LING073 - User contributions [en]

Abush1 nrith1 and ybai1/Final Project

2025-05-15T23:17:57Z

Ybai1: /* Design */

For our final project, we've developed a keyboard suite for Uyghur Language across multiple operating systems.

==Design==
To make the keyboard more accessible to users, we made the following changes:
* Move ڭ to the side to make room for the vowel ئۆ
* Centralized vowels and sidelined uncommon characters like ف
* Implemented context-sensitive vowel initials (e.g. ئۆ in place of ۆ at the beginning of words) w/o additional keystrokes.
* Implemented auto-deletion of initials with one keystroke

For more information, check out the keyboard layout page: [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Uyghur/Keyboard Uyghur Keyboard Layout]

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|`|~||}} {{kbdkey|1|!}} {{kbdkey|2|@}} {{kbdkey|3|#}} {{kbdkey|4|$}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|^}} {{kbdkey|7|&}} {{kbdkey|8|*}} {{kbdkey|9|)}} {{kbdkey|0|(}} {{kbdkey|ژ‎‎|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|چ‎}} {{kbdkey|ۋ}} {{kbdkey|ﯶ}} {{kbdkey|ر}} {{kbdkey|ت‎}} {{kbdkey|ي}} {{kbdkey|ﯰ}} {{kbdkey|ﯲ}} {{kbdkey|ئو‎}} {{kbdkey|پ‎}} {{kbdkey|ڭ‎|»|]|} }} {{kbdkey|ج‎|«|[|{}} {{kbdkey|ف‎|\|{{!}}}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|ھ‎}} {{kbdkey|س}} {{kbdkey|د‎}} {{kbdkey|ئا}} {{kbdkey|ئە‎}} {{kbdkey|ئى|ء}} {{kbdkey|ق‎}} {{kbdkey|ك‎}} {{kbdkey|ل‎|لا}} {{kbdkey|گ|;|:}} {{kbdkey|خ‎|'|"}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|ز‎}} {{kbdkey|ش‎}} {{kbdkey|غ‎}} {{kbdkey|ﯴ‎}} {{kbdkey|ب‎}} {{kbdkey|ن‎}} {{kbdkey|م‎}} {{kbdkey|،|>}} {{kbdkey|.|<}} {{kbdkey|/|؟}} }}

==For Windows==
Since MSKLC has no option for context sensitive input like ibus has, we are unable to input the vowels with a hamza and without a hamza using the same key, the hamza versions are for now just shift + vowel. Everything else is identical as the layout we have on the wiki for the keyboard layout assignment. None of the non-essential keys work, like colons and brackets. No alt-gr needed.

To get this to work you might need to install msklc 1.4 on your computer: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=102134. It downloads a file that should be extracted, then there is a setup that can be run.

We have attached the setup: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jSao7_D5xyspmYA3LvyhEyakxuGmi6AX/view?usp=sharing
here. Download, unzip, click the file named setup and run as administrator. If you are on windows 10 or 11, then after the setup the keyboard should show up as English (US) - Uyghur w/ Hamza as shift. This is just a naming bug. If it doesn't show up, restart your computer.

==For Mac==
Our Mac keyboard layout binds hamza to initial vowel forms for insertion but not deletion. To implement it, download [https://karabiner-elements.pqrs.org/ karabiner elements].

Next, download this json file: [[File:Karabiner.json]].

Move the json file to the config folder with this terminal command: cp ~/Downloads/karabiner.json ~/.config/karabiner/karabiner.json

If you haven't already, get the existing Uyghur keyboard layout from the keyboards section of the Mac system settings.

Lastly, open karabiner elements, go to the misc tab, and press the button to copy current configuration to default configuration.

==For Linux==
Our Linux keyboard can be downloaded from github: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-uig-keyboard. Our documentation is on the wiki page: https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Uyghur/Keyboard.

The keyboard maps all keys to their new location, and also binds hamza to initial vowel forms for input, and sometimes for delete although it is somewhat finicky.

==For ChromeOS==
We created custom manifest and background files for an uyghur language extension that derives from the existing chrome keyboard, but implements our new keyboard layout. In order to install, download the files off the github and put them in a folder. Then, follow the instructions in the README to finish installing the extension.

https://github.com/aiperibush/uig-keyboards/blob/main/README.md

==Evaluation==
For the evaluation of our keyboard suite, we had two native speakers of uyghur test the new keyboard. Both tested the MacOS version of the keyboard due to lack of access to other operating systems. They reported some initial difficulties adjusting to the new layout, but ultimately preferred having all the characters on the same level of the keyboard rather than needing to use the shift key. They had slightly worse typing speeds with our new keyboard, with 21 WPM and 32 WPM for the existing keyboard and 20 WPM and 29 WPM for the new keyboard, but it's hard to assess the significance of this because they haven't had the time to fully adjust to the new keyboard's layout yet.

For future work towards improving the keyboard, further evaluation may also be conducted with the specific community to gain further feedback, especially from the native speakers.

==License==

''MIT License''

Copyright (c) 2025 Aiperi Bush, Yuxuan Bai, and Nyvisalsnuk Rith

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
[[Category:Sp25_FinalProjects]]

Abush1 nrith1 and ybai1/Final Project

2025-05-15T23:17:42Z

Ybai1:

For our final project, we've developed a keyboard suite for Uyghur Language across multiple operating systems.

==Design==
To make the keyboard more accessible to users, we made the following changes:
* Move ڭ to the side to make room for the vowel ئۆ
* Centralized vowels and sidelined uncommon characters like ف
* Implemented context-sensitive vowel initials (e.g. ئۆ in place of ۆ at the beginning of words) w/o additional keystrokes.
* Implemented auto-deletion of initials with one keystroke

For more information, check out the keyboard layout page: [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Uyghur/Keyboard Uyghur Keyboard Layout]

{{kbdrow1|{{kbdkey|`|~||}} {{kbdkey|1|!}} {{kbdkey|2|@}} {{kbdkey|3|#}} {{kbdkey|4|$}} {{kbdkey|5|%}} {{kbdkey|6|^}} {{kbdkey|7|&}} {{kbdkey|8|*}} {{kbdkey|9|)}} {{kbdkey|0|(}} {{kbdkey|ژ‎‎|-|_}} {{kbdkey|=|+}} }}
{{kbdrow2|{{kbdkey|چ‎}} {{kbdkey|ۋ}} {{kbdkey|ﯶ}} {{kbdkey|ر}} {{kbdkey|ت‎}} {{kbdkey|ي}} {{kbdkey|ﯰ}} {{kbdkey|ﯲ}} {{kbdkey|ئو‎}} {{kbdkey|پ‎}} {{kbdkey|ڭ‎|»|]|\} }} {{kbdkey|ج‎|«|[|\{}} {{kbdkey|ف‎|\|{{!}}}} }}
{{kbdrow3|{{kbdkey|ھ‎}} {{kbdkey|س}} {{kbdkey|د‎}} {{kbdkey|ئا}} {{kbdkey|ئە‎}} {{kbdkey|ئى|ء}} {{kbdkey|ق‎}} {{kbdkey|ك‎}} {{kbdkey|ل‎|لا}} {{kbdkey|گ|;|:}} {{kbdkey|خ‎|'|"}} }}
{{kbdrow4|{{kbdkey|ز‎}} {{kbdkey|ش‎}} {{kbdkey|غ‎}} {{kbdkey|ﯴ‎}} {{kbdkey|ب‎}} {{kbdkey|ن‎}} {{kbdkey|م‎}} {{kbdkey|،|>}} {{kbdkey|.|<}} {{kbdkey|/|؟}} }}

==For Windows==
Since MSKLC has no option for context sensitive input like ibus has, we are unable to input the vowels with a hamza and without a hamza using the same key, the hamza versions are for now just shift + vowel. Everything else is identical as the layout we have on the wiki for the keyboard layout assignment. None of the non-essential keys work, like colons and brackets. No alt-gr needed.

To get this to work you might need to install msklc 1.4 on your computer: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=102134. It downloads a file that should be extracted, then there is a setup that can be run.

We have attached the setup: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jSao7_D5xyspmYA3LvyhEyakxuGmi6AX/view?usp=sharing
here. Download, unzip, click the file named setup and run as administrator. If you are on windows 10 or 11, then after the setup the keyboard should show up as English (US) - Uyghur w/ Hamza as shift. This is just a naming bug. If it doesn't show up, restart your computer.

==For Mac==
Our Mac keyboard layout binds hamza to initial vowel forms for insertion but not deletion. To implement it, download [https://karabiner-elements.pqrs.org/ karabiner elements].

Next, download this json file: [[File:Karabiner.json]].

Move the json file to the config folder with this terminal command: cp ~/Downloads/karabiner.json ~/.config/karabiner/karabiner.json

If you haven't already, get the existing Uyghur keyboard layout from the keyboards section of the Mac system settings.

Lastly, open karabiner elements, go to the misc tab, and press the button to copy current configuration to default configuration.

==For Linux==
Our Linux keyboard can be downloaded from github: https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-uig-keyboard. Our documentation is on the wiki page: https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Uyghur/Keyboard.

The keyboard maps all keys to their new location, and also binds hamza to initial vowel forms for input, and sometimes for delete although it is somewhat finicky.

==For ChromeOS==
We created custom manifest and background files for an uyghur language extension that derives from the existing chrome keyboard, but implements our new keyboard layout. In order to install, download the files off the github and put them in a folder. Then, follow the instructions in the README to finish installing the extension.

https://github.com/aiperibush/uig-keyboards/blob/main/README.md

==Evaluation==
For the evaluation of our keyboard suite, we had two native speakers of uyghur test the new keyboard. Both tested the MacOS version of the keyboard due to lack of access to other operating systems. They reported some initial difficulties adjusting to the new layout, but ultimately preferred having all the characters on the same level of the keyboard rather than needing to use the shift key. They had slightly worse typing speeds with our new keyboard, with 21 WPM and 32 WPM for the existing keyboard and 20 WPM and 29 WPM for the new keyboard, but it's hard to assess the significance of this because they haven't had the time to fully adjust to the new keyboard's layout yet.

For future work towards improving the keyboard, further evaluation may also be conducted with the specific community to gain further feedback, especially from the native speakers.

==License==

''MIT License''

Copyright (c) 2025 Aiperi Bush, Yuxuan Bai, and Nyvisalsnuk Rith

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
[[Category:Sp25_FinalProjects]]

Abush1 nrith1 and ybai1/Final Project

2025-05-15T22:41:22Z

Ybai1: /* Design */

Uyghur and English

2025-05-14T04:31:19Z

Ybai1: /* Coverage */

This page contains the resources for the [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Uyghur Uyghur] and [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/English English].

===Developed Uyghur Resources===
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Uyghur Main Wiki Page]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-uig-corpus Uyghur corpus repository]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Uyghur/Keyboard Uyghur Keyboard]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Uyghur/Grammar Uyghur Grammar ]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Uyghur/Transducer Uyghur Transducer and Evaluation]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Uyghur_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar Uyghur and English Contrastive Grammar]

===External Resources===
*[https://github.com/apertium/apertium-eng Apertium English Repository]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-uig Uyghur Transducer]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp25/ling073-uig-eng Uyghur-English Bilingual Dictionary]

===xyz → abc Evaluation===
====Uyghur Coverage====
*coverage: 206 / 215 (~0.95813953488372093023)
*remaining unknown forms: 9
*ambiguity: 254 / 215 (~1.18139534883720930233)
*uig.sentences.txt Wed May 7 06:01:48 PM EDT 2025 206/215 ~0.95813953488372093023 \| 254/215 ~1.18139534883720930233

====Bilingual Coverage====
*coverage: 165 / 215 (~0.76744186046511627907)
*remaining unknown forms: 50
*ambiguity: 240 / 215 (~1.11627906976744186047)
*uig.sentences.txt Wed May 7 06:06:05 PM EDT 2025 165/215 ~0.76744186046511627907 \| 240/215 ~1.11627906976744186047

====10 Original Sentences====
خۇدا ھەممىدىن بۇرۇن پۈتۈن ئالەمنى ياراتتى.
ئۇ چاغدا يەر شارى شەكىلسىز ۋە قۇپقۇرۇق ھالەتتە بولۇپ سۇلارنى قاراڭغۇلۇق قاپلىغانىدى.
خۇدانىڭ روھى سۇ ئۈستىدە لەرزان پەرۋاز قىلىپ يۈرەتتى.
خۇدا: «يورۇقلۇق بولسۇن!» دېدى يورۇقلۇق پەيدا بولدى.
خۇدا يورۇقلۇقنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى.
شۇنىڭ بىلەن ئۇ يورۇقلۇقنى قاراڭغۇلۇقتىن ئايرىدى ۋە يورۇقلۇقنى «كۈندۈز» قاراڭغۇلۇقنى «كېچە» دەپ ئاتىدى.
كېچە ۋە كۈندۈز ئۆتتى بۇ تۇنجى كۈن بولدى.
ئاندىن خۇدا: «سۇلارنى ئىككىگە ئايرىش ئۈچۈن بىر پاسىل بولسۇن!» دېدى.
خۇدانىڭ ئەمرى بىلەن شۇنداق بولدى.
خۇدا بۇ پاسىلنى «ئاسمان» دەپ ئاتىدى.

