LING073 - User contributions [en]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Final Project

2022-05-13T01:40:08Z

Ywang13: /* Links to Public Git Repo and Poster */

== Final Project Description ==
For our final project, we decided to expand our morphological transducer for Nuosu, aiming for a corpus coverage above 80%. We also improved our Nuosu-Mandarin machine translation accuracy. Since there are 2 million Nuosu speakers, and 40% of them are bilingual speakers of Nuosu and Mandarin, we think a translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin can benefit this population. We have been using a Nuosu an [https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en online glossary] for Nuosu and Mandari/English translation. We think our our morphological transducer and machine translation system are potentially helpful with generating more sentence examples for the website.

== Previous Work ==

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Transducer Nuosu Transducer]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin/Structural_transfer Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation]

== Additions ==

=== Nuosu Transducer ===
* We added 100+ stems to the lexd. file, covering common nouns, verbs, and adjectives mentioned in A Grammar of Nuosu (Gerner 2013).
* We attempted to implement the negation suffix 'ap' using twol rule; currently the negation infix is only working for monosyllabic verbs and adjectives.

=== Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation ===
* Added one structural transfer rule to deal with sentence level particles in Nuosu that are omitted in Mandarin.
* Added one structural transfer rule to insert Mandarin particle 'de', which can function as predicate marker, possesive marker, adjectivizer, etc.
* Added ~80 new lexicon to our bilingual dictionary, making the total ~200.

=== Corpus Construction ===
* Constructed small corpus with 30 sentences; the lexicon in this corpus are mostly added to our transducer and the bilingual dictionary, which is useful for evaluateing how the effectiveness of the structural transfer rules when the lexicon are mostly known.

* Constructed large corpus with 100 sentences; the sentences in this corpus are randomly selected from the Bible and the Grammar book, and evaluating over this corpus shows the general accuracy of our machine translation system.

==== Selected Example Sentences from the Large Corpus ====
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋌꊋꋠꃅꀥ|他用力地跑}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꋌ{{tag|prn}} ꊋꋠ{{tag|adj}} ꃅ{{tag|advl}} ꀥ{{tag|vblex}}| 他{{tag|prn}} 用力地{{tag|adv}} 跑{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇꀃꑍꏦꎫꁧ|我们今天去街上}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꀃꑍ{{tag|n}} ꏦꎫ{{tag|n}} ꁧ{{tag|vblex}}| 我们{{tag|prn}} 今天{{tag|n}} 去{{tag|vblex}} 街上{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꎧꀋꅝꀐ|我没有喝红酒}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꎧ{{tag|n}} ꀋ{{tag|neg}} ꅝ{{tag|vblex}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 我{{tag|prn}} 没有{{tag|neg}} 喝{{tag|vblex}} 红酒{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꊾꆹꉬꇮꐯꀋꇊꌡ|所有人差不多地像}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꊾ{{tag|n}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adj}} ꐯ{{tag|RECL}} ꀋꇊ{{tag|adv}} ꌡ{{tag|vblex}}| 所有{{tag|adj}} 人{{tag|n}} 差不多地{{tag|adv}} 像{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꃀꌠꀐ|我是老人了}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꃀꌠ{{tag|n}} ꀐ{{tag|part}} | 我{{tag|prn}} 现在{{tag|adv}} 是{{tag|pr}} 老人{{tag|n}}}}

== Final Evaluation ==

=== Transducer ===
*Coverage over the Bible: 78.5%
*Precision: 97.60%
*Recall: 86.46%

=== Machine Translation ===
*Small Corpora:
** WER: 37.9%
** PER: 17.8%
*Large Corpora:
** WER: 107.5%
** PER: 80.9%
(We think ths difference in the WERs and PERs is due to the large number of unknown nouns and pronouns contained in the bible that are not added to our bilingual dictionary; also the reference text are polished translations selected from the bible but the test text are direct translations using our machine translation system that maps between lexicons)

== Future Work ==
* Add more structural transfer rules to deal with compounding in Mandarin.
* Reduce twol rule conflicts in the transducer; improve on the implementation of the negation suffix 'ap'.
* Enhance translation accuracy in collaboration with native speakers.

