LING073 - User contributions [en]

Dhivehi/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-17T02:52:47Z

Xluo1: /* amod */

= Evaluation =

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! model !! corpus !! UAS !! LAS !! # of forms !! # of sentences
|-
| div.nomorph.udpipe || div.annotated.ud.conllu || 56.55% || 39.29% || 168 || 27
|-
| div.nomorph.udpipe || div.annotated2.ud.conllu || 54.02% || 34.48% || 87 || 12
|-
| div.withmorph.udpipe || div.annotated.ud.conllu || 56.55% || 39.29% || 168 || 27
|-
| div.withmorph.udpipe || div.annotated2.ud.conllu || 54.02% || 34.48% || 87 || 12
|}

= Dependency Relations =

== nsubj ==
Subject of the sentence. It can either be the subject of a verb or an adjective. (Adjectives could be the predicate of a sentence.)

* '''Examples:'''
<pre>"<އެކުދިން>"
"ކުދިން" n hum pl def dir @nsubj #1->5
"އެ" det dem deg3 @det #2->1
"<ބިސްތައް>"
"ބިސްތައް" n nhum pl def dir @obj #3->5
"<ވަޅުލައިފިއެވެ>"
"އެވެ" mod @discourse #4->5
"ވަޅުލައިފި" v tv act perf p3 @root #5->0
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #6->5</pre>

<pre>"<އޭގެ>"
"އޭގެ" prn pers p3 sg pos @nmod:poss #1->2
"<ނޭފަތް>"
"ނޭފަތް" n nhum sg def dir @nsubj #2->5
"<ވަރަށް>"
"ވަރަށް" adv @advmod #3->5
"<ދިގެވެ>"
"އެވެ" mod @discourse #4->5
"ދިގު" adj @root #5->0
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #6->5</pre>

== obj ==
Object of the sentence. It's usually used as the object of a verb.

* '''Examples:'''

<pre>"<އަހަރެންގެ>"
"އަހަރެންގެ" prn pers p1 sg std gen @nsubj #1->4
"<ދެބޭބެއިން>"
"ބޭބެއިން" n hum pl def dir @obj #2->4
"ދެ" num @nummod #3->2
"<ތިބޭ>"
"ތިބޭ" v tv act pres p3 @root #4->0
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #5->4</pre>

<pre>"<އަހަރެން>"
"އަހަރެން" prn pers p1 sg std dir @obj #1->3
"<އެކަނި>"
"އެކަނި" adj @amod #2->1
"<ދުކޮހް>"
"ދުކޮހް" v tv act pres p3 imp @root #3->0
"<ލާ>"
"ލާ" mod @discourse #4->3
"<!>"
"!" sent @punct #5->3</pre>

== nmod:poss ==
Possessive noun modifier of the sentence. It's usually a genetive case noun modifying another another noun.

* '''Examples:'''

<pre>"<ތަރައްގީ>"
"ތަރައްގީ" n nhum sg def dir @nsubj #1->4
"<އަކީ>"
"އަކީ" mod @cop #2->4
"<އާއިލާގެ>"
"އާއިލާ" n nhum sg def gen @nmod:poss #3->4
"<އާމްދަނީ>"
"އާމްދަނީ" n nhum sg def dir @root #4->0
"<އިތުރުވުން>"
"އިތުރުވުން" v iv act pres p3 @amod #5->4
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #6->5</pre>

<pre>"<މިފަދަ>"
"މިފަދަ" det dem deg1 @det #1->2
"<އިސްލާޙެއް>"
"އިސްލާޙް" n nhum sg ind dir @nsubj #2->4
"<ވާނީ>"
"ވާނީ" v tv act fut pot @cop #3->4
"<ޒަމާނީ>"
"ޒަމާނީ" adj @root #4->0
"<ޑިމޮކްރެސީގެ>"
"ޑިމޮކްރެސީ" n nhum sg def gen @nmod:poss #5->6
"<ރޫޙާއި>"
"ރޫޙާއި" n nhum sg def soc @obj #6->4
"<ޚިލާފު>"
"ޚިލާފު" post @advmod #7->8
"<އިސްލާޙެއް>"
"އިސްލާޙް" n nhum sg ind dir @nmod #8->6
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #9->4</pre>

== discourse ==
Discourse Marker of a sentence. It's usually used to mark the modal words in a sentence. For example, it is very common in Dhivehi to have a sentence ending particle that doesn't mean anything. The discourse relation is used to mark that particle.

* '''Examples:'''

<pre>"<އަލި>"
"އަލި" np @nsubj #1->7
"<ލަނޑުޖަހާނެ>"
"ލަނޑުޖަހާނެ" v tv act fut p3 @advcl #2->7
"<ވަރަށް>"
"ވަރަށް" adv @advmod #3->4
"<ބައިވަރު>"
"ބައިވަރު" det @det #4->5
"<ފުރުޞަތު>"
"ފުރުޞަތު" n nhum sg def dir @obj #5->7
"<ލިބުނެވެ>"
"އެވެ" mod @discourse #6->7
"ލިބުން" v tv act past p3 @root #7->0
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #8->7</pre>

<pre>"<މަދްރަސާ>"
"މަދްރަސާ" n nhum sg def dir @nsubj #1->6
"<ގެއަށްވުރެ>"
"ވުރެ" post @advmod #2->3
"ގެ" n nhum sg def dat @obj #3->6
"<މާ>"
"މާ" adv @advmod #4->6
"<ބޮޑެވެ>"
"އެވެ" mod @discourse #5->6
"ބޮޑު" adj @root #6->0
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #7->6</pre>

== amod ==
Adjective modifier of the sentence. It's usually used to mark the adjective that modifies a noun.

* '''Examples:'''

<pre>"<ކުރަން>"
"ކުރަ" v tv act pres p1 @fixed #1->2
"<ޖެހޭ>"
"ޖެހޭ" v tv act pprs @root #2->0
"<ހޭދަ>"
"ހޭދަ" adj @amod #3->4
"<އިތުރުވުން>"
"އިތުރުވުން" n nhum sg def dir @obj #4->2
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #5->2</pre>

<pre>"<މާދަމާ>"
"މާދަމާ" adv @advmod #1->5
"<އަލީ>"
"އަލީ" np @nsubj #2->5
"<ފާހަނަ>"
"ފާހަނަ" n nhum sg def dir @obj #3->5
"<ސާފު>"
"ސާފު" adj @amod #4->5
"<ކުރާނެ>"
"ކުރަ" v tv act fut p3 @root #5->0
"<.>"
"." sent @punct #6->5</pre>

[[Category:sp19_UD]]
[[Category:Dhivehi]]

Dhivehi/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-17T02:51:27Z

Xluo1: /* discourse */

Dhivehi/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-17T02:48:37Z

Xluo1: /* nmod:poss */

Dhivehi/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-17T02:46:27Z

Xluo1: /* obj */

Dhivehi/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-17T02:44:20Z

Xluo1: /* Dependency Relations */

Dhivehi/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-17T02:42:04Z

Xluo1:

Dhivehi/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-17T02:34:42Z

Xluo1:

Dhivehi/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-17T02:33:31Z

Xluo1: /* Evaluation */

Dhivehi/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-16T21:19:37Z

Xluo1: /* Common Dependency Relations */

Dhivehi/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-16T21:18:43Z

Xluo1: /* Evaluation */

Dhivehi/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-16T21:16:08Z

Xluo1: /* Evaluation */

= Evaluation =

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! model !! corpus !! UAS !! LAS !! # of forms !! # of sentences
|-
| div.nomorph.udpipe || div.annotated.ud.conllu || 81.51% || 68.07% || 119 || 25
|-
| div.nomorph.udpipe || div.annotated2.ud.conllu || - || - || - || -
|-
| div.withmorph.udpipe || div.annotated.ud.conllu || 56.55% || 39.29% || 168 || 27
|-
| div.withmorph.udpipe || div.annotated2.ud.conllu || - || - || -|| -
|}

= Common Dependency Relations =

Dhivehi/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-16T21:12:37Z

Xluo1:

= Evaluation =

= Common Dependency Relations =

Dhivehi/Universal Dependencies

2019-05-16T21:12:10Z

Xluo1: Created page with "== Evaluation == == Common Dependency Relations =="

== Evaluation ==

== Common Dependency Relations ==

Dhivehi and English/Final project

2019-05-15T02:03:44Z

Xluo1: /* RBMT */

= Dhivehi RBMT and ONMT=

==Background==

Dhivehi is a language with limited technological resources. Currently there are online Dhivehi-English dictionaries and various keyboard layouts. However, the dictionaries are not comprehensive. There is no existing machine translation system for Dhivehi to English. For this project, we explored two approaches to Dhivehi-English machine translation - rule-based machine translation and neural machine translation.

==Motivation/Goal==

Building a robust Dhivehi-English machine translation system would be beneficial to the Dhivehi language community by connecting them to the English language through technology. In addition, it will be beneficial for language learner of Dhivehi or English. It also promotes Dhivehi. Our goal is to explore rule-based machine translation and neural machine translation for Dhivehi-English. We will examine the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches.

==Methods==

===RBMT===
Using Apertium, we studied the grammatical structure of Dhivehi and wrote various rules (phonological, syntactic, etc.) that map Dhivehi to English.

Things Implemented (since the Final Project):
# ordinal number suffix
# proper noun tags
# structural transfer rule (1)
# determiners, pronouns, interjection, demonstratives
# added new words (~ 50)

===NMT===
Neural Machine Translation: using OpenNMT, we trained on Dhivehi-English parallel corpus consisting of mostly biblical text, some modern phrases, and Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The neural net learns the features of Dhivehi based on input and tries to predict the correct English sequences.

==Evaluation==

====Cross Validation for NMT====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Fold
! WER
! PER
! Words in target
! Words in prediction
|-
| '''1'''
| 86.68%
| 40.49%
| 12970
| 9650
|-
| '''2'''
| 90.69%
| 29.38%
| 12664
| 12070
|-
| '''3'''
| 85.65%
| 48.29%
| 12292
| 7802
|}

We used three-fold cross validation and found that the second model performed the best against its corresponding validation data set. We deemed it the best because the WER's of all the models were somewhat similar, but model two's PER was significantly lower. We can note that model two's prediction feature more words overall than the other two models.

====RBMT and NMT====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!System
!WER
!PER
!Words in target
!Words in prediction
|-
|'''RBMT'''
| 94.77%
| 89.37%
| 12211
| 10125
|-
|'''NMT'''
| 88.17%
| 32.02%
| 12211
| 10629
|}

We found that an NMT model (the [http://opennmt.net/OpenNMT-tf/package/opennmt.models.transformer.html Transformer] model) that trained for approximately thirty-nine hours performed better in-terms of WER and PER than the RBMT we worked on this semester. We must note, however, the data pooled together for training, validating, and testing the NMT system consisted primarily of biblical text. So, it is likely that the majority of the test data was from the Bible.

====Meaning of Results====

These results tell us that the NMT implementation is very promising. If we were able to find a relatively inexpensive translator (perhaps through [https://www.translation-services-usa.com/languages/dhivehi.php Translation Services]) and be able to build a large parallel corpus consisting of more modernized phrases, then we could have a more effective "modern-day" NMT system. The RBMT is more adaptable to modernized texts as we can tweak the individual mappings of words and grammar rules.

In short, if we had a large parallel corpus of modern text, then the NMT implementation would likely provide decent translation given enough training time.

==Future Work==

====Improving the RBMT system====
:* Implement more grammatical structures including:
::# Honorific System
::# Verb Tenses and Forms
::# Pronouns

====Improving the NMT system====
:* Tweak hyper-parameters associated with the neural net such as learning rate, number of hidden layers, and others
:* Expand size of parallel corpus

==Github==

You can find the code for this project available at: https://github.com/nav6maini/Dhivehi-RBMT-and-ONMT

==References==
[http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/Main_Page Apertium]

[https://opennmt.net OpenNMT]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_machine_translation Neural Machine Translation]

[[Category:Sp19 FinalProjects]]

Dhivehi and English/Final project

2019-05-14T23:44:36Z

Xluo1: /* Dhivehi RBMT and ONMT */

= Dhivehi RBMT and ONMT=

* GitHub: https://github.com/nav6maini/Dhivehi-RBMT-and-ONMT/tree/master/onmt

Dhivehi and English/Final project

2019-05-14T23:44:25Z

Xluo1: /* Dhivehi RBMT and ONMT */

= Dhivehi RBMT and ONMT=

* GitHub: [https://github.com/nav6maini/Dhivehi-RBMT-and-ONMT/tree/master/onmt]

Dhivehi and English/Final project

2019-05-14T23:42:45Z

Xluo1: Created page with "= Dhivehi RBMT and ONMT= * GitHub:"

= Dhivehi RBMT and ONMT=

* GitHub:

Dhivehi and English

2019-05-13T01:45:04Z

Xluo1: /* Machine Translation */

Resources for Machine Translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Dhivehi Dhivehi] and [http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/English English]

== External Resources ==
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng Dhivehi-English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div Dhivehi GitHub]
#[https://github.com/XihaoLuo/apertium-eng English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng-corpus Dhivehi-English Parallel Corpus GitHub]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Contrastive Grammar|Contrastive Grammar]]
{{comment|You can do links to pages on the wiki like this: [[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]] —[[User:Jwashin1|Jwashin1]] ([[User talk:Jwashin1|talk]]) 00:48, 9 April 2019 (EDT) (fixed)}}

== Initial div → eng Evaluation ==
* Coverage of Dhivehi Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 627
# Coverage: 23.92%

* Coverage of Bilingual Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 630
# Coverage: 22.86%

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sentence
! Intended English Translation
! Lexical Transfer Output
! Full translation Output
|-
| މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ.
| The school is much bigger than the house.
| ^މަދްރަސާ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/school<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ގެ<n><nhum><sg><def><dat>/house<n><sg><def><dat>$ ^ވުރެ<post>/compared to<post>$ ^މާ<adv>/much<adv>$ ^ބޮޑު<adj>/big<adj>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #school #house #compared to much #big .
|-
| މިފަދަ އިސްލާޙެއް ވާނީ ޒަމާނީ ޑިމޮކްރެސީގެ ރޫޙާއި ޚިލާފު އިސްލާޙެއް.
| This type of reform would be contrary to the spirit of modern democracy.
| ^މިފަދަ<det><dem><deg1>/this type of<det><dem><deg1>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$ ^ވާނީ<v><tv><act><fut><pot>/be<v><tv><act><fut><pot>$ ^ޒަމާނީ<adj>/modern<adj>$ ^ޑިމޮކްރެސީ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/democracy<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^ރޫޙާއި<n><nhum><sg><def><soc>/spirit<n><sg><def><soc>$ ^ޚިލާފު<post>/against<post>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #this type of #reform #be modern #democracy #spirit #against #reform.
|-
| ކުރަން ޖެހޭ ހޭދަ އިތުރުވުން.
| We hit spending surplus.
| ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><pres><p1>/do<v><tv><act><pres><p1>$ ^ޖެހޭ<v><tv><act><pprs>/hit<v><tv><act><pprs>$ ^ހޭދަ<adj>/spending<adj>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/surplus<n><sg><def><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #do #hit #spending #surplus.
|-
| ތަރައްގީ އަކީ އާއިލާގެ އާމްދަނީ އިތުރުވުން.
| Improvement is family income increasing.
| ^ތަރައްގީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/improvement<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އަކީ<mod>/is<mod>$ ^އާއިލާ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/family<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^އާމްދަނީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/income<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<v><iv><act><pres><p3>/increase<v><iv><act><pres><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #improvement #is #family #income #increase.
|-
| މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ.
| The competition will end today.
| ^މުބާރާތް<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/competition<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^މިއަދު<adv>/today<adv>$ ^ނިމެ<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>/end<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #competition today #end .
|-
| މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ.
| Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.
| ^މާދަމާ<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$ ^އަލީ<np>/Ali<np>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ސާފު<adj>/clean<adj>$ ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><fut><p3>/do<v><tv><act><fut><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| tomorrow #Ali #bathroom #clean #do.
|-
| އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ!
| I am sinking!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^ފެތެ<v><iv><pass><pprs>/sink<v><iv><pass><pprs>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I #sink!
|-
| މީތި ކިހާވަރަކަހް؟
| How much is this?
| ^މީތި<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/this<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/it<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>$ ^ކިހާވަރަކަހް<itg>/how much<itg>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #this #how much#؟
|-
| އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ!
| Leave me alone!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^އެކަނި<adj>/alone<adj>$ ^ދުކޮހް<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>/leave<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>$ ^ލާ<mod>/<mod>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I alone #leave !
|-
| ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟
| Where's the bathroom?
| ^ކޮބާ<itg>/where<itg>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #where #bathroom#؟
|}

== Final div → eng Evaluation ==

==== Additions ====
* Bilingual dictionary: added 101 stems
* Expanded Morphology:
:# Digits
:# Digits (ordinal form)
:# Numbers (citation form)
:# Numbers (combining form)
:# Demonstrative Determiners as prefix to nouns
* 2 structural transfer rules (number + noun and determiner + noun)

=== Monolingual Transducer ===

==== Precision and Recall ====
<pre>Totals: 109 forms, 73 tp, 35 fp, 0 tn, 39 fn
Precision: 67.59259%
Recall: 65.17857%</pre>

==== Coverage Over Large Corpus ====
* Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 692580
* Coverage: 28.52%
* Number of words in large corpus: 603356
* Number of Unique Entries in transducer: 320

=== Machine Translation ===

==== WER and PER Over Longer Corpus ====
<pre>Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 565
Number of words in test: 618
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 23
Percentage of unknown words: 3.72 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 589
Word error rate (WER): 104.25 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 71
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.81 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 589
Word Error Rate (WER): 104.25 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 71
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.81 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 0
Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 0.00 %</pre>

==== Trimmed Coverage ====

* Longer: 37.56% (number of tokenised words: 647)
* Large: 26.90% (number of tokenised words: 683463)

[[Category:Sp19_TranslationPairs]]
[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:English]]

Dhivehi and English

2019-05-13T01:44:03Z

Xluo1: /* Machine Translation */

Resources for Machine Translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Dhivehi Dhivehi] and [http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/English English]