====Intended Translations====
God created the entire universe first.
At that time, the earth was formless and empty, and darkness covered the waters.
The Spirit of God was hovering over the waters.
God said, "Let it be very bright!" and it was very bright.
God saw that the light was good.
So he separated the light from the darkness and called the light "day" and the darkness "night."
Night and day passed, and this was the first day.
Then God said, "Let there be a firmament to separate the waters!"
And with God's command, it was so.
And God called the firmament Heaven.

====uig-eng====
* #God #all #before entire #universe #create.
* #this #time #land #globe shapeless and #empty #state #be #water #darkness #cover.
* #God #spirit #water #top shaky #murmuration #do #go.
* #God #brightness #be #say #brightness #appearance #be.
* #God #brightness #good #that be #see.
* #that #through #this #brightness #darkness #separate and #brightness «#daytime» #darkness «#night» #call.
* #night and #daytime #pass #this first #day #be.
* then #God #water #two #separation #for #a #boundary #be #say.
* #God #command #through so #be.
* #God #this #boundary «#heaven» #call.

====uig-eng-biltrans====
*^خۇدا<n><nom>/God<n><nom>$ ^ھەممې<prn><ind><abl>/all<prn><qnt><mf><sp><abl>$ ^بۇرۇن<post><nom>/before<pr><nom>$ ^پۈتۈن<adj>/entire<adj>$ ^ئالەم<n><acc>/universe<n><acc>$ ^يارات<vblex><pas><p3>/create<vblex><pas><p3>$.
*^ئۇ<det>/this<det><dem>$ ^چاغ<n><loc>/time<n><loc>$ ^يەر<n><nom>/land<n><nom>$ ^شارى<n><nom>/globe<n><nom>$ ^شەكىل<adj>/shapeless<adj>$ ^ۋە<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^قۇرۇق<adj><emp>/empty<adj><emp>$ ^ھالەت<n><loc>/state<n><loc>$ ^بول<cnjadv>/be<vbser>$ ^سۇ<n><pl><acc>/water<n><pl><acc>$ ^قاراڭغۇلۇق<n><nom>/darkness<n><nom>$ ^قاپلى<vblex><perf><pas><p3>/cover<vblex><perf><pas><p3>$.
*^خۇدا<n><gen>/God<n><gen>$ ^روھى<n><nom>/spirit<n><nom>$ ^سۇ<n><nom>/water<n><nom>$ ^ئۈستى<n><loc>/top<n><loc>$ ^لەرزان<adj>/shaky<adj><sint>$ ^پەرۋاز<n><nom>/murmuration<n><nom>$ ^قىل<cnjadv>/do<vbdo>$ ^يۈر<vblex><impf><pas><p3>/go<vblex><impf><pas><p3>$.
*^خۇدا<n><nom>/God<n><nom>$ ^يورۇق<n><nom>/brightness<n><nom>$ ^بول<vblex><imp><p3>/be<vbser><imp><p3>$ ^دې<vblex><pas><p3>/say<vblex><pas><p3>$ ^يورۇق<n><nom>/brightness<n><nom>$ ^پەيدا<n><nom>/appearance<n><nom>$ ^بول<vblex><pas><p3>/be<vbser><pas><p3>$.
*^خۇدا<n><nom>/God<n><nom>$ ^يورۇق<n><gen>/brightness<n><gen>$ ^ياخشى<adj>/good<adj>$ ^ئىكەن<cop><p3><n><acc>/that be<n><acc>$ ^كۆر<vblex><pas><p3>/see<vblex><pas><p3>$.
*^شۇ<prn><dem><gen>/that<n><dem><mf><gen>$ ^بىلەن<post><nom>/through<pr><nom>$ ^ئۇ<det>/this<det><dem>$ ^يورۇق<n><acc>/brightness<n><acc>$ ^قاراڭغۇلۇق<n><abl>/darkness<n><abl>$ ^ئايرى<vblex><pas><p3>/separate<vblex><pas><p3>$ ^ۋە<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^يورۇق<n><acc>/brightness<n><acc>$ «^كۈندۈز<n><nom>/daytime<n><nom>$» ^قاراڭغۇلۇق<n><acc>/darkness<n><acc>$ «^كېچە<n><nom>/night<n><nom>$» ^دە<cnjadv>/$ ^ئاتى<vblex><pas><p3>/call<vblex><pas><p3>$.
*^كېچە<n><nom>/night<n><nom>$ ^ۋە<cnjcoo>/and<cnjcoo>$ ^كۈندۈز<n><nom>/daytime<n><nom>$ ^ئۆت<vblex><pas><p3>/pass<vblex><pas><p3>$ ^بۇ<prn><dem><nom>/this<prn><dem><nom>$ ^تۇنجى<adj>/first<adj>$ ^كۈن<n><nom>/day<n><nom>$ ^بول<vblex><pas><p3>/be<vbser><pas><p3>$.
*^ئاندىن<adv>/then<adv>$ ^خۇدا<n><nom>/God<n><nom>$ ^سۇ<n><pl><acc>/water<n><pl><acc>$ ^ئىككى<num><dat>/two<num><dat>$ ^ئايرى<ger>/separation<n>$ ^ئۈچۈن<post><nom>/for<pr><nom>$ ^بىر<det>/a<det>$ ^پاسىل<n><nom>/boundary<n><nom>$ ^بول<vblex><imp><p3>/be<vbser><imp><p3>$ ^دې<vblex><pas><p3>/say<vblex><pas><p3>$.
*^خۇدا<n><nom>/God<n><nom>$ ^بۇ<prn><dem><nom>/this<prn><dem><nom>$ ^پاسىل<n><acc>/boundary<n><acc>$ «^ئاسمان<n><nom>/heaven<n><nom>$» ^دە<cnjadv>/$ ^ئاتى<vblex><pas><p3>/call<vblex><pas><p3>$.

===Additions===
*Added around 10 structural transfer rules
*Added 5 new twol rules
*Added 5 morphological elements focusing on verb forms and participles

====Coverage====
Large Corpus:
coverage: 662493 / 2667733 (~0.24833557181322118818)
remaining unknown forms: 2005240
ambiguity: 2882616 / 2667733 (~1.08054891550241347241)
uig.corpus Wed May 14 12:18:05 AM EDT 2025 662493/2667733 ~0.24833557181322118818 \| 2882616/2667733 ~1.08054891550241347241

With 130 stems in the transducer.

====uig-eng====
Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 332
Number of words in test: 332
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 45
Percentage of unknown words: 13.55 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 288
Word error rate (WER): 86.75 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 94
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 71.69 %

[[Category:Sp25_TranslationPairs]]

Uyghur and English

2025-05-14T04:22:14Z

Ybai1: /* Coverage */

Uyghur and English

2025-05-14T04:19:18Z

Ybai1:

Uyghur and English/Structural Transfer

2025-05-12T01:03:27Z

Ybai1: /* Post-Evaluation */

scrapeTransferTests -p uig-eng "Uyghur_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar"

cat uig.tests.txt | apertium -d ../ling073-uig-eng uig-eng > uig-eng.tests.txt

apertium-eval-translator-line -r eng.tests.txt -t uig-eng.tests.txt

echo "" | apertium -d . uig-eng-lex | rtx-proc -T uig-eng.rtx.bin

=Pre-Evaluation=

Statistics about input files

-------------------------------------------------------

Number of words in reference: 55

Number of words in test: 41

Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 0

Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)

-------------------------------------------------------

Edit distance: 54

Word error rate (WER): 98.18 %

Number of position-independent correct words: 2

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.36 %

=Post-Evaluation=

We chose to implement several of the most common noun cases.

Example Sentences:

چېلەك يىقىلدى

چېلەكنىڭ ئۈستى

بۇنىڭ ئۈستى

ئۇ چېلەككە يىقىلدى

ئۇ چېلەكنى ياراتتى

ئۇ چېلەكتە تۇراتتى

ئۇ چېلەكتىن چىقتى

Gold Standard:

the bucket fell

the bucket's top

the top of this

he fell to the bucket

he created the bucket

he lived in the bucket

he emerged from the bucket

==Results==

===tagger===
^چېلەك<n><nom>$ ^يىقىل<vblex><past><p3>$
^چېلەك<n><gen>$ ^ئۈستى<n><nom>$
^بۇ<prn><dem><gen>$ ^ئۈستى<n><nom>$
^ئۇ<prn><dem><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><dat>$ ^يىقىل<vblex><past><p3>$
^ئۇ<prn><dem><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><acc>$ ^يارات<vblex><past><p3>$
^ئۇ<prn><dem><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><loc>$ ^تۇر<vblex><impf><past><p3>$
^ئۇ<prn><dem><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><abl>$ ^چىق<vblex><past><p3>$

===lex===
^چېلەك<n><nom>/bucket<n><nom>$ ^يىقىل<vblex><past><p3>/fall<vblex><past><p3>$
^چېلەك<n><gen>/bucket<n><gen>$ ^ئۈستى<n><nom>/top<n><nom>$
^بۇ<prn><dem><gen>/this<prn><dem><gen>$ ^ئۈستى<n><nom>/top<n><nom>$
^ئۇ<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom>/he<prn><pers><p3><m><sg><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><dat>/bucket<n><dat>$ ^يىقىل<vblex><past><p3>/fall<vblex><past><p3>$
^ئۇ<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom>/he<prn><pers><p3><m><sg><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><acc>/bucket<n><acc>$ ^يارات<vblex><past><p3>/create<vblex><past><p3>$
^ئۇ<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom>/he<prn><pers><p3><m><sg><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><loc>/bucket<n><loc>$ ^تۇرات<vblex><past><p3>/live<vblex><past><p3>$
^ئۇ<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom>/he<prn><pers><p3><m><sg><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><abl>/bucket<n><abl>$ ^چىق<vblex><past><p3>/emerge<vblex><past><p3>$

===transfer===
^the<det><def><sg>$ ^bucket<n><sg>$ ^fall<vblex><past><p3>$
^the<det><def><sg>$ ^bucket<n><sg><gen>$ ^top<n><sg>$
^this<prn><dem><gen>$ ^the<det><def><sg>$ ^top<n><sg>$
^he<prn><pers><p3><m><sg><nom>$ ^to<pr>$ ^the<det><def><sg>$ ^bucket<n><sg>$ ^fall<vblex><past><p3>$
^he<prn><pers><p3><m><sg><nom>$ ^the<det><def><sg>$ ^bucket<n><sg>$ ^create<vblex><past><p3>$
^he<prn><pers><p3><m><sg><nom>$ ^in<pr>$ ^the<det><def><sg>$ ^bucket<n><sg>$ ^live<vblex><past><p3>$
^he<prn><pers><p3><m><sg><nom>$ ^from<pr>$ ^the<det><def><sg>$ ^bucket<n><sg>$ ^emerge<vblex><past><p3>$

===uig-eng===
the bucket #fall
the bucket's top
#this the top
#he to the bucket #fall
#he the bucket #create
#he in the bucket #live
#he from the bucket #emerge

==Statistics==
Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 56
Number of words in test: 55
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 0
Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 34
Word error rate (WER): 60.71 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 32
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 42.86 %

[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]

Uyghur and English/Structural Transfer

2025-05-12T01:02:16Z

Ybai1: /* Post-Evaluation */

Uyghur and English/Structural Transfer

2025-05-12T01:01:32Z

Ybai1: /* Results */

scrapeTransferTests -p uig-eng "Uyghur_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar"

cat uig.tests.txt | apertium -d ../ling073-uig-eng uig-eng > uig-eng.tests.txt

apertium-eval-translator-line -r eng.tests.txt -t uig-eng.tests.txt

echo "" | apertium -d . uig-eng-lex | rtx-proc -T uig-eng.rtx.bin

=Pre-Evaluation=

Statistics about input files

-------------------------------------------------------

Number of words in reference: 55

Number of words in test: 41

Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 0

Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)

-------------------------------------------------------

Edit distance: 54

Word error rate (WER): 98.18 %

Number of position-independent correct words: 2

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.36 %

=Post-Evaluation=

Example Sentences:

چېلەك يىقىلدى

چېلەكنىڭ ئۈستى

بۇنىڭ ئۈستى

ئۇ چېلەككە يىقىلدى

ئۇ چېلەكنى ياراتتى

ئۇ چېلەكتە تۇراتتى

ئۇ چېلەكتىن چىقتى

Gold Standard:

the bucket fell

the bucket's top

the top of this

he fell to the bucket

he created the bucket

he lived in the bucket

he emerged from the bucket

==Results==

===tagger===
^چېلەك<n><nom>$ ^يىقىل<vblex><past><p3>$
^چېلەك<n><gen>$ ^ئۈستى<n><nom>$
^بۇ<prn><dem><gen>$ ^ئۈستى<n><nom>$
^ئۇ<prn><dem><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><dat>$ ^يىقىل<vblex><past><p3>$
^ئۇ<prn><dem><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><acc>$ ^يارات<vblex><past><p3>$
^ئۇ<prn><dem><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><loc>$ ^تۇر<vblex><impf><past><p3>$
^ئۇ<prn><dem><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><abl>$ ^چىق<vblex><past><p3>$