== Links to Public Git Repo and Poster ==

*Morphological Analyser, generator, and disambiguator for Nuosu
**[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Transducer Morphological Transducer]

*Machine Translation between Nuosu and Mandarin
**[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Mandarin-RBMT Machine Translation System]

*Improved Mandarin Transducer
**[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Apertium-zho Apertium-zho]

*Summary Poster of the Project
**[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qZwlHxp997AG8Z13Y9Ayn5tsmnHI6awxLl9L79toUyA/edit?usp=sharing Poster]

[[Category:Nuosu]] [[Category:Sp22_FinalProjects]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Final Project

2022-05-13T01:33:12Z

Ywang13: /* Machine Translation */

== Final Project Description ==
For our final project, we decided to expand our morphological transducer for Nuosu, aiming for a corpus coverage above 80%. We also improved our Nuosu-Mandarin machine translation accuracy. Since there are 2 million Nuosu speakers, and 40% of them are bilingual speakers of Nuosu and Mandarin, we think a translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin can benefit this population. We have been using a Nuosu an [https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en online glossary] for Nuosu and Mandari/English translation. We think our our morphological transducer and machine translation system are potentially helpful with generating more sentence examples for the website.

== Previous Work ==

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Transducer Nuosu Transducer]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin/Structural_transfer Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation]

== Additions ==

=== Nuosu Transducer ===
* We added 100+ stems to the lexd. file, covering common nouns, verbs, and adjectives mentioned in A Grammar of Nuosu (Gerner 2013).
* We attempted to implement the negation suffix 'ap' using twol rule; currently the negation infix is only working for monosyllabic verbs and adjectives.

=== Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation ===
* Added one structural transfer rule to deal with sentence level particles in Nuosu that are omitted in Mandarin.
* Added one structural transfer rule to insert Mandarin particle 'de', which can function as predicate marker, possesive marker, adjectivizer, etc.
* Added ~80 new lexicon to our bilingual dictionary, making the total ~200.

=== Corpus Construction ===
* Constructed small corpus with 30 sentences; the lexicon in this corpus are mostly added to our transducer and the bilingual dictionary, which is useful for evaluateing how the effectiveness of the structural transfer rules when the lexicon are mostly known.

* Constructed large corpus with 100 sentences; the sentences in this corpus are randomly selected from the Bible and the Grammar book, and evaluating over this corpus shows the general accuracy of our machine translation system.

==== Selected Example Sentences from the Large Corpus ====
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋌꊋꋠꃅꀥ|他用力地跑}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꋌ{{tag|prn}} ꊋꋠ{{tag|adj}} ꃅ{{tag|advl}} ꀥ{{tag|vblex}}| 他{{tag|prn}} 用力地{{tag|adv}} 跑{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇꀃꑍꏦꎫꁧ|我们今天去街上}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꀃꑍ{{tag|n}} ꏦꎫ{{tag|n}} ꁧ{{tag|vblex}}| 我们{{tag|prn}} 今天{{tag|n}} 去{{tag|vblex}} 街上{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꎧꀋꅝꀐ|我没有喝红酒}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꎧ{{tag|n}} ꀋ{{tag|neg}} ꅝ{{tag|vblex}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 我{{tag|prn}} 没有{{tag|neg}} 喝{{tag|vblex}} 红酒{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꊾꆹꉬꇮꐯꀋꇊꌡ|所有人差不多地像}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꊾ{{tag|n}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adj}} ꐯ{{tag|RECL}} ꀋꇊ{{tag|adv}} ꌡ{{tag|vblex}}| 所有{{tag|adj}} 人{{tag|n}} 差不多地{{tag|adv}} 像{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꃀꌠꀐ|我是老人了}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꃀꌠ{{tag|n}} ꀐ{{tag|part}} | 我{{tag|prn}} 现在{{tag|adv}} 是{{tag|pr}} 老人{{tag|n}}}}

== Final Evaluation ==

=== Transducer ===
*Coverage over the Bible: 78.5%
*Precision: 97.60%
*Recall: 86.46%

=== Machine Translation ===
*Small Corpora:
** WER: 37.9%
** PER: 17.8%
*Large Corpora:
** WER: 107.5%
** PER: 80.9%
(We think ths difference in the WERs and PERs is due to the large number of unknown nouns and pronouns contained in the bible that are not added to our bilingual dictionary; also the reference text are polished translations selected from the bible but the test text are direct translations using our machine translation system that maps between lexicons)

== Future Work ==
* Add more structural transfer rules to deal with compounding in Mandarin.
* Reduce twol rule conflicts in the transducer; improve on the implementation of the negation suffix 'ap'.
* Enhance translation accuracy in collaboration with native speakers.

