Update "box" sentences given Zabby's fixes

Resources for machine translation between [[Mixe]] and [[English]].

== External resources ==
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/ling073-sp22/ling073-mto-eng Language pair] (internal Swarthmore access may be required to view).
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/ling073-sp22/ling073-mto-eng-corpus Parallel corpus] (internal Swarthmore access may be required to view).
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/ling073-sp22/ling073-mto Mixe transducer] (internal Swarthmore access may be required to view).
* [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer].

== mto → eng evaluation (lexical transfer) ==

* Monolingual coverage over mto.sentences.txt: 310/702 (~44.2%)
* Bilingual coverage over mto.sentences.txt: 99/531 (~18.7%)

=== Test of lexical transfer over 10 randomly selected sentences ===



{|
!width="25%"| mto
!width="25%"| mto-eng-biltrans
!width="25%"| mto-eng
!width="25%"| eng
|-
| ’ax paa’tyük tse?e jè vintsën vyaajny:
| <code>'^*ax/*ax$ ^*paa/*paa$'^*tyük/*tyük$ ^*tse/*tse$^?<sent>/?<sent>$^*e/*e$ ^*jè/*jè$ ^vintsën<n><sg><px1>/owner<n><sg><px1>$ ^*vyaajny/*vyaajny$^:<sent>/:<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>'*ax *paa'*tyük *tse?*e *jè #owner *vyaajny</code>:
| Now the boss said:
|-
| kajha juu’ müjit.
| <code>^kajha<n><sg>/box<n><sg>$ ^*juu/*juu$' ^*müjit/*müjit$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>box *juu' *müjit.</code>
| Big boxes.
|-
| juu’k tse’e ’anyükojmit jayu ntijumüt, tùùtük kyajha dü ’apiv’uts müjit.
| <code>^*juu/*juu$'^*k/*k$ ^*tse/*tse$'^*e/*e$ '^*anyükojmit/*anyükojmit$ ^jäyu<n><sg>/person<n><sg>$ ^*ntijumüt/*ntijumüt$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^*tùùtük/*tùùtük$ ^*kyajha/*kyajha$ ^*dü/*dü$ '^*apiv/*apiv$'^*uts/*uts$ ^*müjit/*müjit$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>*juu'*k *tse'*e '*anyükojmit person *ntijumüt, *tùùtük *kyajha *dü '*apiv'*uts *müjit.</code>
| And the Totontepecanos, we could say for example, would fill six large boxes.
|-
| jats viijnk jayu nay tùùjtük laata dü ’apiv’ùjtspa, pero mu… ’este pi’k muutskitse’e jüdü’üm jè laata.
| <code>^*jats/*jats$ ^*viijnk/*viijnk$ ^jäyu<n><sg><px1>/person<n><sg><px1>$ ^*nay/*nay$ ^*tùùjtük/*tùùjtük$ ^laata<n><sg><px1>/tin<n><sg><px1>$ ^*dü/*dü$ '^*apiv/*apiv$'^*ùjtspa/*ùjtspa$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^*pero/*pero$ ^*mu/*mu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ '^*este/*este$ ^*pi/*pi$'^*k/*k$ ^*muutskitse/*muutskitse$'^*e/*e$ ^*jüdü/*jüdü$'^*üm/*üm$ ^*jè/*jè$ ^laata<n><sg><px1>/tin<n><sg><px1>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>*jats *viijnk #person *nay *tùùjtük #tin *dü '*apiv'*ùjtspa, *pero *mu... '*este *pi'*k *muutskitse'*e *jüdü'*üm *jè #tin.</code>
| And the others would fill like six tins, but li-um, they were little, thus, those tins.
|-
| ’ax ’akijpxak tse’e yakmujùùyda.
| <code>'^*ax/*ax$ '^*akijpxak/*akijpxak$ ^*tse/*tse$'^*e/*e$ ^*yakmujùùyda/*yakmujùùyda$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>'*ax '*akijpxak *tse'*e *yakmujùùyda.</code>
| And they would pay them the same.
|-
| vanxüp ntijumüt, pën majk peesu ve’e yakmujùùyda y’ijt, tù’kkë’ëyji tse’e tum majk peesu.
| <code>^vanxüp<n><sg><px1>/amount<n><sg><px1>$ ^*ntijumüt/*ntijumüt$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^*pën/*pën$ ^*majk/*majk$ ^*peesu/*peesu$ ^*ve/*ve$'^*e/*e$ ^*yakmujùùyda/*yakmujùùyda$ ^*y/*y$'^*ijt/*ijt$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^*tù/*tù$'^*kkë/*kkë$'^*ëyji/*ëyji$ ^*tse/*tse$'^*e/*e$ ^*tum/*tum$ ^*majk/*majk$ ^*peesu/*peesu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>#amount *ntijumüt, *pën *majk *peesu *ve'*e *yakmujùùyda *y'*ijt, *tù'*kkë'*ëyji *tse'*e *tum *majk *peesu.</code>
| We could say for example, if it was ten pesos they would get paid, everyone would be given ten pesos.
|-
| ka’amts jèm dü ‘akèèka-I jats nay vanxüp yakmujùùyvat ’ax jù’n jè’è juu’ pi’kit laata tü dü ’apiv’uts.
| <code>^*ka/*ka$'^*amts/*amts$ ^*jèm/*jèm$ ^*dü/*dü$ '^*akèèka/*akèèka$-^*I/*I$ ^*jats/*jats$ ^*nay/*nay$ ^vanxüp<n><sg><px1>/amount<n><sg><px1>$ ^*yakmujùùyvat/*yakmujùùyvat$ '^*ax/*ax$ ^*jù/*jù$'^*n/*n$ ^*jè/*jè$'^*è/*è$ ^*juu/*juu$' ^*pi/*pi$'^*kit/*kit$ ^laata<n><sg><px1>/tin<n><sg><px1>$ ^*tü/*tü$ ^*dü/*dü$ '^*apiv/*apiv$'^*uts/*uts$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>*ka'*amts *jèm *dü '*akèèka-*I *jats *nay #amount *yakmujùùyvat '*ax *jù'*n *jè'*è *juu' *pi'*kit #tin *tü *dü '*apiv'*uts.</code>
| It wasn’t fair that they would give them the same amount as the people who filled the little tins.
|-
| jè nde’m jayu dü nüüjma:
| <code>^*jè/*jè$ ^*nde/*nde$'^*m/*m$ ^jäyu<n><sg><px1>/person<n><sg><px1>$ ^*dü/*dü$ ^*nüüjma/*nüüjma$^:<sent>/:<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>*jè *nde'*m #person *dü *nüüjma:</code>
| He said to the boss:
|-
| ’ax, ’ax kum ’amaaxünts jèm jè jayu kyëts.
| <code>'^*ax/*ax$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ '^*ax/*ax$ ^*kum/*kum$ '^*amaaxünts/*amaaxünts$ ^*jèm/*jèm$ ^*jè/*jè$ ^jäyu<n><sg><px1>/person<n><sg><px1>$ ^*kyëts/*kyëts$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>'*ax, '*ax *kum '*amaaxünts *jèm *jè #person *kyëts.</code>
| And the man, the man from here, he defends himself this way, struggling mightily anyway he could to express himself.
|-
| kuutse’e jèp ’ado’om mnëjkxta vintsotse’e jè jayu xjamëëda kotsjada?
| <code>^*kuutse/*kuutse$'^*e/*e$ ^*jèp/*jèp$ '^*ado/*ado$'^*om/*om$ ^*mnëjkxta/*mnëjkxta$ ^*vintsotse/*vintsotse$'^*e/*e$ ^*jè/*jè$ ^jäyu<n><sg><px1>/person<n><sg><px1>$ ^*xjamëëda/*xjamëëda$ ^*kotsjada/*kotsjada$^?<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>*kuutse'*e *jèp '*ado'*om *mnëjkxta *vintsotse'*e *jè #person *xjamëëda *kotsjada?</code>
| When you travel there to the other side, how are you able to speak with those people?
|}

[[Category:Sp22_TranslationPairs]]
[[Category:Mixe]]
[[Category:English]]

Mixe and English

2022-05-01T02:40:29Z

WDENGLE1: Add test results for lexical transfer.

Resources for machine translation between [[Mixe]] and [[English]].

== External resources ==
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/ling073-sp22/ling073-mto-eng Language pair] (internal Swarthmore access may be required to view).
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/ling073-sp22/ling073-mto-eng-corpus Parallel corpus] (internal Swarthmore access may be required to view).
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/ling073-sp22/ling073-mto Mixe transducer] (internal Swarthmore access may be required to view).
* [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng English transducer].

== mto → eng evaluation (lexical transfer) ==

* Monolingual coverage over mto.sentences.txt: 306/702 (~43.6%)
* Bilingual coverage over mto.sentences.txt: 95/531 (~17.9%)

=== Test of lexical transfer over 10 randomly selected sentences ===


{|
!width="25%"| mto
!width="25%"| mto-eng-biltrans
!width="25%"| mto-eng
!width="25%"| eng
|-
| ’ax paa’tyük tse?e jè vintsën vyaajny:
| <code>'^*ax/*ax$ ^*paa/*paa$'^*tyük/*tyük$ ^*tse/*tse$^?<sent>/?<sent>$^*e/*e$ ^*jè/*jè$ ^vintsën<n><sg><px1>/owner<n><sg><px1>$ ^*vyaajny/*vyaajny$^:<sent>/:<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>'*ax *paa'*tyük *tse?*e *jè #owner *vyaajny</code>:
| Now the boss said:
|-
| kajha juu’ müjit.
| <code>^*kajha/*kajha$ ^*juu/*juu$' ^*müjit/*müjit$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>*kajha *juu' *müjit.</code>
| Big boxes.
|-
| juu’k tse’e ’anyükojmit jayu ntijumüt, tùùtük kyajha dü ’apiv’uts müjit.
| <code>^*juu/*juu$'^*k/*k$ ^*tse/*tse$'^*e/*e$ '^*anyükojmit/*anyükojmit$ ^jäyu<n><sg><px1>/person<n><sg><px1>$ ^*ntijumüt/*ntijumüt$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^*tùùtük/*tùùtük$ ^*kyajha/*kyajha$ ^*dü/*dü$ '^*apiv/*apiv$'^*uts/*uts$ ^*müjit/*müjit$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>*juu'*k *tse'*e '*anyükojmit #person *ntijumüt, *tùùtük *kyajha *dü '*apiv'*uts *müjit.</code>
| And the Totontepecanos, we could say for example, would fill six large boxes.
|-
| jats viijnk jayu nay tùùjtük laata dü ’apiv’ùjtspa, pero mu… ’este pi’k muutskitse’e jüdü’üm jè laata.
| <code>^*jats/*jats$ ^*viijnk/*viijnk$ ^jäyu<n><sg><px1>/person<n><sg><px1>$ ^*nay/*nay$ ^*tùùjtük/*tùùjtük$ ^laata<n><sg><px1>/tin<n><sg><px1>$ ^*dü/*dü$ '^*apiv/*apiv$'^*ùjtspa/*ùjtspa$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^*pero/*pero$ ^*mu/*mu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ '^*este/*este$ ^*pi/*pi$'^*k/*k$ ^*muutskitse/*muutskitse$'^*e/*e$ ^*jüdü/*jüdü$'^*üm/*üm$ ^*jè/*jè$ ^laata<n><sg><px1>/tin<n><sg><px1>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>*jats *viijnk #person *nay *tùùjtük #tin *dü '*apiv'*ùjtspa, *pero *mu... '*este *pi'*k *muutskitse'*e *jüdü'*üm *jè #tin.</code>
| And the others would fill like six tins, but li-um, they were little, thus, those tins.
|-
| ’ax ’akijpxak tse’e yakmujùùyda.
| <code>'^*ax/*ax$ '^*akijpxak/*akijpxak$ ^*tse/*tse$'^*e/*e$ ^*yakmujùùyda/*yakmujùùyda$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>'*ax '*akijpxak *tse'*e *yakmujùùyda.</code>
| And they would pay them the same.
|-
| vanxüp ntijumüt, pën majk peesu ve’e yakmujùùyda y’ijt, tù’kkë’ëyji tse’e tum majk peesu.
| <code>^vanxüp<n><sg><px1>/amount<n><sg><px1>$ ^*ntijumüt/*ntijumüt$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^*pën/*pën$ ^*majk/*majk$ ^*peesu/*peesu$ ^*ve/*ve$'^*e/*e$ ^*yakmujùùyda/*yakmujùùyda$ ^*y/*y$'^*ijt/*ijt$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^*tù/*tù$'^*kkë/*kkë$'^*ëyji/*ëyji$ ^*tse/*tse$'^*e/*e$ ^*tum/*tum$ ^*majk/*majk$ ^*peesu/*peesu$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>#amount *ntijumüt, *pën *majk *peesu *ve'*e *yakmujùùyda *y'*ijt, *tù'*kkë'*ëyji *tse'*e *tum *majk *peesu.</code>
| We could say for example, if it was ten pesos they would get paid, everyone would be given ten pesos.
|-
| ka’amts jèm dü ‘akèèka-I jats nay vanxüp yakmujùùyvat ’ax jù’n jè’è juu’ pi’kit laata tü dü ’apiv’uts.
| <code>^*ka/*ka$'^*amts/*amts$ ^*jèm/*jèm$ ^*dü/*dü$ '^*akèèka/*akèèka$-^*I/*I$ ^*jats/*jats$ ^*nay/*nay$ ^vanxüp<n><sg><px1>/amount<n><sg><px1>$ ^*yakmujùùyvat/*yakmujùùyvat$ '^*ax/*ax$ ^*jù/*jù$'^*n/*n$ ^*jè/*jè$'^*è/*è$ ^*juu/*juu$' ^*pi/*pi$'^*kit/*kit$ ^laata<n><sg><px1>/tin<n><sg><px1>$ ^*tü/*tü$ ^*dü/*dü$ '^*apiv/*apiv$'^*uts/*uts$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>*ka'*amts *jèm *dü '*akèèka-*I *jats *nay #amount *yakmujùùyvat '*ax *jù'*n *jè'*è *juu' *pi'*kit #tin *tü *dü '*apiv'*uts.</code>
| It wasn’t fair that they would give them the same amount as the people who filled the little tins.
|-
| jè nde’m jayu dü nüüjma:
| <code>^*jè/*jè$ ^*nde/*nde$'^*m/*m$ ^jäyu<n><sg><px1>/person<n><sg><px1>$ ^*dü/*dü$ ^*nüüjma/*nüüjma$^:<sent>/:<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>*jè *nde'*m #person *dü *nüüjma:</code>
| He said to the boss:
|-
| ’ax, ’ax kum ’amaaxünts jèm jè jayu kyëts.
| <code>'^*ax/*ax$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ '^*ax/*ax$ ^*kum/*kum$ '^*amaaxünts/*amaaxünts$ ^*jèm/*jèm$ ^*jè/*jè$ ^jäyu<n><sg><px1>/person<n><sg><px1>$ ^*kyëts/*kyëts$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>'*ax, '*ax *kum '*amaaxünts *jèm *jè #person *kyëts.</code>
| And the man, the man from here, he defends himself this way, struggling mightily anyway he could to express himself.
|-
| kuutse’e jèp ’ado’om mnëjkxta vintsotse’e jè jayu xjamëëda kotsjada?
| <code>^*kuutse/*kuutse$'^*e/*e$ ^*jèp/*jèp$ '^*ado/*ado$'^*om/*om$ ^*mnëjkxta/*mnëjkxta$ ^*vintsotse/*vintsotse$'^*e/*e$ ^*jè/*jè$ ^jäyu<n><sg><px1>/person<n><sg><px1>$ ^*xjamëëda/*xjamëëda$ ^*kotsjada/*kotsjada$^?<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</code>
| <code>*kuutse'*e *jèp '*ado'*om *mnëjkxta *vintsotse'*e *jè #person *xjamëëda *kotsjada?</code>
| When you travel there to the other side, how are you able to speak with those people?
|}

[[Category:Sp22_TranslationPairs]]
[[Category:Mixe]]
[[Category:English]]

Lexical transfer

2022-04-05T15:28:24Z

WDENGLE1: Remove corpus from external resources section

A previous version of this document is available at [[Spring 2018/Lexical transfer]].

== Machine Translation ==
=== Corpus-based approaches ===

Corpus-based approaches comprise '''Neural Machine Translation''' ('''NMT''') and '''Statistical Machine Translation''' ('''SMT'''), an are what's used in most dominant MT systems out there.

SMT use parallel text in two languages (e.g., translations of the same material into two different languages) and algorithms that attempt to find correspondences between the texts. NMT also uses parallel texts, and learns correspondences through neural nets. The resulting model of either can then predict to some extent text in one language when it encounters previously unseen text in the other language.

Both approaches requires '''large amounts of parallel text''' to work well, and ~naïve models do not do well with '''morphologically rich languages'''.

# Can you think why this might be?

=== RBMT ===

'''Rule-Based Machine Translation''' ('''RBMT''') is of marginal popularity these days.

RBMT requires '''manual encoding of linguistic generalisations''' (e.g., hand-writing dictionaries, writing rules to change word order and grammatical properties, etc.), and '''does not require much parallel text''' for development. (Though it's good to use a certain amount for evaluation—but you don't need nearly as much for development.)

RBMT can leverage good morphological models of morphologically rich languages, and hence can '''perform well for morphologically rich languages'''. RBMT systems are much easier to develop for languages with similar structure (like closely-related languages or languages that are part of the same linguistic area), and are much harder to develop for dissimilar languages.

=== Comparison ===
# What are the main advantages of SMT over RBMT?

# What are the main disadvantages of SMT as compared to RBMT?

# What are the main advantages of RBMT over SMT?

# What are the main disadvantages of RBMT as compared to SMT?

=== Other questions ===
# Why do you think we're using RBMT in this class?
# Why might we want to develop an MT system between two closely related languages?

=== How Apertium works ===

Apertium is an RBMT system that uses a [[:apertium:pipeline|pipeline]] consisting of a series of tools, several of them optional or interchangeable.

== First steps towards MT ==

The first step we're going to be working on is '''lexical transfer'''. This basically just consists of making a bilingual dictionary.

In Apertium, lexical transfer matches the '''lemma and tags''' from the source-language (SL) side of the dictionary and simply replaces them with the lemma and tags on the target-language (TL) side of the dictionary. Any rearranging of tags and word-order will be dealt with later, in [[structural transfer]].

This means that for any given entry you want to add a lemma, a POS tags, and any subcategory tags, but ''not'' grammatical tags. One simple example is <code>house{{tag|n}}</code> ↔ <code>casa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}</code>, where the lemmas, POS tag <code>{{tag|n}}</code>, and a subcategory tag <code>{{tag|f}}</code> are in the lexicon, but no number tags (e.g., <code>{{tag|sg}}</code>, <code>{{tag|pl}}</code>) are.

Also, since many words in a given language have multiple translations into another language, there will often be ambiguity. [[Lexical selection]] (what we'll work on next week) will allow us to resolve this ambiguity.

== Things that will be good to know ==
=== Adding to the dictionary ===
You can add entries to the <code>apertium-xyz-abc.xyz-abc.dix</code> file in the "main" section. This dictionary is in XML format, the basics of which you can learn about in the first chapter of [https://www.sitepoint.com/really-good-introduction-xml/ this introduction to XML].

An entry might look like this, with a translation from the "left side" (in <code><l></code> tags) to the right side (in <code><r></code> tags):
<pre>
<e><l>үй<s n="n"/></l> <r>house<s n="n"/></r></e>
</pre>

Remember that you only want to include the stem and the category and subcategory tags, not any grammatical tags (i.e., no singular or plural; no cases; etc.).

If you have a word that is '''present in one language but not another''' (e.g., it's realised as a tag instead of as a word), you can add an entry like this:
<pre>
<e r="LR"><l>not<s n="adv"/></l> <r></r></e>
</pre>

The <code>r="LR"</code> attribute ensures that "not" gets rendered as null when translating from abc to xyz, whereas null doesn't always get realised as "not" when translating from xyz to abc (which would cause issues...). You can reverse it to <code>r="RL"</code> if a similar generalisation holds in the other direction.

Then:
# Make sure each of these stems is in the respective monolingual dictionaries ( lexc files)
# Compile (<code>make</code>, for each transducer and then the bilingual pair) and check for errors.
# Test, e.g. <code>echo "үй" | apertium -d . xyz-abc</code> and debug (see [[#Testing]] for more details)
# Commit!

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-kir-eng Here's the example from class].

=== Testing ===

You can test a translation like this:
echo "үйлөр" | apertium -d . kir-eng

There are three main types of output you could get:
* <code>houses</code> — yay, everything worked and you got a valid translation!
* <code>#house</code> — the stems are in the dictionary and translating properly, but it can't generate the exact form in the destination language
* <code>*үйлөр</code> — the word cannot be analysed by the source language transducer or is not in the dictionary.

At this stage you want one of the first two outputs for everything—no <code>*</code>s!

To see why <code>#house</code> fails, you can check what the dictionary is translating, like this:
echo "үйлөр" | apertium -d . kir-eng-biltrans

The output might look like this:
^үй<n><pl><nom>/house<n><pl><nom>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$

This is telling you that the source language transducer is analysing the input as үй{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} and is translating the stem correctly as house{{tag|n}} and keeping the other tags. In this case, the reason that it can't generate the output form is that there is no {{tag|nom}} tag in English. This is a nice grammatical difference. Later you'll want a [[transfer rules|transfer rule]] to remove this tag, and possibly make word order adjustments based on it.