===lex===
^چېلەك<n><nom>/bucket<n><nom>$ ^يىقىل<vblex><past><p3>/fall<vblex><past><p3>$
^چېلەك<n><gen>/bucket<n><gen>$ ^ئۈستى<n><nom>/top<n><nom>$
^بۇ<prn><dem><gen>/this<prn><dem><gen>$ ^ئۈستى<n><nom>/top<n><nom>$
^ئۇ<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom>/he<prn><pers><p3><m><sg><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><dat>/bucket<n><dat>$ ^يىقىل<vblex><past><p3>/fall<vblex><past><p3>$
^ئۇ<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom>/he<prn><pers><p3><m><sg><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><acc>/bucket<n><acc>$ ^يارات<vblex><past><p3>/create<vblex><past><p3>$
^ئۇ<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom>/he<prn><pers><p3><m><sg><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><loc>/bucket<n><loc>$ ^تۇرات<vblex><past><p3>/live<vblex><past><p3>$
^ئۇ<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom>/he<prn><pers><p3><m><sg><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><abl>/bucket<n><abl>$ ^چىق<vblex><past><p3>/emerge<vblex><past><p3>$

===transfer===
^the<det><def><sg>$ ^bucket<n><sg>$ ^fall<vblex><past><p3>$
^the<det><def><sg>$ ^bucket<n><sg><gen>$ ^top<n><sg>$
^this<prn><dem><gen>$ ^the<det><def><sg>$ ^top<n><sg>$
^he<prn><pers><p3><m><sg><nom>$ ^to<pr>$ ^the<det><def><sg>$ ^bucket<n><sg>$ ^fall<vblex><past><p3>$
^he<prn><pers><p3><m><sg><nom>$ ^the<det><def><sg>$ ^bucket<n><sg>$ ^create<vblex><past><p3>$
^he<prn><pers><p3><m><sg><nom>$ ^in<pr>$ ^the<det><def><sg>$ ^bucket<n><sg>$ ^live<vblex><past><p3>$
^he<prn><pers><p3><m><sg><nom>$ ^from<pr>$ ^the<det><def><sg>$ ^bucket<n><sg>$ ^emerge<vblex><past><p3>$

===uig-eng===
the bucket #fall
the bucket's top
#this the top
#he to the bucket #fall
#he the bucket #create
#he in the bucket #live
#he from the bucket #emerge

[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]

Uyghur and English/Structural Transfer

2025-05-12T01:00:17Z

Ybai1: /* Results */

scrapeTransferTests -p uig-eng "Uyghur_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar"

cat uig.tests.txt | apertium -d ../ling073-uig-eng uig-eng > uig-eng.tests.txt

apertium-eval-translator-line -r eng.tests.txt -t uig-eng.tests.txt

echo "" | apertium -d . uig-eng-lex | rtx-proc -T uig-eng.rtx.bin

=Pre-Evaluation=

Statistics about input files

-------------------------------------------------------

Number of words in reference: 55

Number of words in test: 41

Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 0

Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)

-------------------------------------------------------

Edit distance: 54

Word error rate (WER): 98.18 %

Number of position-independent correct words: 2

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.36 %

=Post-Evaluation=

Example Sentences:

چېلەك يىقىلدى

چېلەكنىڭ ئۈستى

بۇنىڭ ئۈستى

ئۇ چېلەككە يىقىلدى

ئۇ چېلەكنى ياراتتى

ئۇ چېلەكتە تۇراتتى

ئۇ چېلەكتىن چىقتى

Gold Standard:

the bucket fell

the bucket's top

the top of this

he fell to the bucket

he created the bucket

he lived in the bucket

he emerged from the bucket

==Results==

===tagger===
^چېلەك<n><nom>$ ^يىقىل<vblex><past><p3>$
^چېلەك<n><gen>$ ^ئۈستى<n><nom>$
^بۇ<prn><dem><gen>$ ^ئۈستى<n><nom>$
^ئۇ<prn><dem><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><dat>$ ^يىقىل<vblex><past><p3>$
^ئۇ<prn><dem><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><acc>$ ^يارات<vblex><past><p3>$
^ئۇ<prn><dem><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><loc>$ ^تۇر<vblex><impf><past><p3>$
^ئۇ<prn><dem><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><abl>$ ^چىق<vblex><past><p3>$

===lex===
^چېلەك<n><nom>/bucket<n><nom>$ ^يىقىل<vblex><past><p3>/fall<vblex><past><p3>$
^چېلەك<n><gen>/bucket<n><gen>$ ^ئۈستى<n><nom>/top<n><nom>$
^بۇ<prn><dem><gen>/this<prn><dem><gen>$ ^ئۈستى<n><nom>/top<n><nom>$
^ئۇ<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom>/he<prn><pers><p3><m><sg><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><dat>/bucket<n><dat>$ ^يىقىل<vblex><past><p3>/fall<vblex><past><p3>$
^ئۇ<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom>/he<prn><pers><p3><m><sg><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><acc>/bucket<n><acc>$ ^يارات<vblex><past><p3>/create<vblex><past><p3>$
^ئۇ<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom>/he<prn><pers><p3><m><sg><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><loc>/bucket<n><loc>$ ^تۇرات<vblex><past><p3>/live<vblex><past><p3>$
^ئۇ<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom>/he<prn><pers><p3><m><sg><nom>$ ^چېلەك<n><abl>/bucket<n><abl>$ ^چىق<vblex><past><p3>/emerge<vblex><past><p3>$

===uig-eng===
the bucket #fall
the bucket's top
#this the top
#he to the bucket #fall
#he the bucket #create
#he in the bucket #live
#he from the bucket #emerge

[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]

Uyghur and English/Structural Transfer

2025-05-12T00:58:42Z

Ybai1: /* uig-eng */

Uyghur and English/Structural Transfer

2025-05-12T00:58:27Z

Ybai1: /* Results */

Uyghur and English/Structural Transfer

2025-05-12T00:57:28Z

Ybai1: /* uig-eng */

Uyghur and English/Structural Transfer

2025-05-12T00:57:22Z

Ybai1: /* uig-eng */

Uyghur and English/Structural Transfer

2025-05-12T00:57:13Z

Ybai1: /* Post-Evaluation */

Uyghur and English/Structural Transfer

2025-05-12T00:55:47Z

Ybai1:

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T23:17:15Z

Ybai1: /* Nouns */

This wiki-page is created to document instances of grammar difference between some sentences in Uyghur and English.

==Sentence Structure==
General English sentences would follow S + V + obj, whereas in Uyghur, it would be S + obj + V.

==Nouns==
Uyghur has 10 different cases for each specific noun. Our Uyghur transducer does not use the <code><sg></code> tag. Uyghur nouns generally also don't have determiners.

'''Plurals''': Plurals in Uyghur almost universally take the "lAr" ending. When a noun does not have an explicit determiner, like "bir" meaning "a/an", nor has the plural suffix, it most likely translates to "the NOUN" in English.

'''Nominative Case''': This case has no suffix and is generally used when the noun is a subject. This is equivalent to the base noun in English with the appropriate determiner.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەك يىقىلدى|the bucket fell}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

'''Genitive Case''': This case indicates possesion, the noun is possessing something.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەكنىڭ ئۈستى|the bucket's top}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When the English noun cannot take the genitive case. We instead place it in the preposition "of".

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|بۇنىڭ ئۈستى|the top of this}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} +of{{tag|pr}} +this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Dative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the target, purpose, or price of an action. The preposition used depends on the verb in English, but is generally
"to."
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەككە يىقىلدى|he fell to the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}+ يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+to{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Accusative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an direct object.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكنى ياراتتى|he created the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ يارات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ create{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Locative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the location (spatial or temporal) or instrument of an action. The preposition used in English depends of the context, but is generally "on", "in", "at", or "by."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتە تۇراتتى|he lived in the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}+ تۇرات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ live{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+in{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Ablative Case''': This case indicates that the object is the source or cause of some action. This is usually associated with the preposition "from."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتىن چىقتى|he emerged from the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}+ چىق{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ emerge{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+from{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

There are 4 more cases than the ones shown above, but they are much less common, and we have not encountered them in the corpora we have worked with.

==Pronoun==
In Uyghur, notice that:
* Second-Person Pronouns are categorized based on the formality
* The Third-Person Pronoun are not categorized according to gender or number.

In English, both of these cases are the opposite.

==Verbs==
The verbs are categorized according to the person. Since the Pronouns are already different between the two languages, this leads to many cases that leads to a difference in the tags for the verb in each tense. However, verbs do not distinguish singular/plural in the third-person, whereas some English verbs like "is/are/was/were" do.

==Copulas==
The Copulas for Uyghur have different cases just as verbs do, whereas in English, no such cases exist for copulas.

The specific copula we encountered was 'iken' which is the 3rd-person sg/pl pres/past indirect judgment copula meaning something like "apparently is/was/are/were". This copula was used with the "-lIk" nominalizer that formed "ikenlik" which acts like a noun: "the quality of apparently being". This was then modified with an adjective like "yakshi ikenlik" to mean "the quality of apparently being good". This was then formed in the accusative case "-ni" to "yakshi ikenlikini" to act as a direct object to a verb like "kordi" which means "He saw the quality of apparently being good". The object that had this state of being was then formed in the genitive case, for example the light, "yoruqluqning", to mean "He saw the quality of apparently being good of the light". We believe this best translates to "He saw the light was good."

==Examples==
''These examples should illustrates all the grammatical differences mentioned above.''

Examples:
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|خۇدا يورۇقلۇقنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى|God saw the brightness was good}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + يورۇقلۇق{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆردى{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}+ brightness{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|خۇدانىڭ ئەمرى بىلەن شۇنداق بولدى|through God's command it was so}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|gen}} + ئەمرى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بىلەن {{tag|post}}{{tag|nom}}+ شۇنداق{{tag|adv}}+ بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Through{{tag|pr}}+ God{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ command{{tag|n}}+ it{{tag|n}}{{tag|p3}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ so{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|خۇدا بۇلارنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى|God saw these were good}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆر{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ these{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|كېچە ۋە كۈندۈز ئۆتتى بۇ تۇنجى كۈن بولدى|the night and daytime passed this was the first day}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|كېچە{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ۋە {{tag|cnjcoo}}+ كۈندۈز{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ئۆت{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}+ تۇنجى{{tag|adj}}+ كۈن{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} +night{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} + and{{tag|cnjcoo}} + daytime {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ pass{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} + this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} + is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} + the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}+ first{{tag|adj}}+ day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T22:35:08Z

Ybai1: /* Examples */

This wiki-page is created to document instances of grammar difference between some sentences in Uyghur and English.

==Sentence Structure==
General English sentences would follow S + V + obj, whereas in Uyghur, it would be S + obj + V.

==Nouns==
Uyghur has 10 different cases for each specific noun. Our Uyghur transducer does not use the <code><sg></code> tag. Uyghur nouns generally also don't have determiners.

'''Plurals''': Plurals in Uyghur almost universally take the "lAr" ending. When a noun does not have an explicit determiner, like "bir" meaning "a/an", nor has the plural suffix, it most likely translates to "the NOUN" in English.

'''Nominative Case''': This case has no suffix and is generally used when the noun is a subject. This is equivalent to the base noun in English with the appropriate determiner.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەك يىقىلدى|the bucket fell}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

'''Genitive Case''': This case indicates possesion, the noun is possessing something.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەكنىڭ ئۈستى|the bucket's top}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When the English noun cannot take the genitive case. We instead place it in the preposition "of".

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|بۇنىڭ ئۈستى|the top of this}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} +of{{tag|pr}} +this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Dative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the target, purpose, or price of an action. The preposition used depends on the verb in English, but is generally
"to."
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەككە يىقىلدى|he fell on the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}+ يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+on{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Accusative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an direct object.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكنى ياراتتى|he created the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ يارات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ create{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Locative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the location (spatial or temporal) or instrument of an action. The preposition used in English depends of the context, but is generally "on", "in", "at", or "by."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتە تۇراتتى|he lived in the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}+ تۇرات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ live{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+in{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Ablative Case''': This case indicates that the object is the source or cause of some action. This is usually associated with the preposition "from."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتىن چىقتى|he emerged from the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}+ چىق{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ emerge{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+from{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

There are 4 more cases than the ones shown above, but they are much less common, and we have not encountered them in the corpora we have worked with.

==Pronoun==
In Uyghur, notice that:
* Second-Person Pronouns are categorized based on the formality
* The Third-Person Pronoun are not categorized according to gender or number.

In English, both of these cases are the opposite.

==Verbs==
The verbs are categorized according to the person. Since the Pronouns are already different between the two languages, this leads to many cases that leads to a difference in the tags for the verb in each tense. However, verbs do not distinguish singular/plural in the third-person, whereas some English verbs like "is/are/was/were" do.

==Copulas==
The Copulas for Uyghur have different cases just as verbs do, whereas in English, no such cases exist for copulas.

The specific copula we encountered was 'iken' which is the 3rd-person sg/pl pres/past indirect judgment copula meaning something like "apparently is/was/are/were". This copula was used with the "-lIk" nominalizer that formed "ikenlik" which acts like a noun: "the quality of apparently being". This was then modified with an adjective like "yakshi ikenlik" to mean "the quality of apparently being good". This was then formed in the accusative case "-ni" to "yakshi ikenlikini" to act as a direct object to a verb like "kordi" which means "He saw the quality of apparently being good". The object that had this state of being was then formed in the genitive case, for example the light, "yoruqluqning", to mean "He saw the quality of apparently being good of the light". We believe this best translates to "He saw the light was good."

==Examples==
''These examples should illustrates all the grammatical differences mentioned above.''