== Links to Public Git Repo and Poster ==

*Morphological Analyser, generator, and disambiguator for Nuosu
**[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Transducer Morphological Transducer]

*Machine Translation between Nuosu and Mandarin
**[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Mandarin-RBMT Machine Translation System]

*Improved Mandarin Transducer
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/apertium-zho Apertium-zho]

*Summary Poster of the Project
**[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qZwlHxp997AG8Z13Y9Ayn5tsmnHI6awxLl9L79toUyA/edit?usp=sharing Poster]

[[Category:Nuosu]] [[Category:Sp22_FinalProjects]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Final Project

2022-05-13T01:31:41Z

Ywang13: /* Machine Translation */

== Final Project Description ==
For our final project, we decided to expand our morphological transducer for Nuosu, aiming for a corpus coverage above 80%. We also improved our Nuosu-Mandarin machine translation accuracy. Since there are 2 million Nuosu speakers, and 40% of them are bilingual speakers of Nuosu and Mandarin, we think a translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin can benefit this population. We have been using a Nuosu an [https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en online glossary] for Nuosu and Mandari/English translation. We think our our morphological transducer and machine translation system are potentially helpful with generating more sentence examples for the website.

== Previous Work ==

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Transducer Nuosu Transducer]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin/Structural_transfer Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation]

== Additions ==

=== Nuosu Transducer ===
* We added 100+ stems to the lexd. file, covering common nouns, verbs, and adjectives mentioned in A Grammar of Nuosu (Gerner 2013).
* We attempted to implement the negation suffix 'ap' using twol rule; currently the negation infix is only working for monosyllabic verbs and adjectives.

=== Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation ===
* Added one structural transfer rule to deal with sentence level particles in Nuosu that are omitted in Mandarin.
* Added one structural transfer rule to insert Mandarin particle 'de', which can function as predicate marker, possesive marker, adjectivizer, etc.
* Added ~80 new lexicon to our bilingual dictionary, making the total ~200.

=== Corpus Construction ===
* Constructed small corpus with 30 sentences; the lexicon in this corpus are mostly added to our transducer and the bilingual dictionary, which is useful for evaluateing how the effectiveness of the structural transfer rules when the lexicon are mostly known.

* Constructed large corpus with 100 sentences; the sentences in this corpus are randomly selected from the Bible and the Grammar book, and evaluating over this corpus shows the general accuracy of our machine translation system.

==== Selected Example Sentences from the Large Corpus ====
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋌꊋꋠꃅꀥ|他用力地跑}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꋌ{{tag|prn}} ꊋꋠ{{tag|adj}} ꃅ{{tag|advl}} ꀥ{{tag|vblex}}| 他{{tag|prn}} 用力地{{tag|adv}} 跑{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇꀃꑍꏦꎫꁧ|我们今天去街上}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꀃꑍ{{tag|n}} ꏦꎫ{{tag|n}} ꁧ{{tag|vblex}}| 我们{{tag|prn}} 今天{{tag|n}} 去{{tag|vblex}} 街上{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꎧꀋꅝꀐ|我没有喝红酒}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꎧ{{tag|n}} ꀋ{{tag|neg}} ꅝ{{tag|vblex}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 我{{tag|prn}} 没有{{tag|neg}} 喝{{tag|vblex}} 红酒{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꊾꆹꉬꇮꐯꀋꇊꌡ|所有人差不多地像}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꊾ{{tag|n}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adj}} ꐯ{{tag|RECL}} ꀋꇊ{{tag|adv}} ꌡ{{tag|vblex}}| 所有{{tag|adj}} 人{{tag|n}} 差不多地{{tag|adv}} 像{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꃀꌠꀐ|我是老人了}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꃀꌠ{{tag|n}} ꀐ{{tag|part}} | 我{{tag|prn}} 现在{{tag|adv}} 是{{tag|pr}} 老人{{tag|n}}}}

== Final Evaluation ==

=== Transducer ===
*Coverage over the Bible: 78.5%
*Precision: 97.60%
*Recall: 86.46%