== External Resources ==
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng Dhivehi-English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div Dhivehi GitHub]
#[https://github.com/XihaoLuo/apertium-eng English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng-corpus Dhivehi-English Parallel Corpus GitHub]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Contrastive Grammar|Contrastive Grammar]]
{{comment|You can do links to pages on the wiki like this: [[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]] —[[User:Jwashin1|Jwashin1]] ([[User talk:Jwashin1|talk]]) 00:48, 9 April 2019 (EDT) (fixed)}}

== Initial div → eng Evaluation ==
* Coverage of Dhivehi Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 627
# Coverage: 23.92%

* Coverage of Bilingual Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 630
# Coverage: 22.86%

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sentence
! Intended English Translation
! Lexical Transfer Output
! Full translation Output
|-
| މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ.
| The school is much bigger than the house.
| ^މަދްރަސާ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/school<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ގެ<n><nhum><sg><def><dat>/house<n><sg><def><dat>$ ^ވުރެ<post>/compared to<post>$ ^މާ<adv>/much<adv>$ ^ބޮޑު<adj>/big<adj>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #school #house #compared to much #big .
|-
| މިފަދަ އިސްލާޙެއް ވާނީ ޒަމާނީ ޑިމޮކްރެސީގެ ރޫޙާއި ޚިލާފު އިސްލާޙެއް.
| This type of reform would be contrary to the spirit of modern democracy.
| ^މިފަދަ<det><dem><deg1>/this type of<det><dem><deg1>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$ ^ވާނީ<v><tv><act><fut><pot>/be<v><tv><act><fut><pot>$ ^ޒަމާނީ<adj>/modern<adj>$ ^ޑިމޮކްރެސީ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/democracy<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^ރޫޙާއި<n><nhum><sg><def><soc>/spirit<n><sg><def><soc>$ ^ޚިލާފު<post>/against<post>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #this type of #reform #be modern #democracy #spirit #against #reform.
|-
| ކުރަން ޖެހޭ ހޭދަ އިތުރުވުން.
| We hit spending surplus.
| ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><pres><p1>/do<v><tv><act><pres><p1>$ ^ޖެހޭ<v><tv><act><pprs>/hit<v><tv><act><pprs>$ ^ހޭދަ<adj>/spending<adj>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/surplus<n><sg><def><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #do #hit #spending #surplus.
|-
| ތަރައްގީ އަކީ އާއިލާގެ އާމްދަނީ އިތުރުވުން.
| Improvement is family income increasing.
| ^ތަރައްގީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/improvement<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އަކީ<mod>/is<mod>$ ^އާއިލާ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/family<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^އާމްދަނީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/income<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<v><iv><act><pres><p3>/increase<v><iv><act><pres><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #improvement #is #family #income #increase.
|-
| މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ.
| The competition will end today.
| ^މުބާރާތް<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/competition<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^މިއަދު<adv>/today<adv>$ ^ނިމެ<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>/end<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #competition today #end .
|-
| މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ.
| Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.
| ^މާދަމާ<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$ ^އަލީ<np>/Ali<np>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ސާފު<adj>/clean<adj>$ ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><fut><p3>/do<v><tv><act><fut><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| tomorrow #Ali #bathroom #clean #do.
|-
| އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ!
| I am sinking!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^ފެތެ<v><iv><pass><pprs>/sink<v><iv><pass><pprs>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I #sink!
|-
| މީތި ކިހާވަރަކަހް؟
| How much is this?
| ^މީތި<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/this<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/it<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>$ ^ކިހާވަރަކަހް<itg>/how much<itg>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #this #how much#؟
|-
| އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ!
| Leave me alone!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^އެކަނި<adj>/alone<adj>$ ^ދުކޮހް<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>/leave<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>$ ^ލާ<mod>/<mod>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I alone #leave !
|-
| ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟
| Where's the bathroom?
| ^ކޮބާ<itg>/where<itg>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #where #bathroom#؟
|}

== Final div → eng Evaluation ==

==== Additions ====
* Bilingual dictionary: added 101 stems
* Expanded Morphology:
:# Digits
:# Digits (ordinal form)
:# Numbers (citation form)
:# Numbers (combining form)
:# Demonstrative Determiners as prefix to nouns
* 2 structural transfer rules (number + noun and determiner + noun)

=== Monolingual Transducer ===

==== Precision and Recall ====
<pre>Totals: 109 forms, 73 tp, 35 fp, 0 tn, 39 fn
Precision: 67.59259%
Recall: 65.17857%</pre>

==== Coverage Over Large Corpus ====
* Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 692580
* Coverage: 28.52%
* Number of words in large corpus: 603356
* Number of Unique Entries in transducer: 320

=== Machine Translation ===

==== WER and PER Over Longer Corpus ====
<pre>Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 565
Number of words in test: 618
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 23
Percentage of unknown words: 3.72 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 589
Word error rate (WER): 104.25 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 71
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.81 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 589
Word Error Rate (WER): 104.25 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 71
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.81 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 0
Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 0.00 %</pre>

==== Trimmed Coverage ====

* Longer: 37.56%
* Large: 26.90%

[[Category:Sp19_TranslationPairs]]
[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:English]]

Dhivehi and English

2019-05-13T01:39:16Z

Xluo1: /* Final div → eng Evaluation */

Resources for Machine Translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Dhivehi Dhivehi] and [http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/English English]

== External Resources ==
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng Dhivehi-English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div Dhivehi GitHub]
#[https://github.com/XihaoLuo/apertium-eng English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng-corpus Dhivehi-English Parallel Corpus GitHub]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Contrastive Grammar|Contrastive Grammar]]
{{comment|You can do links to pages on the wiki like this: [[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]] —[[User:Jwashin1|Jwashin1]] ([[User talk:Jwashin1|talk]]) 00:48, 9 April 2019 (EDT) (fixed)}}

== Initial div → eng Evaluation ==
* Coverage of Dhivehi Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 627
# Coverage: 23.92%

* Coverage of Bilingual Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 630
# Coverage: 22.86%

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sentence
! Intended English Translation
! Lexical Transfer Output
! Full translation Output
|-
| މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ.
| The school is much bigger than the house.
| ^މަދްރަސާ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/school<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ގެ<n><nhum><sg><def><dat>/house<n><sg><def><dat>$ ^ވުރެ<post>/compared to<post>$ ^މާ<adv>/much<adv>$ ^ބޮޑު<adj>/big<adj>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #school #house #compared to much #big .
|-
| މިފަދަ އިސްލާޙެއް ވާނީ ޒަމާނީ ޑިމޮކްރެސީގެ ރޫޙާއި ޚިލާފު އިސްލާޙެއް.
| This type of reform would be contrary to the spirit of modern democracy.
| ^މިފަދަ<det><dem><deg1>/this type of<det><dem><deg1>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$ ^ވާނީ<v><tv><act><fut><pot>/be<v><tv><act><fut><pot>$ ^ޒަމާނީ<adj>/modern<adj>$ ^ޑިމޮކްރެސީ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/democracy<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^ރޫޙާއި<n><nhum><sg><def><soc>/spirit<n><sg><def><soc>$ ^ޚިލާފު<post>/against<post>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #this type of #reform #be modern #democracy #spirit #against #reform.
|-
| ކުރަން ޖެހޭ ހޭދަ އިތުރުވުން.
| We hit spending surplus.
| ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><pres><p1>/do<v><tv><act><pres><p1>$ ^ޖެހޭ<v><tv><act><pprs>/hit<v><tv><act><pprs>$ ^ހޭދަ<adj>/spending<adj>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/surplus<n><sg><def><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #do #hit #spending #surplus.
|-
| ތަރައްގީ އަކީ އާއިލާގެ އާމްދަނީ އިތުރުވުން.
| Improvement is family income increasing.
| ^ތަރައްގީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/improvement<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އަކީ<mod>/is<mod>$ ^އާއިލާ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/family<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^އާމްދަނީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/income<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<v><iv><act><pres><p3>/increase<v><iv><act><pres><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #improvement #is #family #income #increase.
|-
| މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ.
| The competition will end today.
| ^މުބާރާތް<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/competition<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^މިއަދު<adv>/today<adv>$ ^ނިމެ<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>/end<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #competition today #end .
|-
| މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ.
| Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.
| ^މާދަމާ<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$ ^އަލީ<np>/Ali<np>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ސާފު<adj>/clean<adj>$ ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><fut><p3>/do<v><tv><act><fut><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| tomorrow #Ali #bathroom #clean #do.
|-
| އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ!
| I am sinking!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^ފެތެ<v><iv><pass><pprs>/sink<v><iv><pass><pprs>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I #sink!
|-
| މީތި ކިހާވަރަކަހް؟
| How much is this?
| ^މީތި<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/this<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/it<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>$ ^ކިހާވަރަކަހް<itg>/how much<itg>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #this #how much#؟
|-
| އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ!
| Leave me alone!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^އެކަނި<adj>/alone<adj>$ ^ދުކޮހް<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>/leave<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>$ ^ލާ<mod>/<mod>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I alone #leave !
|-
| ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟
| Where's the bathroom?
| ^ކޮބާ<itg>/where<itg>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #where #bathroom#؟
|}

== Final div → eng Evaluation ==

==== Additions ====
* Bilingual dictionary: added 101 stems
* Expanded Morphology:
:# Digits
:# Digits (ordinal form)
:# Numbers (citation form)
:# Numbers (combining form)
:# Demonstrative Determiners as prefix to nouns
* 2 structural transfer rules (number + noun and determiner + noun)

=== Monolingual Transducer ===

==== Precision and Recall ====
<pre>Totals: 109 forms, 73 tp, 35 fp, 0 tn, 39 fn
Precision: 67.59259%
Recall: 65.17857%</pre>

==== Coverage Over Large Corpus ====
* Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 692580
* Coverage: 28.52%
* Number of words in large corpus: 603356
* Number of Unique Entries in transducer: 320

=== Machine Translation ===

==== WER and PER Over Longer Corpus ====
<pre>Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 565
Number of words in test: 618
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 23
Percentage of unknown words: 3.72 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 589
Word error rate (WER): 104.25 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 71
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.81 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 589
Word Error Rate (WER): 104.25 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 71
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.81 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 0
Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 0.00 %</pre>

[[Category:Sp19_TranslationPairs]]
[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:English]]

Dhivehi and English

2019-05-08T05:20:52Z

Xluo1: /* WER and PER Over Longer Corpus */

Resources for Machine Translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Dhivehi Dhivehi] and [http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/English English]

== External Resources ==
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng Dhivehi-English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div Dhivehi GitHub]
#[https://github.com/XihaoLuo/apertium-eng English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng-corpus Dhivehi-English Parallel Corpus GitHub]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Contrastive Grammar|Contrastive Grammar]]
{{comment|You can do links to pages on the wiki like this: [[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]] —[[User:Jwashin1|Jwashin1]] ([[User talk:Jwashin1|talk]]) 00:48, 9 April 2019 (EDT) (fixed)}}

== Initial div → eng Evaluation ==
* Coverage of Dhivehi Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 627
# Coverage: 23.92%

* Coverage of Bilingual Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 630
# Coverage: 22.86%

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sentence
! Intended English Translation
! Lexical Transfer Output
! Full translation Output
|-
| މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ.
| The school is much bigger than the house.
| ^މަދްރަސާ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/school<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ގެ<n><nhum><sg><def><dat>/house<n><sg><def><dat>$ ^ވުރެ<post>/compared to<post>$ ^މާ<adv>/much<adv>$ ^ބޮޑު<adj>/big<adj>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #school #house #compared to much #big .
|-
| މިފަދަ އިސްލާޙެއް ވާނީ ޒަމާނީ ޑިމޮކްރެސީގެ ރޫޙާއި ޚިލާފު އިސްލާޙެއް.
| This type of reform would be contrary to the spirit of modern democracy.
| ^މިފަދަ<det><dem><deg1>/this type of<det><dem><deg1>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$ ^ވާނީ<v><tv><act><fut><pot>/be<v><tv><act><fut><pot>$ ^ޒަމާނީ<adj>/modern<adj>$ ^ޑިމޮކްރެސީ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/democracy<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^ރޫޙާއި<n><nhum><sg><def><soc>/spirit<n><sg><def><soc>$ ^ޚިލާފު<post>/against<post>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #this type of #reform #be modern #democracy #spirit #against #reform.
|-
| ކުރަން ޖެހޭ ހޭދަ އިތުރުވުން.
| We hit spending surplus.
| ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><pres><p1>/do<v><tv><act><pres><p1>$ ^ޖެހޭ<v><tv><act><pprs>/hit<v><tv><act><pprs>$ ^ހޭދަ<adj>/spending<adj>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/surplus<n><sg><def><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #do #hit #spending #surplus.
|-
| ތަރައްގީ އަކީ އާއިލާގެ އާމްދަނީ އިތުރުވުން.
| Improvement is family income increasing.
| ^ތަރައްގީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/improvement<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އަކީ<mod>/is<mod>$ ^އާއިލާ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/family<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^އާމްދަނީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/income<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<v><iv><act><pres><p3>/increase<v><iv><act><pres><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #improvement #is #family #income #increase.
|-
| މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ.
| The competition will end today.
| ^މުބާރާތް<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/competition<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^މިއަދު<adv>/today<adv>$ ^ނިމެ<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>/end<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #competition today #end .
|-
| މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ.
| Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.
| ^މާދަމާ<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$ ^އަލީ<np>/Ali<np>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ސާފު<adj>/clean<adj>$ ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><fut><p3>/do<v><tv><act><fut><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| tomorrow #Ali #bathroom #clean #do.
|-
| އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ!
| I am sinking!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^ފެތެ<v><iv><pass><pprs>/sink<v><iv><pass><pprs>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I #sink!
|-
| މީތި ކިހާވަރަކަހް؟
| How much is this?
| ^މީތި<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/this<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/it<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>$ ^ކިހާވަރަކަހް<itg>/how much<itg>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #this #how much#؟
|-
| އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ!
| Leave me alone!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^އެކަނި<adj>/alone<adj>$ ^ދުކޮހް<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>/leave<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>$ ^ލާ<mod>/<mod>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I alone #leave !
|-
| ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟
| Where's the bathroom?
| ^ކޮބާ<itg>/where<itg>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #where #bathroom#؟
|}

== Final div → eng Evaluation ==

==== Additions ====
* Bilingual dictionary: added 101 stems
* Expanded Morphology:
:# Digits
:# Digits (ordinal form)
:# Numbers (citation form)
:# Numbers (combining form)
:# Demonstrative Determiners as prefix to nouns
* 2 structural transfer rules (number + noun and determiner + noun)

=== Monolingual Transducer ===

==== Precision and Recall ====

==== Coverage Over Large Corpus ====
* Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 692580
* Coverage: 28.52%
* Number of words in large corpus: 603356
* Number of Unique Entries in transducer: 320

=== Machine Translation ===

==== WER and PER Over Longer Corpus ====
<pre>Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 565
Number of words in test: 618
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 23
Percentage of unknown words: 3.72 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 589
Word error rate (WER): 104.25 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 71
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.81 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 589
Word Error Rate (WER): 104.25 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 71
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.81 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 0
Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 0.00 %</pre>

[[Category:Sp19_TranslationPairs]]
[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:English]]

Dhivehi and English

2019-05-08T05:20:38Z

Xluo1: /* Final div → eng Evaluation */

Resources for Machine Translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Dhivehi Dhivehi] and [http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/English English]

== External Resources ==
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng Dhivehi-English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div Dhivehi GitHub]
#[https://github.com/XihaoLuo/apertium-eng English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng-corpus Dhivehi-English Parallel Corpus GitHub]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Contrastive Grammar|Contrastive Grammar]]
{{comment|You can do links to pages on the wiki like this: [[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]] —[[User:Jwashin1|Jwashin1]] ([[User talk:Jwashin1|talk]]) 00:48, 9 April 2019 (EDT) (fixed)}}

== Initial div → eng Evaluation ==
* Coverage of Dhivehi Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 627
# Coverage: 23.92%

* Coverage of Bilingual Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 630
# Coverage: 22.86%

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sentence
! Intended English Translation
! Lexical Transfer Output
! Full translation Output
|-
| މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ.
| The school is much bigger than the house.
| ^މަދްރަސާ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/school<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ގެ<n><nhum><sg><def><dat>/house<n><sg><def><dat>$ ^ވުރެ<post>/compared to<post>$ ^މާ<adv>/much<adv>$ ^ބޮޑު<adj>/big<adj>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #school #house #compared to much #big .
|-
| މިފަދަ އިސްލާޙެއް ވާނީ ޒަމާނީ ޑިމޮކްރެސީގެ ރޫޙާއި ޚިލާފު އިސްލާޙެއް.
| This type of reform would be contrary to the spirit of modern democracy.
| ^މިފަދަ<det><dem><deg1>/this type of<det><dem><deg1>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$ ^ވާނީ<v><tv><act><fut><pot>/be<v><tv><act><fut><pot>$ ^ޒަމާނީ<adj>/modern<adj>$ ^ޑިމޮކްރެސީ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/democracy<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^ރޫޙާއި<n><nhum><sg><def><soc>/spirit<n><sg><def><soc>$ ^ޚިލާފު<post>/against<post>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #this type of #reform #be modern #democracy #spirit #against #reform.
|-
| ކުރަން ޖެހޭ ހޭދަ އިތުރުވުން.
| We hit spending surplus.
| ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><pres><p1>/do<v><tv><act><pres><p1>$ ^ޖެހޭ<v><tv><act><pprs>/hit<v><tv><act><pprs>$ ^ހޭދަ<adj>/spending<adj>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/surplus<n><sg><def><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #do #hit #spending #surplus.
|-
| ތަރައްގީ އަކީ އާއިލާގެ އާމްދަނީ އިތުރުވުން.
| Improvement is family income increasing.
| ^ތަރައްގީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/improvement<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އަކީ<mod>/is<mod>$ ^އާއިލާ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/family<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^އާމްދަނީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/income<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<v><iv><act><pres><p3>/increase<v><iv><act><pres><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #improvement #is #family #income #increase.
|-
| މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ.
| The competition will end today.
| ^މުބާރާތް<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/competition<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^މިއަދު<adv>/today<adv>$ ^ނިމެ<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>/end<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #competition today #end .
|-
| މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ.
| Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.
| ^މާދަމާ<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$ ^އަލީ<np>/Ali<np>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ސާފު<adj>/clean<adj>$ ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><fut><p3>/do<v><tv><act><fut><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| tomorrow #Ali #bathroom #clean #do.
|-
| އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ!
| I am sinking!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^ފެތެ<v><iv><pass><pprs>/sink<v><iv><pass><pprs>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I #sink!
|-
| މީތި ކިހާވަރަކަހް؟
| How much is this?
| ^މީތި<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/this<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/it<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>$ ^ކިހާވަރަކަހް<itg>/how much<itg>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #this #how much#؟
|-
| އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ!
| Leave me alone!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^އެކަނި<adj>/alone<adj>$ ^ދުކޮހް<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>/leave<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>$ ^ލާ<mod>/<mod>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I alone #leave !
|-
| ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟
| Where's the bathroom?
| ^ކޮބާ<itg>/where<itg>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #where #bathroom#؟
|}