Examples:
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|خۇدا يورۇقلۇقنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى|God saw the brightness was good}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + يورۇقلۇق{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆردى{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}+ brightness{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|خۇدانىڭ ئەمرى بىلەن شۇنداق بولدى|through God's command it was so}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|gen}} + ئەمرى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بىلەن {{tag|post}}{{tag|nom}}+ شۇنداق{{tag|adv}}+ بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Through{{tag|pr}}+ God{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ command{{tag|n}}+ it{{tag|n}}{{tag|p3}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ so{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|خۇدا بۇلارنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى|God saw these were good}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆر{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ these{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|كېچە ۋە كۈندۈز ئۆتتى بۇ تۇنجى كۈن بولدى|the night and daytime passed this was the first day}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|كېچە{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ۋە {{tag|cnjcoo}}+ كۈندۈز{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ئۆت{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}+ تۇنجى{{tag|adj}}+ كۈن{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} +night{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} + and{{tag|cnjcoo}} + daytime {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ pass{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} + this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} + is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} + the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}+ first{{tag|adj}}+ day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T22:33:54Z

Ybai1: /* Nouns */

This wiki-page is created to document instances of grammar difference between some sentences in Uyghur and English.

==Sentence Structure==
General English sentences would follow S + V + obj, whereas in Uyghur, it would be S + obj + V.

==Nouns==
Uyghur has 10 different cases for each specific noun. Our Uyghur transducer does not use the <code><sg></code> tag. Uyghur nouns generally also don't have determiners.

'''Plurals''': Plurals in Uyghur almost universally take the "lAr" ending. When a noun does not have an explicit determiner, like "bir" meaning "a/an", nor has the plural suffix, it most likely translates to "the NOUN" in English.

'''Nominative Case''': This case has no suffix and is generally used when the noun is a subject. This is equivalent to the base noun in English with the appropriate determiner.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەك يىقىلدى|the bucket fell}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

'''Genitive Case''': This case indicates possesion, the noun is possessing something.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەكنىڭ ئۈستى|the bucket's top}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When the English noun cannot take the genitive case. We instead place it in the preposition "of".

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|بۇنىڭ ئۈستى|the top of this}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} +of{{tag|pr}} +this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Dative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the target, purpose, or price of an action. The preposition used depends on the verb in English, but is generally
"to."
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەككە يىقىلدى|he fell on the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}+ يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+on{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Accusative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an direct object.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكنى ياراتتى|he created the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ يارات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ create{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Locative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the location (spatial or temporal) or instrument of an action. The preposition used in English depends of the context, but is generally "on", "in", "at", or "by."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتە تۇراتتى|he lived in the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}+ تۇرات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ live{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+in{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Ablative Case''': This case indicates that the object is the source or cause of some action. This is usually associated with the preposition "from."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتىن چىقتى|he emerged from the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}+ چىق{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ emerge{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+from{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

There are 4 more cases than the ones shown above, but they are much less common, and we have not encountered them in the corpora we have worked with.

==Pronoun==
In Uyghur, notice that:
* Second-Person Pronouns are categorized based on the formality
* The Third-Person Pronoun are not categorized according to gender or number.

In English, both of these cases are the opposite.

==Verbs==
The verbs are categorized according to the person. Since the Pronouns are already different between the two languages, this leads to many cases that leads to a difference in the tags for the verb in each tense. However, verbs do not distinguish singular/plural in the third-person, whereas some English verbs like "is/are/was/were" do.

==Copulas==
The Copulas for Uyghur have different cases just as verbs do, whereas in English, no such cases exist for copulas.

The specific copula we encountered was 'iken' which is the 3rd-person sg/pl pres/past indirect judgment copula meaning something like "apparently is/was/are/were". This copula was used with the "-lIk" nominalizer that formed "ikenlik" which acts like a noun: "the quality of apparently being". This was then modified with an adjective like "yakshi ikenlik" to mean "the quality of apparently being good". This was then formed in the accusative case "-ni" to "yakshi ikenlikini" to act as a direct object to a verb like "kordi" which means "He saw the quality of apparently being good". The object that had this state of being was then formed in the genitive case, for example the light, "yoruqluqning", to mean "He saw the quality of apparently being good of the light". We believe this best translates to "He saw the light was good."

==Examples==
''These examples should illustrates all the grammatical differences mentioned above.''

Examples:
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدا يورۇقلۇقنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى|God saw the brightness was good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + يورۇقلۇق{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆردى{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ the{{tag|det}}+ brightness{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدانىڭ ئەمرى بىلەن شۇنداق بولدى|Through God's command it was so.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|gen}} + ئەمرى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بىلەن {{tag|post}}{{tag|nom}}+ شۇنداق{{tag|adv}}+ بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Through{{tag|pr}}+ God{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ command{{tag|n}}+ it{{tag|n}}{{tag|p3}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ so{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|خۇدا بۇلارنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى.|God saw these were good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆر{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ these{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|كېچە ۋە كۈندۈز ئۆتتى بۇ تۇنجى كۈن بولدى.|Night and daytime passed this was the first day.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|كېچە{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ۋە {{tag|cnjcoo}}+ كۈندۈز{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ئۆت{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}+ تۇنجى{{tag|adj}}+ كۈن{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Night {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} + and{{tag|cnjcoo}} + daytime {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ pass{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} + this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} + is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} + the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}+ first{{tag|adj}}+ day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Uyghur and English/Structural Transfer

2025-05-11T22:10:04Z

Ybai1:

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T20:39:50Z

Ybai1: /* Nouns */

This wiki-page is created to document instances of grammar difference between some sentences in Uyghur and English.

==Sentence Structure==
General English sentences would follow S + V + obj, whereas in Uyghur, it would be S + obj + V.

==Nouns==
Uyghur has 10 different cases for each specific noun. Our Uyghur transducer does not use the <code><sg></code> tag. Uyghur nouns generally also don't have determiners.

'''Plurals''': Plurals in Uyghur almost universally take the "lAr" ending. When a noun does not have an explicit determiner, like "bir" meaning "a/an", nor has the plural suffix, it most likely translates to "the NOUN" in English.

'''Nominative Case''': This case has no suffix and is generally used when the noun is a subject. This is equivalent to the base noun in English with the appropriate determiner.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەك يىقىلدى|The bucket fell}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

'''Genitive Case''': This case indicates possesion, the noun is possessing something.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەكنىڭ ئۈستى|The bucket's top}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When the English noun cannot take the genitive case. We instead place it in the preposition "of".

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|بۇنىڭ ئۈستى|The top of this}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} +of{{tag|pr}} +this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Dative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the target, purpose, or price of an action. The preposition used depends on the verb in English, but is generally
"to."
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەككە يىقىلدى|He fell on the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}+ يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+on{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Accusative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an direct object.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكنى ياراتتى|He created the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ يارات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ create{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Locative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the location (spatial or temporal) or instrument of an action. The preposition used in English depends of the context, but is generally "on", "in", "at", or "by."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتە تۇراتتى|He lived in the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}+ تۇرات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ live{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+in{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Ablative Case''': This case indicates that the object is the source or cause of some action. This is usually associated with the preposition "from."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتىن چىقتى|He emerged from the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}+ چىق{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ emerge{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+from{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

There are 4 more cases than the ones shown above, but they are much less common, and we have not encountered them in the corpora we have worked with.

==Pronoun==
In Uyghur, notice that:
* Second-Person Pronouns are categorized based on the formality
* The Third-Person Pronoun are not categorized according to gender or number.

In English, both of these cases are the opposite.

==Verbs==
The verbs are categorized according to the person. Since the Pronouns are already different between the two languages, this leads to many cases that leads to a difference in the tags for the verb in each tense. However, verbs do not distinguish singular/plural in the third-person, whereas some English verbs like "is/are/was/were" do.

==Copulas==
The Copulas for Uyghur have different cases just as verbs do, whereas in English, no such cases exist for copulas.

The specific copula we encountered was 'iken' which is the 3rd-person sg/pl pres/past indirect judgment copula meaning something like "apparently is/was/are/were". This copula was used with the "-lIk" nominalizer that formed "ikenlik" which acts like a noun: "the quality of apparently being". This was then modified with an adjective like "yakshi ikenlik" to mean "the quality of apparently being good". This was then formed in the accusative case "-ni" to "yakshi ikenlikini" to act as a direct object to a verb like "kordi" which means "He saw the quality of apparently being good". The object that had this state of being was then formed in the genitive case, for example the light, "yoruqluqning", to mean "He saw the quality of apparently being good of the light". We believe this best translates to "He saw the light was good."

==Examples==
''These examples should illustrates all the grammatical differences mentioned above.''

Examples:
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدا يورۇقلۇقنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى|God saw the brightness was good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + يورۇقلۇق{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆردى{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ the{{tag|det}}+ brightness{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدانىڭ ئەمرى بىلەن شۇنداق بولدى|Through God's command it was so.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|gen}} + ئەمرى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بىلەن {{tag|post}}{{tag|nom}}+ شۇنداق{{tag|adv}}+ بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Through{{tag|pr}}+ God{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ command{{tag|n}}+ it{{tag|n}}{{tag|p3}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ so{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|خۇدا بۇلارنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى.|God saw these were good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆر{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ these{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|كېچە ۋە كۈندۈز ئۆتتى بۇ تۇنجى كۈن بولدى.|Night and daytime passed this was the first day.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|كېچە{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ۋە {{tag|cnjcoo}}+ كۈندۈز{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ئۆت{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}+ تۇنجى{{tag|adj}}+ كۈن{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Night {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} + and{{tag|cnjcoo}} + daytime {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ pass{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} + this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} + is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} + the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}+ first{{tag|adj}}+ day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Uyghur and English/Structural Transfer

2025-05-11T20:35:11Z

Ybai1:

scrapeTransferTests -p uig-eng "Uyghur_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar"

cat uig.tests.txt | apertium -d ../ling073-uig-eng uig-eng > uig-eng.tests.txt

apertium-eval-translator-line -r eng.tests.txt -t uig-eng.tests.txt

=Pre-Evaluation=

Statistics about input files

-------------------------------------------------------

Number of words in reference: 55

Number of words in test: 41

Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 0

Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)

-------------------------------------------------------

Edit distance: 54

Word error rate (WER): 98.18 %

Number of position-independent correct words: 2

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.36 %

[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T20:33:04Z

Ybai1: /* Verb to be */

This wiki-page is created to document instances of grammar difference between some sentences in Uyghur and English.

==Sentence Structure==
General English sentences would follow S + V + obj, whereas in Uyghur, it would be S + obj + V.

==Nouns==
Uyghur has 10 different cases for each specific noun. Our Uyghur transducer does not use the <code><sg></code> tag. Uyghur nouns generally also don't have determiners.

'''Plurals''': Plurals in Uyghur almost universally take the "lAr" ending. When a noun does not have an explicit determiner, like "bir" meaning "a/an", nor has the plural suffix, it most likely translates to "the NOUN" in English.

'''Nominative Case''': This case has no suffix and is generally used when the noun is a subject. This is equivalent to the base noun in English with the appropriate determiner.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەك يىقىلدى|The bucket fell}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

'''Genitive Case''': This case indicates possesion, the noun is possessing something.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەكنىڭ ئۈستى|The bucket's top}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When the English noun cannot take the genitive case. We instead place it in the preposition "of".

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|بۇنىڭ ئۈستى|The top of this}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} +of{{tag|pr}} +this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Dative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the target, purpose, or price of an action. The preposition used depends on the verb in English, but is generally
"to."
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەككە يىقىلدى|He fell on the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}+ يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+on{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Accusative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an direct object.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكنى ياراتتى|He created the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ يارات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ create{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Locative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the location (spatial or temporal) or instrument of an action. The preposition used in English depends of the context, but is generally "on", "in", "at", or "by."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتە تۇراتتى|He lived in the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}+ تۇرات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ live{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+in{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Ablative Case''': This case indicates that the object is the source or cause of some action. This is usually associated with the preposition "from."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتىن چىقتى|He emerged from the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}+ چىق{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ emerge{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+from{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==Pronoun==
In Uyghur, notice that:
* Second-Person Pronouns are categorized based on the formality
* The Third-Person Pronoun are not categorized according to gender or number.

In English, both of these cases are the opposite.

==Verbs==
The verbs are categorized according to the person. Since the Pronouns are already different between the two languages, this leads to many cases that leads to a difference in the tags for the verb in each tense. However, verbs do not distinguish singular/plural in the third-person, whereas some English verbs like "is/are/was/were" do.

==Copulas==
The Copulas for Uyghur have different cases just as verbs do, whereas in English, no such cases exist for copulas.

The specific copula we encountered was 'iken' which is the 3rd-person sg/pl pres/past indirect judgment copula meaning something like "apparently is/was/are/were". This copula was used with the "-lIk" nominalizer that formed "ikenlik" which acts like a noun: "the quality of apparently being". This was then modified with an adjective like "yakshi ikenlik" to mean "the quality of apparently being good". This was then formed in the accusative case "-ni" to "yakshi ikenlikini" to act as a direct object to a verb like "kordi" which means "He saw the quality of apparently being good". The object that had this state of being was then formed in the genitive case, for example the light, "yoruqluqning", to mean "He saw the quality of apparently being good of the light". We believe this best translates to "He saw the light was good."

==Examples==
''These examples should illustrates all the grammatical differences mentioned above.''