=== Machine Translation ===
*Small Corpora:
** WER: 37.9%
** PER: 17.8%
*Large Corpora:
** WER: 107.5%
** PER: 80.9%
(The large corpora contains many nouns that are not added the bilingual dictionary; also the reference text are polished translations selected from the bible but the test text are direct translations using our machine translation system that maps between lexicons)

== Future Work ==
* Add more structural transfer rules to deal with compounding in Mandarin.
* Reduce twol rule conflicts in the transducer; improve on the implementation of the negation suffix 'ap'.
* Enhance translation accuracy in collaboration with native speakers.

== Links to Public Git Repo and Poster ==

*Morphological Analyser, generator, and disambiguator for Nuosu
**[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Transducer Morphological Transducer]

*Machine Translation between Nuosu and Mandarin
**[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Mandarin-RBMT Machine Translation System]

*Improved Mandarin Transducer
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/apertium-zho Apertium-zho]

*Summary Poster of the Project
**[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qZwlHxp997AG8Z13Y9Ayn5tsmnHI6awxLl9L79toUyA/edit?usp=sharing Poster]

[[Category:Nuosu]] [[Category:Sp22_FinalProjects]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Final Project

2022-05-13T01:28:08Z

Ywang13: /* Machine Translation */

== Final Project Description ==
For our final project, we decided to expand our morphological transducer for Nuosu, aiming for a corpus coverage above 80%. We also improved our Nuosu-Mandarin machine translation accuracy. Since there are 2 million Nuosu speakers, and 40% of them are bilingual speakers of Nuosu and Mandarin, we think a translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin can benefit this population. We have been using a Nuosu an [https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en online glossary] for Nuosu and Mandari/English translation. We think our our morphological transducer and machine translation system are potentially helpful with generating more sentence examples for the website.

== Previous Work ==

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Transducer Nuosu Transducer]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin/Structural_transfer Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation]

== Additions ==

=== Nuosu Transducer ===
* We added 100+ stems to the lexd. file, covering common nouns, verbs, and adjectives mentioned in A Grammar of Nuosu (Gerner 2013).
* We attempted to implement the negation suffix 'ap' using twol rule; currently the negation infix is only working for monosyllabic verbs and adjectives.

=== Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation ===
* Added one structural transfer rule to deal with sentence level particles in Nuosu that are omitted in Mandarin.
* Added one structural transfer rule to insert Mandarin particle 'de', which can function as predicate marker, possesive marker, adjectivizer, etc.
* Added ~80 new lexicon to our bilingual dictionary, making the total ~200.

=== Corpus Construction ===
* Constructed small corpus with 30 sentences; the lexicon in this corpus are mostly added to our transducer and the bilingual dictionary, which is useful for evaluateing how the effectiveness of the structural transfer rules when the lexicon are mostly known.

* Constructed large corpus with 100 sentences; the sentences in this corpus are randomly selected from the Bible and the Grammar book, and evaluating over this corpus shows the general accuracy of our machine translation system.

==== Selected Example Sentences from the Large Corpus ====
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋌꊋꋠꃅꀥ|他用力地跑}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꋌ{{tag|prn}} ꊋꋠ{{tag|adj}} ꃅ{{tag|advl}} ꀥ{{tag|vblex}}| 他{{tag|prn}} 用力地{{tag|adv}} 跑{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇꀃꑍꏦꎫꁧ|我们今天去街上}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꀃꑍ{{tag|n}} ꏦꎫ{{tag|n}} ꁧ{{tag|vblex}}| 我们{{tag|prn}} 今天{{tag|n}} 去{{tag|vblex}} 街上{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꎧꀋꅝꀐ|我没有喝红酒}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꎧ{{tag|n}} ꀋ{{tag|neg}} ꅝ{{tag|vblex}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 我{{tag|prn}} 没有{{tag|neg}} 喝{{tag|vblex}} 红酒{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꊾꆹꉬꇮꐯꀋꇊꌡ|所有人差不多地像}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꊾ{{tag|n}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adj}} ꐯ{{tag|RECL}} ꀋꇊ{{tag|adv}} ꌡ{{tag|vblex}}| 所有{{tag|adj}} 人{{tag|n}} 差不多地{{tag|adv}} 像{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꃀꌠꀐ|我是老人了}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꃀꌠ{{tag|n}} ꀐ{{tag|part}} | 我{{tag|prn}} 现在{{tag|adv}} 是{{tag|pr}} 老人{{tag|n}}}}