== Final div → eng Evaluation ==

==== Additions ====
* Bilingual dictionary: added 101 stems
* Expanded Morphology:
:# Digits
:# Digits (ordinal form)
:# Numbers (citation form)
:# Numbers (combining form)
:# Demonstrative Determiners as prefix to nouns
* 2 structural transfer rules (number + noun and determiner + noun)

=== Monolingual Transducer ===

==== Precision and Recall ====

==== Coverage Over Large Corpus ====
* Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 692580
* Coverage: 28.52%
* Number of words in large corpus: 603356
* Number of Unique Entries in transducer: 320

=== Machine Translation ===

==== WER and PER Over Longer Corpus ====
<p>Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 565
Number of words in test: 618
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 23
Percentage of unknown words: 3.72 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 589
Word error rate (WER): 104.25 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 71
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.81 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 589
Word Error Rate (WER): 104.25 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 71
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.81 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 0
Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 0.00 %</p>

[[Category:Sp19_TranslationPairs]]
[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:English]]

Dhivehi and English

2019-05-08T05:12:21Z

Xluo1: /* Final div → eng Evaluation */

Resources for Machine Translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Dhivehi Dhivehi] and [http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/English English]

== External Resources ==
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng Dhivehi-English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div Dhivehi GitHub]
#[https://github.com/XihaoLuo/apertium-eng English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng-corpus Dhivehi-English Parallel Corpus GitHub]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Contrastive Grammar|Contrastive Grammar]]
{{comment|You can do links to pages on the wiki like this: [[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]] —[[User:Jwashin1|Jwashin1]] ([[User talk:Jwashin1|talk]]) 00:48, 9 April 2019 (EDT) (fixed)}}

== Initial div → eng Evaluation ==
* Coverage of Dhivehi Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 627
# Coverage: 23.92%

* Coverage of Bilingual Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 630
# Coverage: 22.86%

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sentence
! Intended English Translation
! Lexical Transfer Output
! Full translation Output
|-
| މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ.
| The school is much bigger than the house.
| ^މަދްރަސާ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/school<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ގެ<n><nhum><sg><def><dat>/house<n><sg><def><dat>$ ^ވުރެ<post>/compared to<post>$ ^މާ<adv>/much<adv>$ ^ބޮޑު<adj>/big<adj>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #school #house #compared to much #big .
|-
| މިފަދަ އިސްލާޙެއް ވާނީ ޒަމާނީ ޑިމޮކްރެސީގެ ރޫޙާއި ޚިލާފު އިސްލާޙެއް.
| This type of reform would be contrary to the spirit of modern democracy.
| ^މިފަދަ<det><dem><deg1>/this type of<det><dem><deg1>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$ ^ވާނީ<v><tv><act><fut><pot>/be<v><tv><act><fut><pot>$ ^ޒަމާނީ<adj>/modern<adj>$ ^ޑިމޮކްރެސީ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/democracy<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^ރޫޙާއި<n><nhum><sg><def><soc>/spirit<n><sg><def><soc>$ ^ޚިލާފު<post>/against<post>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #this type of #reform #be modern #democracy #spirit #against #reform.
|-
| ކުރަން ޖެހޭ ހޭދަ އިތުރުވުން.
| We hit spending surplus.
| ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><pres><p1>/do<v><tv><act><pres><p1>$ ^ޖެހޭ<v><tv><act><pprs>/hit<v><tv><act><pprs>$ ^ހޭދަ<adj>/spending<adj>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/surplus<n><sg><def><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #do #hit #spending #surplus.
|-
| ތަރައްގީ އަކީ އާއިލާގެ އާމްދަނީ އިތުރުވުން.
| Improvement is family income increasing.
| ^ތަރައްގީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/improvement<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އަކީ<mod>/is<mod>$ ^އާއިލާ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/family<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^އާމްދަނީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/income<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<v><iv><act><pres><p3>/increase<v><iv><act><pres><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #improvement #is #family #income #increase.
|-
| މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ.
| The competition will end today.
| ^މުބާރާތް<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/competition<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^މިއަދު<adv>/today<adv>$ ^ނިމެ<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>/end<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #competition today #end .
|-
| މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ.
| Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.
| ^މާދަމާ<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$ ^އަލީ<np>/Ali<np>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ސާފު<adj>/clean<adj>$ ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><fut><p3>/do<v><tv><act><fut><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| tomorrow #Ali #bathroom #clean #do.
|-
| އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ!
| I am sinking!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^ފެތެ<v><iv><pass><pprs>/sink<v><iv><pass><pprs>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I #sink!
|-
| މީތި ކިހާވަރަކަހް؟
| How much is this?
| ^މީތި<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/this<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/it<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>$ ^ކިހާވަރަކަހް<itg>/how much<itg>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #this #how much#؟
|-
| އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ!
| Leave me alone!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^އެކަނި<adj>/alone<adj>$ ^ދުކޮހް<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>/leave<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>$ ^ލާ<mod>/<mod>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I alone #leave !
|-
| ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟
| Where's the bathroom?
| ^ކޮބާ<itg>/where<itg>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #where #bathroom#؟
|}

== Final div → eng Evaluation ==

==== Additions ====
* Bilingual dictionary: added 101 stems
* Expanded Morphology:
:# Digits
:# Digits (ordinal form)
:# Numbers (citation form)
:# Numbers (combining form)
:# Demonstrative Determiners as prefix to nouns
* 2 structural transfer rules (number + noun and determiner + noun)

=== Monolingual Transducer ===

==== Precision and Recall ====

==== Coverage Over Large Corpus ====
* Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 692580
* Coverage: 28.52%
* Number of words in large corpus: 603356
* Number of Unique Entries in transducer: 320

=== Machine Translation ===

[[Category:Sp19_TranslationPairs]]
[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:English]]

Dhivehi and English

2019-05-08T05:10:51Z

Xluo1: /* Additions */

Resources for Machine Translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Dhivehi Dhivehi] and [http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/English English]

== External Resources ==
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng Dhivehi-English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div Dhivehi GitHub]
#[https://github.com/XihaoLuo/apertium-eng English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng-corpus Dhivehi-English Parallel Corpus GitHub]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Contrastive Grammar|Contrastive Grammar]]
{{comment|You can do links to pages on the wiki like this: [[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]] —[[User:Jwashin1|Jwashin1]] ([[User talk:Jwashin1|talk]]) 00:48, 9 April 2019 (EDT) (fixed)}}

== Initial div → eng Evaluation ==
* Coverage of Dhivehi Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 627
# Coverage: 23.92%

* Coverage of Bilingual Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 630
# Coverage: 22.86%

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sentence
! Intended English Translation
! Lexical Transfer Output
! Full translation Output
|-
| މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ.
| The school is much bigger than the house.
| ^މަދްރަސާ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/school<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ގެ<n><nhum><sg><def><dat>/house<n><sg><def><dat>$ ^ވުރެ<post>/compared to<post>$ ^މާ<adv>/much<adv>$ ^ބޮޑު<adj>/big<adj>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #school #house #compared to much #big .
|-
| މިފަދަ އިސްލާޙެއް ވާނީ ޒަމާނީ ޑިމޮކްރެސީގެ ރޫޙާއި ޚިލާފު އިސްލާޙެއް.
| This type of reform would be contrary to the spirit of modern democracy.
| ^މިފަދަ<det><dem><deg1>/this type of<det><dem><deg1>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$ ^ވާނީ<v><tv><act><fut><pot>/be<v><tv><act><fut><pot>$ ^ޒަމާނީ<adj>/modern<adj>$ ^ޑިމޮކްރެސީ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/democracy<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^ރޫޙާއި<n><nhum><sg><def><soc>/spirit<n><sg><def><soc>$ ^ޚިލާފު<post>/against<post>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #this type of #reform #be modern #democracy #spirit #against #reform.
|-
| ކުރަން ޖެހޭ ހޭދަ އިތުރުވުން.
| We hit spending surplus.
| ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><pres><p1>/do<v><tv><act><pres><p1>$ ^ޖެހޭ<v><tv><act><pprs>/hit<v><tv><act><pprs>$ ^ހޭދަ<adj>/spending<adj>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/surplus<n><sg><def><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #do #hit #spending #surplus.
|-
| ތަރައްގީ އަކީ އާއިލާގެ އާމްދަނީ އިތުރުވުން.
| Improvement is family income increasing.
| ^ތަރައްގީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/improvement<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އަކީ<mod>/is<mod>$ ^އާއިލާ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/family<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^އާމްދަނީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/income<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<v><iv><act><pres><p3>/increase<v><iv><act><pres><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #improvement #is #family #income #increase.
|-
| މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ.
| The competition will end today.
| ^މުބާރާތް<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/competition<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^މިއަދު<adv>/today<adv>$ ^ނިމެ<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>/end<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #competition today #end .
|-
| މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ.
| Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.
| ^މާދަމާ<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$ ^އަލީ<np>/Ali<np>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ސާފު<adj>/clean<adj>$ ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><fut><p3>/do<v><tv><act><fut><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| tomorrow #Ali #bathroom #clean #do.
|-
| އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ!
| I am sinking!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^ފެތެ<v><iv><pass><pprs>/sink<v><iv><pass><pprs>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I #sink!
|-
| މީތި ކިހާވަރަކަހް؟
| How much is this?
| ^މީތި<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/this<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/it<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>$ ^ކިހާވަރަކަހް<itg>/how much<itg>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #this #how much#؟
|-
| އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ!
| Leave me alone!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^އެކަނި<adj>/alone<adj>$ ^ދުކޮހް<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>/leave<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>$ ^ލާ<mod>/<mod>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I alone #leave !
|-
| ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟
| Where's the bathroom?
| ^ކޮބާ<itg>/where<itg>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #where #bathroom#؟
|}

== Final div → eng Evaluation ==

==== Additions ====
* Bilingual dictionary: added 101 stems
* Expanded Morphology:
:# Digits
:# Digits (ordinal form)
:# Numbers (citation form)
:# Numbers (combining form)
:# Demonstrative Determiners as prefix to nouns
* 2 structural transfer rules (number + noun and determiner + noun)

=== Coverage Over Large Corpus ===
* Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 692580
* Coverage: 28.52%
* Number of words in large corpus: 603356
* Number of Unique Entries in transducer: 320

=== Machine Translation ===

[[Category:Sp19_TranslationPairs]]
[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:English]]

Dhivehi and English

2019-05-08T05:10:28Z

Xluo1: /* Final div → eng Evaluation */

Resources for Machine Translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Dhivehi Dhivehi] and [http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/English English]

== External Resources ==
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng Dhivehi-English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div Dhivehi GitHub]
#[https://github.com/XihaoLuo/apertium-eng English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng-corpus Dhivehi-English Parallel Corpus GitHub]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Contrastive Grammar|Contrastive Grammar]]
{{comment|You can do links to pages on the wiki like this: [[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]] —[[User:Jwashin1|Jwashin1]] ([[User talk:Jwashin1|talk]]) 00:48, 9 April 2019 (EDT) (fixed)}}

== Initial div → eng Evaluation ==
* Coverage of Dhivehi Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 627
# Coverage: 23.92%

* Coverage of Bilingual Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 630
# Coverage: 22.86%

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sentence
! Intended English Translation
! Lexical Transfer Output
! Full translation Output
|-
| މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ.
| The school is much bigger than the house.
| ^މަދްރަސާ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/school<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ގެ<n><nhum><sg><def><dat>/house<n><sg><def><dat>$ ^ވުރެ<post>/compared to<post>$ ^މާ<adv>/much<adv>$ ^ބޮޑު<adj>/big<adj>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #school #house #compared to much #big .
|-
| މިފަދަ އިސްލާޙެއް ވާނީ ޒަމާނީ ޑިމޮކްރެސީގެ ރޫޙާއި ޚިލާފު އިސްލާޙެއް.
| This type of reform would be contrary to the spirit of modern democracy.
| ^މިފަދަ<det><dem><deg1>/this type of<det><dem><deg1>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$ ^ވާނީ<v><tv><act><fut><pot>/be<v><tv><act><fut><pot>$ ^ޒަމާނީ<adj>/modern<adj>$ ^ޑިމޮކްރެސީ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/democracy<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^ރޫޙާއި<n><nhum><sg><def><soc>/spirit<n><sg><def><soc>$ ^ޚިލާފު<post>/against<post>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #this type of #reform #be modern #democracy #spirit #against #reform.
|-
| ކުރަން ޖެހޭ ހޭދަ އިތުރުވުން.
| We hit spending surplus.
| ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><pres><p1>/do<v><tv><act><pres><p1>$ ^ޖެހޭ<v><tv><act><pprs>/hit<v><tv><act><pprs>$ ^ހޭދަ<adj>/spending<adj>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/surplus<n><sg><def><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #do #hit #spending #surplus.
|-
| ތަރައްގީ އަކީ އާއިލާގެ އާމްދަނީ އިތުރުވުން.
| Improvement is family income increasing.
| ^ތަރައްގީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/improvement<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އަކީ<mod>/is<mod>$ ^އާއިލާ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/family<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^އާމްދަނީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/income<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<v><iv><act><pres><p3>/increase<v><iv><act><pres><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #improvement #is #family #income #increase.
|-
| މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ.
| The competition will end today.
| ^މުބާރާތް<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/competition<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^މިއަދު<adv>/today<adv>$ ^ނިމެ<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>/end<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #competition today #end .
|-
| މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ.
| Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.
| ^މާދަމާ<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$ ^އަލީ<np>/Ali<np>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ސާފު<adj>/clean<adj>$ ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><fut><p3>/do<v><tv><act><fut><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| tomorrow #Ali #bathroom #clean #do.
|-
| އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ!
| I am sinking!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^ފެތެ<v><iv><pass><pprs>/sink<v><iv><pass><pprs>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I #sink!
|-
| މީތި ކިހާވަރަކަހް؟
| How much is this?
| ^މީތި<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/this<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/it<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>$ ^ކިހާވަރަކަހް<itg>/how much<itg>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #this #how much#؟
|-
| އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ!
| Leave me alone!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^އެކަނި<adj>/alone<adj>$ ^ދުކޮހް<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>/leave<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>$ ^ލާ<mod>/<mod>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I alone #leave !
|-
| ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟
| Where's the bathroom?
| ^ކޮބާ<itg>/where<itg>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #where #bathroom#؟
|}

== Final div → eng Evaluation ==

=== Additions ===
* Bilingual dictionary: added 101 stems
* Expanded Morphology:
:# Digits
:# Digits (ordinal form)
:# Numbers (citation form)
:# Numbers (combining form)
:# Demonstrative Determiners as prefix to nouns
* 2 structural transfer rules (number + noun and determiner + noun)

=== Coverage Over Large Corpus ===
* Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 692580
* Coverage: 28.52%
* Number of words in large corpus: 603356
* Number of Unique Entries in transducer: 320

=== Machine Translation ===

[[Category:Sp19_TranslationPairs]]
[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:English]]

Dhivehi and English

2019-05-08T04:59:36Z

Xluo1: /* Final div → eng Evaluation */

Resources for Machine Translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Dhivehi Dhivehi] and [http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/English English]

== External Resources ==
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng Dhivehi-English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div Dhivehi GitHub]
#[https://github.com/XihaoLuo/apertium-eng English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng-corpus Dhivehi-English Parallel Corpus GitHub]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Contrastive Grammar|Contrastive Grammar]]
{{comment|You can do links to pages on the wiki like this: [[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]] —[[User:Jwashin1|Jwashin1]] ([[User talk:Jwashin1|talk]]) 00:48, 9 April 2019 (EDT) (fixed)}}

== Initial div → eng Evaluation ==
* Coverage of Dhivehi Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 627
# Coverage: 23.92%

* Coverage of Bilingual Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 630
# Coverage: 22.86%