=== Evaluating: calculating unknown/total words ===
Count the total number of tokens in the sentence/corpus ('''total number of words'''):
echo "put your sentence here" | apertium -d . xyz-abc | sed 's/ /\n/g' | wc -l
OR
cat corpus.txt | apertium -d . xyz-abc | sed 's/ /\n/g' | wc -l

Count the number of tokens not found in the dictionary ('''number of unknown words'''):
echo "put your sentence here" | apertium -d . xyz-abc | sed 's/ /\n/g' | grep '*' | wc -l
OR
cat corpus.txt | apertium -d . xyz-abc | sed 's/ /\n/g' | grep '*' | wc -l

Your goal is to decrease the ratio of unknown words to total number of words, ideally to 0.

=== Additional guidance ===
If you get a '''segfault''', there are two things to try:
<ol>
<li>Try <code>make clean</code> and run <code>make</code> and try again.</li>
<li>If that doesn't help, try this:</li>
<ol>
<li>Remove the following blocks from <code>modes.xml</code> in your translation pair:
<pre> <program name="apertium-tagger -g $2">
<file name="abc-xyz.prob"/>
</program></pre>

<pre> <program name="apertium-tagger -g $2">
<file name="xyz-abc.prob"/>
</program></pre></li>
<li>Change all instances of <code>"cg-proc -w"</code> to <code>"cg-proc -w -1 -n"</code></li>
<li>Run <code>make</code> and try again.</li>
</ol>
</ol>

== The assignment ==
This assignment is due at the end of the 9th week of class (this semester: '''end of the day Friday, April 1st, 2022, at midnight''')

=== Figure out what language pair you'll work on ===
# Figure out who and what languages you'd like to work with on MT (source and destination languages). You can chose to work in the same or different groups, and to work with the language you're already working on or with a different language. This is an opportunity to regroup, especially if you don't enjoy the language you're working on, or you're having trouble working in your current group, etc.
#* '''The simplest case''' is that the source language is the language you've been working on this semester and the destination language is English or another language you know well (are able to easily make sense of text in the language) and that has an open source transducer (e.g., in Apertium). In this case, your language pair would be '''xyz-eng'''.
#* You may also choose to do MT between your language and:
#** a closely related or structurally extremely similar language (e.g., that mark similar things on the same parts of speech and/or that have similar word order)
#** a language spoken in close proximity to your language or shares similar cultural influences, even if unrelated (harder)
#** a random other language that another group in the class has been working on (usually hardest)
#* You may work in groups of 2 or 3, or in some rare cases I may allow groups of 4.
#** In groups of 3 or 4 where both languages have been worked on up to this point in the course, each language should be both a source and destination of translation (will double the work for future assignments). Each person on the group should work on MT ''to'' the language they've been working with so far.
#** Otherwise, you should choose a destination language that's a language you're comfortable with.
#** In general, the destination language you work on MT for (the "target language") should be the language of the pair that you're most comfortable with.
# Get additional repositories set up:
#* '''If you are working with someone who's done another language in this class''':
#** Share the corpus, keyboard, and transducer repos with each other. I.e., give each other read access (not necessarily write access).
#** Fork the repos that were shared with you. Do this through the github interface.
#** Clone the forked repos locally (in your ~/ling073 directory).
#** You'll want to look at the corpus repo for this assignment, and probably make sure you can type in the language too too, and you'll want the other stuff around for later. We'll also talk more about forking, pull requests, etc. as needed.

=== Set up the language pair ===
# Get the transducer for the second language you're working with.
#* [https://www.github.com/apertium/ Apertium's github repository] has transducers for a lot of languages.
#** I recommend that you '''fork the transducer on github''' (i.e., copy the project to your own github account) so that you can make changes to it easily as needed (and potentially submit those changes back to Apertium at some point). For this you'll need a github.com account, you'll need to set up an ssh key for it, and you'll need to make sure both members of your group have write access to it.
#** Alternatively, you can just clone the repository, make an empty repository of the same name in our class github group, add that repository as an additional remote to your cloned copy, and push to it and set it as the default remote.
#* After forking the repository as appropriate, clone it locally into the same directory as your <code>ling073-xyz</code> repository (not "inside" your transducer repository, but "next to" it).
#* You can keep the name, e.g. <code>apertium-abc</code>--i.e., you don't need to rename it to <code>ling073-abc</code>.
#* Make sure to initialise (<code>./autogen.sh</code>) and compile (<code>make</code>) it.
# '''Bootstrap a translation pair''' to work on in your group. See [[apertium-init#Bootstrapping a translation pair]].
# Make sure you're in the AUTHORS file and that the COPYING file reflects an open source license that you're okay with. Commit the language pair and add a link on the <code>Language1 and Language2</code> wiki page.

=== Start a wiki page ===
'''Create a page on the wiki''' named "LanguageX and LanguageY" (either order, and just one page).
* Add the page to the category [[:Category:Sp22_TranslationPairs]] and the categories for each of the languages.
* Put a note at the top along the lines of "Resources for machine translation between LanguageX and LanguageY", where the language names are wiki links (even if one of the languages currently doesn't have any content—but at least kne should).
* Add a link on each of the existing language pages to this new page (under a category like "Resources developed for LanguageX"), making a similar note as above.
* Make a section called "External resources" and link to the following:
** The repository for your new language pair
** The repository for each transducer

=== Assemble a small parallel corpus ===
# '''Create a repository''' named <code>ling073-xyz-abc-corpus</code> in the course github group. Make sure both/all collaborators have full access to it. Put a link to it on the wiki page in a section title "Developed resources".
# '''Construct a parallel corpus''' of at least 1000 characters in the source language (500 characters if a syllabic writing system). Note that the parallel text you already have can be leveraged here. If you're working with two unfamiliar languages (e.g., joining forces with another group in the class to work on translation between languages you've both developed transducers for), halve this number.
#* The corpus should consist of '''sentences with the same meaning''', one per line. You can extract sentences from translations of the same text (e.g., bible translations or the Universal Declaration of Human Rights), or use phrasebook examples that are similar.
#* If you're working with two unfamiliar languages, you can also try to use example sentences from your sources to try to construct grammatical sentences with similar meaning, but make note of this.
#* In extreme cases, you may include short phrases (as opposed to full sentences) with the same meaning, but please speak with the professor about this as soon as possible.
# '''Populate two files''' <code>xyz.sentences.txt</code> and <code>abc.sentences.txt</code> with the parallel text, one sentence per line.
#* If you're not working with English or another language you read easily, I recommend adding <code>eng.sentences.txt</code> as well to keep track of what the sentences mean.
# Include a <code>LICENSE</code>, <code>AUTHORS</code>, and <code>MANIFEST</code> files as before (the latter to note origin and licensing of groups of sentences and any other notes).

=== Add to the lexicon ===
# '''Expand your transducer''' by adding all the stems and morphology needed to make at least 10 of the sentences (in the translation source language) in your parallel corpus ''analyse'' fully.
# '''Add translations''' for each stem in those same sentences to the <code>apertium-xyz-abc.xyz-abc.dix</code> file.
# Make some decisions to '''bring your tagsets closer together''' for the two transducers, as possible—e.g., if the transducers use different tags for what amount to the same thing, or if you are or are not marking a particular feature. Examples:
#* You may have used any of {{tag|v}}, {{tag|vb}}, {{tag|vblex}}, {{tag|verb}} for verbs—it would be good (but not necessary) if both languages used the same tag.
#* If one transducer marks transitivity on verbs and one doesn't, you might add that.
#* If one marks {{tag|sg}} versus {{tag|pl}}, and the other just has {{tag|pl}} or lack of it, figure out if there's a linguistic basis for this decision in each language. It may be that there is, in which case you can deal with it later; but if the languages don't differ in how they do things, pick one and make both transducers do this.
#* You probably will want to bring your grammatical information tags closer together, e.g., {{tag|nz}}/{{tag|nmz}} and {{tag|ger}} could potentially be combined.
#* '''However''', you probably shouldn't [need to] change an existing transducer in major ways, and you shouldn't override [non-arbitrary] decisions you've already made about the tagset for your language just to make it more similar to an existing language!
# '''Find more words''' (examine dictionaries, texts) so that there's a total of at least 50 words, with at least 10 nouns and 10 verbs.
#* Make sure all the words that you've added to the bilingual dictionary are in the monolingual dictionaries as well (i.e., add anything that's missing).

=== Evaluate ===
# Create a section on your <code>Language1 and Language2</code> wiki page called <code>xyz → abc evaluation</code>.
# Report the coverage (number of forms analysed) of your monolingual transducer on your <code>xyz.sentences.txt</code> file.
# Report the coverage of your bilingual transducer (<code>xyz-abc.automorf.bin</code>) on the same file.
#* You'll need the <code>[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/tools/blob/master/coverage-lt.sh coverage-lt.sh]</code> script. You can save it in your repo by clicking raw, copying the entirety of the script, running <code>cat > coverage-lt.sh</code>, pasting the script, hitting <kbd>Enter</kbd> and then <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>c</kbd>. Then you'll want to run <code>chmod +x coverage-lt.sh</code> so that you can run it directly. Then simply do <code>./coverage-lt.sh corpus.txt analyser.bin</code>.
# Finally, for each of the 10 sentences you worked on, post on the wiki page the following:
#* The original sentence,
#* The intended English translation,
#* The output of your <code>xyz-abc-biltrans</code> (lexical transfer) mode,
#* The output of your <code>xyz-abc</code> (full translation) mode.

Make sure to commit and push your language pairs, corpora (including sentences files), and any changes you made to the transducers!

[[Category:Assignments]]
[[Category:Lexical transfer]]

English

2022-04-03T20:35:13Z

WDENGLE1: Fix wikilinks, dash usage, and add a new link

==Developed Resources==

===Translation===
* [[Miskito and English|Miskito–English Machine Translator]]
* [[English and Nivkh|English–Nivkh machine translator]]
* [[Tiwi and English|Tiwi–English Machine Translator]]
* [[Ladino and English|Ladino–English Machine Translator]]
* [[Waray and English|Waray–English Machine Translator]]
* [[Mixe and English|Mixe–English Machine Translator]]

[[Category:English]]

Mixe

2022-04-03T20:30:25Z

WDENGLE1: Link pages

Language being worked on by [[user:WDENGLE1|Bill Dengler]] and [[user:Eresend1|Elizabeth Resendiz]]. Specifically: Totontepec Mixe (ISO: mto).

Note that of all Mixean varieties, mto is most closely related to pxm.

Resource for resources:
*Oxford Bibliographies [https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199772810/obo-9780199772810-0136.xml?rskey=jROuP7&result=181 Mixe-Zoquean Languages]
**Lists a decent amount of Sayula (pos) resources which we haven't yet looked into (and likely won't, if another variety works out for us).
*[https://www.sil.org/resources/search/language/mto SIL archives ]

== Developed resources ==
*Keyboard layout ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/mto-keyboard GitHub repo (internal Swarthmore access may be required)], [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Mixe/Keyboard documentation])
* [[Mixe and English | Machine translation resources]]

== External resources ==
=== By language variety ===
*Quetzaltepec (Chuxnaban) (pxm)
**Apparently, other than in Jany's work, there is relatively little modern literature on pxm. Most is from Colonial times.
** [[#pxmOrth | Discussion of orthography, plus info on grammar]]
** [[#pxmBible | Audio and text bible translation]]
** [[#pxmNom | Examination of nominal compounding]]
*Totontepec (mto)
** [[#mtoDict | Dictionary]]
** [[#mtoDesc | Broad description]]
** [[#mtoThesis | Master's Thesis on applicative constructions]]
** [[#generalEncy | Mixe-Zoquean Languages encyclopedia entry]]
** [[#mtoDisf | Paper on disfrasismos. Story transcription]]
** [[#mtoWiki | Small wiki in Totontepec and Spanish]]
** [[#mtoAtt | Paper on development of a standard Mixe orthography]]
** [https://www.faithcomesbyhearing.com/audio-bible-resources/recordings-database Bible] (text and audio)
** [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/56304 link] collection of text from SIL
*Tlahuitoltepec (Ayutla) (mxp)
** [[#mxpDiss | Grammar (dissertation)]]
** [[#mxpPhon | Phonotactics]]
** [[#mxpSketch | Some phonetics, text, and example sentences]]
** 1980 sketch of the grammar (see email from Jonathan). Titled: Mixe de Tlahuitoltepec, Oaxaca.

=== By type ===
==== Computational ====
*A short paper that presents the first neural machine translator system for Ayuuk (ISO: mir)
** Delfino Zacarias, Ivan Meza 2021. [https://aclanthology.org/2021.americasnlp-1.19.pdf Ayuuk-Spanish Neural Machine Translator]
** Includes resources on developing corpora and NMTs for low-resource languages

==== Dictionaries ====
* Dictionary of Totontepec (mto) variety. Likely bilingual, Spanish and Totontepec.
**Schoenhals, Alvin, and Louise C. Schoenhals. 1965. Vocabulario mixe de Totontepec
**Available through SIL [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/10965]
{{comment|You can request things from Princeton through ILL: https://www.swarthmore.edu/libraries/borrowing-beyond-trico -JNW}}

==== Grammatical descriptions ====
* Grammar of Ayutla(Tlahuitoltepec) (ISO: mxp) variety. Doctoral dissertation by Rodrigo Romero-Mendez.
** According to Oxford Bibliographies, "contains frequent comparative remarks concerning other Mixe-Zoquean languages."
**Copyrighted, all rights reserved.
** [https://arts-sciences.buffalo.edu/content/dam/arts-sciences/linguistics/AlumniDissertations/Romero-Mendez%20dissertation.pdf 2009 A Reference Grammar of Ayutla Mixe]
**Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License

* A broad description of the Totontepec (ISO: mto) variety of North Highlands Mixe. Particular emphasis on applicative constructions.
** Master's Thesis by Veronica Guzman Guzman. 2012. Las construcciones aplicativas en el mixe de Totontepec
**Obtained pdf through ILL

==== Scientific works ====
* A discussion of orthography design for Mixe languages, focusing on Chuxnaban (Quetzaltepec (ISO: pxm)).
**Includes:
***a phonemic inventory and its representation in Janey's proposed orthography
***Some discussion of phonological processes
***examples of Chuxnaban words and phrases
***a table comparing many of the mixean orthographies that are and have been used for various varieties
** 2010 Carmen Janey [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/4481/jany.pdf;jsessionid=C40A89F204744A496CE63E8B2FD9133A?sequence=1 Orthography Design for Chuxnaban Mixe]

*An overview of structural aspects of Mixe-Zoquean languages (not specific to any one variety of Mixe)
**[https://tricolib.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/openurl?institution=01TRI_INST&vid=01TRI_INST:SC&date=2009&%3Fsid=oup:obo&aulast=Rhodes&genre=bookitem&title=Concise%20encyclopedia%20of%20languages%20of%20the%20world&atitle=Mixe-Zoquean%20languages Mixe-Zoquean Languages]
** A short discussion of general phonology, morphology, and syntax of the language family and the distinguishing features of the two branches (Mixe and Zoque).
**Some examples from Totontepec (ISO: mto) (and other less relevant Mixean varieties)
**In print. Obtained from Trico libraries.

* A paper on "disfrasismos" in North Highland Mixe. Also discussed the language and its speakers more generally. Includes a transcription of a story told in Totontepec by a native speaker.
**Daniel Suslak 2010. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40929739 Battered Spanish, Eloquent Mixe: Form and Function of Mixe Difrasismos]
**JSTOR [https://about.jstor.org/terms/#content-use permitted uses]

*Phonological, morphosyntactic, and semantic examination of nominal compounding in Quetzaltepec (pxm)
** Carmen Jany 2013. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/671774?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents "Defining Nominal Compounding as a Productive Word-Formation Process in Chuxnabán Mixe"]
** All rights reserved

* Discussion of Tlahuitoltepec phonotactics
**Esther Herrera Zendejas 2009. Formas sonoras: Mapa fónico de las lenguas mexicanas.
**Requested from UPenn through EZBorrow

* Tlahuitoltepec: a brief phonological sketch; a short, analyzed text; around 600 analyzed sentences illustrating different types of construction; and a short vocabulary.
** Could [https://ezborrow.reshare.indexdata.com/Record/476a0a0f-9171-4396-94e8-3ab8854433e1 request] from University of Pittsburgh through EXBorrow

* !! Paper on the efforts to standardize Mixe orthography. Considers many factors, including the positions/attitudes of the many communities involved.
**John Benjamins 2003 [https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/prag.13.4.06sus The story of ö]
**ö is particularly significant in Totontepec (mto)

====Corpora====

* Bible translation in Totontepec (ISO: mto) variety. Includes text and audio.
**Copyrighted, all rights reserved. Permitted for personal, non-commercial use.
** [http://live.bible.is/bible/MTOTBL/MRK/1 Bible.is] 2013 Sociedad Bíblica de México, A.C.
* Wikimedia for Totontepec (ISO: mto) variety. 10 pages, mostly pictures of animals and what they're called in Totontepec.
**Wikimedia's [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use/en terms of use]: free to read, print, share, and reuse articles under free and open licenses.
** [https://incubator.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/mto/Main_Page mto main page]

*Transcription of a story about coffee-picking told in Totontepec by a native speaker. Transcription of a small discussion on English. Some additional examples. For each line/phrase, records: phrasal transcriptions, morpheme-level transcripts, English glosses, English translations.
**Daniel Suslak 2010. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40929739 Battered Spanish, Eloquent Mixe: Form and Function of Mixe Difrasismos]
**JSTOR [https://about.jstor.org/terms/#content-use permitted uses]

[[Category:sp22_ResourceDocumentation]], [[Category:Mixe]]

Mixe and English

2022-04-03T20:27:27Z

WDENGLE1: Initial create.

Mixe/Transducer

2022-03-04T05:01:22Z

WDENGLE1: Initial create

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/ling073-sp22/ling073-mto GitHub repository] (internal Swarthmore access may be required to view).

== Notes ==

== Evaluation ==

[[Category:Sp22_Transducers]]

Mixe/Grammar

2022-02-28T03:18:51Z

WDENGLE1: Split unified rules, act II

Useful resources
*[https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/65/55/00/65550069179862137561760454755644251082/mto_vocabulario.pdf mto-Spanish vocabulary]
*[https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/38/05/70/38057030289908196733636534160280247658/10477.pdf mto Phonotagemics]
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40929739?seq=4#metadata_info_tab_contents paper / mto text and interlinear glosses]
*[https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/4481/jany.pdf;jsessionid=C40A89F204744A496CE63E8B2FD9133A?sequence=1 paper on orthography - some examples; useful for "translating" between various texts, ipa, etc]
*Master's thesis on applicative constructions

== Main parts of speech ==
*verbs
*nouns (nominal phrases, glossed FN in Guzman)
** {{morphTest|kumöön{{tag|n}}|kumööntömpä ''(citizen)''}} {{InlineComment|If this is a nominalised verb, it should probably be {{tag|v}}{{tag|nmz}}. The POS can't be *both* {{tag|n}} and {{tag|v}}. On the other hand, this looks like derivational morphology, so only do this if it's relatively productive; otherwise, just call it {{tag|n}}. -JNW}}
** {{morphTest|jäyu{{tag|n}}|jäyu}} ''(person)''
** {{morphTest|limösnä{{tag|n}}|limösnä}} ''(alms)'' (very likely a Spanish loan)
*proclitics
** {{morphTest|të{{tag|pro_perf}}|të}}
** {{morphTest|kë{{tag|pro_contrafactual}}|kë}}
{{comment|not sure if proclitics and enclitics count as parts of speech, but they are sometimes written as their own words in Mixe, so...}}
{{comment|This sort of thing is always tricky. What's the difference between the proclitics and enclitics? How is each used? -JNW}}
*aspectual enclitics
** {{morphTest|nä{{tag|enc}}|nä}}
** {{morphTest|nu{{tag|enc}}|nu}}
** {{morphTest|tä{{tag|enc}}|tä}}
** {{morphTest|äni{{tag|enc}}|äni}}
** {{morphTest|m{{tag|enc}}|m}}
*auxiliaries
** {{morphTest|kä'ä{{tag|aux}}|kä'ä}} ''(negative auxiliary)''
** {{morphTest|xip{{tag|adj}}|xip}} ''(in there)''
** {{morphTest|poo'p{{tag|adj}}|poo'p}} ''(white)''
** {{morphTest|yëk{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|yëk-käätä}} ''(black bulls)''
*determiners and demonstratives
**{{morphTest|jä{{tag|det}}|jä}} ''(the)''
**{{morphTest|xii{{tag|dem}}|xii}} ''(that)''
**{{morphTest|xää{{tag|dem}}|xää}} ''(that, that(distant))''
*numerals
*post-positions

== Sets of alternations or systems (grammar points) ==

=== Verbs ===
{{comment|A couple things here. First of all, POS tags need to come firsts, then subcategory, then grammatical tags. Secondly, tag names should be kept short, ideally within 3 or 4 characters if possible. You don't need to say whether something is obligatory or not, as that's a morphotactic thing and not a syntactic thing. Also, if there are multiple properties you want to mark, separate them into separate tags. -JNW}}
Verbs are generally of the form: person.prefix - stem - time/aspect.suffix [https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/65/55/00/65550069179862137561760454755644251082/mto_vocabulario.pdf p.303].
Like other Mixe-Zoquean languages, mto verbs are characterized as independent or dependent, which we respectively tag <idt> and <dep>. (Note that the Apertium tag <ind> marks indefiniteness, not independence.)
{{comment|Still not sure if all verbs must be independent or dependent, or if a verb can be neither or unspecified.}}
* {{morphTest|näjcx{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|p2}}|mnäjcxp}} ''(you are going)''
* {{morphTest|vaꞌan{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|fut}}|vyaꞌanüt}} ''(he/she will say/tell)''

There are 20 possible morpheme positions for any given verb. These morphemes mark and include aspect/mood, person, negation, modals, intensifiers, valence-changers, the verb stem, adverbial, plural, inverse, still/also, completive vs incompletive vs irrealis, dependent vs independent, and aspectual enclitics (an enclitic is something like ''n't'' in English).
Apertium has tense/aspect tags, but none that seem to line up with the aspects used in mto. So, we tag nonobligatory aspect morphology <asp> (for now, but I haven't yet determined whether we need to tag this). <o_sg1> is a standard Apertium tag, denoting second person singular object. <a_sg1> is first person singular agent. <its> denotes intensifier morphology. < ins > is instrumental. <inv> is inverse. <cpl> is completive aspect. <icpl> is incompletive aspect. <lex> is a lexical affix (e.g MOUTH). <apl> is applicative. <irr> is irrealis mood. <inc> is inceptive. <des> is desiderative.