== Final Evaluation ==

=== Transducer ===
*Coverage over the Bible: 78.5%
*Precision: 97.60%
*Recall: 86.46%

=== Machine Translation ===
*Small Corpora:
** WER: 37.9%
** PER: 17.8%
*Large Corpora:
** WER: 107.5%
** PER: 80.9%
(The large corpus contains many words that )

== Future Work ==
* Add more structural transfer rules to deal with compounding in Mandarin.
* Reduce twol rule conflicts in the transducer; improve on the implementation of the negation suffix 'ap'.
* Enhance translation accuracy in collaboration with native speakers.

== Links to Public Git Repo and Poster ==

*Morphological Analyser, generator, and disambiguator for Nuosu
**[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Transducer Morphological Transducer]

*Machine Translation between Nuosu and Mandarin
**[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Mandarin-RBMT Machine Translation System]

*Improved Mandarin Transducer
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/apertium-zho Apertium-zho]

*Summary Poster of the Project
**[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qZwlHxp997AG8Z13Y9Ayn5tsmnHI6awxLl9L79toUyA/edit?usp=sharing Poster]

[[Category:Nuosu]] [[Category:Sp22_FinalProjects]]

Nuosu

2022-05-13T01:23:22Z

Ywang13: /* Developed Resources */

= Developed Resources =
*[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Apertium-zho Mandarin(zho) Transducer Repository]
*[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Transducer Nuosu(iii) Transducer Repository]
*[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Mandarin-RBMT Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation Repository]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Grammar Grammar Documentation]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Keyboard Nuosu Keyboard Layout]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin Nuosu and Mandarin Machine Translation Resources]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin/Final_Project Final Project: State-of-the-art MT and Transducer]

= External Resource Documentation =

=== Computational ===
[https://software.sil.org/nuosu/ Yi font by SIL]
* No additional license or permission required.

[https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/68536 Yi Keyboard]
* All rights reserved

=== Dictionaries ===
[https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en Nuosu Yi-Chinese-English Glossary]
* Online dictionary for commonly used vocabulary between Nuosu, Mandarin, and English.
* All rights reserved. The online dictionary should be cited as 2020. Nuosu Yi-Chinese-English Glossary. Sil International.

=== Grammar Descriptions ===
[https://phoible.org/inventories/view/2483 Phoneme Inventory]
* Phoneme inventory of Nuosu, including IPA chart.
* Licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License].

[https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/swarthmore/reader.action?docID=1498689 A Grammar of Nuosu]
* Grammatical rules of Nuosu, including phonology and word rules.
* Gerner, M. (2013). A grammar of Nuosu. De Gruyter Mouton.

=== Scientific Works ===

[https://uw.manifoldapp.org/system/resource/046bac37-5704-4a62-8fd3-6d5188c84e9c/attachment/original-15319fe35464be74cb7d8a22a149df6e.pdf The Nuosu Book of Origins]
* Contains Nuosu texts in modern Yi script, including translation; documentation of cultural practices
* All rights reserved

[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1993369389?pq-origsite=primo&accountid=11321 Definiteness in Nuosu Yi and the theory of argument formation]
* Study on definiteness in Nuosu; contains annotated sentences in modern Yi script.
* All rights reserved

[http://www.c-s-a.org.cn/csa/article/pdf/20161138 Analysis and Discussion of Yi Word Segmentation]
* Analysis of Yi word segmentation
* All rights reserved

=== Copora ===
[http://www.yizuren.com/ Website of Chinese Yi People]
*Contains news in traditional Yi script, website available in Nuosu, Mandarin, and English
* All rights reserved.