Examples:
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدا يورۇقلۇقنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى|God saw the brightness was good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + يورۇقلۇق{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆردى{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ the{{tag|det}}+ brightness{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدانىڭ ئەمرى بىلەن شۇنداق بولدى|Through God's command it was so.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|gen}} + ئەمرى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بىلەن {{tag|post}}{{tag|nom}}+ شۇنداق{{tag|adv}}+ بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Through{{tag|pr}}+ God{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ command{{tag|n}}+ it{{tag|n}}{{tag|p3}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ so{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|خۇدا بۇلارنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى.|God saw these were good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆر{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ these{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|كېچە ۋە كۈندۈز ئۆتتى بۇ تۇنجى كۈن بولدى.|Night and daytime passed this was the first day.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|كېچە{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ۋە {{tag|cnjcoo}}+ كۈندۈز{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ئۆت{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}+ تۇنجى{{tag|adj}}+ كۈن{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Night {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} + and{{tag|cnjcoo}} + daytime {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ pass{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} + this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} + is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} + the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}+ first{{tag|adj}}+ day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T20:32:57Z

Ybai1: /* Examples */

This wiki-page is created to document instances of grammar difference between some sentences in Uyghur and English.

==Sentence Structure==
General English sentences would follow S + V + obj, whereas in Uyghur, it would be S + obj + V.

==Nouns==
Uyghur has 10 different cases for each specific noun. Our Uyghur transducer does not use the <code><sg></code> tag. Uyghur nouns generally also don't have determiners.

'''Plurals''': Plurals in Uyghur almost universally take the "lAr" ending. When a noun does not have an explicit determiner, like "bir" meaning "a/an", nor has the plural suffix, it most likely translates to "the NOUN" in English.

'''Nominative Case''': This case has no suffix and is generally used when the noun is a subject. This is equivalent to the base noun in English with the appropriate determiner.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەك يىقىلدى|The bucket fell}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

'''Genitive Case''': This case indicates possesion, the noun is possessing something.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەكنىڭ ئۈستى|The bucket's top}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When the English noun cannot take the genitive case. We instead place it in the preposition "of".

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|بۇنىڭ ئۈستى|The top of this}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} +of{{tag|pr}} +this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Dative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the target, purpose, or price of an action. The preposition used depends on the verb in English, but is generally
"to."
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەككە يىقىلدى|He fell on the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}+ يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+on{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Accusative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an direct object.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكنى ياراتتى|He created the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ يارات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ create{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Locative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the location (spatial or temporal) or instrument of an action. The preposition used in English depends of the context, but is generally "on", "in", "at", or "by."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتە تۇراتتى|He lived in the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}+ تۇرات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ live{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+in{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Ablative Case''': This case indicates that the object is the source or cause of some action. This is usually associated with the preposition "from."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتىن چىقتى|He emerged from the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}+ چىق{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ emerge{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+from{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==Pronoun==
In Uyghur, notice that:
* Second-Person Pronouns are categorized based on the formality
* The Third-Person Pronoun are not categorized according to gender or number.

In English, both of these cases are the opposite.

==Verb to be==
In English, the verb "to be" is used; whereas in Uyghur, it is often omitted.

==Verbs==
The verbs are categorized according to the person. Since the Pronouns are already different between the two languages, this leads to many cases that leads to a difference in the tags for the verb in each tense. However, verbs do not distinguish singular/plural in the third-person, whereas some English verbs like "is/are/was/were" do.

==Copulas==
The Copulas for Uyghur have different cases just as verbs do, whereas in English, no such cases exist for copulas.

The specific copula we encountered was 'iken' which is the 3rd-person sg/pl pres/past indirect judgment copula meaning something like "apparently is/was/are/were". This copula was used with the "-lIk" nominalizer that formed "ikenlik" which acts like a noun: "the quality of apparently being". This was then modified with an adjective like "yakshi ikenlik" to mean "the quality of apparently being good". This was then formed in the accusative case "-ni" to "yakshi ikenlikini" to act as a direct object to a verb like "kordi" which means "He saw the quality of apparently being good". The object that had this state of being was then formed in the genitive case, for example the light, "yoruqluqning", to mean "He saw the quality of apparently being good of the light". We believe this best translates to "He saw the light was good."

==Examples==
''These examples should illustrates all the grammatical differences mentioned above.''

Examples:
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدا يورۇقلۇقنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى|God saw the brightness was good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + يورۇقلۇق{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆردى{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ the{{tag|det}}+ brightness{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدانىڭ ئەمرى بىلەن شۇنداق بولدى|Through God's command it was so.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|gen}} + ئەمرى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بىلەن {{tag|post}}{{tag|nom}}+ شۇنداق{{tag|adv}}+ بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Through{{tag|pr}}+ God{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ command{{tag|n}}+ it{{tag|n}}{{tag|p3}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ so{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|خۇدا بۇلارنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى.|God saw these were good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆر{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ these{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|كېچە ۋە كۈندۈز ئۆتتى بۇ تۇنجى كۈن بولدى.|Night and daytime passed this was the first day.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|كېچە{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ۋە {{tag|cnjcoo}}+ كۈندۈز{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ئۆت{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}+ تۇنجى{{tag|adj}}+ كۈن{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Night {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} + and{{tag|cnjcoo}} + daytime {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ pass{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} + this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} + is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} + the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}+ first{{tag|adj}}+ day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Uyghur and English/Structural Transfer

2025-05-11T20:26:30Z

Ybai1: /* Pre-Evaluation */

scrapeTransferTests -p uig-eng "Uyghur_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar"

cat uig.tests.txt | apertium -d ../ling073-uig-eng uig-eng > uig-eng.tests.txt

apertium-eval-translator-line -r eng.tests.txt -t uig-eng.tests.txt

=Pre-Evaluation=

Statistics about input files

-------------------------------------------------------

Number of words in reference: 62

Number of words in test: 46

Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 4

Percentage of unknown words: 8.70 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)

-------------------------------------------------------

Edit distance: 61

Word error rate (WER): 98.39 %

Number of position-independent correct words: 2

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 96.77 %

[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T20:23:36Z

Ybai1: /* Verbs */

This wiki-page is created to document instances of grammar difference between some sentences in Uyghur and English.

==Sentence Structure==
General English sentences would follow S + V + obj, whereas in Uyghur, it would be S + obj + V.

==Nouns==
Uyghur has 10 different cases for each specific noun. Our Uyghur transducer does not use the <code><sg></code> tag. Uyghur nouns generally also don't have determiners.

'''Plurals''': Plurals in Uyghur almost universally take the "lAr" ending. When a noun does not have an explicit determiner, like "bir" meaning "a/an", nor has the plural suffix, it most likely translates to "the NOUN" in English.

'''Nominative Case''': This case has no suffix and is generally used when the noun is a subject. This is equivalent to the base noun in English with the appropriate determiner.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەك يىقىلدى|The bucket fell}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

'''Genitive Case''': This case indicates possesion, the noun is possessing something.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەكنىڭ ئۈستى|The bucket's top}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When the English noun cannot take the genitive case. We instead place it in the preposition "of".

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|بۇنىڭ ئۈستى|The top of this}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} +of{{tag|pr}} +this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Dative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the target, purpose, or price of an action. The preposition used depends on the verb in English, but is generally
"to."
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەككە يىقىلدى|He fell on the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}+ يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+on{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Accusative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an direct object.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكنى ياراتتى|He created the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ يارات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ create{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Locative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the location (spatial or temporal) or instrument of an action. The preposition used in English depends of the context, but is generally "on", "in", "at", or "by."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتە تۇراتتى|He lived in the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}+ تۇرات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ live{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+in{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Ablative Case''': This case indicates that the object is the source or cause of some action. This is usually associated with the preposition "from."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتىن چىقتى|He emerged from the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}+ چىق{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ emerge{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+from{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==Pronoun==
In Uyghur, notice that:
* Second-Person Pronouns are categorized based on the formality
* The Third-Person Pronoun are not categorized according to gender or number.

In English, both of these cases are the opposite.

==Verb to be==
In English, the verb "to be" is used; whereas in Uyghur, it is often omitted.

==Verbs==
The verbs are categorized according to the person. Since the Pronouns are already different between the two languages, this leads to many cases that leads to a difference in the tags for the verb in each tense. However, verbs do not distinguish singular/plural in the third-person, whereas some English verbs like "is/are/was/were" do.

==Copulas==
The Copulas for Uyghur have different cases just as verbs do, whereas in English, no such cases exist for copulas.

The specific copula we encountered was 'iken' which is the 3rd-person sg/pl pres/past indirect judgment copula meaning something like "apparently is/was/are/were". This copula was used with the "-lIk" nominalizer that formed "ikenlik" which acts like a noun: "the quality of apparently being". This was then modified with an adjective like "yakshi ikenlik" to mean "the quality of apparently being good". This was then formed in the accusative case "-ni" to "yakshi ikenlikini" to act as a direct object to a verb like "kordi" which means "He saw the quality of apparently being good". The object that had this state of being was then formed in the genitive case, for example the light, "yoruqluqning", to mean "He saw the quality of apparently being good of the light". We believe this best translates to "He saw the light was good."

==Examples==
''These examples should illustrates all the grammatical differences mentioned above.''

Examples:
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدا يورۇقلۇقنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى|God saw the brightness was good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + يورۇقلۇق{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆردى{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ the{{tag|det}}+ brightness{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدانىڭ ئەمرى بىلەن شۇنداق بولدى|Through God's command it was so.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|gen}} + ئەمرى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بىلەن {{tag|post}}{{tag|nom}}+ شۇنداق{{tag|adv}}+ بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Through{{tag|pr}}+ God{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ command{{tag|n}}+ it{{tag|n}}{{tag|p3}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ so{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|خۇدا بۇلارنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى.|God saw these were good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆر{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ these{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۆيىمدە جىق چاشقان بار.|There are many mice in my house.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۆي{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}} + جىق{{tag|adj}}+ چاشقان {{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بار{{tag|adj}}|There {{tag|prn}}+ be{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pl}}+ many{{tag|adj}}+ mouse{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}+ in{{tag|pr}}+ my{{tag|adj}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}+house{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|كېچە ۋە كۈندۈز ئۆتتى بۇ تۇنجى كۈن بولدى.|Night and daytime passed this was the first day.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|كېچە{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ۋە {{tag|cnjcoo}}+ كۈندۈز{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ئۆت{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}+ تۇنجى{{tag|adj}}+ كۈن{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Night {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} + and{{tag|cnjcoo}} + daytime {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ pass{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} + this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} + is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} + the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}+ first{{tag|adj}}+ day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T20:21:00Z

Ybai1: /* Nouns */

This wiki-page is created to document instances of grammar difference between some sentences in Uyghur and English.

==Sentence Structure==
General English sentences would follow S + V + obj, whereas in Uyghur, it would be S + obj + V.

==Nouns==
Uyghur has 10 different cases for each specific noun. Our Uyghur transducer does not use the <code><sg></code> tag. Uyghur nouns generally also don't have determiners.

'''Plurals''': Plurals in Uyghur almost universally take the "lAr" ending. When a noun does not have an explicit determiner, like "bir" meaning "a/an", nor has the plural suffix, it most likely translates to "the NOUN" in English.

'''Nominative Case''': This case has no suffix and is generally used when the noun is a subject. This is equivalent to the base noun in English with the appropriate determiner.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەك يىقىلدى|The bucket fell}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

'''Genitive Case''': This case indicates possesion, the noun is possessing something.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەكنىڭ ئۈستى|The bucket's top}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When the English noun cannot take the genitive case. We instead place it in the preposition "of".

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|بۇنىڭ ئۈستى|The top of this}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} +of{{tag|pr}} +this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Dative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the target, purpose, or price of an action. The preposition used depends on the verb in English, but is generally
"to."
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەككە يىقىلدى|He fell on the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}+ يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+on{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Accusative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an direct object.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكنى ياراتتى|He created the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ يارات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ create{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Locative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the location (spatial or temporal) or instrument of an action. The preposition used in English depends of the context, but is generally "on", "in", "at", or "by."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتە تۇراتتى|He lived in the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}+ تۇرات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ live{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+in{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Ablative Case''': This case indicates that the object is the source or cause of some action. This is usually associated with the preposition "from."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتىن چىقتى|He emerged from the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}+ چىق{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ emerge{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+from{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==Pronoun==
In Uyghur, notice that:
* Second-Person Pronouns are categorized based on the formality
* The Third-Person Pronoun are not categorized according to gender or number.

In English, both of these cases are the opposite.

==Verb to be==
In English, the verb "to be" is used; whereas in Uyghur, it is often omitted.

==Verbs==
The verbs are categorized according to the person. Since the Pronouns are already different between the two languages, this leads to many cases that leads to a difference in the tags for the verb in each tense.

==Copulas==
The Copulas for Uyghur have different cases just as verbs do, whereas in English, no such cases exist for copulas.

The specific copula we encountered was 'iken' which is the 3rd-person sg/pl pres/past indirect judgment copula meaning something like "apparently is/was/are/were". This copula was used with the "-lIk" nominalizer that formed "ikenlik" which acts like a noun: "the quality of apparently being". This was then modified with an adjective like "yakshi ikenlik" to mean "the quality of apparently being good". This was then formed in the accusative case "-ni" to "yakshi ikenlikini" to act as a direct object to a verb like "kordi" which means "He saw the quality of apparently being good". The object that had this state of being was then formed in the genitive case, for example the light, "yoruqluqning", to mean "He saw the quality of apparently being good of the light". We believe this best translates to "He saw the light was good."