* {{morphTest|näjcx{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|decisive}}{{tag|asp}}{{tag|fut}} |ñäjcxtinuvat}} ''(they also will go)''

* {{morphTest|vop{{tag|v}}{{tag|o_sg2}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|its}}{{tag|ins}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|asp}}{{tag|cpl}}| mtuntukvojpjitinï ''(they already hit you a lot with)''}}

* {{morphTest|jöy{{tag|v}}{{tag|o_sg2}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|its}}{{tag|its}}{{tag|ins}}{{tag|lex}}{{tag|apl}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|idt}}|mjää’ktuntuk’äjöyävääjnjïtup ''(wants to buy it from you once again)''}}

* {{morphTest|kots{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|a_sg1}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|its}}{{tag|apl}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|idt}}|nkätunkojtsjip ''((people say) I really don't give advice to)''}}

* {{morphTest|kotsnäx{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|a_sg3}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|des}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|idt}}|kyotsnäx’ukvä’änuväämp ''(he/she wants to start talking)''}}

Verbal morphology is mostly agglutinative, but some morphemes fuse, likely for phonological reasons.
* E.G 'y-' (p3) + 'näjcx' (go) = 'ñäjcx'
** {{morphTest|ñäjcx{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}|he/she goes}}
** NOTE: my current understanding is that ''ñäjcx'' can't stand alone. That is, it requires further morphemes to be grammatical.

=== Base verb forms ===
mto verbs fall into two categories: invariable and variable. Invariable verbs have regular base forms that don't change when they co-occur with other morphemes. Variable verbs, however, are irregular and do change depending on surrounding morphemes. Specifically, their forms may be dependent on morphology expressing inverse, aspect, mode, and valence-changing.
*{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}|run}}
**{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|nöm}}
**{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{{tag|irr}}{{tag|idt}}|nöm}}
**{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|dep}}|nöm}}
***{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|nömï ''(run!)''}}
**{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|idt}}|nööm}}
**{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|idt}}|nööm}}
***{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl_idt_iv}}|mnöömp ''(you run)''}}
***{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|idt}}|mnööm ''(you ran)''}}
**{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|dep}}|num}}
**{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|dep}}|nujm}}

*{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}|go up}}
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|pat}}
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|idt}}|pat}}
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|dep}}|pat}}
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|pajt}}
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|idt}}|pajt}}
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|dep}}|pajt}}
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|dep}}|pet}}
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|dep}}|pejt}}

*{{morphTest|'oo'k{{tag|v}}|die}}
**{{morphTest|'oo'k{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|'oo'k}}
**{{morphTest|'oo'k{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|idt}}|'oo'k}}
**{{morphTest|'oo'k{{tag|v}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|idt}}|'oo'k}}
**{{morphTest|'oo'k{{tag|v}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|idt}}|'oo'k}}
**{{morphTest|'oo'k{{tag|v}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|dep}}|'oo'k}}
**{{morphTest|'oo'k{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|dep}}|'ëë'k}}
**{{morphTest|'oo'k{{tag|v}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|dep}}|'ëë'k}}

Person markers and tense/aspect markers depend on transitivity, whether it's in the "conjunctive" or "disjunctive" mode, and (for transitive verbs) whether a subject or object is being referred to.
{{comment|not yet sure what the difference b/w the 2 modes are. In fact, might just replace this w something closer to Guzman's explanation -Elizabeth}}

{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="6"|Basic verb morphology (p307)
|- style="font-style: italic; text-align: center;"
|rowspan="2"|Mode
|rowspan="2"|Person
|rowspan="2"|Intransitive
|colspan="2"|Transitive
|-
|Subject indicated
|Object indicated
|-
|rowspan="3"|Conjunctive
|1
|n-
|n-
|x-
|-
|2
|m-
|x-
|m- -jü
|-
|3
|y-
|tü-
|y- -jü
|-
|rowspan="3"|Disjunctive
|1
|#-
|n-
|x-
|-
|2
|m-
|m-
|m- -jü
|-
|3
|#-
|y-
|#- -jü
|}

Mto is an inversely hierarchical language, meaning that a verb can't agree with more than one argument at a time, regardless of transitivity. An intransitive verb agrees with its subject. A transitive verb agrees with whichever of its arguments is highest on the following hierarchy of person features: 1st>2nd>3rd(proximate)>3rd(obviative) (Gúzman, 35). When a verb has more than one 3rd-person referent, the more salient is called proximate, and the less salient obviative.

==== Transitivity ====
Verbs are intransitive by default. They are transitivized with a person-indicating prefix. [[https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/65/55/00/65550069179862137561760454755644251082/mto_vocabulario.pdf p.304]]
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="6"|Transitive form
|- style="font-style: italic"
| Verb
| Translation
| Person indicator
|-
|n'ixp äts
|'I'm watching (something)'
|n-
|-
|m'ixp mits
|'you're watching (something)'
|m-
|-
|y-ixp jë'ë
|'he/she is watching (something)'
|y-
|-
! colspan="6"|Intransitive form
|-
|ixp äts
|'I'm watching'
|none
|-
|m'ixp mits
|'you're watching'
|m-
|-
|ixp jë'ë
|'he/she is watching'
|none
|}

=== Other verb morphology (probably most useful for transducer stuff) ===
{{comment|Using our keyboard layout, "+i currently gives Ï, not lowercase i with an umlaut. Need to double check and fix if necessary.}}
{{comment|Need to add explanations for '''independent vs dependent constructions''' and '''inverse constructions''' and '''completive vs incompletive'''}}
When surface and underlying form differ, the underlying form is indicated like so: /form/.

==== Morphology for intransitive verbs (lack of <tv> = intransitive) ====
{{comment|May need to change order of some of the tags, depending on whether they matter syntactically.}}
*Imperative verbs
** Imperative <imp>: -ï
**: {{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|nömï}} ''run!''
**: {{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|patï}} ''rise!''
**: {{morphTest|nëjkx{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|nëjkxï}} ''go!''
*Verbs in independent constructions
**Incompletive <idt><icpl>: -p
**: {{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mnöömp}} ''you run/you're running''
**: {{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mpajtp}} ''you rise/you're rising''
**: {{morphTest|nëjkx{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mnëjkxp}} ''you go/you're going''
**Completive <idt><cpl>: /-W/ → Ø
**: {{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mnööm}} ''you ran''
**: {{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mpajt}} ''you rose''
**: {{morphTest|nëjkx{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mnëjkx}} ''you went''
**Irrealis <idt><irr>: -up
**: {{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|mnömup}} ''you will run''
**: {{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|mpatup}} ''you will rise''
**: {{morphTest|nëjkx{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|mnëjkxup}} ''you will go''
*Verbs in dependent constructions
**Incompletive <dep><icpl>: /-I/ → Ø (construction: kä'ä=m_) {{InlineComment| -I seems to sometimes show up phonetically, but generally doesn't. I haven't yet figured out how to predict when it will or won't be pronounced. Guzman notes that she uses uppercase letters for reconstructed morphemes. Might be that this is a silent morpheme that affects surrounding morphology. Or maybe it's better analyzed as a fusional feature. I.e. to form a dependent, incompletive, intransitive verb form, you don't add a <tv><dep><inc> morpheme; rather, the verb stem itself "changes" to reflects this.)}}
**: {{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mnum}} ''you (don't) run/you're (not) running''
**: {{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mpet}} ''you (don't) rise/you're (not) rising''
**: {{morphTest|nëjkx{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mnïjkx}} ''you (don't) go/you're (not) going''
**Completive <dep><cpl>: /-jI/ → Ø
**: {{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mnujm}} ''you didn't run''
**: {{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mpejt}} ''you didn't rise''
**: {{morphTest|nëjkx{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mnïjkx}} ''you didn't go''
**Irrealis <dep><irr>: -ït
**: {{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|mnömït}} ''you will not run''
**: {{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|mpatït}} ''you will not rise''
**: {{morphTest|nëjkx{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|mnëjkxït}} ''you will not go''

==== Morphology for transitive verbs <tv> ====
{{comment|Should I tag transitive verbs <v><tv> or just <tv>?}}

*Imperative <tv><imp>: -ï
*: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}|pää'tï}} ''find it!''
*: {{morphTest|këë'ts{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}|këë'tsï}} ''break it!''
*: {{morphTest|pöx{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}|pöxï}} ''cut it!''
*Independent constructions
**Incompletive <tv><idt><icpl>: /-py/ → -p
**: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|mpäätyp}} ''you find it''
**: {{morphTest|këë'ts{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|mkïï'tsp}} ''you break it''
**: {{morphTest|pöx{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|mpujxp}} ''you cut it''
***Inverse <tv><idt><icpl><inv>: /-ju-py/ → -jup
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|o_p2}}|mpäätjup}} ''(he) finds you''
***Applicative + inverse <tv><idt><icpl><inv><apl>: /-ïx-ju-py/ → -ïx-jup
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|apl}}{{tag|o_p2}}|mpäätïxjup}} ''(he) finds (it) for you''
**Completive <tv><idt><cpl>: /-W/ → Ø
**: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|mpäät}} ''you found it''
***Inverse <tv><idt><cpl><inv>: /-ju-W/ → -ju
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|o_p2}}|mpäätju}} ''(he) found you''
***Applicative + inverse <tv><idt><cpl><inv><apl>: /-ïx-ju-W/ → -ïx-ju
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|apl}}|mpäätïxju}} ''(he) found (it) for you''
**Irrealis <tv><idt><irr>: -up
**: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|a_p2}}|mpää'tup}} ''you'll find it''
***Inverse <tv><idt><irr><inv>: /-ju-up/ → -jup
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}|mpää'tjup}} ''(he) will find you''
***Applicative + inverse <tv><idt><irr><inv><apl>: /ïx-ju-up/ → -ïx-jup
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|apl}}{{tag|o_p2}}|mpää'tïxjup}} ''(he) will find (it) for you''
*Dependent constructions
**Incompletive <tv><dep><icpl>: /-I/ → Ø
**: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|xpää'ty}} ''(he) does (not) find you''
***Inverse <tv><dep><icpl><inv>: /ju-I/ >> -jï
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|o_p2}}|mpää'tyjï}} ''(he) does (not) find you''
***Applicative + inverse <tv><dep><icpl><inv><apl>: /ïx-ju-I/ → -ïx-jï
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|apl}}{{tag|o_p2}}|mpää'tïxjï}} ''(he) does (not) find (it) for you''
**Completive <tv><dep><cpl>: /-jI/ → Ø
**: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|xpääty}} ''you did (not) find it''
***Inverse <tv><dep><cpl><inv>: /-ju-jI/ → -ji
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|o_p2}}|mpäätji}} ''(he) did (not) find you''
***Applicative + inverse <tv><dep><cpl><inv><apl>: /ïx-ju-jI/ → -ïx-ji
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|apl}}{{tag|o_p2}}|mpäätïxji}} ''(he) did (not) find (it) for you''
**Irrealis <tv><dep><irr>: -ït
**: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|a_p2}}|xpää'tït}} ''you will (not) find (it)''
***Inverse <tv><dep><irr><inv>: /-ju-ït/ → -jït
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|o_p2}}|mpää'tjït}} ''(he) will (not) find you''
***Applicative + inverse <tv><dep><irr><inv><apl>: /ïx-ju-ït/ → -ïx-jït
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|apl}}{{tag|o_p2}}|mpää'tïxjït}} ''(he) will (not) find (it) for you''

[[category:sp22_GrammarDocumentation]], [[category:Mixe]]

Mixe/Grammar

2022-02-28T03:13:06Z

WDENGLE1: Split unified rules, act I

Useful resources
*[https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/65/55/00/65550069179862137561760454755644251082/mto_vocabulario.pdf mto-Spanish vocabulary]
*[https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/38/05/70/38057030289908196733636534160280247658/10477.pdf mto Phonotagemics]
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40929739?seq=4#metadata_info_tab_contents paper / mto text and interlinear glosses]
*[https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/4481/jany.pdf;jsessionid=C40A89F204744A496CE63E8B2FD9133A?sequence=1 paper on orthography - some examples; useful for "translating" between various texts, ipa, etc]
*Master's thesis on applicative constructions

== Main parts of speech ==
*verbs
*nouns (nominal phrases, glossed FN in Guzman)
** {{morphTest|kumöön{{tag|n}}|kumööntömpä ''(citizen)''}} {{InlineComment|If this is a nominalised verb, it should probably be {{tag|v}}{{tag|nmz}}. The POS can't be *both* {{tag|n}} and {{tag|v}}. On the other hand, this looks like derivational morphology, so only do this if it's relatively productive; otherwise, just call it {{tag|n}}. -JNW}}
** {{morphTest|jäyu{{tag|n}}|jäyu}} ''(person)''
** {{morphTest|limösnä{{tag|n}}|limösnä}} ''(alms)'' (very likely a Spanish loan)
*proclitics
** {{morphTest|të{{tag|pro_perf}}|të}}
** {{morphTest|kë{{tag|pro_contrafactual}}|kë}}
{{comment|not sure if proclitics and enclitics count as parts of speech, but they are sometimes written as their own words in Mixe, so...}}
{{comment|This sort of thing is always tricky. What's the difference between the proclitics and enclitics? How is each used? -JNW}}
*aspectual enclitics
** {{morphTest|nä{{tag|enc}}|nä}}
** {{morphTest|nu{{tag|enc}}|nu}}
** {{morphTest|tä{{tag|enc}}|tä}}
** {{morphTest|äni{{tag|enc}}|äni}}
** {{morphTest|m{{tag|enc}}|m}}
*auxiliaries
** {{morphTest|kä'ä{{tag|aux}}|kä'ä}} ''(negative auxiliary)''
** {{morphTest|xip{{tag|adj}}|xip}} ''(in there)''
** {{morphTest|poo'p{{tag|adj}}|poo'p}} ''(white)''
** {{morphTest|yëk{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|yëk-käätä}} ''(black bulls)''
*determiners and demonstratives
**{{morphTest|jä{{tag|det}}|jä}} ''(the)''
**{{morphTest|xii{{tag|dem}}|xii}} ''(that)''
**{{morphTest|xää{{tag|dem}}|xää}} ''(that, that(distant))''
*numerals
*post-positions

== Sets of alternations or systems (grammar points) ==

=== Verbs ===
{{comment|A couple things here. First of all, POS tags need to come firsts, then subcategory, then grammatical tags. Secondly, tag names should be kept short, ideally within 3 or 4 characters if possible. You don't need to say whether something is obligatory or not, as that's a morphotactic thing and not a syntactic thing. Also, if there are multiple properties you want to mark, separate them into separate tags. -JNW}}
Verbs are generally of the form: person.prefix - stem - time/aspect.suffix [https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/65/55/00/65550069179862137561760454755644251082/mto_vocabulario.pdf p.303].
Like other Mixe-Zoquean languages, mto verbs are characterized as independent or dependent, which we respectively tag <idt> and <dep>. (Note that the Apertium tag <ind> marks indefiniteness, not independence.)
{{comment|Still not sure if all verbs must be independent or dependent, or if a verb can be neither or unspecified.}}
* {{morphTest|näjcx{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|p2}}|mnäjcxp}} ''(you are going)''
* {{morphTest|vaꞌan{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|fut}}|vyaꞌanüt}} ''(he/she will say/tell)''

There are 20 possible morpheme positions for any given verb. These morphemes mark and include aspect/mood, person, negation, modals, intensifiers, valence-changers, the verb stem, adverbial, plural, inverse, still/also, completive vs incompletive vs irrealis, dependent vs independent, and aspectual enclitics (an enclitic is something like ''n't'' in English).
Apertium has tense/aspect tags, but none that seem to line up with the aspects used in mto. So, we tag nonobligatory aspect morphology <asp> (for now, but I haven't yet determined whether we need to tag this). <o_sg1> is a standard Apertium tag, denoting second person singular object. <a_sg1> is first person singular agent. <its> denotes intensifier morphology. < ins > is instrumental. <inv> is inverse. <cpl> is completive aspect. <icpl> is incompletive aspect. <lex> is a lexical affix (e.g MOUTH). <apl> is applicative. <irr> is irrealis mood. <inc> is inceptive. <des> is desiderative.

* {{morphTest|näjcx{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|decisive}}{{tag|asp}}{{tag|fut}} |ñäjcxtinuvat}} ''(they also will go)''

* {{morphTest|vop{{tag|v}}{{tag|o_sg2}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|its}}{{tag|ins}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|asp}}{{tag|cpl}}| mtuntukvojpjitinï ''(they already hit you a lot with)''}}

* {{morphTest|jöy{{tag|v}}{{tag|o_sg2}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|its}}{{tag|its}}{{tag|ins}}{{tag|lex}}{{tag|apl}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|idt}}|mjää’ktuntuk’äjöyävääjnjïtup ''(wants to buy it from you once again)''}}

* {{morphTest|kots{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|a_sg1}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|its}}{{tag|apl}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|idt}}|nkätunkojtsjip ''((people say) I really don't give advice to)''}}

* {{morphTest|kotsnäx{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|a_sg3}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|inc}}{{tag|des}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|idt}}|kyotsnäx’ukvä’änuväämp ''(he/she wants to start talking)''}}

Verbal morphology is mostly agglutinative, but some morphemes fuse, likely for phonological reasons.
* E.G 'y-' (p3) + 'näjcx' (go) = 'ñäjcx'
** {{morphTest|ñäjcx{{tag|v}}{{tag|p3}}|he/she goes}}
** NOTE: my current understanding is that ''ñäjcx'' can't stand alone. That is, it requires further morphemes to be grammatical.

=== Base verb forms ===
mto verbs fall into two categories: invariable and variable. Invariable verbs have regular base forms that don't change when they co-occur with other morphemes. Variable verbs, however, are irregular and do change depending on surrounding morphemes. Specifically, their forms may be dependent on morphology expressing inverse, aspect, mode, and valence-changing.
*{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}|run}}
**{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|nöm}}
**{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{{tag|irr}}{{tag|idt}}|nöm}}
**{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|dep}}|nöm}}
***{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|nömï ''(run!)''}}
**{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|idt}}|nööm}}
**{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|idt}}|nööm}}
***{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl_idt_iv}}|mnöömp ''(you run)''}}
***{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|idt}}|mnööm ''(you ran)''}}
**{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|dep}}|num}}
**{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|dep}}|nujm}}

*{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}|go up}}
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|pat}}
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|idt}}|pat}}
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|dep}}|pat}}
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|pajt}}
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|idt}}|pajt}}
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|dep}}|pajt}}
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|dep}}|pet}}
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|dep}}|pejt}}

*{{morphTest|'oo'k{{tag|v}}|die}}
**{{morphTest|'oo'k{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}/{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|idt}}/{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|idt}}/{{tag|irr}}{{tag|idt}}/{{tag|irr}}/{{tag|dep}}|'oo'k}}
**{{morphTest|'oo'k{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|dep}}/{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|dep}}|'ëë'k}}

Person markers and tense/aspect markers depend on transitivity, whether it's in the "conjunctive" or "disjunctive" mode, and (for transitive verbs) whether a subject or object is being referred to.
{{comment|not yet sure what the difference b/w the 2 modes are. In fact, might just replace this w something closer to Guzman's explanation -Elizabeth}}

{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="6"|Basic verb morphology (p307)
|- style="font-style: italic; text-align: center;"
|rowspan="2"|Mode
|rowspan="2"|Person
|rowspan="2"|Intransitive
|colspan="2"|Transitive
|-
|Subject indicated
|Object indicated
|-
|rowspan="3"|Conjunctive
|1
|n-
|n-
|x-
|-
|2
|m-
|x-
|m- -jü
|-
|3
|y-
|tü-
|y- -jü
|-
|rowspan="3"|Disjunctive
|1
|#-
|n-
|x-
|-
|2
|m-
|m-
|m- -jü
|-
|3
|#-
|y-
|#- -jü
|}

Mto is an inversely hierarchical language, meaning that a verb can't agree with more than one argument at a time, regardless of transitivity. An intransitive verb agrees with its subject. A transitive verb agrees with whichever of its arguments is highest on the following hierarchy of person features: 1st>2nd>3rd(proximate)>3rd(obviative) (Gúzman, 35). When a verb has more than one 3rd-person referent, the more salient is called proximate, and the less salient obviative.