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sentence
! Intended English Translation
! Lexical Transfer Output
! Full translation Output
|-
| މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ.
| The school is much bigger than the house.
| ^މަދްރަސާ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/school<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ގެ<n><nhum><sg><def><dat>/house<n><sg><def><dat>$ ^ވުރެ<post>/compared to<post>$ ^މާ<adv>/much<adv>$ ^ބޮޑު<adj>/big<adj>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #school #house #compared to much #big .
|-
| މިފަދަ އިސްލާޙެއް ވާނީ ޒަމާނީ ޑިމޮކްރެސީގެ ރޫޙާއި ޚިލާފު އިސްލާޙެއް.
| This type of reform would be contrary to the spirit of modern democracy.
| ^މިފަދަ<det><dem><deg1>/this type of<det><dem><deg1>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$ ^ވާނީ<v><tv><act><fut><pot>/be<v><tv><act><fut><pot>$ ^ޒަމާނީ<adj>/modern<adj>$ ^ޑިމޮކްރެސީ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/democracy<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^ރޫޙާއި<n><nhum><sg><def><soc>/spirit<n><sg><def><soc>$ ^ޚިލާފު<post>/against<post>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #this type of #reform #be modern #democracy #spirit #against #reform.
|-
| ކުރަން ޖެހޭ ހޭދަ އިތުރުވުން.
| We hit spending surplus.
| ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><pres><p1>/do<v><tv><act><pres><p1>$ ^ޖެހޭ<v><tv><act><pprs>/hit<v><tv><act><pprs>$ ^ހޭދަ<adj>/spending<adj>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/surplus<n><sg><def><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #do #hit #spending #surplus.
|-
| ތަރައްގީ އަކީ އާއިލާގެ އާމްދަނީ އިތުރުވުން.
| Improvement is family income increasing.
| ^ތަރައްގީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/improvement<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އަކީ<mod>/is<mod>$ ^އާއިލާ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/family<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^އާމްދަނީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/income<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<v><iv><act><pres><p3>/increase<v><iv><act><pres><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #improvement #is #family #income #increase.
|-
| މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ.
| The competition will end today.
| ^މުބާރާތް<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/competition<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^މިއަދު<adv>/today<adv>$ ^ނިމެ<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>/end<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #competition today #end .
|-
| މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ.
| Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.
| ^މާދަމާ<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$ ^އަލީ<np>/Ali<np>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ސާފު<adj>/clean<adj>$ ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><fut><p3>/do<v><tv><act><fut><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| tomorrow #Ali #bathroom #clean #do.
|-
| އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ!
| I am sinking!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^ފެތެ<v><iv><pass><pprs>/sink<v><iv><pass><pprs>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I #sink!
|-
| މީތި ކިހާވަރަކަހް؟
| How much is this?
| ^މީތި<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/this<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/it<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>$ ^ކިހާވަރަކަހް<itg>/how much<itg>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #this #how much#؟
|-
| އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ!
| Leave me alone!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^އެކަނި<adj>/alone<adj>$ ^ދުކޮހް<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>/leave<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>$ ^ލާ<mod>/<mod>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I alone #leave !
|-
| ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟
| Where's the bathroom?
| ^ކޮބާ<itg>/where<itg>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #where #bathroom#؟
|}

== Final div → eng Evaluation ==

=== Additions ===
* Bilingual dictionary: added 101 stems
* Expanded Morphology:
:# Digits
:# Digits (ordinal form)
:# Numbers (citation form)
:# Numbers (combining form)
:# Demonstrative Determiners as prefix to nouns
* 2 structural transfer rules (number + noun and determiner + noun)

=== Coverage Over Large Corpus ===
* Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 692580
* Coverage: 28.52%
* Number of words in large corpus: 603356
* Number of Unique Entries in transducer: 320

[[Category:Sp19_TranslationPairs]]
[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:English]]

Dhivehi and English

2019-04-29T16:38:00Z

Xluo1: /* Post div → eng Evaluation */

Resources for Machine Translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Dhivehi Dhivehi] and [http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/English English]

== External Resources ==
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng Dhivehi-English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div Dhivehi GitHub]
#[https://github.com/XihaoLuo/apertium-eng English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng-corpus Dhivehi-English Parallel Corpus GitHub]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Contrastive Grammar|Contrastive Grammar]]
{{comment|You can do links to pages on the wiki like this: [[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]] —[[User:Jwashin1|Jwashin1]] ([[User talk:Jwashin1|talk]]) 00:48, 9 April 2019 (EDT) (fixed)}}

== Initial div → eng Evaluation ==
* Coverage of Dhivehi Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 627
# Coverage: 23.92%

* Coverage of Bilingual Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 630
# Coverage: 22.86%

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sentence
! Intended English Translation
! Lexical Transfer Output
! Full translation Output
|-
| މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ.
| The school is much bigger than the house.
| ^މަދްރަސާ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/school<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ގެ<n><nhum><sg><def><dat>/house<n><sg><def><dat>$ ^ވުރެ<post>/compared to<post>$ ^މާ<adv>/much<adv>$ ^ބޮޑު<adj>/big<adj>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #school #house #compared to much #big .
|-
| މިފަދަ އިސްލާޙެއް ވާނީ ޒަމާނީ ޑިމޮކްރެސީގެ ރޫޙާއި ޚިލާފު އިސްލާޙެއް.
| This type of reform would be contrary to the spirit of modern democracy.
| ^މިފަދަ<det><dem><deg1>/this type of<det><dem><deg1>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$ ^ވާނީ<v><tv><act><fut><pot>/be<v><tv><act><fut><pot>$ ^ޒަމާނީ<adj>/modern<adj>$ ^ޑިމޮކްރެސީ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/democracy<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^ރޫޙާއި<n><nhum><sg><def><soc>/spirit<n><sg><def><soc>$ ^ޚިލާފު<post>/against<post>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #this type of #reform #be modern #democracy #spirit #against #reform.
|-
| ކުރަން ޖެހޭ ހޭދަ އިތުރުވުން.
| We hit spending surplus.
| ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><pres><p1>/do<v><tv><act><pres><p1>$ ^ޖެހޭ<v><tv><act><pprs>/hit<v><tv><act><pprs>$ ^ހޭދަ<adj>/spending<adj>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/surplus<n><sg><def><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #do #hit #spending #surplus.
|-
| ތަރައްގީ އަކީ އާއިލާގެ އާމްދަނީ އިތުރުވުން.
| Improvement is family income increasing.
| ^ތަރައްގީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/improvement<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އަކީ<mod>/is<mod>$ ^އާއިލާ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/family<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^އާމްދަނީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/income<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<v><iv><act><pres><p3>/increase<v><iv><act><pres><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #improvement #is #family #income #increase.
|-
| މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ.
| The competition will end today.
| ^މުބާރާތް<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/competition<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^މިއަދު<adv>/today<adv>$ ^ނިމެ<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>/end<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #competition today #end .
|-
| މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ.
| Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.
| ^މާދަމާ<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$ ^އަލީ<np>/Ali<np>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ސާފު<adj>/clean<adj>$ ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><fut><p3>/do<v><tv><act><fut><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| tomorrow #Ali #bathroom #clean #do.
|-
| އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ!
| I am sinking!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^ފެތެ<v><iv><pass><pprs>/sink<v><iv><pass><pprs>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I #sink!
|-
| މީތި ކިހާވަރަކަހް؟
| How much is this?
| ^މީތި<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/this<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/it<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>$ ^ކިހާވަރަކަހް<itg>/how much<itg>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #this #how much#؟
|-
| އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ!
| Leave me alone!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^އެކަނި<adj>/alone<adj>$ ^ދުކޮހް<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>/leave<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>$ ^ލާ<mod>/<mod>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I alone #leave !
|-
| ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟
| Where's the bathroom?
| ^ކޮބާ<itg>/where<itg>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #where #bathroom#؟
|}

== Final div → eng Evaluation ==

=== Additions ===
* Bilingual dictionary: added 101 stems
* Expanded Morphology:
:# Digits
:# Digits (ordinal form)
:# Numbers (citation form)
:# Numbers (combining form)
:# Demonstrative Determiners as prefix to nouns

[[Category:Sp19_TranslationPairs]]
[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:English]]

Dhivehi/Grammar

2019-04-29T16:01:33Z

Xluo1: /* Demonstratives as determiners */

==Main Parts of Speech==

The main parts of speech in Dhivehi are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and demonstratives. Some parts of speech will be covered extensively below.

=== Nouns ===
----
Nouns in Dhivehi are divided into two subcategories: human and non-human nouns.

* Human nouns:
#{{morphTest|މީހާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|މީހާ}} (the person "miihaa")
#{{morphTest|ފުލުހުން{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ފުލުހުން}} (the police "fuluhun")

* Non-human nouns:
#{{morphTest|ކަކުނި{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ކަކުނި}} (crab)
#{{morphTest|ކަފަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ކަފަ}} (cotton)

=== Verbs ===
----

Verbs in Dhivehi are extremely complicated. First, they exist as part of a 2-dimension derivational family. The first dimension is valence, which is the number of arguments a particular verb takes. An inactive verb takes 1 argument, an active verb takes 2 arguments, and a causative verb takes 3 arguments. (e.g. "is made", "makes", "causes to make") The second dimension is the plain/honorific distinction, where honorific verbs are used when the subject/speaker is of higher status. Although verbs in a verb family are technically different verbs, they are closely related morphologically and can be derived from one another.

Another way to classify verbs in Dhivehi is by their inflectional classes. Most verbs fall into 2 inflectional classes: the a-stem and the e-stem. Most of the active verbs and all of the causative verbs fall into the a-stem class, while the e-stem class includes almost all of the inactive verbs and a few active verbs. Besides the 2 classes, there are also verbs with "nn" stem and monosyllabic verbs. Since verbs with "nn" stem and monosyllabic verbs often have non-productive morphological alternations, we will treat them as exceptions.

Since the infinitive form of the verbs does not show the appropriate vowel stem, it's conventional for Western linguists to use the present progressive form as the citation form when analyzing Dhivehi. We will follow this convention and use the present progressive form as the lemma. We will mark verbs with {{tag|v}}. We will also use {{tag|pprs}} to represent present progressive instead of present participle since there's no "to be" in Dhivehi.

There are also ongoing debates and variations in regards to the second-person forms of verbs. Due to the variability of the second-person form, we will not include it in our analysis. We will mark first-person and third-person forms with {{tag|p1}} and {{tag |p3}}.

*a-stem verbs:
#{{morphTest|ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pprs}}|ކުރަނީ}}(doing)
#{{morphTest|ހަދަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pprs}}|ހަދަނީ}}(making)

*e-stem verbs:
#{{morphTest|ހެދެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pprs}}|ހެދެނީ}}(is made)
#{{morphTest|ފެށެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pprs}}|ފެށެނީ}}(is begun)

=== Adjectives ===
----
Dhivehi Adjectives are not very interesting. There's little morphology associated with them. They do not inflect on case, and a few has plural forms. The concept of comparative and superlative are both expressed in other ways using nouns and postpositions. We will label adjectives with {{tag|adj}}.

#{{morphTest|ތަފާތު{{tag|adj}}|ތަފާތު}} (different)
#{{morphTest|ބޮޑު{{tag|adj}}|ބޮޑު}} (big)

== Adverbs ==

Adverbs in Dhivehi are usually derived from adjectives and nouns by adding a suffix. There are three common ways to derive adverbs - add "-n" ( ން ), add "-as" ( އަށް ), and add "-kos" ( ކޮށް ).

{{comment|The term "derived" means it's derivational morphology. You should probably include these words as distinct words with their own analysis, e.g., {{morphTest|މަދުން{{tag|adv}}|މަދުން}}. Also, you'll want to remove the spaces from around your tags and '+' signs. -JNW (fixed)}}

=== "-n" ===

#{{morphTest|މަދުން{{tag|adv}}|މަދުން}} (rarely)
#{{morphTest|ކަށަވަރުން{{tag|adv}}|ކަށަވަރުން}} (certainly)
#{{morphTest|ފަހުން{{tag|adv}}|ފަހުން}} (afterward)
#{{morphTest|ކުރިން{{tag|adv}}|ކުރިން}} (before)
#{{morphTest|މަތިން{{tag|adv}}|މަތިން}} (above)

=== "-as" ===

#{{morphTest|ބޮޑަށް{{tag|adv}}|ބޮޑަށް}} (greatly)
#{{morphTest|އަވަހަށް{{tag|adv}}|އަވަހަށް}} (quickly)
#{{morphTest|މައްޗަށް{{tag|adv}}|މައްޗަށް}} (upward)

=== "-kos" ===

#{{morphTest|ޚާއްސަކޮށް{{tag|adv}}|ޚާއްސަކޮށް}} (especially)
#{{morphTest|އާންމުކޮށް{{tag|adv}}|އާންމުކޮށް}} (generally)
#{{morphTest|ކުޑަކޮށް{{tag|adv}}|ކުޑަކޮށް}} (a little)

==Personal Pronouns ==

We will tag mark informal with {{tag|infm}}, formal with {{tag|fm}}, standard with {{tag|std}}, distal with {{tag|dst}} and proximal with {{tag|prx}}

#{{morphTest|މަ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|infm}}{{tag|dir}}|މަ}} ("I" informal)
#{{morphTest|އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}}|އަހަރެން}} ("I" standard)
#{{morphTest|އަޅުގަނޑު{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|fm}}{{tag|dir}}|އަޅުގަނޑު}} ("I" formal)
#{{morphTest|ކަލޭ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|infm}}{{tag|dir}}|ކަލޭ}} ("you" informal)
#{{morphTest|ތިބޭފުޅާ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|fm}}{{tag|dir}}|ތިބޭފުޅާ}} ("you" formal)
#{{morphTest|އޭނާ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|dir}}|އޭނާ}} ("he/she" distal)
#{{morphTest|މީނާ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|dir}}|މީނާ}} ("he/she" proximal)
#{{morphTest|އަހަރެމެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}}|އަހަރެމެން}} ("we" standard)
#{{morphTest|އަޅުގަނޑުމެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|fm}}{{tag|dir}}|އަޅުގަނޑުމެން}} ("we" formal)
#{{morphTest|ކަލޭމެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|infm}}{{tag|dir}}|ކަލޭމެން}} ("you" informal)
#{{morphTest|ތިމިހުން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}}|ތިމިހުން}} ("you" standard)
#{{morphTest|އެމީހުން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|dir}}|އެމީހުން}} ("he/she" distal)
#{{morphTest|މިމީހުން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|dir}}|މިމީހުން}} ("he/she" proximal)

{{comment|You'll need tags for the formal/informal/standard(?) and proximal/distal distinctions.(fixed)}}

==Question Words==
#{{morphTest|ކާކު{{tag|itg}}|ކާކު}} ("who")
#{{morphTest|ކޮން{{tag|itg}}|ކޮން}} ("which")
#{{morphTest|ކޮބާ{{tag|itg}}|ކޮބާ}} ("where")
#{{morphTest|ކީކް{{tag|itg}}|ކީކް}} ("what")
#{{morphTest|ކީއްވެ{{tag|itg}}|ކީއްވެ}} ("why")
#{{morphTest|ކިހިނެކް{{tag|itg}}|ކިހިނެކް}} ("how")
#{{morphTest|ކޮން އިރަކު{{tag|itg}}|ކޮން އިރަކު}} ("when")

{{comment|Are these all pronouns? Check especially "which" (determiner?) "where", "why", "how" and "when". (fixed)}}

== Demonstratives ==

Demonstratives are functional words that are used frequently in Dhivehi. They could function as determiners, pronouns, and adverbs. There are three degrees of contrast in the demonstratives - first degree is near the speaker (this/these - މި), second degree is near the addressee (that/those - ތި ), and third degree is elsewhere(that/those over there - އެ ). We will mark the degree of the demonstratives with {{tag|deg1}}, {{tag|deg2}}, and {{tag|deg3}}.

When they are prefixed to a noun, they function as determiners. When they are prefixed to a verb, they function as adverbs, taking on a local or temporal meaning depending on the context. For example, the 1st-degree demonstrative adverb could mean "now" or "here", while the 2nd-degree demonstrative adverb could mean "then, afterward" or "there, near you". To function as pronouns, they are prefixed to the word "thing" or "things", with a slight change in pronunciation.

{{comment|I don't really like the {{tag|deg}} tags, but there are worse ways to deal with this. Remove spaces around words and '+'. (fixed)}}

===Demonstratives as pronouns===
# {{morphTest|މީތި{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|deg1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}|މީތި}}(this/it)
# {{morphTest|ތީތި{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|deg2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}|ތީތި}}(that/it)
# {{morphTest|އޭތި{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|deg3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}|އޭތި}}(that (over there)/it)
# {{morphTest|މިއެއްޗެހި{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|deg1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir}}|މިއެއްޗެހި}}(these/they)
# {{morphTest|ތިއެއްޗެހި{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|deg2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir}}|ތިއެއްޗެހި}}(those/they)
# {{morphTest|އެއެއްޗެހި{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|deg3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir}}|އެއެއްޗެހި}}(those (over there)/they)

===Demonstratives as determiners===
# {{morphTest|މި{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|deg1}}+ރާޖްޖެ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|މިރާޖްޖެ}}(this country)
# {{morphTest|ތި{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|deg2}}+ފޮތް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ތިފޮތް}}(that book)
# {{morphTest|އެ{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|deg3}}+ކުއްތާތައް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|އެކުއްތާތައް}}(those dogs over there)

===Demonstratives as adverbs===
# {{morphTest|މި{{tag|adv}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|deg1}}+އޮތީ{{tag|v}}{{tag|ger}}|މިއޮތީ}}(is here)

== Pluralization ==

Pluralization of Dhivehi nouns is different for human and non-human nouns. It is worth noting that non-human beings with rationality, like angels and gods, would be considered as human nouns. Animals could also be considered as human nouns if they are given human characteristics (e.g. animal characters in fables). In addition, there are exceptions for boats (yes, specifically for boats) and personal names/kinship terms.

=== Non Human nouns===

To pluralize non-human nouns, just simply add the suffix "-tak" (ތައް) to the end of the noun as shown below. However, if the plurality of the non-human noun is clear from context, the plural suffix is omitted. For example, when numbers are used with the noun, the plural suffix is omitted.

# {{morphTest|އާފަލު{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|އާފަލުތައް}} (apples)
# {{morphTest|ފޮތް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ފޮތްތައް}} (books)
# {{morphTest|ދޫނި{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ދޫނިތައް}} (birds)
# {{morphTest|ތަރި{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ތަރިތައް}} (stars)
# {{morphTest|މަގު{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|މަގުތައް}} (streets)

Omitted plural suffix:

# {{morphTest|ދެ{{tag|num}}+ފޮތް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ދެފޮތް}} (two books)
# {{morphTest|ތިން{{tag|num}}+ތަރި{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ތިންތަރި}} (three stars)
# {{morphTest|ހަތަރު{{tag|num}}+ދޫނި{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ހަތަރުދޫނި}} (four birds)

{{comment|I would leave out the {{tag|pl}} tag if there is no marking for plurality. Note that many languages don't indicate plurality when counting nouns using numbers.(fixed)}}

===Human nouns===

The pluralization of human nouns depends on the word final. The suffix "-n" (ން) is used after the vowel "i" (އި) or "u" (އު). The suffix "-in" (އިން) is used after any other vowels. The suffix "-un"(އުން) is used after any consonants.