==Examples==
''These examples should illustrates all the grammatical differences mentioned above.''

Examples:
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدا يورۇقلۇقنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى|God saw the brightness was good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + يورۇقلۇق{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆردى{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ the{{tag|det}}+ brightness{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدانىڭ ئەمرى بىلەن شۇنداق بولدى|Through God's command it was so.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|gen}} + ئەمرى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بىلەن {{tag|post}}{{tag|nom}}+ شۇنداق{{tag|adv}}+ بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Through{{tag|pr}}+ God{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ command{{tag|n}}+ it{{tag|n}}{{tag|p3}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ so{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|خۇدا بۇلارنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى.|God saw these were good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆر{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ these{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۆيىمدە جىق چاشقان بار.|There are many mice in my house.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۆي{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}} + جىق{{tag|adj}}+ چاشقان {{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بار{{tag|adj}}|There {{tag|prn}}+ be{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pl}}+ many{{tag|adj}}+ mouse{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}+ in{{tag|pr}}+ my{{tag|adj}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}+house{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|كېچە ۋە كۈندۈز ئۆتتى بۇ تۇنجى كۈن بولدى.|Night and daytime passed this was the first day.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|كېچە{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ۋە {{tag|cnjcoo}}+ كۈندۈز{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ئۆت{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}+ تۇنجى{{tag|adj}}+ كۈن{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Night {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} + and{{tag|cnjcoo}} + daytime {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ pass{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} + this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} + is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} + the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}+ first{{tag|adj}}+ day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T20:18:13Z

Ybai1: /* Copulas */

This wiki-page is created to document instances of grammar difference between some sentences in Uyghur and English.

==Sentence Structure==
General English sentences would follow S + V + obj, whereas in Uyghur, it would be S + obj + V.

==Nouns==
Uyghur has 10 different cases for each specific noun. Our Uyghur transducer does not use the <code><sg></code> tag. Uyghur nouns generally also don't have determiners.

'''Nominative Case''': This case has no suffix and is generally used when the noun is a subject. This is equivalent to the base noun in English with the appropriate determiner.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەك يىقىلدى|The bucket fell}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

'''Genitive Case''': This case indicates possesion, the noun is possessing something.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەكنىڭ ئۈستى|The bucket's top}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When the English noun cannot take the genitive case. We instead place it in the preposition "of".

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|بۇنىڭ ئۈستى|The top of this}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} +of{{tag|pr}} +this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Dative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the target, purpose, or price of an action. The preposition used depends on the verb in English, but is generally
"to."
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەككە يىقىلدى|He fell on the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}+ يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+on{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Accusative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an direct object.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكنى ياراتتى|He created the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ يارات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ create{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Locative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the location (spatial or temporal) or instrument of an action. The preposition used in English depends of the context, but is generally "on", "in", "at", or "by."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتە تۇراتتى|He lived in the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}+ تۇرات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ live{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+in{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Ablative Case''': This case indicates that the object is the source or cause of some action. This is usually associated with the preposition "from."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتىن چىقتى|He emerged from the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}+ چىق{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ emerge{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+from{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==Pronoun==
In Uyghur, notice that:
* Second-Person Pronouns are categorized based on the formality
* The Third-Person Pronoun are not categorized according to gender or number.

In English, both of these cases are the opposite.

==Verb to be==
In English, the verb "to be" is used; whereas in Uyghur, it is often omitted.

==Verbs==
The verbs are categorized according to the person. Since the Pronouns are already different between the two languages, this leads to many cases that leads to a difference in the tags for the verb in each tense.

==Copulas==
The Copulas for Uyghur have different cases just as verbs do, whereas in English, no such cases exist for copulas.

The specific copula we encountered was 'iken' which is the 3rd-person sg/pl pres/past indirect judgment copula meaning something like "apparently is/was/are/were". This copula was used with the "-lIk" nominalizer that formed "ikenlik" which acts like a noun: "the quality of apparently being". This was then modified with an adjective like "yakshi ikenlik" to mean "the quality of apparently being good". This was then formed in the accusative case "-ni" to "yakshi ikenlikini" to act as a direct object to a verb like "kordi" which means "He saw the quality of apparently being good". The object that had this state of being was then formed in the genitive case, for example the light, "yoruqluqning", to mean "He saw the quality of apparently being good of the light". We believe this best translates to "He saw the light was good."

==Examples==
''These examples should illustrates all the grammatical differences mentioned above.''

Examples:
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدا يورۇقلۇقنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى|God saw the brightness was good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + يورۇقلۇق{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆردى{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ the{{tag|det}}+ brightness{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدانىڭ ئەمرى بىلەن شۇنداق بولدى|Through God's command it was so.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|gen}} + ئەمرى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بىلەن {{tag|post}}{{tag|nom}}+ شۇنداق{{tag|adv}}+ بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Through{{tag|pr}}+ God{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ command{{tag|n}}+ it{{tag|n}}{{tag|p3}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ so{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|خۇدا بۇلارنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى.|God saw these were good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆر{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ these{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۆيىمدە جىق چاشقان بار.|There are many mice in my house.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۆي{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}} + جىق{{tag|adj}}+ چاشقان {{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بار{{tag|adj}}|There {{tag|prn}}+ be{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pl}}+ many{{tag|adj}}+ mouse{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}+ in{{tag|pr}}+ my{{tag|adj}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}+house{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|كېچە ۋە كۈندۈز ئۆتتى بۇ تۇنجى كۈن بولدى.|Night and daytime passed this was the first day.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|كېچە{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ۋە {{tag|cnjcoo}}+ كۈندۈز{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ئۆت{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}+ تۇنجى{{tag|adj}}+ كۈن{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Night {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} + and{{tag|cnjcoo}} + daytime {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ pass{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} + this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} + is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} + the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}+ first{{tag|adj}}+ day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T20:14:27Z

Ybai1: /* Copulas */

This wiki-page is created to document instances of grammar difference between some sentences in Uyghur and English.

==Sentence Structure==
General English sentences would follow S + V + obj, whereas in Uyghur, it would be S + obj + V.

==Nouns==
Uyghur has 10 different cases for each specific noun. Our Uyghur transducer does not use the <code><sg></code> tag. Uyghur nouns generally also don't have determiners.

'''Nominative Case''': This case has no suffix and is generally used when the noun is a subject. This is equivalent to the base noun in English with the appropriate determiner.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەك يىقىلدى|The bucket fell}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

'''Genitive Case''': This case indicates possesion, the noun is possessing something.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەكنىڭ ئۈستى|The bucket's top}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When the English noun cannot take the genitive case. We instead place it in the preposition "of".

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|بۇنىڭ ئۈستى|The top of this}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} +of{{tag|pr}} +this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Dative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the target, purpose, or price of an action. The preposition used depends on the verb in English, but is generally
"to."
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەككە يىقىلدى|He fell on the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}+ يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+on{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Accusative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an direct object.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكنى ياراتتى|He created the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ يارات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ create{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Locative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the location (spatial or temporal) or instrument of an action. The preposition used in English depends of the context, but is generally "on", "in", "at", or "by."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتە تۇراتتى|He lived in the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}+ تۇرات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ live{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+in{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Ablative Case''': This case indicates that the object is the source or cause of some action. This is usually associated with the preposition "from."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتىن چىقتى|He emerged from the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}+ چىق{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ emerge{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+from{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==Pronoun==
In Uyghur, notice that:
* Second-Person Pronouns are categorized based on the formality
* The Third-Person Pronoun are not categorized according to gender or number.

In English, both of these cases are the opposite.

==Verb to be==
In English, the verb "to be" is used; whereas in Uyghur, it is often omitted.

==Verbs==
The verbs are categorized according to the person. Since the Pronouns are already different between the two languages, this leads to many cases that leads to a difference in the tags for the verb in each tense.

==Copulas==
The Copulas for Uyghur have different cases just as verbs do, whereas in English, no such cases exist for copulas.

The specific copula we encountered was 'iken' which is the 3rd-person sg/pl pres/past indirect judgment copula meaning something like "apparently is/was/are/were". This copula was used with the "-lIk" nominalizer that formed "ikenlik" which acts like a noun: "the quality of apparently being". This was then modified with an adjective like "yakshi ikenlik" to mean "the quality of apparently being good". This was then formed in the accusative case "-ni" to "yakshi ikenlikni" to act as a direct object to a verb like "". The object that had this state of being was then

==Examples==
''These examples should illustrates all the grammatical differences mentioned above.''

Examples:
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدا يورۇقلۇقنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى|God saw the brightness was good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + يورۇقلۇق{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆردى{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ the{{tag|det}}+ brightness{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدانىڭ ئەمرى بىلەن شۇنداق بولدى|Through God's command it was so.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|gen}} + ئەمرى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بىلەن {{tag|post}}{{tag|nom}}+ شۇنداق{{tag|adv}}+ بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Through{{tag|pr}}+ God{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ command{{tag|n}}+ it{{tag|n}}{{tag|p3}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ so{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|خۇدا بۇلارنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى.|God saw these were good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆر{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ these{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۆيىمدە جىق چاشقان بار.|There are many mice in my house.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۆي{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}} + جىق{{tag|adj}}+ چاشقان {{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بار{{tag|adj}}|There {{tag|prn}}+ be{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pl}}+ many{{tag|adj}}+ mouse{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}+ in{{tag|pr}}+ my{{tag|adj}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}+house{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|كېچە ۋە كۈندۈز ئۆتتى بۇ تۇنجى كۈن بولدى.|Night and daytime passed this was the first day.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|كېچە{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ۋە {{tag|cnjcoo}}+ كۈندۈز{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ئۆت{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}+ تۇنجى{{tag|adj}}+ كۈن{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Night {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} + and{{tag|cnjcoo}} + daytime {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ pass{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} + this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} + is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} + the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}+ first{{tag|adj}}+ day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T20:11:53Z

Ybai1: /* Copulas */

This wiki-page is created to document instances of grammar difference between some sentences in Uyghur and English.

==Sentence Structure==
General English sentences would follow S + V + obj, whereas in Uyghur, it would be S + obj + V.

==Nouns==
Uyghur has 10 different cases for each specific noun. Our Uyghur transducer does not use the <code><sg></code> tag. Uyghur nouns generally also don't have determiners.

'''Nominative Case''': This case has no suffix and is generally used when the noun is a subject. This is equivalent to the base noun in English with the appropriate determiner.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەك يىقىلدى|The bucket fell}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

'''Genitive Case''': This case indicates possesion, the noun is possessing something.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەكنىڭ ئۈستى|The bucket's top}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When the English noun cannot take the genitive case. We instead place it in the preposition "of".

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|بۇنىڭ ئۈستى|The top of this}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} +of{{tag|pr}} +this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Dative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the target, purpose, or price of an action. The preposition used depends on the verb in English, but is generally
"to."
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەككە يىقىلدى|He fell on the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}+ يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+on{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Accusative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an direct object.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكنى ياراتتى|He created the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ يارات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ create{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Locative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the location (spatial or temporal) or instrument of an action. The preposition used in English depends of the context, but is generally "on", "in", "at", or "by."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتە تۇراتتى|He lived in the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}+ تۇرات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ live{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+in{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Ablative Case''': This case indicates that the object is the source or cause of some action. This is usually associated with the preposition "from."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتىن چىقتى|He emerged from the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}+ چىق{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ emerge{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+from{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==Pronoun==
In Uyghur, notice that:
* Second-Person Pronouns are categorized based on the formality
* The Third-Person Pronoun are not categorized according to gender or number.

In English, both of these cases are the opposite.

==Verb to be==
In English, the verb "to be" is used; whereas in Uyghur, it is often omitted.

==Verbs==
The verbs are categorized according to the person. Since the Pronouns are already different between the two languages, this leads to many cases that leads to a difference in the tags for the verb in each tense.

==Copulas==
The Copulas for Uyghur have different cases just as verbs do, whereas in English, no such cases exist for copulas.

The specific copula we encountered was 'iken' which is the 3rd-person sg/pl pres/past indirect judgment copula meaning something like "apparently is/was/are/were". This copula was used with the "-lIk" nominalizer that formed "ikenlik" which acts like a noun: "the state of apparently being". This was then modified with an adjective like "

==Examples==
''These examples should illustrates all the grammatical differences mentioned above.''

Examples:
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدا يورۇقلۇقنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى|God saw the brightness was good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + يورۇقلۇق{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆردى{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ the{{tag|det}}+ brightness{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدانىڭ ئەمرى بىلەن شۇنداق بولدى|Through God's command it was so.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|gen}} + ئەمرى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بىلەن {{tag|post}}{{tag|nom}}+ شۇنداق{{tag|adv}}+ بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Through{{tag|pr}}+ God{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ command{{tag|n}}+ it{{tag|n}}{{tag|p3}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ so{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|خۇدا بۇلارنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى.|God saw these were good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆر{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ these{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۆيىمدە جىق چاشقان بار.|There are many mice in my house.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۆي{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}} + جىق{{tag|adj}}+ چاشقان {{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بار{{tag|adj}}|There {{tag|prn}}+ be{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pl}}+ many{{tag|adj}}+ mouse{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}+ in{{tag|pr}}+ my{{tag|adj}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}+house{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|كېچە ۋە كۈندۈز ئۆتتى بۇ تۇنجى كۈن بولدى.|Night and daytime passed this was the first day.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|كېچە{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ۋە {{tag|cnjcoo}}+ كۈندۈز{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ئۆت{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}+ تۇنجى{{tag|adj}}+ كۈن{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Night {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} + and{{tag|cnjcoo}} + daytime {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ pass{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} + this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} + is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} + the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}+ first{{tag|adj}}+ day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T20:08:05Z

Ybai1: /* Copulas */

This wiki-page is created to document instances of grammar difference between some sentences in Uyghur and English.