==== Transitivity ====
Verbs are intransitive by default. They are transitivized with a person-indicating prefix. [[https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/65/55/00/65550069179862137561760454755644251082/mto_vocabulario.pdf p.304]]
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="6"|Transitive form
|- style="font-style: italic"
| Verb
| Translation
| Person indicator
|-
|n'ixp äts
|'I'm watching (something)'
|n-
|-
|m'ixp mits
|'you're watching (something)'
|m-
|-
|y-ixp jë'ë
|'he/she is watching (something)'
|y-
|-
! colspan="6"|Intransitive form
|-
|ixp äts
|'I'm watching'
|none
|-
|m'ixp mits
|'you're watching'
|m-
|-
|ixp jë'ë
|'he/she is watching'
|none
|}

=== Other verb morphology (probably most useful for transducer stuff) ===
{{comment|Using our keyboard layout, "+i currently gives Ï, not lowercase i with an umlaut. Need to double check and fix if necessary.}}
{{comment|Need to add explanations for '''independent vs dependent constructions''' and '''inverse constructions''' and '''completive vs incompletive'''}}
When surface and underlying form differ, the underlying form is indicated like so: /form/.

==== Morphology for intransitive verbs (lack of <tv> = intransitive) ====
{{comment|May need to change order of some of the tags, depending on whether they matter syntactically.}}
*Imperative verbs
** Imperative <imp>: -ï
**: {{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|nömï}} ''run!''
**: {{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|patï}} ''rise!''
**: {{morphTest|nëjkx{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|nëjkxï}} ''go!''
*Verbs in independent constructions
**Incompletive <idt><icpl>: -p
**: {{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mnöömp}} ''you run/you're running''
**: {{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mpajtp}} ''you rise/you're rising''
**: {{morphTest|nëjkx{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mnëjkxp}} ''you go/you're going''
**Completive <idt><cpl>: /-W/ → Ø
**: {{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mnööm}} ''you ran''
**: {{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mpajt}} ''you rose''
**: {{morphTest|nëjkx{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mnëjkx}} ''you went''
**Irrealis <idt><irr>: -up
**: {{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|mnömup}} ''you will run''
**: {{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|mpatup}} ''you will rise''
**: {{morphTest|nëjkx{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|mnëjkxup}} ''you will go''
*Verbs in dependent constructions
**Incompletive <dep><icpl>: /-I/ → Ø (construction: kä'ä=m_) {{InlineComment| -I seems to sometimes show up phonetically, but generally doesn't. I haven't yet figured out how to predict when it will or won't be pronounced. Guzman notes that she uses uppercase letters for reconstructed morphemes. Might be that this is a silent morpheme that affects surrounding morphology. Or maybe it's better analyzed as a fusional feature. I.e. to form a dependent, incompletive, intransitive verb form, you don't add a <tv><dep><inc> morpheme; rather, the verb stem itself "changes" to reflects this.)}}
**: {{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mnum}} ''you (don't) run/you're (not) running''
**: {{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mpet}} ''you (don't) rise/you're (not) rising''
**: {{morphTest|nëjkx{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mnïjkx}} ''you (don't) go/you're (not) going''
**Completive <dep><cpl>: /-jI/ → Ø
**: {{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mnujm}} ''you didn't run''
**: {{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mpejt}} ''you didn't rise''
**: {{morphTest|nëjkx{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|p2}}|mnïjkx}} ''you didn't go''
**Irrealis <dep><irr>: -ït
**: {{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|mnömït}} ''you will not run''
**: {{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|mpatït}} ''you will not rise''
**: {{morphTest|nëjkx{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|mnëjkxït}} ''you will not go''

==== Morphology for transitive verbs <tv> ====
{{comment|Should I tag transitive verbs <v><tv> or just <tv>?}}

*Imperative <tv><imp>: -ï
*: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}|pää'tï}} ''find it!''
*: {{morphTest|këë'ts{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}|këë'tsï}} ''break it!''
*: {{morphTest|pöx{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|imp}}|pöxï}} ''cut it!''
*Independent constructions
**Incompletive <tv><idt><icpl>: /-py/ → -p
**: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|mpäätyp}} ''you find it''
**: {{morphTest|këë'ts{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|mkïï'tsp}} ''you break it''
**: {{morphTest|pöx{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|mpujxp}} ''you cut it''
***Inverse <tv><idt><icpl><inv>: /-ju-py/ → -jup
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|o_p2}}|mpäätjup}} ''(he) finds you''
***Applicative + inverse <tv><idt><icpl><inv><apl>: /-ïx-ju-py/ → -ïx-jup
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|apl}}{{tag|o_p2}}|mpäätïxjup}} ''(he) finds (it) for you''
**Completive <tv><idt><cpl>: /-W/ → Ø
**: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|mpäät}} ''you found it''
***Inverse <tv><idt><cpl><inv>: /-ju-W/ → -ju
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|o_p2}}|mpäätju}} ''(he) found you''
***Applicative + inverse <tv><idt><cpl><inv><apl>: /-ïx-ju-W/ → -ïx-ju
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|apl}}|mpäätïxju}} ''(he) found (it) for you''
**Irrealis <tv><idt><irr>: -up
**: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|a_p2}}|mpää'tup}} ''you'll find it''
***Inverse <tv><idt><irr><inv>: /-ju-up/ → -jup
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}|mpää'tjup}} ''(he) will find you''
***Applicative + inverse <tv><idt><irr><inv><apl>: /ïx-ju-up/ → -ïx-jup
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|apl}}{{tag|o_p2}}|mpää'tïxjup}} ''(he) will find (it) for you''
*Dependent constructions
**Incompletive <tv><dep><icpl>: /-I/ → Ø
**: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|xpää'ty}} ''(he) does (not) find you''
***Inverse <tv><dep><icpl><inv>: /ju-I/ >> -jï
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|o_p2}}|mpää'tyjï}} ''(he) does (not) find you''
***Applicative + inverse <tv><dep><icpl><inv><apl>: /ïx-ju-I/ → -ïx-jï
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|apl}}{{tag|o_p2}}|mpää'tïxjï}} ''(he) does (not) find (it) for you''
**Completive <tv><dep><cpl>: /-jI/ → Ø
**: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|xpääty}} ''you did (not) find it''
***Inverse <tv><dep><cpl><inv>: /-ju-jI/ → -ji
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|o_p2}}|mpäätji}} ''(he) did (not) find you''
***Applicative + inverse <tv><dep><cpl><inv><apl>: /ïx-ju-jI/ → -ïx-ji
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|apl}}{{tag|o_p2}}|mpäätïxji}} ''(he) did (not) find (it) for you''
**Irrealis <tv><dep><irr>: -ït
**: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|a_p2}}|xpää'tït}} ''you will (not) find (it)''
***Inverse <tv><dep><irr><inv>: /-ju-ït/ → -jït
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|o_p2}}|mpää'tjït}} ''(he) will (not) find you''
***Applicative + inverse <tv><dep><irr><inv><apl>: /ïx-ju-ït/ → -ïx-jït
***: {{morphTest|pää't{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|apl}}{{tag|o_p2}}|mpää'tïxjït}} ''(he) will (not) find (it) for you''

[[category:sp22_GrammarDocumentation]], [[category:Mixe]]

Mixe

2022-02-09T20:17:57Z

WDENGLE1: Link to GitHub

Language being worked on by [[user:WDENGLE1|Bill Dengler]] and [[user:Eresend1|Elizabeth Resendiz]]. Specifically: Totontepec Mixe (ISO: mto).

Note that of all Mixean varieties, mto is most closely related to pxm.

Resource for resources:
*Oxford Bibliographies [https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199772810/obo-9780199772810-0136.xml?rskey=jROuP7&result=181 Mixe-Zoquean Languages]
**Lists a decent amount of Sayula (pos) resources which we haven't yet looked into (and likely won't, if another variety works out for us).
*[https://www.sil.org/resources/search/language/mto SIL archives ]

== Developed resources ==
*Keyboard layout ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/mto-keyboard GitHub repo (internal Swarthmore access may be required)], [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Mixe/Keyboard documentation])

== External resources ==
=== By language variety ===
*Quetzaltepec (Chuxnaban) (pxm)
**Apparently, other than in Jany's work, there is relatively little modern literature on pxm. Most is from Colonial times.
** [[#pxmOrth | Discussion of orthography, plus info on grammar]]
** [[#pxmBible | Audio and text bible translation]]
** [[#pxmNom | Examination of nominal compounding]]
*Totontepec (mto)
** [[#mtoDict | Dictionary]]
** [[#mtoDesc | Broad description]]
** [[#mtoThesis | Master's Thesis on applicative constructions]]
** [[#generalEncy | Mixe-Zoquean Languages encyclopedia entry]]
** [[#mtoDisf | Paper on disfrasismos. Story transcription]]
** [[#mtoWiki | Small wiki in Totontepec and Spanish]]
** [[#mtoAtt | Paper on development of a standard Mixe orthography]]
** [https://www.faithcomesbyhearing.com/audio-bible-resources/recordings-database Bible] (text and audio)
** [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/56304 link] collection of text from SIL
*Tlahuitoltepec (Ayutla) (mxp)
** [[#mxpDiss | Grammar (dissertation)]]
** [[#mxpPhon | Phonotactics]]
** [[#mxpSketch | Some phonetics, text, and example sentences]]
** 1980 sketch of the grammar (see email from Jonathan). Titled: Mixe de Tlahuitoltepec, Oaxaca.

=== By type ===
==== Computational ====
*A short paper that presents the first neural machine translator system for Ayuuk (ISO: mir)
** Delfino Zacarias, Ivan Meza 2021. [https://aclanthology.org/2021.americasnlp-1.19.pdf Ayuuk-Spanish Neural Machine Translator]
** Includes resources on developing corpora and NMTs for low-resource languages

==== Dictionaries ====
* Dictionary of Totontepec (mto) variety. Likely bilingual, Spanish and Totontepec.
**Schoenhals, Alvin, and Louise C. Schoenhals. 1965. Vocabulario mixe de Totontepec
**Available through SIL [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/10965]
{{comment|You can request things from Princeton through ILL: https://www.swarthmore.edu/libraries/borrowing-beyond-trico -JNW}}

==== Grammatical descriptions ====
* Grammar of Ayutla(Tlahuitoltepec) (ISO: mxp) variety. Doctoral dissertation by Rodrigo Romero-Mendez.
** According to Oxford Bibliographies, "contains frequent comparative remarks concerning other Mixe-Zoquean languages."
**Copyrighted, all rights reserved.
** [https://arts-sciences.buffalo.edu/content/dam/arts-sciences/linguistics/AlumniDissertations/Romero-Mendez%20dissertation.pdf 2009 A Reference Grammar of Ayutla Mixe]
**Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License

* A broad description of the Totontepec (ISO: mto) variety of North Highlands Mixe. Particular emphasis on applicative constructions.
** Master's Thesis by Veronica Guzman Guzman. 2012. Las construcciones aplicativas en el mixe de Totontepec
**Requested through ILL - currently awaiting

==== Scientific works ====
* A discussion of orthography design for Mixe languages, focusing on Chuxnaban (Quetzaltepec (ISO: pxm)).
**Includes:
***a phonemic inventory and its representation in Janey's proposed orthography
***Some discussion of phonological processes
***examples of Chuxnaban words and phrases
***a table comparing many of the mixean orthographies that are and have been used for various varieties
** 2010 Carmen Janey [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/4481/jany.pdf;jsessionid=C40A89F204744A496CE63E8B2FD9133A?sequence=1 Orthography Design for Chuxnaban Mixe]

*An overview of structural aspects of Mixe-Zoquean languages (not specific to any one variety of Mixe)
**[https://tricolib.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/openurl?institution=01TRI_INST&vid=01TRI_INST:SC&date=2009&%3Fsid=oup:obo&aulast=Rhodes&genre=bookitem&title=Concise%20encyclopedia%20of%20languages%20of%20the%20world&atitle=Mixe-Zoquean%20languages Mixe-Zoquean Languages]
** A short discussion of general phonology, morphology, and syntax of the language family and the distinguishing features of the two branches (Mixe and Zoque).
**Some examples from Totontepec (ISO: mto) (and other less relevant Mixean varieties)
**In print. Obtained from Trico libraries.

* A paper on "disfrasismos" in North Highland Mixe. Also discussed the language and its speakers more generally. Includes a transcription of a story told in Totontepec by a native speaker.
**Daniel Suslak 2010. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40929739 Battered Spanish, Eloquent Mixe: Form and Function of Mixe Difrasismos]
**JSTOR [https://about.jstor.org/terms/#content-use permitted uses]

*Phonological, morphosyntactic, and semantic examination of nominal compounding in Quetzaltepec (pxm)
** Carmen Jany 2013. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/671774?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents "Defining Nominal Compounding as a Productive Word-Formation Process in Chuxnabán Mixe"]
** All rights reserved

* Discussion of Tlahuitoltepec phonotactics
**Esther Herrera Zendejas 2009. Formas sonoras: Mapa fónico de las lenguas mexicanas.
**Requested from UPenn through EZBorrow

* Tlahuitoltepec: a brief phonological sketch; a short, analyzed text; around 600 analyzed sentences illustrating different types of construction; and a short vocabulary.
** Could [https://ezborrow.reshare.indexdata.com/Record/476a0a0f-9171-4396-94e8-3ab8854433e1 request] from University of Pittsburgh through EXBorrow

* !! Paper on the efforts to standardize Mixe orthography. Considers many factors, including the positions/attitudes of the many communities involved.
**John Benjamins 2003 [https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/prag.13.4.06sus The story of ö]
**ö is particularly significant in Totontepec (mto)

====Corpora====

* Bible translation in Quetzaltepec (ISO: pxm) variety. Includes text and audio.
**Copyrighted, all rights reserved. Permitted for personal, non-commercial use.
** [http://live.bible.is/bible/PXMBSM/MAT/1 Bible.is] 2013 Sociedad Bíblica de México, A.C.
* Wikimedia for Totontepec (ISO: mto) variety. 10 pages, mostly pictures of animals and what they're called in Totontepec.
**Wikimedia's [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use/en terms of use]: free to read, print, share, and reuse articles under free and open licenses.
** [https://incubator.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/mto/Main_Page mto main page]

*Transcription of a story about coffee-picking told in Totontepec by a native speaker. Transcription of a small discussion on English. Some additional examples. For each line/phrase, records: phrasal transcriptions, morpheme-level transcripts, English glosses, English translations.
**Daniel Suslak 2010. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40929739 Battered Spanish, Eloquent Mixe: Form and Function of Mixe Difrasismos]
**JSTOR [https://about.jstor.org/terms/#content-use permitted uses]

[[Category:sp22_ResourceDocumentation]], [[Category:Mixe]]

Mixe/Keyboard

2022-02-09T20:15:39Z

WDENGLE1: Fix

= Developed mto/universal Mixe keyboard layout =
Get the layout [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/mto-keyboard on GitHub] (Swarthmore access may be required).

Working layout:

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|ꞌ|Ꞌ}} {{kbdkey|1|!|{{!}}}} {{kbdkey|2|"|@}} {{kbdkey|3|.|#}} {{kbdkey|4|$|{{green|˜}}}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|&}} {{kbdkey|7|/}} {{kbdkey|8|(}} {{kbdkey|9|)}} {{kbdkey|0|=}} {{kbdkey|'|?}} {{kbdkey|¡|¿}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|q|Q}} {{kbdkey|w|W}} {{kbdkey|e|E}} {{kbdkey|r|R}} {{kbdkey|t|T}} {{kbdkey|y|Y}} {{kbdkey|u|U}} {{kbdkey|i|I}} {{kbdkey|o|O}} {{kbdkey|p|P}} {{kbdkey|{{green|`}}|{{green|ˆ}}|[}} {{kbdkey|+|*|]}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|a|A}} {{kbdkey|s|S}} {{kbdkey|d|D}} {{kbdkey|f|F}} {{kbdkey|g|G}} {{kbdkey|h|H}} {{kbdkey|j|J}} {{kbdkey|k|K}} {{kbdkey|l|L}} {{kbdkey|ñ|Ñ}} {{kbdkey|{{green|◌̈}}|{{green|◌́}}|{}} {{kbdkey|{{green|◌̱}}|{{green|msc}}|} }} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|<|>}} {{kbdkey|z|Z}} {{kbdkey|x|X}} {{kbdkey|c|C}} {{kbdkey|v|V}} {{kbdkey|b|B}} {{kbdkey|n|N|}} {{kbdkey|m|M}} {{kbdkey|,|;}} {{kbdkey|.|:}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} }}

Combinations of inputs that result in other inputs include the following:
<div style="column-count:4;-moz-column-count:4;-webkit-column-count:4">
* <code>¨</code> <code>a</code> = <code>ä</code>
* <code>¨</code> <code>e</code> = <code>ë</code>
* <code>¨</code> <code>o</code> = <code>ö</code>
* <code>¨</code> <code>u</code> = <code>ü</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>a</code> = <code>à</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>e</code> = <code>è</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>i</code> = <code>ì</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>o</code> = <code>ò</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>u</code> = <code>ù</code>
* <code>◌̱</code> <code>a</code> = <code>a̱</code>
* <code>◌̱</code> <code>e</code> = <code>e̱</code>
* <code>◌̱</code> <code>o</code> = <code>o̱</code>
* <code>◌̱</code> <code>u</code> = <code>u̱</code>
* <code>msc</code> <code>i</code> = <code>ɨ</code>
* <code>msc</code> <code>I</code> = <code>Ɨ</code>
* <code>msc</code> <code>o</code> = <code>ø</code>
* <code>msc</code> <code>O</code> = <code>Ø</code>
</div>

== Justifications ==

Our layout is a modified version of the international Spanish keyboard layout. Most speakers of Mixe also speak Spanish, and are thus likely familiar with the Spanish layout. Further, many of the same diacritics are used in both Mixe and Spanish. In building off of the Spanish layout, we hope to preserve some user familiarity in using the Mixe layout.

Most varieties of Mixe have 9 (or thereabouts) vowels. The vowels most similar to Spanish vowels are written with the same characters (e.g. /a/ is written 'a' in both Spanish and Mixe). The unique vowels are written in a few different ways, depending on the specific variety of Mixe being written, and almost all are combinations of ''a, e, i, o, u'' and diacritics. The characters most commonly used (when considering all Mixean orthographies) are those formed with ◌̈ (ä, ë, ö, ü) and with ◌̱ (a̱,e̱,o̱,u̱). As such, we have replaced the ç, Ç key with a dead key for ◌̱. We've given ◌̱, rather than ◌̈, its own key, because it is the more commonly used diacritic in Totontepec Mixe, which is the specific variety we are working with. The ç key was included on the Spanish keyboard to ease input of other Spanish languages such as Catalan, and since this keyboard will primarily be used to type Mixe or Spanish, we feel justified in moving ç to a less convenient layer.

=== ø and i-bar (used for writing other varieties) ===
We made the top-most, left-most key a lower and upper case saltillo. In Totontepec orthography, the saltillo and apostrophe are both used for writing phonemic glottal stops, which are numerous in Mixe. At this point, we're not sure which is more commonly used, or if the distinction matters for Totontepec, so we opted to include both in our layout.

== Installation ==
Install the ibus-m17n engine, then copy mto-kbd.mim to <code>~/.m17n.d</code>.

== Licensing ==
Licensed under MIT.