#{{morphTest|ރަދުން{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ރަދުނުން}} (kings) *added "-un"
#{{morphTest|ޒުވާން{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ޒުވާނުން}} (young people) *added "-un"
#{{morphTest|މުދައްރިސް{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|މުދައްރިސުން}} (teachers) *added "-un"
#{{morphTest|ޑޮކްޓަރު{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ޑޮކްޓަރުން}} (doctors) *added "-n"
#{{morphTest|މުސްލިމު{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|މުސްލިމުން}} (Muslims) *added "-n"
#{{morphTest|ކަކާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ކަކާއިން}} (chefs) *added "-in"
#{{morphTest|ވެރިޔާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ވެރިޔާއިން}} (leaders) *added "-in"

===Boats===

Boats in Dhivehi is considered as a semantic category that includes aircraft "airplane" and watercraft "ships". The suffix "-faharu" (ފަހަރު) is used for boats, as shown below:

#{{morphTest|ނާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ނާފަހަރު}} (sailing ships)
#{{morphTest|މަތިންދާ ބޯޓު{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|މަތިންދާ ބޯޓުފަހަރު}} (airplanes)
#{{morphTest|ބޯޓު{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ބޯޓުފަހަރު}} (boats)

===Names/Kinship terms===

Personal names and kinship terms are pluralized using the suffix "-men" (މެން).
#{{morphTest|މަންމަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|މަންމަމެން}} (mothers)
#{{morphTest|ބައްޕަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ބައްޕަމެން}} (fathers)

==Cases==
Cases in Dhivehi could be applied directly after nouns as suffixes. The following are the main cases in Dhivehi:
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! case name !! ~meaning !! tag !! possible forms !! Non-human noun: ބަސް "language" !! Human noun: ކޮއްކޮ "younger sibling"
|-
! direct
| subject, direct object ||{{tag|dir}} || — ||{{morphTest|ބަސް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ބަސް}} ||{{morphTest|ކޮއްކޮ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ކޮއްކޮ}}
|-
! genitive
| possessor ||{{tag|gen}} || | ގެ | އުގެ | ލުގެ | އިގެ | އެގެ | ||{{morphTest|ބަސް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|gen}}|ބަހުގެ}}||{{morphTest|ކޮއްކޮ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|gen}}|ކޮއްކޮގެ}}
|-
! locative
| "at, in, on" ||{{tag|loc}} || | ގައި | އުގައި | ލުގައި | އިގައި | އެގައި | ||{{morphTest|ބަސް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|loc}}|ބަހުގައި}} || —
|-
! ablative and/or instrumental
| "from" ||{{tag|ablins}} || | އުން | ލުން | އިން | ން | ||{{morphTest|ބަސް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|ablins}}|ބަހުން}} || —
|-
! dative
| "to, for" ||{{tag|dat}} || | ނަށް | އަށް | ލަށް | ޔަށް | ||{{morphTest|ބަސް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dat}}|ބަހަށް}} ||{{morphTest|ކޮއްކޮ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dat}}|ކޮއްކޮއަށް}}
|-
! sociative
| "with" ||{{tag|soc}} || | ނާ | އާ | ލާ | ޔާ | ||{{morphTest|ބަސް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|soc}}|ބަހާ}} ||{{morphTest|ކޮއްކޮ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|soc}}|ކޮއްކޮއާ}}
|}

===Notes ===
* Dhivehi does not distinguish subjects and direct objects (nominative and accusative case).
* Not all cases can occur on human nouns. To apply locative, ablative, and instrumental case on human nouns, non-human nouns will be used to achieve the same meaning; these non-human nouns are usually "side"( ފަރާތުން ), "hand"( އަތުން ), and "body"( ގައިގައި ).

::- For example, locative "on father" would be ބައްޕަގެ ގައިގައި, which translates to "on father's body".

==Definiteness ==
Dhivehi nouns can be definite, indefinite, or unspecified. Definiteness inflection also differs for human and non-human nouns. We will mark definiteness of nouns using {{tag|ind}} and {{tag|uns}}.

=== Definite ===

* For Non-human nouns, the definite form is just the unmarked form:

#{{morphTest|ދޮންކެޔޮ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ދޮންކެޔޮ}} (the banana)
#{{morphTest|ކަރާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ކަރާތައް}} (the watermelons)

* For human nouns, some take the unmarked form while some are inflected with suffix "-aa" ( އާ ).
#{{morphTest|ރެފްރީ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ރެފްރީ}} (the referee) *unmarked
#{{morphTest|މީހާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|މީހާ}} (the person) *Added "-aa"

{{comment|If you're always marking definiteness (even when there's no overt morpheme), then you need to be consistent and add {{tag|def}} to all the forms throughout this page! However, I recommend against marking it unless the language does. It might be better to just mark indefinite? (fixed)}}

=== Indefinite ===

For both non-human and human nouns, the indefinite marker is "-ek" ( އެއް ). There are many different cases of stem alternation to indefinite inflections, for both non-human and human nouns. Below are some examples:

# {{morphTest|ބަދަލު{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}|ބަދަލެއް}} (a change) *dropped "u" before adding "-ek"
# {{morphTest|ޑޮކްޓަރު{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}|ޑޮކްޓަރެއް}} (a doctor) *dropped "u" before adding "-ek"
# {{morphTest|ބޮއް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}|ބޮކެއް}} (a frog) *glottal stop އް changed to "-k" ( ކ ) before adding "-ek"
# {{morphTest|ނަން{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}|ނަމެއް}} (a name) * "n" changed to "m" before adding "-ek"
# {{morphTest|މީސް{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}|މީހެއް}} (a person) * "s" changed to "h" before adding "-ek"
# {{morphTest|ދިވެސް{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}|ދިވެއްސެއް}} (a Maldivian) * exception to 5 - "s" does not change to "h" before adding "-ek"

Definiteness inflections are also independent of plural inflection. Combining both would take on the meaning of "some". However, only non-human nouns can take on the indefinite plural form:

# {{morphTest|ބުޅާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}|ބުޅާތަކެއް}} (some cats)
# {{morphTest|ފޮތް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}|ފޮތްތަކެއް}} (some books)
# {{morphTest|މެހި{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}|މެހިތަކެއް}} (some flies)
# {{morphTest|ކާށި{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}|ކާށިތަކެއް}} (some coconut)
# {{morphTest|މައްސަލަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}|މައްސަލަތަކެއް}} (some problems)

=== Unspecified ===

The unspecified inflection carries the meaning of "some or other" or "any" in negative contexts. It is represented with "-aku" ( އަކު ). The difference between the unspecified and the indefinite form is that the indefinite form indicates a specified indefinite person or thing, while the unspecified form indicates an unspecified person or thing. An analogous example in English would be "some guy". Examples are below:

# {{morphTest|ރެފްރީ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|uns}}{{tag|dir}}|ރެފްރީއަކު}} (some or other referee "refriiaku")
# {{morphTest|ޤައުމު{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|uns}}{{tag|dir}}|ޤައުމުތަކަކު}} (some or other nations "qaumutakaku")

== Simple Present Tense ==
One thing to note about simple present tense (and other tenses with inflections) is that Dhivehi does not have plurality agreement in addition to persons. Thus, we will not make the distinction below.

=== a-stem verbs ===

* "make"
:# {{morphTest|ހަދަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}|ހަދަން}}
:# {{morphTest|ހަދަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}|ހަދާ}}
* "watch"
:# {{morphTest|ބަލަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}|ބަލަން}}
:# {{morphTest|ބަލަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}|ބަލާ}}
* "dance"
:# {{morphTest|ނަށަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}|ނަށަން}}
:# {{morphTest|ނަށަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}|ނަށާ}}
* "hit"
:# {{morphTest|ޖަހަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}|ޖަހަން}}
:# {{morphTest|ޖަހަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}|ޖަހާ}}
* "do"
:# {{morphTest|ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}|ކުރަން}}
:# {{morphTest|ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}|ކުރޭ}}

=== e-stem verbs ===

* "is begun"
:# Semantically, first-person of the verb does not exist.
:# {{morphTest|ފެށެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}|ފެށޭ}}
* "see"
:# {{morphTest|ދެކެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}|ދެކެން}}
:# {{morphTest|ދެކެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}|ދެކޭ}}
* "play"
:# {{morphTest|ކުޅެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}|ކުޅެން}}
:# {{morphTest|ކުޅެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}|ކުޅޭ}}

*Note: Since "is begun" is an inactive verb, when it takes first-person, it will not trigger any agreement with the subject since the subject would not be acting with agency in this case.

== Emphasis in Dhivehi ==

In Dhivehi, there are suffixes that allow the speaker to emphasize what has been said before. These suffixes could be attached to most types of words, whether they are nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc. It also highlights that word in the sentence. Although there are 2 types of emphasis, distinguishing the 2 would require specific contexts. Thus, we will not make further distinctions and mark both with {{tag|mod}}.

*To emphasize what you have said before, use the suffix އޭ:

# {{morphTest|ބުޅާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}+އޭ{{tag|mod}}|ބުޅަލޭ}} (cat! "bulhaa" + "-ey" = "bulhaley")
# {{morphTest|ރަށް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}+އޭ{{tag|mod}}|ރަށޭ}} (island! "rash" + "-ey" = "rashey")
# {{morphTest|ދޫނިތަކެއް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}+އޭ{{tag|mod}}|ދޫނިތަކެކޭ}} (some birds!)

*To emphasize what others have said before, use the suffix އޯ:

# {{morphTest|ބުޅަލެއް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}+އޯ{{tag|mod}}|ބުޅަލެކޯ}} (a cat!)
# {{morphTest|ދިވެހިން{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}+އޯ{{tag|mod}}|ދިވެހިންނޯ}} (Maldivians! *there's reduplication at word end before adding suffix)
# {{morphTest|އަތް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}+އޯ{{tag|mod}}|ތައްޓޯ}} (arm!)

{{comment|It might make sense to consider each suffix its own "modal word", and adjoin it to the stem via something like +އޯ{{tag|mod}}. Also, don't forget to remove extra spaces in your morphTests.(fixed)}}

==Reference ==
*[https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/swarthmore/reader.action?docID=4793895 "Dhivehi: the language of Maldives]

*[http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/sf/sf_2002a.pdf "A Descriptive and Historical Grammar of Maldivian and Its Dialects"]

*[https://thatmaldivesblog.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/dhivehi-lesson-14-verbs-present-progressive/ Lesson on Present Progressive]

*[https://thatmaldivesblog.wordpress.com/2017/06/29/dhivehi-lesson-13-verbs-gerunds-and-infinitives/ Lesson on Gerund + Infinitive Form]

*[https://thatmaldivesblog.wordpress.com/2016/10/02/dhivehi-lesson-6-demonstratives/ Lesson on Demonstratives]

*[https://thatmaldivesblog.wordpress.com/2016/09/11/dhivehi-lesson-3-nouns-plural-and-indefinite-markers/ Lesson on pluralization]

[[Category:Grammar_documentation]]
[[Category:Dhivehi]]

Dhivehi/Grammar

2019-04-29T16:01:03Z

Xluo1: /* Demonstratives as determiners */

==Main Parts of Speech==

The main parts of speech in Dhivehi are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and demonstratives. Some parts of speech will be covered extensively below.

=== Nouns ===
----
Nouns in Dhivehi are divided into two subcategories: human and non-human nouns.

* Human nouns:
#{{morphTest|މީހާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|މީހާ}} (the person "miihaa")
#{{morphTest|ފުލުހުން{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ފުލުހުން}} (the police "fuluhun")

* Non-human nouns:
#{{morphTest|ކަކުނި{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ކަކުނި}} (crab)
#{{morphTest|ކަފަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ކަފަ}} (cotton)

=== Verbs ===
----

Verbs in Dhivehi are extremely complicated. First, they exist as part of a 2-dimension derivational family. The first dimension is valence, which is the number of arguments a particular verb takes. An inactive verb takes 1 argument, an active verb takes 2 arguments, and a causative verb takes 3 arguments. (e.g. "is made", "makes", "causes to make") The second dimension is the plain/honorific distinction, where honorific verbs are used when the subject/speaker is of higher status. Although verbs in a verb family are technically different verbs, they are closely related morphologically and can be derived from one another.

Another way to classify verbs in Dhivehi is by their inflectional classes. Most verbs fall into 2 inflectional classes: the a-stem and the e-stem. Most of the active verbs and all of the causative verbs fall into the a-stem class, while the e-stem class includes almost all of the inactive verbs and a few active verbs. Besides the 2 classes, there are also verbs with "nn" stem and monosyllabic verbs. Since verbs with "nn" stem and monosyllabic verbs often have non-productive morphological alternations, we will treat them as exceptions.

Since the infinitive form of the verbs does not show the appropriate vowel stem, it's conventional for Western linguists to use the present progressive form as the citation form when analyzing Dhivehi. We will follow this convention and use the present progressive form as the lemma. We will mark verbs with {{tag|v}}. We will also use {{tag|pprs}} to represent present progressive instead of present participle since there's no "to be" in Dhivehi.

There are also ongoing debates and variations in regards to the second-person forms of verbs. Due to the variability of the second-person form, we will not include it in our analysis. We will mark first-person and third-person forms with {{tag|p1}} and {{tag |p3}}.

*a-stem verbs:
#{{morphTest|ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pprs}}|ކުރަނީ}}(doing)
#{{morphTest|ހަދަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pprs}}|ހަދަނީ}}(making)

*e-stem verbs:
#{{morphTest|ހެދެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pprs}}|ހެދެނީ}}(is made)
#{{morphTest|ފެށެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pprs}}|ފެށެނީ}}(is begun)

=== Adjectives ===
----
Dhivehi Adjectives are not very interesting. There's little morphology associated with them. They do not inflect on case, and a few has plural forms. The concept of comparative and superlative are both expressed in other ways using nouns and postpositions. We will label adjectives with {{tag|adj}}.

#{{morphTest|ތަފާތު{{tag|adj}}|ތަފާތު}} (different)
#{{morphTest|ބޮޑު{{tag|adj}}|ބޮޑު}} (big)

== Adverbs ==

Adverbs in Dhivehi are usually derived from adjectives and nouns by adding a suffix. There are three common ways to derive adverbs - add "-n" ( ން ), add "-as" ( އަށް ), and add "-kos" ( ކޮށް ).

{{comment|The term "derived" means it's derivational morphology. You should probably include these words as distinct words with their own analysis, e.g., {{morphTest|މަދުން{{tag|adv}}|މަދުން}}. Also, you'll want to remove the spaces from around your tags and '+' signs. -JNW (fixed)}}

=== "-n" ===

#{{morphTest|މަދުން{{tag|adv}}|މަދުން}} (rarely)
#{{morphTest|ކަށަވަރުން{{tag|adv}}|ކަށަވަރުން}} (certainly)
#{{morphTest|ފަހުން{{tag|adv}}|ފަހުން}} (afterward)
#{{morphTest|ކުރިން{{tag|adv}}|ކުރިން}} (before)
#{{morphTest|މަތިން{{tag|adv}}|މަތިން}} (above)

=== "-as" ===

#{{morphTest|ބޮޑަށް{{tag|adv}}|ބޮޑަށް}} (greatly)
#{{morphTest|އަވަހަށް{{tag|adv}}|އަވަހަށް}} (quickly)
#{{morphTest|މައްޗަށް{{tag|adv}}|މައްޗަށް}} (upward)

=== "-kos" ===

#{{morphTest|ޚާއްސަކޮށް{{tag|adv}}|ޚާއްސަކޮށް}} (especially)
#{{morphTest|އާންމުކޮށް{{tag|adv}}|އާންމުކޮށް}} (generally)
#{{morphTest|ކުޑަކޮށް{{tag|adv}}|ކުޑަކޮށް}} (a little)

==Personal Pronouns ==

We will tag mark informal with {{tag|infm}}, formal with {{tag|fm}}, standard with {{tag|std}}, distal with {{tag|dst}} and proximal with {{tag|prx}}

#{{morphTest|މަ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|infm}}{{tag|dir}}|މަ}} ("I" informal)
#{{morphTest|އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}}|އަހަރެން}} ("I" standard)
#{{morphTest|އަޅުގަނޑު{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|fm}}{{tag|dir}}|އަޅުގަނޑު}} ("I" formal)
#{{morphTest|ކަލޭ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|infm}}{{tag|dir}}|ކަލޭ}} ("you" informal)
#{{morphTest|ތިބޭފުޅާ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|fm}}{{tag|dir}}|ތިބޭފުޅާ}} ("you" formal)
#{{morphTest|އޭނާ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|dir}}|އޭނާ}} ("he/she" distal)
#{{morphTest|މީނާ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|dir}}|މީނާ}} ("he/she" proximal)
#{{morphTest|އަހަރެމެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}}|އަހަރެމެން}} ("we" standard)
#{{morphTest|އަޅުގަނޑުމެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|fm}}{{tag|dir}}|އަޅުގަނޑުމެން}} ("we" formal)
#{{morphTest|ކަލޭމެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|infm}}{{tag|dir}}|ކަލޭމެން}} ("you" informal)
#{{morphTest|ތިމިހުން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}}|ތިމިހުން}} ("you" standard)
#{{morphTest|އެމީހުން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|dir}}|އެމީހުން}} ("he/she" distal)
#{{morphTest|މިމީހުން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|dir}}|މިމީހުން}} ("he/she" proximal)

{{comment|You'll need tags for the formal/informal/standard(?) and proximal/distal distinctions.(fixed)}}

==Question Words==
#{{morphTest|ކާކު{{tag|itg}}|ކާކު}} ("who")
#{{morphTest|ކޮން{{tag|itg}}|ކޮން}} ("which")
#{{morphTest|ކޮބާ{{tag|itg}}|ކޮބާ}} ("where")
#{{morphTest|ކީކް{{tag|itg}}|ކީކް}} ("what")
#{{morphTest|ކީއްވެ{{tag|itg}}|ކީއްވެ}} ("why")
#{{morphTest|ކިހިނެކް{{tag|itg}}|ކިހިނެކް}} ("how")
#{{morphTest|ކޮން އިރަކު{{tag|itg}}|ކޮން އިރަކު}} ("when")

{{comment|Are these all pronouns? Check especially "which" (determiner?) "where", "why", "how" and "when". (fixed)}}

== Demonstratives ==

Demonstratives are functional words that are used frequently in Dhivehi. They could function as determiners, pronouns, and adverbs. There are three degrees of contrast in the demonstratives - first degree is near the speaker (this/these - މި), second degree is near the addressee (that/those - ތި ), and third degree is elsewhere(that/those over there - އެ ). We will mark the degree of the demonstratives with {{tag|deg1}}, {{tag|deg2}}, and {{tag|deg3}}.