==Sentence Structure==
General English sentences would follow S + V + obj, whereas in Uyghur, it would be S + obj + V.

==Nouns==
Uyghur has 10 different cases for each specific noun. Our Uyghur transducer does not use the <code><sg></code> tag. Uyghur nouns generally also don't have determiners.

'''Nominative Case''': This case has no suffix and is generally used when the noun is a subject. This is equivalent to the base noun in English with the appropriate determiner.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەك يىقىلدى|The bucket fell}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

'''Genitive Case''': This case indicates possesion, the noun is possessing something.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەكنىڭ ئۈستى|The bucket's top}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When the English noun cannot take the genitive case. We instead place it in the preposition "of".

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|بۇنىڭ ئۈستى|The top of this}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} +of{{tag|pr}} +this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Dative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the target, purpose, or price of an action. The preposition used depends on the verb in English, but is generally
"to."
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەككە يىقىلدى|He fell on the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}+ يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+on{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Accusative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an direct object.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكنى ياراتتى|He created the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ يارات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ create{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Locative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the location (spatial or temporal) or instrument of an action. The preposition used in English depends of the context, but is generally "on", "in", "at", or "by."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتە تۇراتتى|He lived in the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}+ تۇرات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ live{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+in{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Ablative Case''': This case indicates that the object is the source or cause of some action. This is usually associated with the preposition "from."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتىن چىقتى|He emerged from the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}+ چىق{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ emerge{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+from{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==Pronoun==
In Uyghur, notice that:
* Second-Person Pronouns are categorized based on the formality
* The Third-Person Pronoun are not categorized according to gender or number.

In English, both of these cases are the opposite.

==Verb to be==
In English, the verb "to be" is used; whereas in Uyghur, it is often omitted.

==Verbs==
The verbs are categorized according to the person. Since the Pronouns are already different between the two languages, this leads to many cases that leads to a difference in the tags for the verb in each tense.

==Copulas==
The Copulas for Uyghur have different cases just as verbs do, whereas in English, no such cases exist for copulas.

==Examples==
''These examples should illustrates all the grammatical differences mentioned above.''

Examples:
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدا يورۇقلۇقنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى|God saw the brightness was good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + يورۇقلۇق{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆردى{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ the{{tag|det}}+ brightness{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدانىڭ ئەمرى بىلەن شۇنداق بولدى|Through God's command it was so.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|gen}} + ئەمرى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بىلەن {{tag|post}}{{tag|nom}}+ شۇنداق{{tag|adv}}+ بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Through{{tag|pr}}+ God{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ command{{tag|n}}+ it{{tag|n}}{{tag|p3}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ so{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|خۇدا بۇلارنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى.|God saw these were good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆر{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ these{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۆيىمدە جىق چاشقان بار.|There are many mice in my house.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۆي{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}} + جىق{{tag|adj}}+ چاشقان {{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بار{{tag|adj}}|There {{tag|prn}}+ be{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pl}}+ many{{tag|adj}}+ mouse{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}+ in{{tag|pr}}+ my{{tag|adj}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}+house{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|كېچە ۋە كۈندۈز ئۆتتى بۇ تۇنجى كۈن بولدى.|Night and daytime passed this was the first day.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|كېچە{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ۋە {{tag|cnjcoo}}+ كۈندۈز{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ئۆت{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}+ تۇنجى{{tag|adj}}+ كۈن{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Night {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} + and{{tag|cnjcoo}} + daytime {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ pass{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} + this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} + is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} + the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}+ first{{tag|adj}}+ day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Uyghur and English/Structural Transfer

2025-05-11T20:07:30Z

Ybai1:

scrapeTransferTests -p uig-eng "Uyghur_and_English/Contrastive_Grammar"

cat uig.tests.txt | apertium -d ../ling073-uig-eng uig-eng > uig-eng.tests.txt

apertium-eval-translator-line -r eng.tests.txt -t uig-eng.tests.txt

=Pre-Evaluation=

Statistics about input files

-------------------------------------------------------

Number of words in reference: 33

Number of words in test: 28

Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 4

Percentage of unknown words: 14.29 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)

-------------------------------------------------------

Edit distance: 32

Word error rate (WER): 96.97 %

Number of position-independent correct words: 2

Position-independent word error rate (PER): 93.94 %

[[Category:Sp25_StructuralTransfer]]

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T20:06:09Z

Ybai1: /* Nouns */

This wiki-page is created to document instances of grammar difference between some sentences in Uyghur and English.

==Sentence Structure==
General English sentences would follow S + V + obj, whereas in Uyghur, it would be S + obj + V.

==Nouns==
Uyghur has 10 different cases for each specific noun. Our Uyghur transducer does not use the <code><sg></code> tag. Uyghur nouns generally also don't have determiners.

'''Nominative Case''': This case has no suffix and is generally used when the noun is a subject. This is equivalent to the base noun in English with the appropriate determiner.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەك يىقىلدى|The bucket fell}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

'''Genitive Case''': This case indicates possesion, the noun is possessing something.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەكنىڭ ئۈستى|The bucket's top}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When the English noun cannot take the genitive case. We instead place it in the preposition "of".

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|بۇنىڭ ئۈستى|The top of this}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} +of{{tag|pr}} +this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Dative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the target, purpose, or price of an action. The preposition used depends on the verb in English, but is generally
"to."
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەككە يىقىلدى|He fell on the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}+ يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+on{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Accusative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an direct object.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكنى ياراتتى|He created the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ يارات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ create{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Locative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the location (spatial or temporal) or instrument of an action. The preposition used in English depends of the context, but is generally "on", "in", "at", or "by."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتە تۇراتتى|He lived in the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}+ تۇرات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ live{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+in{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Ablative Case''': This case indicates that the object is the source or cause of some action. This is usually associated with the preposition "from."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتىن چىقتى|He emerged from the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}+ چىق{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ emerge{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+from{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==Pronoun==
In Uyghur, notice that:
* Second-Person Pronouns are categorized based on the formality
* The Third-Person Pronoun are not categorized according to gender or number.

In English, both of these cases are the opposite.

==Verb to be==
In English, the verb "to be" is used; whereas in Uyghur, it is often omitted.

==Verbs==
The verbs are categorized according to the person. Since the Pronouns are already different between the two languages, this leads to many cases that leads to a difference in the tags for the verb in each tense.

==Copulas==
The Copulas for Uyghur have different cases just as verbs do, whereas in English, no such cases exist for copulas.

===Examples===
''These examples should illustrates all the grammatical differences mentioned above.''

Examples:
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدا يورۇقلۇقنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى|God saw the brightness was good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + يورۇقلۇق{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆردى{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ the{{tag|det}}+ brightness{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدانىڭ ئەمرى بىلەن شۇنداق بولدى|Through God's command it was so.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|gen}} + ئەمرى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بىلەن {{tag|post}}{{tag|nom}}+ شۇنداق{{tag|adv}}+ بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Through{{tag|pr}}+ God{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ command{{tag|n}}+ it{{tag|n}}{{tag|p3}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ so{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|خۇدا بۇلارنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى.|God saw these were good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆر{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ these{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۆيىمدە جىق چاشقان بار.|There are many mice in my house.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۆي{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}} + جىق{{tag|adj}}+ چاشقان {{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بار{{tag|adj}}|There {{tag|prn}}+ be{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pl}}+ many{{tag|adj}}+ mouse{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}+ in{{tag|pr}}+ my{{tag|adj}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}+house{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|كېچە ۋە كۈندۈز ئۆتتى بۇ تۇنجى كۈن بولدى.|Night and daytime passed this was the first day.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|كېچە{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ۋە {{tag|cnjcoo}}+ كۈندۈز{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ئۆت{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}+ تۇنجى{{tag|adj}}+ كۈن{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Night {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} + and{{tag|cnjcoo}} + daytime {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ pass{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} + this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} + is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} + the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}+ first{{tag|adj}}+ day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T20:05:39Z

Ybai1: /* Nouns */

This wiki-page is created to document instances of grammar difference between some sentences in Uyghur and English.

==Sentence Structure==
General English sentences would follow S + V + obj, whereas in Uyghur, it would be S + obj + V.

==Nouns==
Uyghur has 10 different cases for each specific noun. Our Uyghur transducer does not use the <code><sg></code> tag.

'''Nominative Case''': This case has no suffix and is generally used when the noun is a subject. This is equivalent to the base noun in English with the appropriate determiner.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەك يىقىلدى|The bucket fell}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

'''Genitive Case''': This case indicates possesion, the noun is possessing something.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەكنىڭ ئۈستى|The bucket's top}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When the English noun cannot take the genitive case. We instead place it in the preposition "of".

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|بۇنىڭ ئۈستى|The top of this}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} +of{{tag|pr}} +this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Dative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the target, purpose, or price of an action. The preposition used depends on the verb in English, but is generally
"to."
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەككە يىقىلدى|He fell on the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}+ يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+on{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Accusative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an direct object.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكنى ياراتتى|He created the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ يارات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ create{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Locative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the location (spatial or temporal) or instrument of an action. The preposition used in English depends of the context, but is generally "on", "in", "at", or "by."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتە تۇراتتى|He lived in the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}+ تۇرات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ live{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+in{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Ablative Case''': This case indicates that the object is the source or cause of some action. This is usually associated with the preposition "from."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتىن چىقتى|He emerged from the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}+ چىق{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ emerge{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+from{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==Pronoun==
In Uyghur, notice that:
* Second-Person Pronouns are categorized based on the formality
* The Third-Person Pronoun are not categorized according to gender or number.

In English, both of these cases are the opposite.

==Verb to be==
In English, the verb "to be" is used; whereas in Uyghur, it is often omitted.

==Verbs==
The verbs are categorized according to the person. Since the Pronouns are already different between the two languages, this leads to many cases that leads to a difference in the tags for the verb in each tense.

==Copulas==
The Copulas for Uyghur have different cases just as verbs do, whereas in English, no such cases exist for copulas.

===Examples===
''These examples should illustrates all the grammatical differences mentioned above.''

Examples:
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدا يورۇقلۇقنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى|God saw the brightness was good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + يورۇقلۇق{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆردى{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ the{{tag|det}}+ brightness{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدانىڭ ئەمرى بىلەن شۇنداق بولدى|Through God's command it was so.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|gen}} + ئەمرى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بىلەن {{tag|post}}{{tag|nom}}+ شۇنداق{{tag|adv}}+ بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Through{{tag|pr}}+ God{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ command{{tag|n}}+ it{{tag|n}}{{tag|p3}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ so{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|خۇدا بۇلارنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى.|God saw these were good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆر{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ these{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۆيىمدە جىق چاشقان بار.|There are many mice in my house.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۆي{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}} + جىق{{tag|adj}}+ چاشقان {{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بار{{tag|adj}}|There {{tag|prn}}+ be{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pl}}+ many{{tag|adj}}+ mouse{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}+ in{{tag|pr}}+ my{{tag|adj}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}+house{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|كېچە ۋە كۈندۈز ئۆتتى بۇ تۇنجى كۈن بولدى.|Night and daytime passed this was the first day.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|كېچە{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ۋە {{tag|cnjcoo}}+ كۈندۈز{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ئۆت{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}+ تۇنجى{{tag|adj}}+ كۈن{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Night {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} + and{{tag|cnjcoo}} + daytime {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ pass{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} + this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} + is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} + the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}+ first{{tag|adj}}+ day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T19:45:29Z

Ybai1: /* Nouns */

This wiki-page is created to document instances of grammar difference between some sentences in Uyghur and English.

==Sentence Structure==
General English sentences would follow S + V + obj, whereas in Uyghur, it would be S + obj + V.

==Nouns==
Uyghur has 10 different cases for each specific noun. Our Uyghur transducer does not use the <code><sg></code> tag.

'''Nominative Case''': This case has no suffix and is generally used when the noun is a subject. This is equivalent to the base noun in English with the appropriate determiner.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەك يىقىلدى|The bucket fell}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

'''Genitive Case''': This case indicates possesion, the noun is possessing something.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەكنىڭ ئۈستى|The bucket's top}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When the English noun cannot take the genitive case. We instead place it in the prepositional phrase "of <n>".

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|بۇنىڭ ئۈستى|The top of this}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} +of{{tag|pr}} +this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Dative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the target, purpose, or price of an action. The preposition used depends on the verb in English, but is generally
"to."
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەككە يىقىلدى|He fell on the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}+ يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+on{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Accusative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an direct object.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكنى ياراتتى|He created the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ يارات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ create{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Locative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the location (spatial or temporal) or instrument of an action. The preposition used in English depends of the context, but is generally "on", "in", "at", or "by."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتە تۇراتتى|He lived in the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}+ تۇرات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ live{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+in{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==Pronoun==
In Uyghur, notice that:
* Second-Person Pronouns are categorized based on the formality
* The Third-Person Pronoun are not categorized according to gender or number.