= Existing resources =
*2010 Carmen Janey [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/4481/jany.pdf;jsessionid=C40A89F204744A496CE63E8B2FD9133A?sequence=1 Orthography Design for Chuxnaban Mixe]
*John Benjamins 2003 [https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/prag.13.4.06sus The story of ö]

[[Category:Sp22_KeyboardLayouts]], [[Category:Mixe]]

Mixe/Keyboard

2022-02-09T20:14:49Z

WDENGLE1: GH

= Developed mto/universal Mixe keyboard layout =
Get the layout [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/mto-keyboard on GitHub] (Swarthmore access may be required).
Working layout:

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|ꞌ|Ꞌ}} {{kbdkey|1|!|{{!}}}} {{kbdkey|2|"|@}} {{kbdkey|3|.|#}} {{kbdkey|4|$|{{green|˜}}}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|&}} {{kbdkey|7|/}} {{kbdkey|8|(}} {{kbdkey|9|)}} {{kbdkey|0|=}} {{kbdkey|'|?}} {{kbdkey|¡|¿}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|q|Q}} {{kbdkey|w|W}} {{kbdkey|e|E}} {{kbdkey|r|R}} {{kbdkey|t|T}} {{kbdkey|y|Y}} {{kbdkey|u|U}} {{kbdkey|i|I}} {{kbdkey|o|O}} {{kbdkey|p|P}} {{kbdkey|{{green|`}}|{{green|ˆ}}|[}} {{kbdkey|+|*|]}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|a|A}} {{kbdkey|s|S}} {{kbdkey|d|D}} {{kbdkey|f|F}} {{kbdkey|g|G}} {{kbdkey|h|H}} {{kbdkey|j|J}} {{kbdkey|k|K}} {{kbdkey|l|L}} {{kbdkey|ñ|Ñ}} {{kbdkey|{{green|◌̈}}|{{green|◌́}}|{}} {{kbdkey|{{green|◌̱}}|{{green|msc}}|} }} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|<|>}} {{kbdkey|z|Z}} {{kbdkey|x|X}} {{kbdkey|c|C}} {{kbdkey|v|V}} {{kbdkey|b|B}} {{kbdkey|n|N|}} {{kbdkey|m|M}} {{kbdkey|,|;}} {{kbdkey|.|:}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} }}

Combinations of inputs that result in other inputs include the following:
<div style="column-count:4;-moz-column-count:4;-webkit-column-count:4">
* <code>¨</code> <code>a</code> = <code>ä</code>
* <code>¨</code> <code>e</code> = <code>ë</code>
* <code>¨</code> <code>o</code> = <code>ö</code>
* <code>¨</code> <code>u</code> = <code>ü</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>a</code> = <code>à</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>e</code> = <code>è</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>i</code> = <code>ì</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>o</code> = <code>ò</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>u</code> = <code>ù</code>
* <code>◌̱</code> <code>a</code> = <code>a̱</code>
* <code>◌̱</code> <code>e</code> = <code>e̱</code>
* <code>◌̱</code> <code>o</code> = <code>o̱</code>
* <code>◌̱</code> <code>u</code> = <code>u̱</code>
* <code>msc</code> <code>i</code> = <code>ɨ</code>
* <code>msc</code> <code>I</code> = <code>Ɨ</code>
* <code>msc</code> <code>o</code> = <code>ø</code>
* <code>msc</code> <code>O</code> = <code>Ø</code>
</div>

== Justifications ==

Our layout is a modified version of the international Spanish keyboard layout. Most speakers of Mixe also speak Spanish, and are thus likely familiar with the Spanish layout. Further, many of the same diacritics are used in both Mixe and Spanish. In building off of the Spanish layout, we hope to preserve some user familiarity in using the Mixe layout.

Most varieties of Mixe have 9 (or thereabouts) vowels. The vowels most similar to Spanish vowels are written with the same characters (e.g. /a/ is written 'a' in both Spanish and Mixe). The unique vowels are written in a few different ways, depending on the specific variety of Mixe being written, and almost all are combinations of ''a, e, i, o, u'' and diacritics. The characters most commonly used (when considering all Mixean orthographies) are those formed with ◌̈ (ä, ë, ö, ü) and with ◌̱ (a̱,e̱,o̱,u̱). As such, we have replaced the ç, Ç key with a dead key for ◌̱. We've given ◌̱, rather than ◌̈, its own key, because it is the more commonly used diacritic in Totontepec Mixe, which is the specific variety we are working with. The ç key was included on the Spanish keyboard to ease input of other Spanish languages such as Catalan, and since this keyboard will primarily be used to type Mixe or Spanish, we feel justified in moving ç to a less convenient layer.

=== ø and i-bar (used for writing other varieties) ===
We made the top-most, left-most key a lower and upper case saltillo. In Totontepec orthography, the saltillo and apostrophe are both used for writing phonemic glottal stops, which are numerous in Mixe. At this point, we're not sure which is more commonly used, or if the distinction matters for Totontepec, so we opted to include both in our layout.

== Installation ==
Install the ibus-m17n engine, then copy mto-kbd.mim to <code>~/.m17n.d</code>.

== Licensing ==
Licensed under MIT.

= Existing resources =
*2010 Carmen Janey [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/4481/jany.pdf;jsessionid=C40A89F204744A496CE63E8B2FD9133A?sequence=1 Orthography Design for Chuxnaban Mixe]
*John Benjamins 2003 [https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/prag.13.4.06sus The story of ö]

[[Category:Sp22_KeyboardLayouts]], [[Category:Mixe]]

Mixe/Keyboard

2022-02-09T20:09:32Z

WDENGLE1: No we didn't?

TO DO:
*add authors page to repository
*add install file in repository
*add READ ME (added some compose combinations to keyboard, included diacritics most common in other varieties of Mixe) file in repository

= Developed mto/universal Mixe keyboard layout =
Working layout:

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|ꞌ|Ꞌ}} {{kbdkey|1|!|{{!}}}} {{kbdkey|2|"|@}} {{kbdkey|3|.|#}} {{kbdkey|4|$|{{green|˜}}}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|&}} {{kbdkey|7|/}} {{kbdkey|8|(}} {{kbdkey|9|)}} {{kbdkey|0|=}} {{kbdkey|'|?}} {{kbdkey|¡|¿}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|q|Q}} {{kbdkey|w|W}} {{kbdkey|e|E}} {{kbdkey|r|R}} {{kbdkey|t|T}} {{kbdkey|y|Y}} {{kbdkey|u|U}} {{kbdkey|i|I}} {{kbdkey|o|O}} {{kbdkey|p|P}} {{kbdkey|{{green|`}}|{{green|ˆ}}|[}} {{kbdkey|+|*|]}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|a|A}} {{kbdkey|s|S}} {{kbdkey|d|D}} {{kbdkey|f|F}} {{kbdkey|g|G}} {{kbdkey|h|H}} {{kbdkey|j|J}} {{kbdkey|k|K}} {{kbdkey|l|L}} {{kbdkey|ñ|Ñ}} {{kbdkey|{{green|◌̈}}|{{green|◌́}}|{}} {{kbdkey|{{green|◌̱}}|{{green|msc}}|} }} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|<|>}} {{kbdkey|z|Z}} {{kbdkey|x|X}} {{kbdkey|c|C}} {{kbdkey|v|V}} {{kbdkey|b|B}} {{kbdkey|n|N|}} {{kbdkey|m|M}} {{kbdkey|,|;}} {{kbdkey|.|:}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} }}

Combinations of inputs that result in other inputs include the following:
<div style="column-count:4;-moz-column-count:4;-webkit-column-count:4">
* <code>¨</code> <code>a</code> = <code>ä</code>
* <code>¨</code> <code>e</code> = <code>ë</code>
* <code>¨</code> <code>o</code> = <code>ö</code>
* <code>¨</code> <code>u</code> = <code>ü</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>a</code> = <code>à</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>e</code> = <code>è</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>i</code> = <code>ì</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>o</code> = <code>ò</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>u</code> = <code>ù</code>
* <code>◌̱</code> <code>a</code> = <code>a̱</code>
* <code>◌̱</code> <code>e</code> = <code>e̱</code>
* <code>◌̱</code> <code>o</code> = <code>o̱</code>
* <code>◌̱</code> <code>u</code> = <code>u̱</code>
* <code>msc</code> <code>i</code> = <code>ɨ</code>
* <code>msc</code> <code>I</code> = <code>Ɨ</code>
* <code>msc</code> <code>o</code> = <code>ø</code>
* <code>msc</code> <code>O</code> = <code>Ø</code>
</div>

== Justifications ==

Our layout is a modified version of the international Spanish keyboard layout. Most speakers of Mixe also speak Spanish, and are thus likely familiar with the Spanish layout. Further, many of the same diacritics are used in both Mixe and Spanish. In building off of the Spanish layout, we hope to preserve some user familiarity in using the Mixe layout.

Most varieties of Mixe have 9 (or thereabouts) vowels. The vowels most similar to Spanish vowels are written with the same characters (e.g. /a/ is written 'a' in both Spanish and Mixe). The unique vowels are written in a few different ways, depending on the specific variety of Mixe being written, and almost all are combinations of ''a, e, i, o, u'' and diacritics. The characters most commonly used (when considering all Mixean orthographies) are those formed with ◌̈ (ä, ë, ö, ü) and with ◌̱ (a̱,e̱,o̱,u̱). As such, we have replaced the ç, Ç key with a dead key for ◌̱. We've given ◌̱, rather than ◌̈, its own key, because it is the more commonly used diacritic in Totontepec Mixe, which is the specific variety we are working with. The ç key was included on the Spanish keyboard to ease input of other Spanish languages such as Catalan, and since this keyboard will primarily be used to type Mixe or Spanish, we feel justified in moving ç to a less convenient layer.

=== ø and i-bar (used for writing other varieties) ===
We made the top-most, left-most key a lower and upper case saltillo. In Totontepec orthography, the saltillo and apostrophe are both used for writing phonemic glottal stops, which are numerous in Mixe. At this point, we're not sure which is more commonly used, or if the distinction matters for Totontepec, so we opted to include both in our layout.

== Installation ==
Install the ibus-m17n engine, then copy mto-kbd.mim to <code>~/.m17n.d</code>.

== Licensing ==
Licensed under MIT.

= Existing resources =
*2010 Carmen Janey [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/4481/jany.pdf;jsessionid=C40A89F204744A496CE63E8B2FD9133A?sequence=1 Orthography Design for Chuxnaban Mixe]
*John Benjamins 2003 [https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/prag.13.4.06sus The story of ö]

[[Category:Sp22_KeyboardLayouts]], [[Category:Mixe]]

Mixe/Keyboard

2022-02-09T20:08:29Z

WDENGLE1: Fix formatting

TO DO:
*add authors page to repository
*add install file in repository
*add READ ME (added some compose combinations to keyboard, included diacritics most common in other varieties of Mixe) file in repository

= Developed mto/universal Mixe keyboard layout =
Working layout:

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|ꞌ|Ꞌ}} {{kbdkey|1|!|{{!}}}} {{kbdkey|2|"|@}} {{kbdkey|3|.|#}} {{kbdkey|4|$|{{green|˜}}}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|&}} {{kbdkey|7|/}} {{kbdkey|8|(}} {{kbdkey|9|)}} {{kbdkey|0|=}} {{kbdkey|'|?}} {{kbdkey|¡|¿}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|q|Q}} {{kbdkey|w|W}} {{kbdkey|e|E}} {{kbdkey|r|R}} {{kbdkey|t|T}} {{kbdkey|y|Y}} {{kbdkey|u|U}} {{kbdkey|i|I}} {{kbdkey|o|O}} {{kbdkey|p|P}} {{kbdkey|{{green|`}}|{{green|ˆ}}|[}} {{kbdkey|+|*|]}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|a|A}} {{kbdkey|s|S}} {{kbdkey|d|D}} {{kbdkey|f|F}} {{kbdkey|g|G}} {{kbdkey|h|H}} {{kbdkey|j|J}} {{kbdkey|k|K}} {{kbdkey|l|L}} {{kbdkey|ñ|Ñ}} {{kbdkey|{{green|◌̈}}|{{green|◌́}}|{}} {{kbdkey|{{green|◌̱}}|{{green|msc}}|} }} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|<|>}} {{kbdkey|z|Z}} {{kbdkey|x|X}} {{kbdkey|c|C}} {{kbdkey|v|V}} {{kbdkey|b|B}} {{kbdkey|n|N|}} {{kbdkey|m|M}} {{kbdkey|,|;}} {{kbdkey|.|:}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} }}

Combinations of inputs that result in other inputs include the following:
<div style="column-count:4;-moz-column-count:4;-webkit-column-count:4">
* <code>¨</code> <code>a</code> = <code>ä</code>
* <code>¨</code> <code>e</code> = <code>ë</code>
* <code>¨</code> <code>o</code> = <code>ö</code>
* <code>¨</code> <code>u</code> = <code>ü</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>a</code> = <code>à</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>e</code> = <code>è</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>i</code> = <code>ì</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>o</code> = <code>ò</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>u</code> = <code>ù</code>
* <code>◌̱</code> <code>a</code> = <code>a̱</code>
* <code>◌̱</code> <code>e</code> = <code>e̱</code>
* <code>◌̱</code> <code>o</code> = <code>o̱</code>
* <code>◌̱</code> <code>u</code> = <code>u̱</code>
* <code>msc</code> <code>i</code> = <code>ɨ</code>
* <code>msc</code> <code>I</code> = <code>Ɨ</code>
* <code>msc</code> <code>o</code> = <code>ø</code>
* <code>msc</code> <code>O</code> = <code>Ø</code>
</div>

== Justifications ==

Our layout is a modified version of the international Spanish keyboard layout. Most speakers of Mixe also speak Spanish, and are thus likely familiar with the Spanish layout. Further, many of the same diacritics are used in both Mixe and Spanish. In building off of the Spanish layout, we hope to preserve some user familiarity in using the Mixe layout.

Most varieties of Mixe have 9 (or thereabouts) vowels. The vowels most similar to Spanish vowels are written with the same characters (e.g. /a/ is written 'a' in both Spanish and Mixe). The unique vowels are written in a few different ways, depending on the specific variety of Mixe being written, and almost all are combinations of ''a, e, i, o, u'' and diacritics. The characters most commonly used (when considering all Mixean orthographies) are those formed with ◌̈ (ä, ë, ö, ü) and with ◌̱ (a̱,e̱,o̱,u̱). As such, we have replaced the ç, Ç key with a dead key for ◌̱ and swapped the placement of the ◌̈ and ◌́ deadkeys. We've given ◌̱, rather than ◌̈, its own key, because it is the more commonly used diacritic in Totontepec Mixe, which is the specific variety we are working with. The ç key was included on the Spanish keyboard to ease input of other Spanish languages such as Catalan, and since this keyboard will primarily be used to type Mixe or Spanish, we feel justified in moving ç to a less convenient layer.

=== ø and i-bar (used for writing other varieties) ===
We made the top-most, left-most key a lower and upper case saltillo. In Totontepec orthography, the saltillo and apostrophe are both used for writing phonemic glottal stops, which are numerous in Mixe. At this point, we're not sure which is more commonly used, or if the distinction matters for Totontepec, so we opted to include both in our layout.

== Installation ==
Install the ibus-m17n engine, then copy mto-kbd.mim to <code>~/.m17n.d</code>.

== Licensing ==
Licensed under MIT.

= Existing resources =
*2010 Carmen Janey [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/4481/jany.pdf;jsessionid=C40A89F204744A496CE63E8B2FD9133A?sequence=1 Orthography Design for Chuxnaban Mixe]
*John Benjamins 2003 [https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/prag.13.4.06sus The story of ö]

[[Category:Sp22_KeyboardLayouts]], [[Category:Mixe]]

Mixe/Keyboard

2022-02-09T20:06:00Z

WDENGLE1: Add notes on ç, licence, installation.

TO DO:
*add authors page to repository
*add install file in repository
*add READ ME (added some compose combinations to keyboard, included diacritics most common in other varieties of Mixe) file in repository

= Developed mto/universal Mixe keyboard layout =
Working layout:

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|ꞌ|Ꞌ}} {{kbdkey|1|!|{{!}}}} {{kbdkey|2|"|@}} {{kbdkey|3|.|#}} {{kbdkey|4|$|{{green|˜}}}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|&}} {{kbdkey|7|/}} {{kbdkey|8|(}} {{kbdkey|9|)}} {{kbdkey|0|=}} {{kbdkey|'|?}} {{kbdkey|¡|¿}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|q|Q}} {{kbdkey|w|W}} {{kbdkey|e|E}} {{kbdkey|r|R}} {{kbdkey|t|T}} {{kbdkey|y|Y}} {{kbdkey|u|U}} {{kbdkey|i|I}} {{kbdkey|o|O}} {{kbdkey|p|P}} {{kbdkey|{{green|`}}|{{green|ˆ}}|[}} {{kbdkey|+|*|]}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|a|A}} {{kbdkey|s|S}} {{kbdkey|d|D}} {{kbdkey|f|F}} {{kbdkey|g|G}} {{kbdkey|h|H}} {{kbdkey|j|J}} {{kbdkey|k|K}} {{kbdkey|l|L}} {{kbdkey|ñ|Ñ}} {{kbdkey|{{green|◌̈}}|{{green|◌́}}|{}} {{kbdkey|{{green|◌̱}}|{{green|msc}}|} }} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|<|>}} {{kbdkey|z|Z}} {{kbdkey|x|X}} {{kbdkey|c|C}} {{kbdkey|v|V}} {{kbdkey|b|B}} {{kbdkey|n|N|}} {{kbdkey|m|M}} {{kbdkey|,|;}} {{kbdkey|.|:}} {{kbdkey|-|_}} }}

Combinations of inputs that result in other inputs include the following:
<div style="column-count:4;-moz-column-count:4;-webkit-column-count:4">
* <code>¨</code> <code>a</code> = <code>ä</code>
* <code>¨</code> <code>e</code> = <code>ë</code>
* <code>¨</code> <code>o</code> = <code>ö</code>
* <code>¨</code> <code>u</code> = <code>ü</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>a</code> = <code>à</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>e</code> = <code>è</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>i</code> = <code>ì</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>o</code> = <code>ò</code>
* <code>`</code> <code>u</code> = <code>ù</code>
* <code>◌̱</code> <code>a</code> = <code>a̱</code>
* <code>◌̱</code> <code>e</code> = <code>e̱</code>
* <code>◌̱</code> <code>o</code> = <code>o̱</code>
* <code>◌̱</code> <code>u</code> = <code>u̱</code>
* <code>msc</code> <code>i</code> = <code>ɨ</code>
* <code>msc</code> <code>I</code> = <code>Ɨ</code>
* <code>msc</code> <code>o</code> = <code>ø</code>
* <code>msc</code> <code>O</code> = <code>Ø</code>
</div>

== Justifications ==

Our layout is a modified version of the international Spanish keyboard layout. Most speakers of Mixe also speak Spanish, and are thus likely familiar with the Spanish layout. Further, many of the same diacritics are used in both Mixe and Spanish. In building off of the Spanish layout, we hope to preserve some user familiarity in using the Mixe layout.

Most varieties of Mixe have 9 (or thereabouts) vowels. The vowels most similar to Spanish vowels are written with the same characters (e.g. /a/ is written 'a' in both Spanish and Mixe). The unique vowels are written in a few different ways, depending on the specific variety of Mixe being written, and almost all are combinations of ''a, e, i, o, u'' and diacritics. The characters most commonly used (when considering all Mixean orthographies) are those formed with ◌̈ (ä, ë, ö, ü) and with ◌̱ (a̱,e̱,o̱,u̱). As such, we have replaced the ç, Ç key with a dead key for ◌̱ and swapped the placement of the ◌̈ and ◌́ deadkeys. We've given ◌̱, rather than ◌̈, its own key, because it is the more commonly used diacritic in Totontepec Mixe, which is the specific variety we are working with. The ç key was included on the Spanish keyboard to ease input of other Spanish languages such as Catalan, and since this keyboard will primarily be used to type Mixe or Spanish, we feel justified in moving ç to a less convenient layer.
-ø and i-bar (used for writing other varieties)

We made the top-most, left-most key a lower and upper case saltillo. In Totontepec orthography, the saltillo and apostrophe are both used for writing phonemic glottal stops, which are numerous in Mixe. At this point, we're not sure which is more commonly used, or if the distinction matters for Totontepec, so we opted to include both in our layout.

== Installation ==
Install the ibus-m17n engine, then copy mto-kbd.mim to <code>~/.m17n.d</code>.

== Licensing ==
Licensed under MIT.

= Existing resources =
*2010 Carmen Janey [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/4481/jany.pdf;jsessionid=C40A89F204744A496CE63E8B2FD9133A?sequence=1 Orthography Design for Chuxnaban Mixe]
*John Benjamins 2003 [https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/prag.13.4.06sus The story of ö]

[[Category:Sp22_KeyboardLayouts]], [[Category:Mixe]]

Mixe

2022-01-29T08:10:58Z

WDENGLE1: Try to clean up HTML (a11y)

Language being worked on by [[user:WDENGLE1|Bill Dengler]] and [[user:Eresend1|Elizabeth Resendiz]].