When they are prefixed to a noun, they function as determiners. When they are prefixed to a verb, they function as adverbs, taking on a local or temporal meaning depending on the context. For example, the 1st-degree demonstrative adverb could mean "now" or "here", while the 2nd-degree demonstrative adverb could mean "then, afterward" or "there, near you". To function as pronouns, they are prefixed to the word "thing" or "things", with a slight change in pronunciation.

{{comment|I don't really like the {{tag|deg}} tags, but there are worse ways to deal with this. Remove spaces around words and '+'. (fixed)}}

===Demonstratives as pronouns===
# {{morphTest|މީތި{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|deg1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}|މީތި}}(this/it)
# {{morphTest|ތީތި{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|deg2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}|ތީތި}}(that/it)
# {{morphTest|އޭތި{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|deg3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dir}}|އޭތި}}(that (over there)/it)
# {{morphTest|މިއެއްޗެހި{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|deg1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir}}|މިއެއްޗެހި}}(these/they)
# {{morphTest|ތިއެއްޗެހި{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|deg2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir}}|ތިއެއްޗެހި}}(those/they)
# {{morphTest|އެއެއްޗެހި{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|deg3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dir}}|އެއެއްޗެހި}}(those (over there)/they)

===Demonstratives as determiners===
# {{morphTest|މި{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|deg1}}+ރާޖްޖެ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|މިރާޖްޖެ}}(this country)
# {{morphTest|ތި{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|deg2}}+ފޮތް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ތިފޮތް}}(that book)
# {{morphTest|އެ{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|deg3}}+ކުއްތާތައް{{tag|n}}{{nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|އެކުއްތާތައް}}(those dogs over there)

===Demonstratives as adverbs===
# {{morphTest|މި{{tag|adv}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|deg1}}+އޮތީ{{tag|v}}{{tag|ger}}|މިއޮތީ}}(is here)

== Pluralization ==

Pluralization of Dhivehi nouns is different for human and non-human nouns. It is worth noting that non-human beings with rationality, like angels and gods, would be considered as human nouns. Animals could also be considered as human nouns if they are given human characteristics (e.g. animal characters in fables). In addition, there are exceptions for boats (yes, specifically for boats) and personal names/kinship terms.

=== Non Human nouns===

To pluralize non-human nouns, just simply add the suffix "-tak" (ތައް) to the end of the noun as shown below. However, if the plurality of the non-human noun is clear from context, the plural suffix is omitted. For example, when numbers are used with the noun, the plural suffix is omitted.

# {{morphTest|އާފަލު{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|އާފަލުތައް}} (apples)
# {{morphTest|ފޮތް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ފޮތްތައް}} (books)
# {{morphTest|ދޫނި{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ދޫނިތައް}} (birds)
# {{morphTest|ތަރި{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ތަރިތައް}} (stars)
# {{morphTest|މަގު{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|މަގުތައް}} (streets)

Omitted plural suffix:

# {{morphTest|ދެ{{tag|num}}+ފޮތް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ދެފޮތް}} (two books)
# {{morphTest|ތިން{{tag|num}}+ތަރި{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ތިންތަރި}} (three stars)
# {{morphTest|ހަތަރު{{tag|num}}+ދޫނި{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ހަތަރުދޫނި}} (four birds)

{{comment|I would leave out the {{tag|pl}} tag if there is no marking for plurality. Note that many languages don't indicate plurality when counting nouns using numbers.(fixed)}}

===Human nouns===

The pluralization of human nouns depends on the word final. The suffix "-n" (ން) is used after the vowel "i" (އި) or "u" (އު). The suffix "-in" (އިން) is used after any other vowels. The suffix "-un"(އުން) is used after any consonants.

#{{morphTest|ރަދުން{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ރަދުނުން}} (kings) *added "-un"
#{{morphTest|ޒުވާން{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ޒުވާނުން}} (young people) *added "-un"
#{{morphTest|މުދައްރިސް{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|މުދައްރިސުން}} (teachers) *added "-un"
#{{morphTest|ޑޮކްޓަރު{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ޑޮކްޓަރުން}} (doctors) *added "-n"
#{{morphTest|މުސްލިމު{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|މުސްލިމުން}} (Muslims) *added "-n"
#{{morphTest|ކަކާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ކަކާއިން}} (chefs) *added "-in"
#{{morphTest|ވެރިޔާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ވެރިޔާއިން}} (leaders) *added "-in"

===Boats===

Boats in Dhivehi is considered as a semantic category that includes aircraft "airplane" and watercraft "ships". The suffix "-faharu" (ފަހަރު) is used for boats, as shown below:

#{{morphTest|ނާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ނާފަހަރު}} (sailing ships)
#{{morphTest|މަތިންދާ ބޯޓު{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|މަތިންދާ ބޯޓުފަހަރު}} (airplanes)
#{{morphTest|ބޯޓު{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ބޯޓުފަހަރު}} (boats)

===Names/Kinship terms===

Personal names and kinship terms are pluralized using the suffix "-men" (މެން).
#{{morphTest|މަންމަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|މަންމަމެން}} (mothers)
#{{morphTest|ބައްޕަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ބައްޕަމެން}} (fathers)

==Cases==
Cases in Dhivehi could be applied directly after nouns as suffixes. The following are the main cases in Dhivehi:
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! case name !! ~meaning !! tag !! possible forms !! Non-human noun: ބަސް "language" !! Human noun: ކޮއްކޮ "younger sibling"
|-
! direct
| subject, direct object ||{{tag|dir}} || — ||{{morphTest|ބަސް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ބަސް}} ||{{morphTest|ކޮއްކޮ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ކޮއްކޮ}}
|-
! genitive
| possessor ||{{tag|gen}} || | ގެ | އުގެ | ލުގެ | އިގެ | އެގެ | ||{{morphTest|ބަސް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|gen}}|ބަހުގެ}}||{{morphTest|ކޮއްކޮ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|gen}}|ކޮއްކޮގެ}}
|-
! locative
| "at, in, on" ||{{tag|loc}} || | ގައި | އުގައި | ލުގައި | އިގައި | އެގައި | ||{{morphTest|ބަސް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|loc}}|ބަހުގައި}} || —
|-
! ablative and/or instrumental
| "from" ||{{tag|ablins}} || | އުން | ލުން | އިން | ން | ||{{morphTest|ބަސް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|ablins}}|ބަހުން}} || —
|-
! dative
| "to, for" ||{{tag|dat}} || | ނަށް | އަށް | ލަށް | ޔަށް | ||{{morphTest|ބަސް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dat}}|ބަހަށް}} ||{{morphTest|ކޮއްކޮ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dat}}|ކޮއްކޮއަށް}}
|-
! sociative
| "with" ||{{tag|soc}} || | ނާ | އާ | ލާ | ޔާ | ||{{morphTest|ބަސް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|soc}}|ބަހާ}} ||{{morphTest|ކޮއްކޮ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|soc}}|ކޮއްކޮއާ}}
|}

===Notes ===
* Dhivehi does not distinguish subjects and direct objects (nominative and accusative case).
* Not all cases can occur on human nouns. To apply locative, ablative, and instrumental case on human nouns, non-human nouns will be used to achieve the same meaning; these non-human nouns are usually "side"( ފަރާތުން ), "hand"( އަތުން ), and "body"( ގައިގައި ).

::- For example, locative "on father" would be ބައްޕަގެ ގައިގައި, which translates to "on father's body".

==Definiteness ==
Dhivehi nouns can be definite, indefinite, or unspecified. Definiteness inflection also differs for human and non-human nouns. We will mark definiteness of nouns using {{tag|ind}} and {{tag|uns}}.

=== Definite ===

* For Non-human nouns, the definite form is just the unmarked form:

#{{morphTest|ދޮންކެޔޮ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ދޮންކެޔޮ}} (the banana)
#{{morphTest|ކަރާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ކަރާތައް}} (the watermelons)

* For human nouns, some take the unmarked form while some are inflected with suffix "-aa" ( އާ ).
#{{morphTest|ރެފްރީ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|ރެފްރީ}} (the referee) *unmarked
#{{morphTest|މީހާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|މީހާ}} (the person) *Added "-aa"

{{comment|If you're always marking definiteness (even when there's no overt morpheme), then you need to be consistent and add {{tag|def}} to all the forms throughout this page! However, I recommend against marking it unless the language does. It might be better to just mark indefinite? (fixed)}}

=== Indefinite ===

For both non-human and human nouns, the indefinite marker is "-ek" ( އެއް ). There are many different cases of stem alternation to indefinite inflections, for both non-human and human nouns. Below are some examples:

# {{morphTest|ބަދަލު{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}|ބަދަލެއް}} (a change) *dropped "u" before adding "-ek"
# {{morphTest|ޑޮކްޓަރު{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}|ޑޮކްޓަރެއް}} (a doctor) *dropped "u" before adding "-ek"
# {{morphTest|ބޮއް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}|ބޮކެއް}} (a frog) *glottal stop އް changed to "-k" ( ކ ) before adding "-ek"
# {{morphTest|ނަން{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}|ނަމެއް}} (a name) * "n" changed to "m" before adding "-ek"
# {{morphTest|މީސް{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}|މީހެއް}} (a person) * "s" changed to "h" before adding "-ek"
# {{morphTest|ދިވެސް{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}|ދިވެއްސެއް}} (a Maldivian) * exception to 5 - "s" does not change to "h" before adding "-ek"

Definiteness inflections are also independent of plural inflection. Combining both would take on the meaning of "some". However, only non-human nouns can take on the indefinite plural form:

# {{morphTest|ބުޅާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}|ބުޅާތަކެއް}} (some cats)
# {{morphTest|ފޮތް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}|ފޮތްތަކެއް}} (some books)
# {{morphTest|މެހި{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}|މެހިތަކެއް}} (some flies)
# {{morphTest|ކާށި{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}|ކާށިތަކެއް}} (some coconut)
# {{morphTest|މައްސަލަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}|މައްސަލަތަކެއް}} (some problems)

=== Unspecified ===

The unspecified inflection carries the meaning of "some or other" or "any" in negative contexts. It is represented with "-aku" ( އަކު ). The difference between the unspecified and the indefinite form is that the indefinite form indicates a specified indefinite person or thing, while the unspecified form indicates an unspecified person or thing. An analogous example in English would be "some guy". Examples are below:

# {{morphTest|ރެފްރީ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|uns}}{{tag|dir}}|ރެފްރީއަކު}} (some or other referee "refriiaku")
# {{morphTest|ޤައުމު{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|uns}}{{tag|dir}}|ޤައުމުތަކަކު}} (some or other nations "qaumutakaku")

== Simple Present Tense ==
One thing to note about simple present tense (and other tenses with inflections) is that Dhivehi does not have plurality agreement in addition to persons. Thus, we will not make the distinction below.

=== a-stem verbs ===

* "make"
:# {{morphTest|ހަދަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}|ހަދަން}}
:# {{morphTest|ހަދަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}|ހަދާ}}
* "watch"
:# {{morphTest|ބަލަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}|ބަލަން}}
:# {{morphTest|ބަލަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}|ބަލާ}}
* "dance"
:# {{morphTest|ނަށަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}|ނަށަން}}
:# {{morphTest|ނަށަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}|ނަށާ}}
* "hit"
:# {{morphTest|ޖަހަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}|ޖަހަން}}
:# {{morphTest|ޖަހަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}|ޖަހާ}}
* "do"
:# {{morphTest|ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}|ކުރަން}}
:# {{morphTest|ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}|ކުރޭ}}

=== e-stem verbs ===

* "is begun"
:# Semantically, first-person of the verb does not exist.
:# {{morphTest|ފެށެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}|ފެށޭ}}
* "see"
:# {{morphTest|ދެކެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}|ދެކެން}}
:# {{morphTest|ދެކެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}|ދެކޭ}}
* "play"
:# {{morphTest|ކުޅެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}|ކުޅެން}}
:# {{morphTest|ކުޅެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}|ކުޅޭ}}

*Note: Since "is begun" is an inactive verb, when it takes first-person, it will not trigger any agreement with the subject since the subject would not be acting with agency in this case.

== Emphasis in Dhivehi ==

In Dhivehi, there are suffixes that allow the speaker to emphasize what has been said before. These suffixes could be attached to most types of words, whether they are nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc. It also highlights that word in the sentence. Although there are 2 types of emphasis, distinguishing the 2 would require specific contexts. Thus, we will not make further distinctions and mark both with {{tag|mod}}.

*To emphasize what you have said before, use the suffix އޭ:

# {{morphTest|ބުޅާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}+އޭ{{tag|mod}}|ބުޅަލޭ}} (cat! "bulhaa" + "-ey" = "bulhaley")
# {{morphTest|ރަށް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}+އޭ{{tag|mod}}|ރަށޭ}} (island! "rash" + "-ey" = "rashey")
# {{morphTest|ދޫނިތަކެއް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}+އޭ{{tag|mod}}|ދޫނިތަކެކޭ}} (some birds!)

*To emphasize what others have said before, use the suffix އޯ:

# {{morphTest|ބުޅަލެއް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|dir}}+އޯ{{tag|mod}}|ބުޅަލެކޯ}} (a cat!)
# {{morphTest|ދިވެހިން{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}+އޯ{{tag|mod}}|ދިވެހިންނޯ}} (Maldivians! *there's reduplication at word end before adding suffix)
# {{morphTest|އަތް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}+އޯ{{tag|mod}}|ތައްޓޯ}} (arm!)

{{comment|It might make sense to consider each suffix its own "modal word", and adjoin it to the stem via something like +އޯ{{tag|mod}}. Also, don't forget to remove extra spaces in your morphTests.(fixed)}}

==Reference ==
*[https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/swarthmore/reader.action?docID=4793895 "Dhivehi: the language of Maldives]

*[http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/sf/sf_2002a.pdf "A Descriptive and Historical Grammar of Maldivian and Its Dialects"]

*[https://thatmaldivesblog.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/dhivehi-lesson-14-verbs-present-progressive/ Lesson on Present Progressive]

*[https://thatmaldivesblog.wordpress.com/2017/06/29/dhivehi-lesson-13-verbs-gerunds-and-infinitives/ Lesson on Gerund + Infinitive Form]

*[https://thatmaldivesblog.wordpress.com/2016/10/02/dhivehi-lesson-6-demonstratives/ Lesson on Demonstratives]

*[https://thatmaldivesblog.wordpress.com/2016/09/11/dhivehi-lesson-3-nouns-plural-and-indefinite-markers/ Lesson on pluralization]

[[Category:Grammar_documentation]]
[[Category:Dhivehi]]

Dhivehi and English

2019-04-23T00:56:43Z

Xluo1:

Resources for Machine Translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Dhivehi Dhivehi] and [http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/English English]

== External Resources ==
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng Dhivehi-English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div Dhivehi GitHub]
#[https://github.com/XihaoLuo/apertium-eng English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng-corpus Dhivehi-English Parallel Corpus GitHub]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Contrastive Grammar|Contrastive Grammar]]
{{comment|You can do links to pages on the wiki like this: [[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]] —[[User:Jwashin1|Jwashin1]] ([[User talk:Jwashin1|talk]]) 00:48, 9 April 2019 (EDT) (fixed)}}

== Initial div → eng Evaluation ==
* Coverage of Dhivehi Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 627
# Coverage: 23.92%

* Coverage of Bilingual Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 630
# Coverage: 22.86%

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sentence
! Intended English Translation
! Lexical Transfer Output
! Full translation Output
|-
| މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ.
| The school is much bigger than the house.
| ^މަދްރަސާ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/school<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ގެ<n><nhum><sg><def><dat>/house<n><sg><def><dat>$ ^ވުރެ<post>/compared to<post>$ ^މާ<adv>/much<adv>$ ^ބޮޑު<adj>/big<adj>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #school #house #compared to much #big .
|-
| މިފަދަ އިސްލާޙެއް ވާނީ ޒަމާނީ ޑިމޮކްރެސީގެ ރޫޙާއި ޚިލާފު އިސްލާޙެއް.
| This type of reform would be contrary to the spirit of modern democracy.
| ^މިފަދަ<det><dem><deg1>/this type of<det><dem><deg1>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$ ^ވާނީ<v><tv><act><fut><pot>/be<v><tv><act><fut><pot>$ ^ޒަމާނީ<adj>/modern<adj>$ ^ޑިމޮކްރެސީ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/democracy<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^ރޫޙާއި<n><nhum><sg><def><soc>/spirit<n><sg><def><soc>$ ^ޚިލާފު<post>/against<post>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #this type of #reform #be modern #democracy #spirit #against #reform.
|-
| ކުރަން ޖެހޭ ހޭދަ އިތުރުވުން.
| We hit spending surplus.
| ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><pres><p1>/do<v><tv><act><pres><p1>$ ^ޖެހޭ<v><tv><act><pprs>/hit<v><tv><act><pprs>$ ^ހޭދަ<adj>/spending<adj>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/surplus<n><sg><def><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #do #hit #spending #surplus.
|-
| ތަރައްގީ އަކީ އާއިލާގެ އާމްދަނީ އިތުރުވުން.
| Improvement is family income increasing.
| ^ތަރައްގީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/improvement<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އަކީ<mod>/is<mod>$ ^އާއިލާ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/family<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^އާމްދަނީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/income<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<v><iv><act><pres><p3>/increase<v><iv><act><pres><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #improvement #is #family #income #increase.
|-
| މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ.
| The competition will end today.
| ^މުބާރާތް<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/competition<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^މިއަދު<adv>/today<adv>$ ^ނިމެ<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>/end<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #competition today #end .
|-
| މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ.
| Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.
| ^މާދަމާ<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$ ^އަލީ<np>/Ali<np>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ސާފު<adj>/clean<adj>$ ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><fut><p3>/do<v><tv><act><fut><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| tomorrow #Ali #bathroom #clean #do.
|-
| އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ!
| I am sinking!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^ފެތެ<v><iv><pass><pprs>/sink<v><iv><pass><pprs>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I #sink!
|-
| މީތި ކިހާވަރަކަހް؟
| How much is this?
| ^މީތި<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/this<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/it<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>$ ^ކިހާވަރަކަހް<itg>/how much<itg>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #this #how much#؟
|-
| އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ!
| Leave me alone!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^އެކަނި<adj>/alone<adj>$ ^ދުކޮހް<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>/leave<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>$ ^ލާ<mod>/<mod>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I alone #leave !
|-
| ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟
| Where's the bathroom?
| ^ކޮބާ<itg>/where<itg>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #where #bathroom#؟
|}