In English, both of these cases are the opposite.

==Verb to be==
In English, the verb "to be" is used; whereas in Uyghur, it is often omitted.

==Verbs==
The verbs are categorized according to the person. Since the Pronouns are already different between the two languages, this leads to many cases that leads to a difference in the tags for the verb in each tense.

==Copulas==
The Copulas for Uyghur have different cases just as verbs do, whereas in English, no such cases exist for copulas.

===Examples===
''These examples should illustrates all the grammatical differences mentioned above.''

Examples:
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدا يورۇقلۇقنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى|God saw the brightness was good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + يورۇقلۇق{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆردى{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ the{{tag|det}}+ brightness{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدانىڭ ئەمرى بىلەن شۇنداق بولدى|Through God's command it was so.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|gen}} + ئەمرى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بىلەن {{tag|post}}{{tag|nom}}+ شۇنداق{{tag|adv}}+ بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Through{{tag|pr}}+ God{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ command{{tag|n}}+ it{{tag|n}}{{tag|p3}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ so{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|خۇدا بۇلارنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى.|God saw these were good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆر{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ these{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۆيىمدە جىق چاشقان بار.|There are many mice in my house.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۆي{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}} + جىق{{tag|adj}}+ چاشقان {{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بار{{tag|adj}}|There {{tag|prn}}+ be{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pl}}+ many{{tag|adj}}+ mouse{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}+ in{{tag|pr}}+ my{{tag|adj}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}+house{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|كېچە ۋە كۈندۈز ئۆتتى بۇ تۇنجى كۈن بولدى.|Night and daytime passed this was the first day.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|كېچە{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ۋە {{tag|cnjcoo}}+ كۈندۈز{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ئۆت{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}+ تۇنجى{{tag|adj}}+ كۈن{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Night {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} + and{{tag|cnjcoo}} + daytime {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ pass{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} + this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} + is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} + the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}+ first{{tag|adj}}+ day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T19:44:42Z

Ybai1: /* Nouns */

This wiki-page is created to document instances of grammar difference between some sentences in Uyghur and English.

==Sentence Structure==
General English sentences would follow S + V + obj, whereas in Uyghur, it would be S + obj + V.

==Nouns==
Uyghur has 10 different cases for each specific noun. Our Uyghur transducer does not use the <code><sg></code> tag.

'''Nominative Case''': This case has no suffix and is generally used when the noun is a subject. This is equivalent to the base noun in English with the appropriate determiner.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەك يىقىلدى|The bucket fell}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

'''Genitive Case''': This case indicates possesion, the noun is possessing something.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەكنىڭ ئۈستى|The bucket's top}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When the English noun cannot take the genitive case. We instead place it in the prepositional phrase "of <n>".

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|بۇنىڭ ئۈستى|The top of this}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} +of{{tag|pr}} +this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Dative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the target, purpose, or price of an action. The preposition used depends on the verb in English, but is generally
"to."
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەككە يىقىلدى|He fell on the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}+ يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+on{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Accusative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an direct object.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكنى ياراتتى|He created the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ يارات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ create{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Locative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the location (spatial or temporal) or instrument of an action. The preposition used in English depends of the context, but is generally "on", "in", "at", or "by."

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكتە تۇراتتى|He lived in the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ يارات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ create{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==Pronoun==
In Uyghur, notice that:
* Second-Person Pronouns are categorized based on the formality
* The Third-Person Pronoun are not categorized according to gender or number.

In English, both of these cases are the opposite.

==Verb to be==
In English, the verb "to be" is used; whereas in Uyghur, it is often omitted.

==Verbs==
The verbs are categorized according to the person. Since the Pronouns are already different between the two languages, this leads to many cases that leads to a difference in the tags for the verb in each tense.

==Copulas==
The Copulas for Uyghur have different cases just as verbs do, whereas in English, no such cases exist for copulas.

===Examples===
''These examples should illustrates all the grammatical differences mentioned above.''

Examples:
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدا يورۇقلۇقنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى|God saw the brightness was good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + يورۇقلۇق{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆردى{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ the{{tag|det}}+ brightness{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدانىڭ ئەمرى بىلەن شۇنداق بولدى|Through God's command it was so.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|gen}} + ئەمرى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بىلەن {{tag|post}}{{tag|nom}}+ شۇنداق{{tag|adv}}+ بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Through{{tag|pr}}+ God{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ command{{tag|n}}+ it{{tag|n}}{{tag|p3}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ so{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|خۇدا بۇلارنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى.|God saw these were good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆر{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ these{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۆيىمدە جىق چاشقان بار.|There are many mice in my house.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۆي{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}} + جىق{{tag|adj}}+ چاشقان {{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بار{{tag|adj}}|There {{tag|prn}}+ be{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pl}}+ many{{tag|adj}}+ mouse{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}+ in{{tag|pr}}+ my{{tag|adj}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}+house{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|كېچە ۋە كۈندۈز ئۆتتى بۇ تۇنجى كۈن بولدى.|Night and daytime passed this was the first day.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|كېچە{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ۋە {{tag|cnjcoo}}+ كۈندۈز{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ئۆت{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}+ تۇنجى{{tag|adj}}+ كۈن{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Night {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} + and{{tag|cnjcoo}} + daytime {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ pass{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} + this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} + is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} + the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}+ first{{tag|adj}}+ day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T19:36:31Z

Ybai1: /* Nouns */

This wiki-page is created to document instances of grammar difference between some sentences in Uyghur and English.

==Sentence Structure==
General English sentences would follow S + V + obj, whereas in Uyghur, it would be S + obj + V.

==Nouns==
Uyghur has 10 different cases for each specific noun. Our Uyghur transducer does not use the <code><sg></code> tag.

'''Nominative Case''': This case has no suffix and is generally used when the noun is a subject. This is equivalent to the base noun in English with the appropriate determiner.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەك يىقىلدى|The bucket fell}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

'''Genitive Case''': This case indicates possesion, the noun is possessing something.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەكنىڭ ئۈستى|The bucket's top}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When the English noun cannot take the genitive case. We instead place it in the prepositional phrase "of <n>".

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|بۇنىڭ ئۈستى|The top of this}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} +of{{tag|pr}} +this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Dative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object that indicates the target, purpose, or price of an action. The preposition used depends on the verb in English, but is generally
"to."
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەككە يىقىلدى|He fell on the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}+ يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+on{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Accusative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an direct object.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكنى ياراتتى|He created the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ يارات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ create{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==Pronoun==
In Uyghur, notice that:
* Second-Person Pronouns are categorized based on the formality
* The Third-Person Pronoun are not categorized according to gender or number.

In English, both of these cases are the opposite.

==Verb to be==
In English, the verb "to be" is used; whereas in Uyghur, it is often omitted.

==Verbs==
The verbs are categorized according to the person. Since the Pronouns are already different between the two languages, this leads to many cases that leads to a difference in the tags for the verb in each tense.

==Copulas==
The Copulas for Uyghur have different cases just as verbs do, whereas in English, no such cases exist for copulas.

===Examples===
''These examples should illustrates all the grammatical differences mentioned above.''

Examples:
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدا يورۇقلۇقنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى|God saw the brightness was good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + يورۇقلۇق{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆردى{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ the{{tag|det}}+ brightness{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدانىڭ ئەمرى بىلەن شۇنداق بولدى|Through God's command it was so.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|gen}} + ئەمرى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بىلەن {{tag|post}}{{tag|nom}}+ شۇنداق{{tag|adv}}+ بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Through{{tag|pr}}+ God{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ command{{tag|n}}+ it{{tag|n}}{{tag|p3}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ so{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|خۇدا بۇلارنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى.|God saw these were good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆر{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ these{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۆيىمدە جىق چاشقان بار.|There are many mice in my house.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۆي{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}} + جىق{{tag|adj}}+ چاشقان {{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بار{{tag|adj}}|There {{tag|prn}}+ be{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pl}}+ many{{tag|adj}}+ mouse{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}+ in{{tag|pr}}+ my{{tag|adj}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}+house{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|كېچە ۋە كۈندۈز ئۆتتى بۇ تۇنجى كۈن بولدى.|Night and daytime passed this was the first day.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|كېچە{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ۋە {{tag|cnjcoo}}+ كۈندۈز{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ئۆت{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}+ تۇنجى{{tag|adj}}+ كۈن{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Night {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} + and{{tag|cnjcoo}} + daytime {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ pass{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} + this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} + is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} + the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}+ first{{tag|adj}}+ day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T19:26:54Z

Ybai1: /* Nouns */

This wiki-page is created to document instances of grammar difference between some sentences in Uyghur and English.

==Sentence Structure==
General English sentences would follow S + V + obj, whereas in Uyghur, it would be S + obj + V.

==Nouns==
Uyghur has 10 different cases for each specific noun. Our Uyghur transducer does not use the <code><sg></code> tag.

'''Nominative Case''': This case has no suffix and is generally used when the noun is a subject. This is equivalent to the base noun in English with the appropriate determiner.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەك يىقىلدى|The bucket fell}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}}

'''Genitive Case''': This case indicates possesion, the noun is possessing something.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|چېلەكنىڭ ئۈستى|The bucket's top}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

When the English noun cannot take the genitive case. We instead place it in the prepositional phrase "of <n>".

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|بۇنىڭ ئۈستى|The top of this}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|gen}} + ئۈستى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|the {{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ top{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} +of{{tag|pr}} +this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Dative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an indirect object. The preposition used depends on the verb in English.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەككە يىقىلدى|He fell on the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}+ يىقىل{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ fall{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+on{{tag|pr}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

'''Accusative Case''': This case indicates that the object is an direct object.

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۇ چېلەكنى ياراتتى|He created the bucket}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} + چېلەك{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ يارات{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|he {{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}+ create{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+the{{tag|det}}{{tag|sg}}+ bucket{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==Pronoun==
In Uyghur, notice that:
* Second-Person Pronouns are categorized based on the formality
* The Third-Person Pronoun are not categorized according to gender or number.

In English, both of these cases are the opposite.

==Verb to be==
In English, the verb "to be" is used; whereas in Uyghur, it is often omitted.

==Verbs==
The verbs are categorized according to the person. Since the Pronouns are already different between the two languages, this leads to many cases that leads to a difference in the tags for the verb in each tense.

==Copulas==
The Copulas for Uyghur have different cases just as verbs do, whereas in English, no such cases exist for copulas.

===Examples===
''These examples should illustrates all the grammatical differences mentioned above.''

Examples:
* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدا يورۇقلۇقنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى|God saw the brightness was good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + يورۇقلۇق{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆردى{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ the{{tag|det}}+ brightness{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|.خۇدانىڭ ئەمرى بىلەن شۇنداق بولدى|Through God's command it was so.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|gen}} + ئەمرى{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بىلەن {{tag|post}}{{tag|nom}}+ شۇنداق{{tag|adv}}+ بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Through{{tag|pr}}+ God{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}+ command{{tag|n}}+ it{{tag|n}}{{tag|p3}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}+ so{{tag|adv}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|خۇدا بۇلارنىڭ ياخشى ئىكەنلىكىنى كۆردى.|God saw these were good.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|خۇدا{{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|nom}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|gen}}+ ياخشى{{tag|adj}}+ ئىكەن{{tag|cop}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}+ كۆر{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|God {{tag|np}}{{tag|al}}{{tag|sg}}+ see{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}+ these{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}+ be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}+ good{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|ئۆيىمدە جىق چاشقان بار.|There are many mice in my house.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|ئۆي{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}} + جىق{{tag|adj}}+ چاشقان {{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ بار{{tag|adj}}|There {{tag|prn}}+ be{{tag|cop}}{{tag|pl}}+ many{{tag|adj}}+ mouse{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}+ in{{tag|pr}}+ my{{tag|adj}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}+house{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|uig|eng|كېچە ۋە كۈندۈز ئۆتتى بۇ تۇنجى كۈن بولدى.|Night and daytime passed this was the first day.}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|uig|eng|كېچە{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ۋە {{tag|cnjcoo}}+ كۈندۈز{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}+ ئۆت{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}} + بۇ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}+ تۇنجى{{tag|adj}}+ كۈن{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}} + بول{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}|Night {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} + and{{tag|cnjcoo}} + daytime {{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}+ pass{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} + this{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} + is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} + the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}+ first{{tag|adj}}+ day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

[[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T19:21:49Z

Ybai1: /* Nouns */

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T19:12:36Z

Ybai1: /* Nouns */

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T19:11:38Z

Ybai1: /* Nouns */

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T19:10:47Z

Ybai1: /* Nouns */

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T19:05:51Z

Ybai1: /* Nouns */

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T19:05:41Z

Ybai1: /* Nouns */

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T19:04:49Z

Ybai1: /* Nouns */

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T18:54:52Z

Ybai1: /* Nouns */

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T18:54:03Z

Ybai1: /* Nouns */

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T18:53:43Z

Ybai1: /* Nouns */

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T18:50:50Z

Ybai1: /* Noun */

Uyghur and English/Contrastive Grammar

2025-05-11T18:34:26Z

Ybai1: /* Noun */