== External resources ==
=== Computational ===

=== Dictionaries ===
*Dictionary of Tontontepec variety. Likely bilingual, Spanish and Tontontepec.
**Schoenhals, Alvin, and Louise C. Schoenhals. 1965. Vocabulario mixe de Tontontepec
**Couldn't find in Tripod or E-ZBorrow.
{{comment|Check WorldCat. This source is available from Princeton. -JNW}}

=== Grammatical descriptions ===
*Grammar of Ayutla (ISO: mxp) variety. Doctoral dissertation by Rodrigo Romero-Mendez.
**Copyrighted, all rights reserved.
** [[https://arts-sciences.buffalo.edu/content/dam/arts-sciences/linguistics/AlumniDissertations/Romero-Mendez%20dissertation.pdf 2009 A Reference Grammar of Ayutla Mixe]]
**Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License
*A broad description of the Totontepec (ISO: mto) variety of North Highlands Mixe. Particular emphasis on applicative constructions.
**Master's Thesis by Veronica Guzman Guzman. 2012. Las construcciones aplicativas en el mixe de Totontepec
**Couldn't find in Tripod or E-ZBorrow

{{comment|MediaWiki markup for URLS is a single set of square brackets; double is for inter-wiki links. -JNW}}

=== Scientific works ===
*A discussion of orthography design for Mixe languages, focusing on Chuxnaban (Quetzaltepec (ISO: pxm)).
**Includes:
***a phonemic inventory and its representation in Janey's proposed orthography
***Some discussion of phonological processes
***examples of Chuxnaban words and phrases
***a table comparing many of the mixean orthographies that are and have been used for various varieties
** 2010 Carmen Janey [[https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/4481/jany.pdf;jsessionid=C40A89F204744A496CE63E8B2FD9133A?sequence=1 Orthography Design for Chuxnaban Mixe]]
*An overview of structural aspects of Mixe-Zoquean languages (not specific to any one variety of Mixe)
**[[https://tricolib.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/openurl?institution=01TRI_INST&vid=01TRI_INST:SC&date=2009&%3Fsid=oup:obo&aulast=Rhodes&genre=bookitem&title=Concise%20encyclopedia%20of%20languages%20of%20the%20world&atitle=Mixe-Zoquean%20languages Mixe-Zoquean Languages]]
**In print. Requested from libraries
*A paper on "disfrasismos" in North Highland Mixe. Also discussed the language and its speakers more generally. Includes a transcription of a story told in Totontepec by a native speaker.
**Daniel Suslak 2010. [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40929739 Battered Spanish, Eloquent Mixe: Form and Function of Mixe Difrasismos]]
**JSTOR [[https://about.jstor.org/terms/#content-use permitted uses]]

=== Corpora ===

*Bible translation in Quetzaltepec (ISO: pxm) variety. Includes text and audio.
**Copyrighted, all rights reserved. Permitted for personal, non-commercial use.
** [[http://live.bible.is/bible/PXMBSM/MAT/1 Bible.is]] 2013 Sociedad Bíblica de México, A.C.
*Wikimedia for Totontepec (ISO: mto) variety. 10 pages, mostly pictures of animals and what they're called in Totontepec.
**Wikimedia's [[https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use/en terms of use]]: free to read, print, share, and reuse articles under free and open licenses.
** [[https://incubator.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/mto/Main_Page mto main page]]
*Transcription of a story about coffee-picking told in Totontepec by a native speaker. Transcription of a small discussion on English. Some additional examples. For each line/phrase, records: phrasal transcriptions, morpheme-level transcripts, English glosses, English translations.
**Daniel Suslak 2010. [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40929739 Battered Spanish, Eloquent Mixe: Form and Function of Mixe Difrasismos]]
**JSTOR [[https://about.jstor.org/terms/#content-use permitted uses]]

[[Category:sp22_ResourceDocumentation]], [[Category:Mixe]]

User:WDENGLE1/Language selection

2022-01-29T08:06:04Z

WDENGLE1: Dead page

[[User:Eresend1|Elizabeth]] and I have agreed to work together this semester. [[User:WDENGLE1|WDENGLE1]] ([[User talk:WDENGLE1|talk]]) 17:48, 23 January 2022 (EST)
: We'll be working on [[Mixe]]. See below for other languages I considered.

== Ngaanyatjarra ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ntj ntj].
* An indigenous language of Western Australia, particularly [[:wikipedia:Warburton, Western Australia|Warburton]].
* about 1,100 native speakers (as of 2016 census).
* Morphological typology: synthetic? (the WP article refers to afixation).
* Written exclusively in the Latin script without diacritics, so encoding text/a keyboard layout should be trivial (just use English's).

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Ngaanyatjarra dialect|Wikipedia article]] (contains some general info).
* [https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A38 Ngaanyatjarra's entry in the Australian Indigenous Languages Database] refers to some grammatical descriptions and sources of text, but I'm not sure how to access/find them.
* [https://franklin.library.upenn.edu/catalog/FRANKLIN_9935747133503681 Ngaanyatjarra–English dictionary available at UPenn], can we obtain this via Quaker Consortium? (paper/probable DRM, probably inaccessible, machine-readability Highly unlikely).
* A [https://asjp.clld.org/languages/NGAANYATJARRA Ngaanyatjarra–English wordlist] presented as an HTML table, accessible and should be machine parsable.
* A [https://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8117&context=ecuworks small English dictionary of Western Desert terms]:Ngaanyatjarra is part of the Western Desert language family. PDF, has a text layer, probably harder to machine-parse.
* [https://aboriginalbibles.org.au/ngaanyatjarra/ Bible translations] in various formats (the easiest for machine and my readability appear to be Epub/HTML).
* A [https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks/7118/ pre-reading booklet for children], PDF appears to have an (at least somewhat complete) text layer but should be visually verified.
* Some [https://wangka.com.au/ngaanyatjarra-2/ books in Ngaanyatjarra collected by the Goldfields Aboriginal Language Centre]: website is tricky accessibility-wise, might be worth contacting them for more resources if I work on this language.

== Low German ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nds nds].
* West Germanic language variety spoken mainly in Northern Germany, with closely related dialects spoken in the northeastern part of the Netherlands.
* The language is referred to in itself as Plattdütsch among other names.
* Estimated 4.35–7.15 million native speakers.
* Morphological classification: synthetic (declension of adjectives/nouns and conjugation of verbs described on enwp).
* Latin script/based on German orthography (SASS writing style) so the German keyboard layout should suffice.

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Low German|English Wikipedia article]].
* [http://deepl.com Deepl translator] has some support for this language via its (high) German rules. Certainly enough to get the gist of text, though struggles significantly with idioms.
* [[:wikipedia:nds:Hööftsiet|Low German Wikipedia]] with [[:wikipedia:nds:special:statistics|over 83,000 articles and 62 users active within the past month]].
* [https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Low_German_phrasebook Low German phrasebook] at Wikivoyage.
* [https://plattmakers.de/en Plattmakers], an online Low German dictionary (with UI and translations in English).

== Balinese ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ban ban].
* Malayo-Polynesian language spoken on the Indonesian island of Bali as well as Northern Nusa Penida, Western Lombok, Eastern Java, Southern Sumatra, and Sulawesi.
* Native speakers: 3.3 million (as of 2000 census).
* Morphological typology: synthetic?
* Written both in Latin script and in its own script, though primarily older texts are written in the latter. This could pose challenges (my [[:wikipedia:Screen reader|screen reader]] reads Balinese characters as hex codes).

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Balinese language|English Wikipedia]] article.
* [[:wikipedia:ban:Kaca Utama|Balinese Wikipedia]] with [[:wikipedia:ban:special:statistics|over 11,400 articles and 45 users active within the past month]].
* [https://www.swarthmore.edu/profile/thomas-whitman-%E2%80%9982 Tom Whitman] at Swarthmore, director of the Balinese Gamelan, might have resources. I can reach out if I work on this language (he knows who I am as I played in gamelan last semester).

[[Category:sp22_LanguageSelection]]
[[Category:Ngaanyatjarra]]
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]
[[Category:Balinese]]

User:WDENGLE1

2022-01-29T08:04:48Z

WDENGLE1:

== About me ==
Hi! My name is Bill Dengler. I'm a final semester computer science major with minors in linguistics (toward which I'm counting this course) and global studies. I have been totally blind since birth due to [[:wikipedia:Norrie disease|Norrie disease]] – I use the [http://nvaccess.org NVDA] and [https://support.apple.com/en-gb/guide/iphone/iph3e2e415f/ios VoiceOver] [[:wikipedia:Screen reader|screen readers]] to access my computer and phone respectively.

Though my specialty is accessible technology (after graduation, I'll be starting a full-time software engineering position at Microsoft, hopefully on the [https://accessibilityinsights.io Accessibility Insights] team), I have done a little bit at the intersection of computation and linguistics, though definitely more rooted in the former. Last semester (fall 2021), Jonathan and I [https://github.com/codeofdusk/treemendous developed a tool] to make syntax trees (and other types of trees more generally) accessible to blind people. While I am interested in language, especially how it operates as a "system", my linguistics experience is far more limited, particularly in the areas of phonetics and phonology.

This semester, [[user:Eresend1|Elizabeth]] and I are working on [[Mixe]].

[[Category:sp22_students]]

Mixe

2022-01-29T08:01:20Z

WDENGLE1: Case/links

Language being worked on by [[user:WDENGLE1|Bill Dengler]] and [[user:Eresend1|Elizabeth Resendiz]].

== External resources ==
=== Computational ===

=== Dictionaries ===
*Dictionary of Tontontepec variety. Likely bilingual, Spanish and Tontontepec.
**Schoenhals, Alvin, and Louise C. Schoenhals. 1965. Vocabulario mixe de Tontontepec
**Couldn't find in Tripod or E-ZBorrow.
{{comment|Check WorldCat. This source is available from Princeton. -JNW}}

=== Grammatical descriptions ===
*Grammar of Ayutla (ISO: mxp) variety. Doctoral dissertation by Rodrigo Romero-Mendez.
**Copyrighted, all rights reserved.
** [[https://arts-sciences.buffalo.edu/content/dam/arts-sciences/linguistics/AlumniDissertations/Romero-Mendez%20dissertation.pdf 2009 A Reference Grammar of Ayutla Mixe]]
**Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License

*A broad description of the Totontepec (ISO: mto) variety of North Highlands Mixe. Particular emphasis on applicative constructions.
**Master's Thesis by Veronica Guzman Guzman. 2012. Las construcciones aplicativas en el mixe de Totontepec
**Couldn't find in Tripod or E-ZBorrow

{{comment|MediaWiki markup for URLS is a single set of square brackets; double is for inter-wiki links. -JNW}}

=== Scientific works ===
*A discussion of orthography design for Mixe languages, focusing on Chuxnaban (Quetzaltepec (ISO: pxm)).
**Includes:
***a phonemic inventory and its representation in Janey's proposed orthography
***Some discussion of phonological processes
***examples of Chuxnaban words and phrases
***a table comparing many of the mixean orthographies that are and have been used for various varieties
** 2010 Carmen Janey [[https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/4481/jany.pdf;jsessionid=C40A89F204744A496CE63E8B2FD9133A?sequence=1 Orthography Design for Chuxnaban Mixe]]

*An overview of structural aspects of Mixe-Zoquean languages (not specific to any one variety of Mixe)
**[[https://tricolib.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/openurl?institution=01TRI_INST&vid=01TRI_INST:SC&date=2009&%3Fsid=oup:obo&aulast=Rhodes&genre=bookitem&title=Concise%20encyclopedia%20of%20languages%20of%20the%20world&atitle=Mixe-Zoquean%20languages Mixe-Zoquean Languages]]
**In print. Requested from libraries

*A paper on "disfrasismos" in North Highland Mixe. Also discussed the language and its speakers more generally. Includes a transcription of a story told in Totontepec by a native speaker.
**Daniel Suslak 2010. [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40929739 Battered Spanish, Eloquent Mixe: Form and Function of Mixe Difrasismos]]
**JSTOR [[https://about.jstor.org/terms/#content-use permitted uses]]

=== Corpora ===

*Bible translation in Quetzaltepec (ISO: pxm) variety. Includes text and audio.
**Copyrighted, all rights reserved. Permitted for personal, non-commercial use.
** [[http://live.bible.is/bible/PXMBSM/MAT/1 Bible.is]] 2013 Sociedad Bíblica de México, A.C.
*Wikimedia for Totontepec (ISO: mto) variety. 10 pages, mostly pictures of animals and what they're called in Totontepec.
**Wikimedia's [[https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use/en terms of use]]: free to read, print, share, and reuse articles under free and open licenses.
** [[https://incubator.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/mto/Main_Page mto main page]]

*Transcription of a story about coffee-picking told in Totontepec by a native speaker. Transcription of a small discussion on English. Some additional examples. For each line/phrase, records: phrasal transcriptions, morpheme-level transcripts, English glosses, English translations.
**Daniel Suslak 2010. [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40929739 Battered Spanish, Eloquent Mixe: Form and Function of Mixe Difrasismos]]
**JSTOR [[https://about.jstor.org/terms/#content-use permitted uses]]

[[Category:sp22_ResourceDocumentation]], [[Category:Mixe]]

Mixe

2022-01-29T07:59:52Z

WDENGLE1: Move headings to external section in anticipation of developed resources section

Language being worked on by Bill Dengler and Elizabeth Resendiz.

== External resources ==
=== Computational ===

=== Dictionaries ===
*Dictionary of Tontontepec variety. Likely bilingual, Spanish and Tontontepec.
**Schoenhals, Alvin, and Louise C. Schoenhals. 1965. Vocabulario mixe de Tontontepec
**Couldn't find in Tripod or E-ZBorrow.
{{comment|Check WorldCat. This source is available from Princeton. -JNW}}

=== Grammatical Descriptions ===
*Grammar of Ayutla (ISO: mxp) variety. Doctoral dissertation by Rodrigo Romero-Mendez.
**Copyrighted, all rights reserved.
** [[https://arts-sciences.buffalo.edu/content/dam/arts-sciences/linguistics/AlumniDissertations/Romero-Mendez%20dissertation.pdf 2009 A Reference Grammar of Ayutla Mixe]]
**Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License

*A broad description of the Totontepec (ISO: mto) variety of North Highlands Mixe. Particular emphasis on applicative constructions.
**Master's Thesis by Veronica Guzman Guzman. 2012. Las construcciones aplicativas en el mixe de Totontepec
**Couldn't find in Tripod or E-ZBorrow

{{comment|MediaWiki markup for URLS is a single set of square brackets; double is for inter-wiki links. -JNW}}

=== Scientific Works ===
*A discussion of orthography design for Mixe languages, focusing on Chuxnaban (Quetzaltepec (ISO: pxm)).
**Includes:
***a phonemic inventory and its representation in Janey's proposed orthography
***Some discussion of phonological processes
***examples of Chuxnaban words and phrases
***a table comparing many of the mixean orthographies that are and have been used for various varieties
** 2010 Carmen Janey [[https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/4481/jany.pdf;jsessionid=C40A89F204744A496CE63E8B2FD9133A?sequence=1 Orthography Design for Chuxnaban Mixe]]

*An overview of structural aspects of Mixe-Zoquean languages (not specific to any one variety of Mixe)
**[[https://tricolib.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/openurl?institution=01TRI_INST&vid=01TRI_INST:SC&date=2009&%3Fsid=oup:obo&aulast=Rhodes&genre=bookitem&title=Concise%20encyclopedia%20of%20languages%20of%20the%20world&atitle=Mixe-Zoquean%20languages Mixe-Zoquean Languages]]
**In print. Requested from libraries

*A paper on "disfrasismos" in North Highland Mixe. Also discussed the language and its speakers more generally. Includes a transcription of a story told in Totontepec by a native speaker.
**Daniel Suslak 2010. [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40929739 Battered Spanish, Eloquent Mixe: Form and Function of Mixe Difrasismos]]
**JSTOR [[https://about.jstor.org/terms/#content-use permitted uses]]

=== Corpora ===

*Bible translation in Quetzaltepec (ISO: pxm) variety. Includes text and audio.
**Copyrighted, all rights reserved. Permitted for personal, non-commercial use.
** [[http://live.bible.is/bible/PXMBSM/MAT/1 Bible.is]] 2013 Sociedad Bíblica de México, A.C.
*Wikimedia for Totontepec (ISO: mto) variety. 10 pages, mostly pictures of animals and what they're called in Totontepec.
**Wikimedia's [[https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use/en terms of use]]: free to read, print, share, and reuse articles under free and open licenses.
** [[https://incubator.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/mto/Main_Page mto main page]]

*Transcription of a story about coffee-picking told in Totontepec by a native speaker. Transcription of a small discussion on English. Some additional examples. For each line/phrase, records: phrasal transcriptions, morpheme-level transcripts, English glosses, English translations.
**Daniel Suslak 2010. [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40929739 Battered Spanish, Eloquent Mixe: Form and Function of Mixe Difrasismos]]
**JSTOR [[https://about.jstor.org/terms/#content-use permitted uses]]

[[Category:sp22_ResourceDocumentation]], [[Category:Mixe]]

Category:Sp22 LanguageSelection

2022-01-24T08:17:07Z

WDENGLE1: Rm for now because I broke the table

These are Spring 2022 student submissions for the language selection assignment.

We will fill out this table with the results of language selection, once groups have formed and language choices have been stablised.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! username !! name !! language !! ISO 639-3 !! Area || affiliation
|-
| student1 & student2 || Student One & Student Two || Language || <code>abc</code> || Western Country X, Eastern Country Y || Group > Subgroup
|}

[[Category:Language selection]]
[[Category:Assignments]]
[[Category:Spring 2022]]

Category:Sp22 LanguageSelection

2022-01-24T08:15:05Z

WDENGLE1: Declare partnership

These are Spring 2022 student submissions for the language selection assignment.

We will fill out this table with the results of language selection, once groups have formed and language choices have been stablised.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! username !! name !! language !! ISO 639-3 !! Area || affiliation
|-
| [[user:WDENGLE1|wdengle1]] & [[user:Eresend1|Eresend1]] || Bill Dengler & Elizabeth Resendiz || TBD || <code>abc</code> || Western Country X, Eastern Country Y || Group > Subgroup
|}
| student1 & student2 || Student One & Student Two || Language || <code>abc</code> || Western Country X, Eastern Country Y || Group > Subgroup
|}

[[Category:Language selection]]
[[Category:Assignments]]
[[Category:Spring 2022]]

User:WDENGLE1/Language selection

2022-01-23T22:55:55Z

WDENGLE1: Clarify

[[User:Eresend1|Elizabeth]] and I have agreed to work together this semester. [[User:WDENGLE1|WDENGLE1]] ([[User talk:WDENGLE1|talk]]) 17:48, 23 January 2022 (EST)

== Ngaanyatjarra ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ntj ntj].
* An indigenous language of Western Australia, particularly [[:wikipedia:Warburton, Western Australia|Warburton]].
* about 1,100 native speakers (as of 2016 census).
* Morphological typology: synthetic? (the WP article refers to afixation).
* Written exclusively in the Latin script without diacritics, so encoding text/a keyboard layout should be trivial (just use English's).

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Ngaanyatjarra dialect|Wikipedia article]] (contains some general info).
* [https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A38 Ngaanyatjarra's entry in the Australian Indigenous Languages Database] refers to some grammatical descriptions and sources of text, but I'm not sure how to access/find them.
* [https://franklin.library.upenn.edu/catalog/FRANKLIN_9935747133503681 Ngaanyatjarra–English dictionary available at UPenn], can we obtain this via Quaker Consortium? (paper/probable DRM, probably inaccessible, machine-readability Highly unlikely).
* A [https://asjp.clld.org/languages/NGAANYATJARRA Ngaanyatjarra–English wordlist] presented as an HTML table, accessible and should be machine parsable.
* A [https://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8117&context=ecuworks small English dictionary of Western Desert terms]:Ngaanyatjarra is part of the Western Desert language family. PDF, has a text layer, probably harder to machine-parse.
* [https://aboriginalbibles.org.au/ngaanyatjarra/ Bible translations] in various formats (the easiest for machine and my readability appear to be Epub/HTML).
* A [https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks/7118/ pre-reading booklet for children], PDF appears to have an (at least somewhat complete) text layer but should be visually verified.
* Some [https://wangka.com.au/ngaanyatjarra-2/ books in Ngaanyatjarra collected by the Goldfields Aboriginal Language Centre]: website is tricky accessibility-wise, might be worth contacting them for more resources if I work on this language.

== Low German ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nds nds].
* West Germanic language variety spoken mainly in Northern Germany, with closely related dialects spoken in the northeastern part of the Netherlands.
* The language is referred to in itself as Plattdütsch among other names.
* Estimated 4.35–7.15 million native speakers.
* Morphological classification: synthetic (declension of adjectives/nouns and conjugation of verbs described on enwp).
* Latin script/based on German orthography (SASS writing style) so the German keyboard layout should suffice.

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Low German|English Wikipedia article]].
* [http://deepl.com Deepl translator] has some support for this language via its (high) German rules. Certainly enough to get the gist of text, though struggles significantly with idioms.
* [[:wikipedia:nds:Hööftsiet|Low German Wikipedia]] with [[:wikipedia:nds:special:statistics|over 83,000 articles and 62 users active within the past month]].
* [https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Low_German_phrasebook Low German phrasebook] at Wikivoyage.
* [https://plattmakers.de/en Plattmakers], an online Low German dictionary (with UI and translations in English).

== Balinese ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ban ban].
* Malayo-Polynesian language spoken on the Indonesian island of Bali as well as Northern Nusa Penida, Western Lombok, Eastern Java, Southern Sumatra, and Sulawesi.
* Native speakers: 3.3 million (as of 2000 census).
* Morphological typology: synthetic?
* Written both in Latin script and in its own script, though primarily older texts are written in the latter. This could pose challenges (my [[:wikipedia:Screen reader|screen reader]] reads Balinese characters as hex codes).

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Balinese language|English Wikipedia]] article.
* [[:wikipedia:ban:Kaca Utama|Balinese Wikipedia]] with [[:wikipedia:ban:special:statistics|over 11,400 articles and 45 users active within the past month]].
* [https://www.swarthmore.edu/profile/thomas-whitman-%E2%80%9982 Tom Whitman] at Swarthmore, director of the Balinese Gamelan, might have resources. I can reach out if I work on this language (he knows who I am as I played in gamelan last semester).