== Post div → eng Evaluation ==

[[Category:Sp19_TranslationPairs]]
[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:English]]

Dhivehi and English

2019-04-23T00:56:14Z

Xluo1:

Resources for Machine Translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Dhivehi Dhivehi] and [http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/English English]

== External Resources ==
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng Dhivehi-English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div Dhivehi GitHub]
#[https://github.com/XihaoLuo/apertium-eng English GitHub]
#[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp19/ling073-div-eng-corpus Dhivehi-English Parallel Corpus GitHub]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]]
#[[Dhivehi and English/Contrastive Grammar|Contrastive Grammar]]
{{comment|You can do links to pages on the wiki like this: [[Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection|Lexical Selection]] —[[User:Jwashin1|Jwashin1]] ([[User talk:Jwashin1|talk]]) 00:48, 9 April 2019 (EDT) (fixed)}}

== Initial div → eng Evaluation ==
* Coverage of Dhivehi Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 627
# Coverage: 23.92%

* Coverage of Bilingual Transducer on <code>div.sentences.txt</code>:
# Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 630
# Coverage: 22.86%

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sentence
! Intended English Translation
! Lexical Transfer Output
! Full translation Output
|-
| މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ.
| The school is much bigger than the house.
| ^މަދްރަސާ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/school<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ގެ<n><nhum><sg><def><dat>/house<n><sg><def><dat>$ ^ވުރެ<post>/compared to<post>$ ^މާ<adv>/much<adv>$ ^ބޮޑު<adj>/big<adj>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #school #house #compared to much #big .
|-
| މިފަދަ އިސްލާޙެއް ވާނީ ޒަމާނީ ޑިމޮކްރެސީގެ ރޫޙާއި ޚިލާފު އިސްލާޙެއް.
| This type of reform would be contrary to the spirit of modern democracy.
| ^މިފަދަ<det><dem><deg1>/this type of<det><dem><deg1>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$ ^ވާނީ<v><tv><act><fut><pot>/be<v><tv><act><fut><pot>$ ^ޒަމާނީ<adj>/modern<adj>$ ^ޑިމޮކްރެސީ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/democracy<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^ރޫޙާއި<n><nhum><sg><def><soc>/spirit<n><sg><def><soc>$ ^ޚިލާފު<post>/against<post>$ ^އިސްލާޙް<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>/reform<n><sg><ind><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #this type of #reform #be modern #democracy #spirit #against #reform.
|-
| ކުރަން ޖެހޭ ހޭދަ އިތުރުވުން.
| We hit spending surplus.
| ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><pres><p1>/do<v><tv><act><pres><p1>$ ^ޖެހޭ<v><tv><act><pprs>/hit<v><tv><act><pprs>$ ^ހޭދަ<adj>/spending<adj>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/surplus<n><sg><def><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #do #hit #spending #surplus.
|-
| ތަރައްގީ އަކީ އާއިލާގެ އާމްދަނީ އިތުރުވުން.
| Improvement is family income increasing.
| ^ތަރައްގީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/improvement<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އަކީ<mod>/is<mod>$ ^އާއިލާ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>/family<n><sg><def><gen>$ ^އާމްދަނީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/income<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^އިތުރުވުން<v><iv><act><pres><p3>/increase<v><iv><act><pres><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #improvement #is #family #income #increase.
|-
| މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ.
| The competition will end today.
| ^މުބާރާތް<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/competition<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^މިއަދު<adv>/today<adv>$ ^ނިމެ<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>/end<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>$ ^އެވެ<mod>/<mod>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| #competition today #end .
|-
| މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ.
| Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.
| ^މާދަމާ<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$ ^އަލީ<np>/Ali<np>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$ ^ސާފު<adj>/clean<adj>$ ^ކުރަ<v><tv><act><fut><p3>/do<v><tv><act><fut><p3>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
| tomorrow #Ali #bathroom #clean #do.
|-
| އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ!
| I am sinking!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^ފެތެ<v><iv><pass><pprs>/sink<v><iv><pass><pprs>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I #sink!
|-
| މީތި ކިހާވަރަކަހް؟
| How much is this?
| ^މީތި<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/this<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>/it<prn><dem><deg1><sg><dir>$ ^ކިހާވަރަކަހް<itg>/how much<itg>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #this #how much#؟
|-
| އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ!
| Leave me alone!
| ^އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>/I<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir>$ ^އެކަނި<adj>/alone<adj>$ ^ދުކޮހް<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>/leave<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp>$ ^ލާ<mod>/<mod>$^!<sent>/!<sent>$
| #I alone #leave !
|-
| ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟
| Where's the bathroom?
| ^ކޮބާ<itg>/where<itg>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$^؟<sent>/؟<sent>$
| #where #bathroom#؟
|}

[[Category:Sp19_TranslationPairs]]
[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:English]]

Dhivehi and English/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-18T13:47:02Z

Xluo1: /* SOV Word Order */

= div-eng tests =

=== SOV Word Order ===
English is Subject-Verb-Object order, while Dhivehi is Subject-Object-Verb.

* {{transferTest|div|eng|!އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ|Leave me alone!}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}} އެކަނި{{tag|adj}} ދުކޮހް{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|imp}} ލާ{{tag|mod}} !{{tag|sent}}|Leave{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|imp}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} alone{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}}
*:{{transferTest|div|eng|މާދަމާ{{tag|adv}} އަލީ{{tag|np}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ސާފު{{tag|adj}} ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tomorrow{{tag|adv}} Ali{{tag|np}}{{tag|cog}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} clean{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

=== No explicit "be" (except in Noun-Noun Sentences) ===
In Dhivehi, there is no explicit "be" except in noun-noun sentences. (An example noun-noun sentence is "A is B." where A, B are nouns.)

* {{transferTest|div|eng|ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟|Where is the bathroom?}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|ކޮބާ{{tag|itg}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}؟/؟{{tag|sent}}|Where{{tag|adv}}{{tag|itg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}?{{tag|sent}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|!އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ|I am sinking!}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}} ފެތެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pprs}}!/!{{tag|sent}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} sink{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}!}}

=== Definiteness as Suffix ===
In Dhivehi, definiteness of nouns is marked with a suffix. In English, the word "the" is used.

* {{transferTest|div|eng|މީހާ|the person}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މީހާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ|the school}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} school{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|ތަރައްގީ|the improvement}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|ތަރައްގީ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} improvement{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Sentence Final -އެވެ ===
In Dhivehi, sentences often end with the particle (-އެވެ) or "-eve". The particle has no meaning.

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ|The school is much bigger than the house.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ގެ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dat}}+ވުރެ{{tag|post}} މާ{{tag|adv}} ބޮޑު{{tag|adj}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} school{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} much{{tag|adv}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|comp}} than{{tag|cnjcoo}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.އެކަމަކު 24 ގަޑި އިރު ނުވަނީސް އެމީހުން ވަނީ ދުކޮށްލާފައެވެ|But they were released within 24 hours.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އެކަމަކު{{tag|cnjcoo}} 24 ގަޑި{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} އިރު{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ނުވަނީސް{{tag|adv}} އެމީހުން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|dir}} ވަނީ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} ދުކޮށްލާ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pprs}}+ފަ{{tag|succ}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|But{{tag|cnjcoo}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}} released{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} within{{tag|adv}} 24 hours{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

=== Future Tense Marked with Suffix ===
In English, the future tense is marked with "will". In Dhivehi, the future tense is marked with a suffix (takes the stem, lengthens the last vowel and append "-ne").

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ|The competition will end today.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މުބާރާތް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} މިއަދު{{tag|adv}} ނިމެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} competition{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} end{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} today{{tag|adv}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}}
*:{{transferTest|div|eng|މާދަމާ{{tag|adv}} އަލީ{{tag|np}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ސާފު{{tag|adj}} ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tomorrow{{tag|adv}} Ali{{tag|np}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} clean{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Dhivehi and English/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-18T13:46:12Z

Xluo1: /* div-eng tests */

= div-eng tests =

=== SOV Word Order ===
English is Subject-Verb-Object order, while Dhivehi is Subject-Object-Verb.

* {{transferTest|div|eng|!އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ|Leave me alone!}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}} އެކަނި{{tag|adj}} ދުކޮހް{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|imp}} ލާ{{tag|mod}} !{{tag|sent}}|Leave{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|imp}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} alone{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}}
*:{{transferTest|div|eng|މާދަމާ{{tag|adv}} އަލީ{{tag|np}}{{tag|cog}}{{tag|sg}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ސާފު{{tag|adj}} ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tomorrow{{tag|adv}} Ali{{tag|np}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} clean{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

=== No explicit "be" (except in Noun-Noun Sentences) ===
In Dhivehi, there is no explicit "be" except in noun-noun sentences. (An example noun-noun sentence is "A is B." where A, B are nouns.)

* {{transferTest|div|eng|ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟|Where is the bathroom?}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|ކޮބާ{{tag|itg}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}؟/؟{{tag|sent}}|Where{{tag|adv}}{{tag|itg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}?{{tag|sent}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|!އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ|I am sinking!}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}} ފެތެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pprs}}!/!{{tag|sent}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} sink{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}!}}

=== Definiteness as Suffix ===
In Dhivehi, definiteness of nouns is marked with a suffix. In English, the word "the" is used.

* {{transferTest|div|eng|މީހާ|the person}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މީހާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ|the school}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} school{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|ތަރައްގީ|the improvement}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|ތަރައްގީ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} improvement{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Sentence Final -އެވެ ===
In Dhivehi, sentences often end with the particle (-އެވެ) or "-eve". The particle has no meaning.

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ|The school is much bigger than the house.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ގެ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dat}}+ވުރެ{{tag|post}} މާ{{tag|adv}} ބޮޑު{{tag|adj}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} school{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} much{{tag|adv}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|comp}} than{{tag|cnjcoo}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.އެކަމަކު 24 ގަޑި އިރު ނުވަނީސް އެމީހުން ވަނީ ދުކޮށްލާފައެވެ|But they were released within 24 hours.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އެކަމަކު{{tag|cnjcoo}} 24 ގަޑި{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} އިރު{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ނުވަނީސް{{tag|adv}} އެމީހުން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|dir}} ވަނީ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} ދުކޮށްލާ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pprs}}+ފަ{{tag|succ}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|But{{tag|cnjcoo}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}} released{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} within{{tag|adv}} 24 hours{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

=== Future Tense Marked with Suffix ===
In English, the future tense is marked with "will". In Dhivehi, the future tense is marked with a suffix (takes the stem, lengthens the last vowel and append "-ne").

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ|The competition will end today.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މުބާރާތް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} މިއަދު{{tag|adv}} ނިމެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} competition{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} end{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} today{{tag|adv}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}}
*:{{transferTest|div|eng|މާދަމާ{{tag|adv}} އަލީ{{tag|np}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ސާފު{{tag|adj}} ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tomorrow{{tag|adv}} Ali{{tag|np}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} clean{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Dhivehi and English/Structural transfer

2019-04-18T13:39:00Z

Xluo1: /* "Where is the bathroom?" */

== Pre-evaluation ==

<pre>Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 48
Number of words in test: 37
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test:
Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 47
Word error rate (WER): 97.92 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 2
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 95.83 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 47
Word Error Rate (WER): 97.92 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 2
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 95.83 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 0
Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 0%</pre>

== Definite Articles for Nouns ==

<pre> $ echo ތަރައްގީ | apertium -d . div-eng
the improvement</pre>

<pre> $ echo ތަރައްގީ | apertium -d . div-eng-disam
^ތަރައްގީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>$^.<sent>$</pre>

<pre> $ echo ތަރައްގީ | apertium -d . div-eng-biltrans
^ތަރައްގީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/improvement<n><sg><def><dir>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</pre>

<pre> $ echo ތަރައްގީ | apertium -d . div-eng-chunker

apertium-transfer: Rule 3 ތަރައްގީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/improvement<n><sg><def><dir>

apertium-transfer: Rule 1 .<sent>/.<sent>
^noun<SN><sg><def><dir>{^improvement<n><sg>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$</pre>

<pre> $ echo ތަރައްގީ | apertium -d . div-eng-interchunk
apertium-interchunk: Rule 1 noun<SN><sg><def><dir>{^improvement<n><sg>$}
^the<det>{^the<det><def><sp>$}$ ^noun<SN><sg><def><dir>{^improvement<n><sg>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$</pre>

<pre> $ echo ތަރައްގީ | apertium -d . div-eng-postchunk
^the<det><def><sp>$ ^improvement<n><sg>$^.<sent>$</pre>

== "Where is the bathroom?" ==

<pre> $ echo ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟ | apertium -d . div-eng
where is the bathroom?</pre>

<pre> $ echo ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟ | apertium -d . div-eng-disam
^ކޮބާ<itg>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>$^؟<sent>$^.<sent>$</pre>

<pre> $ echo ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟ | apertium -d . div-eng-biltrans
^ކޮބާ<itg>/where<adv><itg>$ ^ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>$^؟<sent>/?<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</pre>

<pre> $ echo ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟ | apertium -d . div-eng-chunker

apertium-transfer: Rule 2 ކޮބާ<itg>/where<adv><itg>

apertium-transfer: Rule 3 ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>/bathroom<n><sg><def><dir>

apertium-transfer: Rule 1 ؟<sent>/?<sent>

apertium-transfer: Rule 1 .<sent>/.<sent>
^itg<itg>{^where<adv><itg>$}$ ^noun<SN><sg><def><dir>{^bathroom<n><sg>$}$^sent<SENT>{^?<sent>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$</pre>

<pre> $ echo ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟ | apertium -d . div-eng-interchunk

apertium-interchunk: Rule 2 itg<itg>{^where<adv><itg>$} noun<SN><sg><def><dir>{^bathroom<n><sg>$}
^itg<itg>{^where<adv><itg>$}$ ^v<SV>{^be<vbser><pres><p3><sg>$}$ ^the<det>{^the<det><def><sp>$}$ ^noun<SN><sg><def><dir>{^bathroom<n><sg>$}$^sent<SENT>{^?<sent>$}$^sent<SENT>{^.<sent>$}$</pre>

<pre> $ echo ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟ | apertium -d . div-eng-postchunk
^where<adv><itg>$ ^be<vbser><pres><p3><sg>$ ^the<det><def><sp>$ ^bathroom<n><sg>$^?<sent>$^.<sent>$</pre>

== Post-Evaluation ==

<pre>Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 48
Number of words in test: 49
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test:
Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 39
Word error rate (WER): 81.25 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 16
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 68.75 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 39
Word Error Rate (WER): 81.25 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 16
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 68.75 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 0
Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 0%</pre>

[[Category:Sp19_StructuralTransfer]]
[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:English]]

Dhivehi and English/Structural transfer

2019-04-18T13:38:24Z

Xluo1:

Dhivehi and English/Structural transfer

2019-04-18T13:32:16Z

Xluo1: /* Definite Articles for Nouns */

Dhivehi and English/Structural transfer

2019-04-18T13:32:04Z

Xluo1: /* Definite Articles for Nouns */

Dhivehi and English/Structural transfer

2019-04-18T13:31:37Z

Xluo1: /* Definite Articles for Nouns */

Dhivehi and English/Structural transfer

2019-04-18T13:30:52Z

Xluo1:

Dhivehi and English/Structural transfer

2019-04-18T13:13:02Z

Xluo1: /* Pre-evaluation */

Dhivehi and English/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-18T06:54:05Z

Xluo1: /* No explicit "be" (except in Noun-Noun Sentences) */

= div-eng tests =

=== SOV Word Order ===
English is Subject-Verb-Object order, while Dhivehi is Subject-Object-Verb.

* {{transferTest|div|eng|!އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ|Leave me alone!}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}} އެކަނި{{tag|adj}} ދުކޮހް{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|imp}} ލާ{{tag|mod}} !{{tag|sent}}|Leave{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} alone{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}}
*:{{transferTest|div|eng|މާދަމާ{{tag|adv}} އަލީ{{tag|np}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ސާފު{{tag|adj}} ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tomorrow{{tag|adv}} Ali{{tag|np}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} clean{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

=== No explicit "be" (except in Noun-Noun Sentences) ===
In Dhivehi, there is no explicit "be" except in noun-noun sentences. (An example noun-noun sentence is "A is B." where A, B are nouns.)

* {{transferTest|div|eng|ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟|Where is the bathroom?}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|ކޮބާ{{tag|itg}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}؟/؟{{tag|sent}}|Where{{tag|adv}}{{tag|itg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}?{{tag|sent}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|!އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ|I am sinking!}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}} ފެތެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pprs}}!/!{{tag|sent}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} sink{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}!}}

=== Definiteness as Suffix ===
In Dhivehi, definiteness of nouns is marked with a suffix. In English, the word "the" is used.

* {{transferTest|div|eng|މީހާ|the person}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މީހާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ|the school}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} school{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|ތަރައްގީ|the improvement}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|ތަރައްގީ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} improvement{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Sentence Final -އެވެ ===
In Dhivehi, sentences often end with the particle (-އެވެ) or "-eve". The particle has no meaning.