[[Category:sp22_LanguageSelection]]
[[Category:Ngaanyatjarra]]
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]
[[Category:Balinese]]

User talk:WDENGLE1

2022-01-23T22:51:33Z

WDENGLE1: Reply

== Mixe? ==
Hi Bill! I'm still down to work on Ngaanyatjarra with you, but I wouldn't be able to convince you of working with Mixe instead, would I? It's chill if not, but it's been easier for me to find resources for Mixe than for Ngaanyatjarra thus far. -Elizabeth Resendiz
: Which variety of Mixe are you considering? Guessing you've looked at my resource list as well and found it wanting? [[User:WDENGLE1|WDENGLE1]] ([[User talk:WDENGLE1|talk]]) 17:51, 23 January 2022 (EST)

User:WDENGLE1

2022-01-23T22:49:44Z

WDENGLE1: Something about counting chickens before they hatch...

== About me ==
Hi! My name is Bill Dengler. I'm a final semester computer science major with minors in linguistics (toward which I'm counting this course) and global studies. I have been totally blind since birth due to [[:wikipedia:Norrie disease|Norrie disease]] – I use the [http://nvaccess.org NVDA] and [https://support.apple.com/en-gb/guide/iphone/iph3e2e415f/ios VoiceOver] [[:wikipedia:Screen reader|screen readers]] to access my computer and phone respectively.

Though my specialty is accessible technology (after graduation, I'll be starting a full-time software engineering position at Microsoft, hopefully on the [https://accessibilityinsights.io Accessibility Insights] team), I have done a little bit at the intersection of computation and linguistics, though definitely more rooted in the former. Last semester (fall 2021), Jonathan and I [https://github.com/codeofdusk/treemendous developed a tool] to make syntax trees (and other types of trees more generally) accessible to blind people. While I am interested in language, especially how it operates as a "system", my linguistics experience is far more limited, particularly in the areas of phonetics and phonology.

== Language ideas ==
I'm considering the following languages to work on this semester:

* [[:wikipedia:Ngaanyatjarra dialect|Ngaanyatjarra]] ([https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ntj ntj]) ([[/Language selection#Ngaanyatjarra|language selection]])
* [[:wikipedia:Low German|Low German]] ([https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nds nds]) ([[/Language selection#Low German|language selection]])
* [[:wikipedia:Balinese language|Balinese]] ([https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ban ban]) ([[/Language selection#Balinese|language selection]])

[[Category:sp22_students]]

User:WDENGLE1/Language selection

2022-01-23T22:48:42Z

WDENGLE1: Indicate partner pref

I've agreed to work with [[User:Eresend1|Elizabeth]] this semester. [[User:WDENGLE1|WDENGLE1]] ([[User talk:WDENGLE1|talk]]) 17:48, 23 January 2022 (EST)

== Ngaanyatjarra ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ntj ntj].
* An indigenous language of Western Australia, particularly [[:wikipedia:Warburton, Western Australia|Warburton]].
* about 1,100 native speakers (as of 2016 census).
* Morphological typology: synthetic? (the WP article refers to afixation).
* Written exclusively in the Latin script without diacritics, so encoding text/a keyboard layout should be trivial (just use English's).

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Ngaanyatjarra dialect|Wikipedia article]] (contains some general info).
* [https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A38 Ngaanyatjarra's entry in the Australian Indigenous Languages Database] refers to some grammatical descriptions and sources of text, but I'm not sure how to access/find them.
* [https://franklin.library.upenn.edu/catalog/FRANKLIN_9935747133503681 Ngaanyatjarra–English dictionary available at UPenn], can we obtain this via Quaker Consortium? (paper/probable DRM, probably inaccessible, machine-readability Highly unlikely).
* A [https://asjp.clld.org/languages/NGAANYATJARRA Ngaanyatjarra–English wordlist] presented as an HTML table, accessible and should be machine parsable.
* A [https://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8117&context=ecuworks small English dictionary of Western Desert terms]:Ngaanyatjarra is part of the Western Desert language family. PDF, has a text layer, probably harder to machine-parse.
* [https://aboriginalbibles.org.au/ngaanyatjarra/ Bible translations] in various formats (the easiest for machine and my readability appear to be Epub/HTML).
* A [https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks/7118/ pre-reading booklet for children], PDF appears to have an (at least somewhat complete) text layer but should be visually verified.
* Some [https://wangka.com.au/ngaanyatjarra-2/ books in Ngaanyatjarra collected by the Goldfields Aboriginal Language Centre]: website is tricky accessibility-wise, might be worth contacting them for more resources if I work on this language.

== Low German ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nds nds].
* West Germanic language variety spoken mainly in Northern Germany, with closely related dialects spoken in the northeastern part of the Netherlands.
* The language is referred to in itself as Plattdütsch among other names.
* Estimated 4.35–7.15 million native speakers.
* Morphological classification: synthetic (declension of adjectives/nouns and conjugation of verbs described on enwp).
* Latin script/based on German orthography (SASS writing style) so the German keyboard layout should suffice.

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Low German|English Wikipedia article]].
* [http://deepl.com Deepl translator] has some support for this language via its (high) German rules. Certainly enough to get the gist of text, though struggles significantly with idioms.
* [[:wikipedia:nds:Hööftsiet|Low German Wikipedia]] with [[:wikipedia:nds:special:statistics|over 83,000 articles and 62 users active within the past month]].
* [https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Low_German_phrasebook Low German phrasebook] at Wikivoyage.
* [https://plattmakers.de/en Plattmakers], an online Low German dictionary (with UI and translations in English).

== Balinese ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ban ban].
* Malayo-Polynesian language spoken on the Indonesian island of Bali as well as Northern Nusa Penida, Western Lombok, Eastern Java, Southern Sumatra, and Sulawesi.
* Native speakers: 3.3 million (as of 2000 census).
* Morphological typology: synthetic?
* Written both in Latin script and in its own script, though primarily older texts are written in the latter. This could pose challenges (my [[:wikipedia:Screen reader|screen reader]] reads Balinese characters as hex codes).

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Balinese language|English Wikipedia]] article.
* [[:wikipedia:ban:Kaca Utama|Balinese Wikipedia]] with [[:wikipedia:ban:special:statistics|over 11,400 articles and 45 users active within the past month]].
* [https://www.swarthmore.edu/profile/thomas-whitman-%E2%80%9982 Tom Whitman] at Swarthmore, director of the Balinese Gamelan, might have resources. I can reach out if I work on this language (he knows who I am as I played in gamelan last semester).

[[Category:sp22_LanguageSelection]]
[[Category:Ngaanyatjarra]]
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]
[[Category:Balinese]]

User:Eresend1/Language selection

2022-01-23T22:42:56Z

WDENGLE1: Make more wiki-like

[[User:wdengle1|Bill Dengler]] and I are planning on working together.

Languages I'm interesting in working on:
*Mixe
*Chatino
*Ngaanyatjarra

== Mixe ==

Mixe refers to a group of Mixe–Zoquean languages spoken in Oaxaca, Mexico. On the 2020 Mexico census, 140,000 people reported their language as "Mixe", though some of those folks may have spoken related varieties spoken in Veracruz, which I'm considering as distinct. The four varieties of Mixe, excluding those Veracruzean varieties, are North Highland (Totontepec), South Highland (Tlahuitoltepec), Midland, and Lowland Mixe.

Totontepec (ISO: mto) is, according to Ethnologue, the most distinct of these varieties [https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mto]. It has about 5,500 speakers and is considered a Developing (language status 5) language. Tlahuitoltepec (ISO: mxp) is more widely spoken, with about 17,000 speakers [https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mxp]. Its language status is 6a (vigorous).

=== Morphological Typology and such ===

Polysynthetic (words composed of many morphemes, allowing for long "sentence-like" (what we would consider sentence-like in English terms) words). Morpheme inflections mainly on verbs. Ergative.

Primarily SOV (Ethnologue also lists VOS for Tlahuitoltepec).

Written with Latin script, primarily. Other orthographies have been proposed and used, but none have stuck.

Speakers likely also speak Spanish. Some also speak Zapotec or Chinantec varieties. Members of local Mixe communities have been working on language maintenance efforts.

=== Resources ===

It seems like it'd be fairly easy to find Mixe text to work with. For example, there are bible translations for several Mixe varieties.

Community radio station that broadcasts in Mixe: XEGLO-AM/XHGJO-FM (La Voz de la Sierra Juárez – "The Voice of the Sierra Juárez") [http://ecos.inpi.gob.mx/xeglo/#1597851917162-8b2783a7-8e19 XEGLO website]

[https://www.oeaw.ac.at/vlach/collections/mixe Austrian Academy of Sciences: Mixe]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixe_languages Wikipedia: Mixe languages]

[https://arts-sciences.buffalo.edu/content/dam/arts-sciences/linguistics/AlumniDissertations/Romero-Mendez%20dissertation.pdf Romero-Mendez Dissertation: A Reference Grammar of Ayutla Mixe]

Anna Kondic's book on Mixe narratives. Presents texts in Mixe and includes English and Spanish translations, audio recordings, and video recordings. This would be an invaluable resource, but I'm not sure how to find it.

== Chatino ==

A group of mesoamerican languages. Like Mixe, also spoken in Oaxaca. About 45,000 speakers. The Mexican government considers Chatino a language with a high risk of disappearance. The Chatino Language Documentation Project was an attempt by linguists, professors, and Chatino speakers to document and create resources for Chatino.

Varieties: Zenzontepec (ISO: czn), Tataltepec (ISO: cta), Zacatepec (ISO: ctz), Western Highland (ISO: ctp), Nopala (ISO: cya), Eastern (ISO: cly).

=== Morphological Typology and such ===

According to Ethnologue: SVO, long words, affixes, tonal. Complex tonal system. Lots of consonant clusters. Uses a base-20 system for numerals.

An oral language without orthography before 2002. The current orthography is (I think) a modified Latin script.

=== Resources ===

Enough work has been done that I know there are audio and transcripts of Chatino speach out there, but I'm not sure how I'd get ahold of most of them.

[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/cya Ethnologue]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatino_language Wikipedia: Chatino language]

[https://lifeandletters.la.utexas.edu/2015/10/chatting-in-chatino/ Life&Letters: Chatting in Chatino]

[https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/31496 Justin McIntosh Dissertation: Aspects of phonology and morphology of Teotepec eastern Chatino]

== Ngaanyatjarra ==

(ISO: ntj)

Speakers also tend to use English. Many also speak other local language varieties. As of 2016, about 1100 speakers. A Pama-Nyungan language spoken in northwestern Australia.

=== Morphological Typology and such ===

Written with Latin script.

Seems to have a decent (maybe a lot?) of morphology, including tense and aspect marking on verbs, command markings on verbs, and person-dependent subject and object marking on nouns.

=== Resources ===

[https://aboriginalbibles.org.au/ngaanyatjarra/ Bible translations]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaanyatjarra_dialect Wikipedia: Ngaanyatjarra dialect]

[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ntj Ethnologue]

[https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_ntj_morsyn-1/mode/2up Excerpt of W. H. Douglas' An Introduction to the Western Desert Language of Australia]

[[Category:sp22_LanguageSelection]]
[[Category:Mixe]]
[[Category:Chatino]]
[[Category:Ngaanyatjarra]]

User:WDENGLE1/Language selection

2022-01-23T03:51:16Z

WDENGLE1: ban: clarify

My experience tilts more "computational" than "linguistics". In particular, my knowledge of phonetics and phonology is weak. Therefore, I'd prefer to work with someone with a strong linguistics background and perhaps less computational experience so that we could complement each other!

== Ngaanyatjarra ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ntj ntj].
* An indigenous language of Western Australia, particularly [[:wikipedia:Warburton, Western Australia|Warburton]].
* about 1,100 native speakers (as of 2016 census).
* Morphological typology: synthetic? (the WP article refers to afixation).
* Written exclusively in the Latin script without diacritics, so encoding text/a keyboard layout should be trivial (just use English's).

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Ngaanyatjarra dialect|Wikipedia article]] (contains some general info).
* [https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A38 Ngaanyatjarra's entry in the Australian Indigenous Languages Database] refers to some grammatical descriptions and sources of text, but I'm not sure how to access/find them.
* [https://franklin.library.upenn.edu/catalog/FRANKLIN_9935747133503681 Ngaanyatjarra–English dictionary available at UPenn], can we obtain this via Quaker Consortium? (paper/probable DRM, probably inaccessible, machine-readability Highly unlikely).
* A [https://asjp.clld.org/languages/NGAANYATJARRA Ngaanyatjarra–English wordlist] presented as an HTML table, accessible and should be machine parsable.
* A [https://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8117&context=ecuworks small English dictionary of Western Desert terms]:Ngaanyatjarra is part of the Western Desert language family. PDF, has a text layer, probably harder to machine-parse.
* [https://aboriginalbibles.org.au/ngaanyatjarra/ Bible translations] in various formats (the easiest for machine and my readability appear to be Epub/HTML).
* A [https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks/7118/ pre-reading booklet for children], PDF appears to have an (at least somewhat complete) text layer but should be visually verified.
* Some [https://wangka.com.au/ngaanyatjarra-2/ books in Ngaanyatjarra collected by the Goldfields Aboriginal Language Centre]: website is tricky accessibility-wise, might be worth contacting them for more resources if I work on this language.

== Low German ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nds nds].
* West Germanic language variety spoken mainly in Northern Germany, with closely related dialects spoken in the northeastern part of the Netherlands.
* The language is referred to in itself as Plattdütsch among other names.
* Estimated 4.35–7.15 million native speakers.
* Morphological classification: synthetic (declension of adjectives/nouns and conjugation of verbs described on enwp).
* Latin script/based on German orthography (SASS writing style) so the German keyboard layout should suffice.

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Low German|English Wikipedia article]].
* [http://deepl.com Deepl translator] has some support for this language via its (high) German rules. Certainly enough to get the gist of text, though struggles significantly with idioms.
* [[:wikipedia:nds:Hööftsiet|Low German Wikipedia]] with [[:wikipedia:nds:special:statistics|over 83,000 articles and 62 users active within the past month]].
* [https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Low_German_phrasebook Low German phrasebook] at Wikivoyage.
* [https://plattmakers.de/en Plattmakers], an online Low German dictionary (with UI and translations in English).

== Balinese ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ban ban].
* Malayo-Polynesian language spoken on the Indonesian island of Bali as well as Northern Nusa Penida, Western Lombok, Eastern Java, Southern Sumatra, and Sulawesi.
* Native speakers: 3.3 million (as of 2000 census).
* Morphological typology: synthetic?
* Written both in Latin script and in its own script, though primarily older texts are written in the latter. This could pose challenges (my [[:wikipedia:Screen reader|screen reader]] reads Balinese characters as hex codes).

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Balinese language|English Wikipedia]] article.
* [[:wikipedia:ban:Kaca Utama|Balinese Wikipedia]] with [[:wikipedia:ban:special:statistics|over 11,400 articles and 45 users active within the past month]].
* [https://www.swarthmore.edu/profile/thomas-whitman-%E2%80%9982 Tom Whitman] at Swarthmore, director of the Balinese Gamelan, might have resources. I can reach out if I work on this language (he knows who I am as I played in gamelan last semester).

[[Category:sp22_LanguageSelection]]
[[Category:Ngaanyatjarra]]
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]
[[Category:Balinese]]

User:WDENGLE1/Language selection

2022-01-23T03:49:49Z

WDENGLE1: ban: add more sources

My experience tilts more "computational" than "linguistics". In particular, my knowledge of phonetics and phonology is weak. Therefore, I'd prefer to work with someone with a strong linguistics background and perhaps less computational experience so that we could complement each other!

== Ngaanyatjarra ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ntj ntj].
* An indigenous language of Western Australia, particularly [[:wikipedia:Warburton, Western Australia|Warburton]].
* about 1,100 native speakers (as of 2016 census).
* Morphological typology: synthetic? (the WP article refers to afixation).
* Written exclusively in the Latin script without diacritics, so encoding text/a keyboard layout should be trivial (just use English's).

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Ngaanyatjarra dialect|Wikipedia article]] (contains some general info).
* [https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A38 Ngaanyatjarra's entry in the Australian Indigenous Languages Database] refers to some grammatical descriptions and sources of text, but I'm not sure how to access/find them.
* [https://franklin.library.upenn.edu/catalog/FRANKLIN_9935747133503681 Ngaanyatjarra–English dictionary available at UPenn], can we obtain this via Quaker Consortium? (paper/probable DRM, probably inaccessible, machine-readability Highly unlikely).
* A [https://asjp.clld.org/languages/NGAANYATJARRA Ngaanyatjarra–English wordlist] presented as an HTML table, accessible and should be machine parsable.
* A [https://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8117&context=ecuworks small English dictionary of Western Desert terms]:Ngaanyatjarra is part of the Western Desert language family. PDF, has a text layer, probably harder to machine-parse.
* [https://aboriginalbibles.org.au/ngaanyatjarra/ Bible translations] in various formats (the easiest for machine and my readability appear to be Epub/HTML).
* A [https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks/7118/ pre-reading booklet for children], PDF appears to have an (at least somewhat complete) text layer but should be visually verified.
* Some [https://wangka.com.au/ngaanyatjarra-2/ books in Ngaanyatjarra collected by the Goldfields Aboriginal Language Centre]: website is tricky accessibility-wise, might be worth contacting them for more resources if I work on this language.

== Low German ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nds nds].
* West Germanic language variety spoken mainly in Northern Germany, with closely related dialects spoken in the northeastern part of the Netherlands.
* The language is referred to in itself as Plattdütsch among other names.
* Estimated 4.35–7.15 million native speakers.
* Morphological classification: synthetic (declension of adjectives/nouns and conjugation of verbs described on enwp).
* Latin script/based on German orthography (SASS writing style) so the German keyboard layout should suffice.

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Low German|English Wikipedia article]].
* [http://deepl.com Deepl translator] has some support for this language via its (high) German rules. Certainly enough to get the gist of text, though struggles significantly with idioms.
* [[:wikipedia:nds:Hööftsiet|Low German Wikipedia]] with [[:wikipedia:nds:special:statistics|over 83,000 articles and 62 users active within the past month]].
* [https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Low_German_phrasebook Low German phrasebook] at Wikivoyage.
* [https://plattmakers.de/en Plattmakers], an online Low German dictionary (with UI and translations in English).

== Balinese ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ban ban].
* Malayo-Polynesian language spoken on the Indonesian island of Bali as well as Northern Nusa Penida, Western Lombok, Eastern Java, Southern Sumatra, and Sulawesi.
* Native speakers: 3.3 million (as of 2000 census).
* Morphological typology: synthetic?
* Written both in Latin script and in its own script, though primarily older texts are written in the latter. This could pose challenges (my [[:wikipedia:Screen reader|screen reader]] reads Balinese characters as hex codes).

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Balinese language|English Wikipedia]] article.
* [[:wikipedia:ban:Kaca Utama|Balinese Wikipedia]] with [[:wikipedia:ban:special:statistics|over 11,400 articles and 45 users active within the past month]].
* [https://www.swarthmore.edu/profile/thomas-whitman-%E2%80%9982 Tom Whitman] at Swarthmore, director of the Balinese Gamelan (in which I participated last semester), might have resources.

[[Category:sp22_LanguageSelection]]
[[Category:Ngaanyatjarra]]
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]
[[Category:Balinese]]

User:WDENGLE1/Language selection

2022-01-23T03:36:18Z

WDENGLE1: nds: Jonathan approves, so add more sources

My experience tilts more "computational" than "linguistics". In particular, my knowledge of phonetics and phonology is weak. Therefore, I'd prefer to work with someone with a strong linguistics background and perhaps less computational experience so that we could complement each other!

== Ngaanyatjarra ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ntj ntj].
* An indigenous language of Western Australia, particularly [[:wikipedia:Warburton, Western Australia|Warburton]].
* about 1,100 native speakers (as of 2016 census).
* Morphological typology: synthetic? (the WP article refers to afixation).
* Written exclusively in the Latin script without diacritics, so encoding text/a keyboard layout should be trivial (just use English's).

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Ngaanyatjarra dialect|Wikipedia article]] (contains some general info).
* [https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A38 Ngaanyatjarra's entry in the Australian Indigenous Languages Database] refers to some grammatical descriptions and sources of text, but I'm not sure how to access/find them.
* [https://franklin.library.upenn.edu/catalog/FRANKLIN_9935747133503681 Ngaanyatjarra–English dictionary available at UPenn], can we obtain this via Quaker Consortium? (paper/probable DRM, probably inaccessible, machine-readability Highly unlikely).
* A [https://asjp.clld.org/languages/NGAANYATJARRA Ngaanyatjarra–English wordlist] presented as an HTML table, accessible and should be machine parsable.
* A [https://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8117&context=ecuworks small English dictionary of Western Desert terms]:Ngaanyatjarra is part of the Western Desert language family. PDF, has a text layer, probably harder to machine-parse.
* [https://aboriginalbibles.org.au/ngaanyatjarra/ Bible translations] in various formats (the easiest for machine and my readability appear to be Epub/HTML).
* A [https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks/7118/ pre-reading booklet for children], PDF appears to have an (at least somewhat complete) text layer but should be visually verified.
* Some [https://wangka.com.au/ngaanyatjarra-2/ books in Ngaanyatjarra collected by the Goldfields Aboriginal Language Centre]: website is tricky accessibility-wise, might be worth contacting them for more resources if I work on this language.

== Low German ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nds nds].
* West Germanic language variety spoken mainly in Northern Germany, with closely related dialects spoken in the northeastern part of the Netherlands.
* The language is referred to in itself as Plattdütsch among other names.
* Estimated 4.35–7.15 million native speakers.
* Morphological classification: synthetic (declension of adjectives/nouns and conjugation of verbs described on WP).
* Latin script/based on German orthography (SASS writing style) so the German keyboard layout should suffice.

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Low German|English Wikipedia article]].
* [http://deepl.com Deepl translator] has some support for this language via its (high) German rules. Certainly enough to get the gist of text, though struggles significantly with idioms.
* [[:wikipedia:nds:Hööftsiet|Low German Wikipedia]] with [[:wikipedia:nds:special:statistics|over 83,000 articles and 62 users active within the past month]].
* [https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Low_German_phrasebook Low German phrasebook] at Wikivoyage.
* [https://plattmakers.de/en Plattmakers], an online Low German dictionary (with UI and translations in English).

== Balinese ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ban ban].
* Malayo-Polynesian language spoken on the Indonesian island of Bali as well as Northern Nusa Penida, Western Lombok, Eastern Java, Southern Sumatra, and Sulawesi.
* Native speakers: 3.3 million (as of 2000 census).
* Morphological typology: synthetic.
* Written both in Latin script and in its own script, though primarily older texts are written in the latter. This could pose challenges (my [[:wikipedia:Screen reader|screen reader]] reads Balinese characters as hex codes).

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Balinese language|Wikipedia]].

[[Category:sp22_LanguageSelection]]
[[Category:Ngaanyatjarra]]
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]
[[Category:Balinese]]

User:WDENGLE1/Language selection

2022-01-22T07:46:17Z

WDENGLE1: nds: might not work

My experience tilts more "computational" than "linguistics". In particular, my knowledge of phonetics and phonology is weak. Therefore, I'd prefer to work with someone with a strong linguistics background and perhaps less computational experience so that we could complement each other!

== Ngaanyatjarra ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ntj ntj].
* An indigenous language of Western Australia, particularly [[:wikipedia:Warburton, Western Australia|Warburton]].
* about 1,100 native speakers (as of 2016 census).
* Morphological typology: synthetic? (the WP article refers to afixation).
* Written exclusively in the Latin script without diacritics, so encoding text/a keyboard layout should be trivial (just use English's).

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Ngaanyatjarra dialect|Wikipedia article]] (contains some general info).
* [https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A38 Ngaanyatjarra's entry in the Australian Indigenous Languages Database] refers to some grammatical descriptions and sources of text, but I'm not sure how to access/find them.
* [https://franklin.library.upenn.edu/catalog/FRANKLIN_9935747133503681 Ngaanyatjarra–English dictionary available at UPenn], can we obtain this via Quaker Consortium? (paper/probable DRM, probably inaccessible, machine-readability Highly unlikely).
* A [https://asjp.clld.org/languages/NGAANYATJARRA Ngaanyatjarra–English wordlist] presented as an HTML table, accessible and should be machine parsable.
* A [https://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8117&context=ecuworks small English dictionary of Western Desert terms]:Ngaanyatjarra is part of the Western Desert language family. PDF, has a text layer, probably harder to machine-parse.
* [https://aboriginalbibles.org.au/ngaanyatjarra/ Bible translations] in various formats (the easiest for machine and my readability appear to be Epub/HTML).
* A [https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks/7118/ pre-reading booklet for children], PDF appears to have an (at least somewhat complete) text layer but should be visually verified.
* Some [https://wangka.com.au/ngaanyatjarra-2/ books in Ngaanyatjarra collected by the Goldfields Aboriginal Language Centre]: website is tricky accessibility-wise, might be worth contacting them for more resources if I work on this language.

== Low German ==
'''note: might not be viable as there is some support in a commercial translation package. Awaiting guidance from Jonathan.'''

<S>
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nds nds].
* West Germanic language variety spoken mainly in Northern Germany, with closely related dialects spoken in the northeastern part of the Netherlands.
* The language is referred to in itself as Plattdütsch among other names.
* Estimated 4.35–7.15 million native speakers.
* Morphological classification: synthetic (declension of adjectives/nouns and conjugation of verbs described on WP).
* Latin script, with competing orthographic standards based on Dutch's and German's, so the Dutch and German keyboard layouts, respectively, should suffice.

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Low German|Wikipedia]]
</S>

== Balinese ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ban ban].
* Malayo-Polynesian language spoken on the Indonesian island of Bali as well as Northern Nusa Penida, Western Lombok, Eastern Java, Southern Sumatra, and Sulawesi.
* Native speakers: 3.3 million (as of 2000 census).
* Morphological typology: synthetic.
* Written both in Latin script and in its own script, though primarily older texts are written in the latter. This could pose challenges (my [[:wikipedia:Screen reader|screen reader]] reads Balinese characters as hex codes).

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Balinese language|Wikipedia]].

[[Category:sp22_LanguageSelection]]
[[Category:Ngaanyatjarra]]
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]
[[Category:Balinese]]

User:WDENGLE1/Language selection

2022-01-22T04:16:07Z

WDENGLE1: a/an

My experience tilts more "computational" than "linguistics". In particular, my knowledge of phonetics and phonology is weak. Therefore, I'd prefer to work with someone with a strong linguistics background and perhaps less computational experience so that we could complement each other!

== Ngaanyatjarra ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ntj ntj].
* An indigenous language of Western Australia, particularly [[:wikipedia:Warburton, Western Australia|Warburton]].
* about 1,100 native speakers (as of 2016 census).
* Morphological typology: synthetic? (the WP article refers to afixation).
* Written exclusively in the Latin script without diacritics, so encoding text/a keyboard layout should be trivial (just use English's).

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Ngaanyatjarra dialect|Wikipedia article]] (contains some general info).
* [https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A38 Ngaanyatjarra's entry in the Australian Indigenous Languages Database] refers to some grammatical descriptions and sources of text, but I'm not sure how to access/find them.
* [https://franklin.library.upenn.edu/catalog/FRANKLIN_9935747133503681 Ngaanyatjarra–English dictionary available at UPenn], can we obtain this via Quaker Consortium? (paper/probable DRM, probably inaccessible, machine-readability Highly unlikely).
* A [https://asjp.clld.org/languages/NGAANYATJARRA Ngaanyatjarra–English wordlist] presented as an HTML table, accessible and should be machine parsable.
* A [https://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8117&context=ecuworks small English dictionary of Western Desert terms]:Ngaanyatjarra is part of the Western Desert language family. PDF, has a text layer, probably harder to machine-parse.
* [https://aboriginalbibles.org.au/ngaanyatjarra/ Bible translations] in various formats (the easiest for machine and my readability appear to be Epub/HTML).
* A [https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks/7118/ pre-reading booklet for children], PDF appears to have an (at least somewhat complete) text layer but should be visually verified.
* Some [https://wangka.com.au/ngaanyatjarra-2/ books in Ngaanyatjarra collected by the Goldfields Aboriginal Language Centre]: website is tricky accessibility-wise, might be worth contacting them for more resources if I work on this language.

== Low German ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nds nds].
* West Germanic language variety spoken mainly in Northern Germany, with closely related dialects spoken in the northeastern part of the Netherlands.
* The language is referred to in itself as Plattdütsch among other names.
* Estimated 4.35–7.15 million native speakers.
* Morphological classification: synthetic (declension of adjectives/nouns and conjugation of verbs described on WP).
* Latin script, with competing orthographic standards based on Dutch's and German's, so the Dutch and German keyboard layouts, respectively, should suffice.

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Low German|Wikipedia]]

== Balinese ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ban ban].
* Malayo-Polynesian language spoken on the Indonesian island of Bali as well as Northern Nusa Penida, Western Lombok, Eastern Java, Southern Sumatra, and Sulawesi.
* Native speakers: 3.3 million (as of 2000 census).
* Morphological typology: synthetic.
* Written both in Latin script and in its own script, though primarily older texts are written in the latter. This could pose challenges (my [[:wikipedia:Screen reader|screen reader]] reads Balinese characters as hex codes).

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Balinese language|Wikipedia]].

[[Category:sp22_LanguageSelection]]
[[Category:Ngaanyatjarra]]
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]
[[Category:Balinese]]

User:WDENGLE1/Language selection

2022-01-22T03:54:02Z

WDENGLE1: ntj: more sources

My experience tilts more "computational" than "linguistics". In particular, my knowledge of phonetics and phonology is weak. Therefore, I'd prefer to work with someone with a strong linguistics background and perhaps less computational experience so that we could complement each other!

== Ngaanyatjarra ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ntj ntj].
* An indigenous language of Western Australia, particularly [[:wikipedia:Warburton, Western Australia|Warburton]].
* about 1,100 native speakers (as of 2016 census).
* Morphological typology: synthetic? (the WP article refers to afixation).
* Written exclusively in the Latin script without diacritics, so encoding text/a keyboard layout should be trivial (just use English's).

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Ngaanyatjarra dialect|Wikipedia article]] (contains some general info).
* [https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A38 Ngaanyatjarra's entry in the Australian Indigenous Languages Database] refers to some grammatical descriptions and sources of text, but I'm not sure how to access/find them.
* [https://franklin.library.upenn.edu/catalog/FRANKLIN_9935747133503681 Ngaanyatjarra–English dictionary available at UPenn], can we obtain this via Quaker Consortium? (paper/probable DRM, probably inaccessible, machine-readability Highly unlikely).
* A [https://asjp.clld.org/languages/NGAANYATJARRA Ngaanyatjarra–English wordlist] presented as an HTML table, accessible and should be machine parsable.
* A [https://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8117&context=ecuworks small English dictionary of Western Desert terms]:Ngaanyatjarra is part of the Western Desert language family. PDF, has a text layer, probably harder to machine-parse.
* [https://aboriginalbibles.org.au/ngaanyatjarra/ Bible translations] in various formats (the easiest for machine and my readability appear to be Epub/HTML).
* A [https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks/7118/ pre-reading booklet for children], PDF appears to have a (at least somewhat complete) text layer but should be visually verified.
* Some [https://wangka.com.au/ngaanyatjarra-2/ books in Ngaanyatjarra collected by the Goldfields Aboriginal Language Centre]: website is tricky accessibility-wise, might be worth contacting them for more resources if I work on this language.

== Low German ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nds nds].
* West Germanic language variety spoken mainly in Northern Germany, with closely related dialects spoken in the northeastern part of the Netherlands.
* The language is referred to in itself as Plattdütsch among other names.
* Estimated 4.35–7.15 million native speakers.
* Morphological classification: synthetic (declension of adjectives/nouns and conjugation of verbs described on WP).
* Latin script, with competing orthographic standards based on Dutch's and German's, so the Dutch and German keyboard layouts, respectively, should suffice.

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Low German|Wikipedia]]

== Balinese ==
* ISO 639-3: [https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ban ban].
* Malayo-Polynesian language spoken on the Indonesian island of Bali as well as Northern Nusa Penida, Western Lombok, Eastern Java, Southern Sumatra, and Sulawesi.
* Native speakers: 3.3 million (as of 2000 census).
* Morphological typology: synthetic.
* Written both in Latin script and in its own script, though primarily older texts are written in the latter. This could pose challenges (my [[:wikipedia:Screen reader|screen reader]] reads Balinese characters as hex codes).

=== Sources ===
* [[:wikipedia:Balinese language|Wikipedia]].

[[Category:sp22_LanguageSelection]]
[[Category:Ngaanyatjarra]]
[[Category:Plattdüütsch]]
[[Category:Balinese]]

User:WDENGLE1/Language selection

2022-01-22T00:18:36Z

WDENGLE1: Fix link

User:WDENGLE1/Language selection

2022-01-22T00:18:10Z

WDENGLE1: Update ban

User:WDENGLE1/Language selection

2022-01-22T00:12:36Z

WDENGLE1: Prepare for ban, update nds with name in itself

User:WDENGLE1/Language selection

2022-01-22T00:09:47Z

WDENGLE1: Start nds

User:WDENGLE1/Language selection

2022-01-21T23:56:54Z

WDENGLE1: Add Ngaanyatjarra

User talk:Eresend1

2022-01-21T04:27:41Z

WDENGLE1: Casing is Hard

== Working together? ==
Hi Elizabeth! My name is Bill Dengler (see more about me [[user:WDENGLE1|at my user page]]). I was wondering if you'd like to work with me this semester as I think our backgrounds might complement each other nicely. [[User:WDENGLE1|WDENGLE1]] ([[User talk:WDENGLE1|talk]]) 23:23, 20 January 2022 (EST)

User talk:Eresend1

2022-01-21T04:23:46Z

WDENGLE1: Why oh why is my username in all caps?

== Working together? ==
Hi Elizabeth! My name is Bill Dengler (see more about me [[user:WDENGLE1|At my user page]]). I was wondering if you'd like to work with me this semester as I think our backgrounds might complement each other nicely. [[User:WDENGLE1|WDENGLE1]] ([[User talk:WDENGLE1|talk]]) 23:23, 20 January 2022 (EST)

User talk:Eresend1

2022-01-21T04:23:09Z

WDENGLE1: Leave message about possible partnership

== Working together? ==
Hi Elizabeth! My name is Bill Dengler (see more about me [[user:Wdengle1|At my user page]]). I was wondering if you'd like to work with me this semester as I think our backgrounds might complement each other nicely. [[User:WDENGLE1|WDENGLE1]] ([[User talk:WDENGLE1|talk]]) 23:23, 20 January 2022 (EST)

User:WDENGLE1

2022-01-21T04:17:23Z

WDENGLE1: Re-add category

== About me ==
Hi! My name is Bill Dengler. I'm a final semester computer science major with minors in linguistics (toward which I'm counting this course) and global studies. I have been totally blind since birth due to [[:wikipedia:Norrie disease|Norrie disease]] – I use the [http://nvaccess.org NVDA] and [https://support.apple.com/en-gb/guide/iphone/iph3e2e415f/ios VoiceOver] [[:wikipedia:Screen reader|screen readers]] to access my computer and phone respectively.

Though my specialty is accessible technology (after graduation, I'll be starting a full-time software engineering position on Microsoft's [https://accessibilityinsights.io Accessibility Insights] team), I have done a little bit at the intersection of computation and linguistics, though definitely more rooted in the former. Last semester (fall 2021), Jonathan and I [https://github.com/codeofdusk/treemendous developed a tool] to make syntax trees (and other types of trees more generally) accessible to blind people. While I am interested in language, especially how it operates as a "system", my linguistics experience is far more limited, particularly in the areas of phonetics and phonology.

== Language ideas ==
I'm considering the following languages to work on this semester:

* [[:wikipedia:Ngaanyatjarra dialect|Ngaanyatjarra]] ([https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ntj ntj]) ([[/Language selection#Ngaanyatjarra|language selection]])
* [[:wikipedia:Low German|Low German]] ([https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nds nds]) ([[/Language selection#Low German|language selection]])
* [[:wikipedia:Balinese language|Balinese]] ([https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ban ban]) ([[/Language selection#Balinese|language selection]])

[[Category:sp22_students]]

User:WDENGLE1

2022-01-20T08:29:05Z

WDENGLE1: Good god

== About me ==
Hi! My name is Bill Dengler. I'm a final semester computer science major with minors in linguistics (toward which I'm counting this course) and global studies. I have been totally blind since birth due to [[:wikipedia:Norrie disease|Norrie disease]] – I use the [http://nvaccess.org NVDA] and [https://support.apple.com/en-gb/guide/iphone/iph3e2e415f/ios VoiceOver] [[:wikipedia:Screen reader|screen readers]] to access my computer and phone respectively.

Though my specialty is accessible technology (after graduation, I'll be starting a full-time software engineering position on Microsoft's [https://accessibilityinsights.io Accessibility Insights] team), I have done a little bit at the intersection of computation and linguistics, though definitely more rooted in the former. Last semester (fall 2021), Jonathan and I [https://github.com/codeofdusk/treemendous developed a tool] to make syntax trees (and other types of trees more generally) accessible to blind people. While I am interested in language, especially how it operates as a "system", my linguistics experience is far more limited, particularly in the areas of phonetics and phonology.

== Language ideas ==
I'm considering the following languages to work on this semester:

* [[:wikipedia:Ngaanyatjarra dialect|Ngaanyatjarra]] ([https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ntj ntj]) ([[/Language selection#Ngaanyatjarra|language selection]])
* [[:wikipedia:Low German|Low German]] ([https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nds nds]) ([[/Language selection#Low German|language selection]])
* [[:wikipedia:Balinese language|Balinese]] ([https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ban ban]) ([[/Language selection#Balinese|language selection]])

User:WDENGLE1

2022-01-20T08:28:26Z

WDENGLE1: Word choice

== About me ==
Hi! My name is Bill Dengler. I'm a final semester computer science major with minors in linguistics (toward which I'm counting this course) and global studies. I have been totally blind since birth due to [[:wikipedia:Norrie disease|Norrie disease]] – I use the [http://nvaccess.org NVDA] and [https://support.apple.com/en-gb/guide/iphone/iph3e2e415f/ios VoiceOver] [[:wikipedia:Screen reader|screen readers]] to access my computer and phone respectively.

Though my specialty is accessible technology (after graduation, I'll be starting a full-time software engineering position on Microsoft's [https://accessibilityinsights.io Accessibility Insights] team), I have done a little bit at the intersection of computation and linguistics, though definitely more rooted in the former. Last semester (fall 2021), Jonathan and I [https://github.com/codeofdusk/treemendous developed a tool] to make syntax trees (and other types of trees more generally) accessible to blind people. While I am interested in language more generally, especially how it operates as a "system", my linguistics experience is far more limited, particularly in the areas of phonetics and phonology.

== Language ideas ==
I'm considering the following languages to work on this semester:

* [[:wikipedia:Ngaanyatjarra dialect|Ngaanyatjarra]] ([https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ntj ntj]) ([[/Language selection#Ngaanyatjarra|language selection]])
* [[:wikipedia:Low German|Low German]] ([https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nds nds]) ([[/Language selection#Low German|language selection]])
* [[:wikipedia:Balinese language|Balinese]] ([https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ban ban]) ([[/Language selection#Balinese|language selection]])

User:WDENGLE1

2022-01-20T08:27:23Z

WDENGLE1: Better bio

== About me ==
Hi! My name is Bill Dengler. I'm a final semester computer science major with minors in linguistics (toward which I'm counting this course) and global studies. I have been totally blind since birth due to [[:wikipedia:Norrie disease|Norrie disease]] – I use the [http://nvaccess.org NVDA] and [https://support.apple.com/en-gb/guide/iphone/iph3e2e415f/ios VoiceOver] [[:wikipedia:Screen reader|screen readers]] to use my computer and phone respectively.

Though my specialty is accessible technology (after graduation, I'll be starting a full-time software engineering position on Microsoft's [https://accessibilityinsights.io Accessibility Insights] team), I have done a little bit at the intersection of computation and linguistics, though definitely more rooted in the former. Last semester (fall 2021), Jonathan and I [https://github.com/codeofdusk/treemendous developed a tool] to make syntax trees (and other types of trees more generally) accessible to blind people. While I am interested in language more generally, especially how it operates as a "system", my linguistics experience is far more limited, particularly in the areas of phonetics and phonology.

== Language ideas ==
I'm considering the following languages to work on this semester:

* [[:wikipedia:Ngaanyatjarra dialect|Ngaanyatjarra]] ([https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ntj ntj]) ([[/Language selection#Ngaanyatjarra|language selection]])
* [[:wikipedia:Low German|Low German]] ([https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nds nds]) ([[/Language selection#Low German|language selection]])
* [[:wikipedia:Balinese language|Balinese]] ([https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ban ban]) ([[/Language selection#Balinese|language selection]])

User:WDENGLE1/Language selection

2022-01-20T08:10:18Z

WDENGLE1: Initial edit

User:WDENGLE1

2022-01-20T05:27:26Z

WDENGLE1:

== About me ==
Hi! My name is Bill Dengler. I'm a final semester computer science major with minors in linguistics (toward which I'm counting this course) and global studies. I am totally blind. Last semester (fall 2021), Jonathan and I [https://github.com/codeofdusk/treemendous developed a tool] to make syntax trees (and other types of trees more generally) accessible to blind people.

== Language ideas ==
I'm considering the following languages to work on this semester:

* [[:wikipedia:Ngaanyatjarra dialect|Ngaanyatjarra]] ([https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ntj ntj])
* [[:wikipedia:Low German|Low German]] ([https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nds nds])
* [[:wikipedia:Balinese language|Balinese]] ([https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ban ban])

User:WDENGLE1

2022-01-20T05:17:50Z

WDENGLE1:

== About me ==
Hi! My name is Bill Dengler. I'm a final semester computer science major with minors in linguistics (toward which I'm counting this course) and global studies. I am totally blind. Last semester (fall 2021), Jonathan and I [https://github.com/codeofdusk/treemendous developed a tool] to make syntax trees (and other types of trees more generally) accessible to blind people.

== Language ideas ==
I'm considering the following languages to work on this semester:

* [[:wikipedia:Ngaanyatjarra dialect|Ngaanyatjarra]] ([https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ntj ntj])
* [[:wikipedia:Low German|Low German]] ([https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nds nds])
* [[:wikipedia:Alemannic German|Alemannic German]] ([https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nds gsw gsw])
* [[:wikipedia:Balinese language|Balinese]] ([https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ban ban])