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ|The school is much bigger than the house.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ގެ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dat}}+ވުރެ{{tag|post}} މާ{{tag|adv}} ބޮޑު{{tag|adj}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} school{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} much{{tag|adv}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|comp}} than{{tag|cnjcoo}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.އެކަމަކު 24 ގަޑި އިރު ނުވަނީސް އެމީހުން ވަނީ ދުކޮށްލާފައެވެ|But they were released within 24 hours.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އެކަމަކު{{tag|cnjcoo}} 24 ގަޑި{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} އިރު{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ނުވަނީސް{{tag|adv}} އެމީހުން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|dir}} ވަނީ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} ދުކޮށްލާ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pprs}}+ފަ{{tag|succ}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|But{{tag|cnjcoo}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}} released{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} within{{tag|adv}} 24 hours{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

=== Future Tense Marked with Suffix ===
In English, the future tense is marked with "will". In Dhivehi, the future tense is marked with a suffix (takes the stem, lengthens the last vowel and append "-ne").

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ|The competition will end today.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މުބާރާތް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} މިއަދު{{tag|adv}} ނިމެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} competition{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} end{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} today{{tag|adv}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}}
*:{{transferTest|div|eng|މާދަމާ{{tag|adv}} އަލީ{{tag|np}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ސާފު{{tag|adj}} ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tomorrow{{tag|adv}} Ali{{tag|np}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} clean{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Dhivehi and English/Structural transfer

2019-04-17T14:55:53Z

Xluo1: /* Pre-evaluation */

Dhivehi and English/Structural transfer

2019-04-17T14:51:46Z

Xluo1: /* Pre-evaluation */

Dhivehi and English/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-17T00:24:45Z

Xluo1: /* Definiteness as Suffix */

= div-eng tests =

=== SOV Word Order ===
English is Subject-Verb-Object order, while Dhivehi is Subject-Object-Verb.

* {{transferTest|div|eng|!އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ|Leave me alone!}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}} އެކަނި{{tag|adj}} ދުކޮހް{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|imp}} ލާ{{tag|mod}} !{{tag|sent}}|Leave{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} alone{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}}
*:{{transferTest|div|eng|މާދަމާ{{tag|adv}} އަލީ{{tag|np}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ސާފު{{tag|adj}} ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tomorrow{{tag|adv}} Ali{{tag|np}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} clean{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

=== No explicit "be" (except in Noun-Noun Sentences) ===
In Dhivehi, there is no explicit "be" except in noun-noun sentences. (An example noun-noun sentence is "A is B." where A, B are nouns.)

* {{transferTest|div|eng|ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟|Where is the bathroom?}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|ކޮބާ{{tag|itg}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}؟/؟{{tag|sent}}|Where{{tag|adv}}{{tag|itg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}?{{tag|sent}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|!އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ|I am sinking!}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}} ފެތެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pprs}}!/!{{tag|sent}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} sink{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}!}}

=== Definiteness as Suffix ===
In Dhivehi, definiteness of nouns is marked with a suffix. In English, the word "the" is used.

* {{transferTest|div|eng|މީހާ|the person}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މީހާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ|the school}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} school{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|ތަރައްގީ|the improvement}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|ތަރައްގީ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} improvement{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Sentence Final -އެވެ ===
In Dhivehi, sentences often end with the particle (-އެވެ) or "-eve". The particle has no meaning.

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ|The school is much bigger than the house.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ގެ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dat}}+ވުރެ{{tag|post}} މާ{{tag|adv}} ބޮޑު{{tag|adj}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} school{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} much{{tag|adv}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|comp}} than{{tag|cnjcoo}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.އެކަމަކު 24 ގަޑި އިރު ނުވަނީސް އެމީހުން ވަނީ ދުކޮށްލާފައެވެ|But they were released within 24 hours.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އެކަމަކު{{tag|cnjcoo}} 24 ގަޑި{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} އިރު{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ނުވަނީސް{{tag|adv}} އެމީހުން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|dir}} ވަނީ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} ދުކޮށްލާ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pprs}}+ފަ{{tag|succ}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|But{{tag|cnjcoo}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}} released{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} within{{tag|adv}} 24 hours{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

=== Future Tense Marked with Suffix ===
In English, the future tense is marked with "will". In Dhivehi, the future tense is marked with a suffix (takes the stem, lengthens the last vowel and append "-ne").

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ|The competition will end today.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މުބާރާތް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} މިއަދު{{tag|adv}} ނިމެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} competition{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} end{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} today{{tag|adv}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}}
*:{{transferTest|div|eng|މާދަމާ{{tag|adv}} އަލީ{{tag|np}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ސާފު{{tag|adj}} ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tomorrow{{tag|adv}} Ali{{tag|np}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} clean{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Dhivehi and English/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-17T00:24:14Z

Xluo1: /* Definiteness as Suffix */

= div-eng tests =

=== SOV Word Order ===
English is Subject-Verb-Object order, while Dhivehi is Subject-Object-Verb.

* {{transferTest|div|eng|!އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ|Leave me alone!}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}} އެކަނި{{tag|adj}} ދުކޮހް{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|imp}} ލާ{{tag|mod}} !{{tag|sent}}|Leave{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} alone{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}}
*:{{transferTest|div|eng|މާދަމާ{{tag|adv}} އަލީ{{tag|np}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ސާފު{{tag|adj}} ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tomorrow{{tag|adv}} Ali{{tag|np}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} clean{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

=== No explicit "be" (except in Noun-Noun Sentences) ===
In Dhivehi, there is no explicit "be" except in noun-noun sentences. (An example noun-noun sentence is "A is B." where A, B are nouns.)

* {{transferTest|div|eng|ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟|Where is the bathroom?}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|ކޮބާ{{tag|itg}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}؟/؟{{tag|sent}}|Where{{tag|adv}}{{tag|itg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}?{{tag|sent}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|!އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ|I am sinking!}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}} ފެތެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pprs}}!/!{{tag|sent}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} sink{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}!}}

=== Definiteness as Suffix ===
In Dhivehi, definiteness of nouns is marked with a suffix. In English, the word "the" is used.

* {{transferTest|div|eng|މީހާ|the person}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މީހާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ|the school}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the school{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|ތަރައްގީ|the improvement}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|ތަރައްގީ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the improvement{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Sentence Final -އެވެ ===
In Dhivehi, sentences often end with the particle (-އެވެ) or "-eve". The particle has no meaning.

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ|The school is much bigger than the house.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ގެ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dat}}+ވުރެ{{tag|post}} މާ{{tag|adv}} ބޮޑު{{tag|adj}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} school{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} much{{tag|adv}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|comp}} than{{tag|cnjcoo}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.އެކަމަކު 24 ގަޑި އިރު ނުވަނީސް އެމީހުން ވަނީ ދުކޮށްލާފައެވެ|But they were released within 24 hours.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އެކަމަކު{{tag|cnjcoo}} 24 ގަޑި{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} އިރު{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ނުވަނީސް{{tag|adv}} އެމީހުން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|dir}} ވަނީ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} ދުކޮށްލާ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pprs}}+ފަ{{tag|succ}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|But{{tag|cnjcoo}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}} released{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} within{{tag|adv}} 24 hours{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

=== Future Tense Marked with Suffix ===
In English, the future tense is marked with "will". In Dhivehi, the future tense is marked with a suffix (takes the stem, lengthens the last vowel and append "-ne").

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ|The competition will end today.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މުބާރާތް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} މިއަދު{{tag|adv}} ނިމެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} competition{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} end{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} today{{tag|adv}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}}
*:{{transferTest|div|eng|މާދަމާ{{tag|adv}} އަލީ{{tag|np}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ސާފު{{tag|adj}} ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tomorrow{{tag|adv}} Ali{{tag|np}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} clean{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Dhivehi and English/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-17T00:23:42Z

Xluo1: /* Definiteness as Suffix */

= div-eng tests =

=== SOV Word Order ===
English is Subject-Verb-Object order, while Dhivehi is Subject-Object-Verb.

* {{transferTest|div|eng|!އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ|Leave me alone!}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}} އެކަނި{{tag|adj}} ދުކޮހް{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|imp}} ލާ{{tag|mod}} !{{tag|sent}}|Leave{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} alone{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}}
*:{{transferTest|div|eng|މާދަމާ{{tag|adv}} އަލީ{{tag|np}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ސާފު{{tag|adj}} ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tomorrow{{tag|adv}} Ali{{tag|np}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} clean{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

=== No explicit "be" (except in Noun-Noun Sentences) ===
In Dhivehi, there is no explicit "be" except in noun-noun sentences. (An example noun-noun sentence is "A is B." where A, B are nouns.)

* {{transferTest|div|eng|ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟|Where is the bathroom?}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|ކޮބާ{{tag|itg}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}؟/؟{{tag|sent}}|Where{{tag|adv}}{{tag|itg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}?{{tag|sent}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|!އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ|I am sinking!}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}} ފެތެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pprs}}!/!{{tag|sent}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} sink{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}!}}

=== Definiteness as Suffix ===
In Dhivehi, definiteness of nouns is marked with a suffix. In English, the word "the" is used.

* {{transferTest|div|eng|މީހާ|person}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މީހާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ|school}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the school{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|ތަރައްގީ|the improvement}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|ތަރައްގީ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|improvement{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Sentence Final -އެވެ ===
In Dhivehi, sentences often end with the particle (-އެވެ) or "-eve". The particle has no meaning.

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ|The school is much bigger than the house.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ގެ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dat}}+ވުރެ{{tag|post}} މާ{{tag|adv}} ބޮޑު{{tag|adj}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} school{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} much{{tag|adv}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|comp}} than{{tag|cnjcoo}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.އެކަމަކު 24 ގަޑި އިރު ނުވަނީސް އެމީހުން ވަނީ ދުކޮށްލާފައެވެ|But they were released within 24 hours.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އެކަމަކު{{tag|cnjcoo}} 24 ގަޑި{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} އިރު{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ނުވަނީސް{{tag|adv}} އެމީހުން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|dir}} ވަނީ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} ދުކޮށްލާ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pprs}}+ފަ{{tag|succ}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|But{{tag|cnjcoo}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}} released{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} within{{tag|adv}} 24 hours{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

=== Future Tense Marked with Suffix ===
In English, the future tense is marked with "will". In Dhivehi, the future tense is marked with a suffix (takes the stem, lengthens the last vowel and append "-ne").

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ|The competition will end today.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މުބާރާތް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} މިއަދު{{tag|adv}} ނިމެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} competition{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} end{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} today{{tag|adv}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}}
*:{{transferTest|div|eng|މާދަމާ{{tag|adv}} އަލީ{{tag|np}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ސާފު{{tag|adj}} ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tomorrow{{tag|adv}} Ali{{tag|np}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} clean{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Dhivehi and English/Contrastive Grammar

2019-04-17T00:23:19Z

Xluo1: /* Human/Non-human Distinction */

= div-eng tests =

=== SOV Word Order ===
English is Subject-Verb-Object order, while Dhivehi is Subject-Object-Verb.

* {{transferTest|div|eng|!އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ|Leave me alone!}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}} އެކަނި{{tag|adj}} ދުކޮހް{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|imp}} ލާ{{tag|mod}} !{{tag|sent}}|Leave{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} alone{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}}
*:{{transferTest|div|eng|މާދަމާ{{tag|adv}} އަލީ{{tag|np}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ސާފު{{tag|adj}} ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tomorrow{{tag|adv}} Ali{{tag|np}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} clean{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

=== No explicit "be" (except in Noun-Noun Sentences) ===
In Dhivehi, there is no explicit "be" except in noun-noun sentences. (An example noun-noun sentence is "A is B." where A, B are nouns.)

* {{transferTest|div|eng|ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟|Where is the bathroom?}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|ކޮބާ{{tag|itg}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}؟/؟{{tag|sent}}|Where{{tag|adv}}{{tag|itg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}?{{tag|sent}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|!އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ|I am sinking!}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}} ފެތެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pprs}}!/!{{tag|sent}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} sink{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}!}}

=== Definiteness as Suffix ===
In Dhivehi, definiteness of nouns is marked with a suffix. In English, the word "the" is used.

* {{transferTest|div|eng|މީހާ|person}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މީހާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ|school}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|school{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|ތަރައްގީ|improvement}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|ތަރައްގީ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|improvement{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

=== Sentence Final -އެވެ ===
In Dhivehi, sentences often end with the particle (-އެވެ) or "-eve". The particle has no meaning.

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ|The school is much bigger than the house.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ގެ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dat}}+ވުރެ{{tag|post}} މާ{{tag|adv}} ބޮޑު{{tag|adj}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} school{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} much{{tag|adv}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|comp}} than{{tag|cnjcoo}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.އެކަމަކު 24 ގަޑި އިރު ނުވަނީސް އެމީހުން ވަނީ ދުކޮށްލާފައެވެ|But they were released within 24 hours.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އެކަމަކު{{tag|cnjcoo}} 24 ގަޑި{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} އިރު{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ނުވަނީސް{{tag|adv}} އެމީހުން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|dir}} ވަނީ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} ދުކޮށްލާ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pprs}}+ފަ{{tag|succ}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|But{{tag|cnjcoo}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}} released{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} within{{tag|adv}} 24 hours{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

=== Future Tense Marked with Suffix ===
In English, the future tense is marked with "will". In Dhivehi, the future tense is marked with a suffix (takes the stem, lengthens the last vowel and append "-ne").

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ|The competition will end today.}}
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މުބާރާތް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} މިއަދު{{tag|adv}} ނިމެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} competition{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} end{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} today{{tag|adv}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}}
*:{{transferTest|div|eng|މާދަމާ{{tag|adv}} އަލީ{{tag|np}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ސާފު{{tag|adj}} ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tomorrow{{tag|adv}} Ali{{tag|np}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} clean{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}

[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Dhivehi and English/Structural transfer

2019-04-16T22:30:28Z

Xluo1: /* Pre-evaluation */

== Pre-evaluation ==

<pre>Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 45
Number of words in test: 37
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test:
Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 44
Word error rate (WER): 97.78 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 2
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 95.56 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 44
Word Error Rate (WER): 97.78 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 2
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 95.56 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 0
Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 0%</pre>

[[Category:Sp19_StructuralTransfer]]
[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:English]]

Dhivehi and English/Structural transfer

2019-04-16T22:30:00Z

Xluo1: /* Pre-evaluation */

== Pre-evaluation ==

<pre>
Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 45
Number of words in test: 37
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test:
Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 44
Word error rate (WER): 97.78 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 2
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 95.56 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 44
Word Error Rate (WER): 97.78 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 2
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 95.56 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 0
Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 0%
</pre>

[[Category:Sp19_StructuralTransfer]]
[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:English]]

Dhivehi and English/Lexical selection

2019-04-16T22:05:44Z

Xluo1: /* ގަޑި */

== Div -> Eng ==

===ބޮކި ===
1. "bubble"
:* usually comes before ރަބަރު (rabaru - "rubber") or after ސައިބޯނި (saiboani - soap)
:: Example Sentence: ނިހާނު ސައިބޯނި ބޮކި ވާހަކަ ނުދައްކާ. <ref>https://twitter.com/beckxis/status/945748421645709312</ref>
:: Translation: Nihanu soap bubble story is not showing. ("soap bubble" takes a metaphorical meaning)
:: <code> ^ނިހާނު/ނިހާނު<np>$ ^ސައިބޯނި/ސައިބޯނި<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>$ ^ބޮކި/ބޮކި<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>$ ^ވާހަކަ/ވާހަކަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>$ ^ނުދައްކާ/ނު<neg>+ދައްކަ<v><tv><act><pres><p3>/ނު<neg>+ދައްކާ<v><iv><caus><pres><p3>$^./.<sent>$</code>

2. "lightbulb"
:* usually comes after ލެދް (led - "LED") or before ދަނޑި (dandhi - "pole")
:: Example Sentence: 263 ބޮކި ދަނޑި އަދިވެސް ނުޖަހައި އެބައޮތް! <ref>https://www.addulive.com/18252</ref>
:: Translation: There are still 263 light bulb poles not lighted!
:: <code> 263 ^ބޮކި/ބޮކި<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>$ ^ދަނޑި/ދަނޑި<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>$ ^އަދިވެސް/އަދިވެސް<adv>$ ^ނުޖަހައި/ނު<neg>+ޖަހައި<v><tv><act><past><p3>$ ^އެބައޮތް/އެބަ<cont>+އޮތް<v><iv><act><past><p3>$^!/!<sent>$ </code>

=== ގަޑި ===
1. "hour"
:* usually comes after the number "24" specifically
:: Example Sentence: އެކަމަކު 24 ގަޑި އިރު ނުވަނީސް އެމީހުން ވަނީ ދުކޮށްލާފައެވެ.<ref>http://54.226.8.157/61763</ref>
:: Translation: But they were released within 24 hours.
:: <code> ^އެކަމަކު/އެކަމަކު<cnjcoo>$ 24 ^ގަޑި/ގަޑި<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>$ ^އިރު/އިރު<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>$ ^ނުވަނީސް/ނުވަނީސް<adv>$ ^އެމީހުން/އެމީހުން<prn><pers><p3><pl><dst><dir>$ ^ވަނީ/ވަނީ<v><tv><act><pres><p3>$ ^ދުކޮށްލާފައެވެ/ދުކޮށްލާ<v><tv><act><pres><pprs>+ފަ<succ>+އެވެ<mod>$^../..<sent>$</code>

2. "clock"
:* usually comes after words like "wrist" - combine to mean "wrist watch"
:: Example Sentence: ރާއްޖޭގެ ރީތިކަން ދައްކުވައިދޭ ގޮތަށް އަތުކުރީ ގަޑިއެއް އުފައްދައިފި.<ref>http://www.vnews.mv/91783</ref>
:: Translation: Beauty of the country indicates the way a wrist watch is produced.
:: <code> ^ރާއްޖޭގެ/ރާއްޖެ<n><nhum><sg><def><gen>$ ^ރީތިކަން/ރީތިކަން<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>$ ^ދައްކުވައިދޭ/ދައްކުވައިދޭ<v><tv><act><pres><p3>$ ^ގޮތަށް/ގޮތް<n><nhum><sg><def><dat>$ ^އަތުކުރީ/އަތުކުރީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>$ ^ގަޑިއެއް/ގަޑި<n><nhum><sg><ind><dir>$ ^އުފައްދައިފި/އުފައްދައިފި<v><tv><act><perf><p3>$^../..<sent>$</code>

=== References===

[[Category:Sp19_LexicalSelection]]
[[Category:Dhivehi]]