[https://lsrbywb.ls666.com/html/2022-01/27/content_99002.htm?div=-1 Liangshan Daily in Yi]
*Liangshan local newspaper in Yi with transcribed text

[https://www.ubscp.org/black-yi-bible-translation/ Bible Translation in Nuosu]

[https://www.bible.com/bible/2681/MAT.2_1.CMBYI Bible in Yi]
* Bible in Nuosu without translation, large amount of text

[https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Yi/contents.html Dialogues in Yi]
* 600 textbook conversations in Nuosu

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-nuosu-corpus.git Github Repository]
* Link to Github Corpus

== Developed Resources ==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-keyboard Yi Keyboard]
*Link to developed Nuosu Keyboard

=== Other Websites ===
[http://www.language-archives.org/language/iii OLAC page on Nuosu]

[[Category:Nuosu]]
[[Category: sp22_ResourceDocumentation]]

Nuosu

2022-05-13T01:22:41Z

Ywang13: /* Developed Resources */

= Developed Resources =
*[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Apertium-zho Mandarin(zho) Transducer Repository]
*[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Transducer Nuosu(iii) Transducer Repository]
*[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Mandarin-RBMT Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation Repository]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Grammar Grammar Documentation]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Keyboard Nuosu Keyboard Layout]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin Nuosu and Mandarin Machine Translation Resources]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin/Final_Project Final Project-Polished Transducer and Machine Translation]

= External Resource Documentation =

=== Computational ===
[https://software.sil.org/nuosu/ Yi font by SIL]
* No additional license or permission required.

[https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/68536 Yi Keyboard]
* All rights reserved

=== Dictionaries ===
[https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en Nuosu Yi-Chinese-English Glossary]
* Online dictionary for commonly used vocabulary between Nuosu, Mandarin, and English.
* All rights reserved. The online dictionary should be cited as 2020. Nuosu Yi-Chinese-English Glossary. Sil International.

=== Grammar Descriptions ===
[https://phoible.org/inventories/view/2483 Phoneme Inventory]
* Phoneme inventory of Nuosu, including IPA chart.
* Licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License].

[https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/swarthmore/reader.action?docID=1498689 A Grammar of Nuosu]
* Grammatical rules of Nuosu, including phonology and word rules.
* Gerner, M. (2013). A grammar of Nuosu. De Gruyter Mouton.

=== Scientific Works ===

[https://uw.manifoldapp.org/system/resource/046bac37-5704-4a62-8fd3-6d5188c84e9c/attachment/original-15319fe35464be74cb7d8a22a149df6e.pdf The Nuosu Book of Origins]
* Contains Nuosu texts in modern Yi script, including translation; documentation of cultural practices
* All rights reserved

[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1993369389?pq-origsite=primo&accountid=11321 Definiteness in Nuosu Yi and the theory of argument formation]
* Study on definiteness in Nuosu; contains annotated sentences in modern Yi script.
* All rights reserved

[http://www.c-s-a.org.cn/csa/article/pdf/20161138 Analysis and Discussion of Yi Word Segmentation]
* Analysis of Yi word segmentation
* All rights reserved

=== Copora ===
[http://www.yizuren.com/ Website of Chinese Yi People]
*Contains news in traditional Yi script, website available in Nuosu, Mandarin, and English
* All rights reserved.

[https://lsrbywb.ls666.com/html/2022-01/27/content_99002.htm?div=-1 Liangshan Daily in Yi]
*Liangshan local newspaper in Yi with transcribed text

[https://www.ubscp.org/black-yi-bible-translation/ Bible Translation in Nuosu]

[https://www.bible.com/bible/2681/MAT.2_1.CMBYI Bible in Yi]
* Bible in Nuosu without translation, large amount of text

[https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Yi/contents.html Dialogues in Yi]
* 600 textbook conversations in Nuosu

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-nuosu-corpus.git Github Repository]
* Link to Github Corpus

== Developed Resources ==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-keyboard Yi Keyboard]
*Link to developed Nuosu Keyboard

=== Other Websites ===
[http://www.language-archives.org/language/iii OLAC page on Nuosu]

[[Category:Nuosu]]
[[Category: sp22_ResourceDocumentation]]

Nuosu

2022-05-13T01:18:49Z

Ywang13: /* Developed Resources */

= Developed Resources =
*[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Apertium-zho Mandarin(zho) Transducer Repository]
*[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Transducer Nuosu(iii) Transducer Repository]
*[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Mandarin-RBMT Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation Repository]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Grammar Grammar Documentation]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Keyboard Nuosu Keyboard Layout]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin Nuosu and Mandarin Machine Translation Resources]

= External Resource Documentation =

=== Computational ===
[https://software.sil.org/nuosu/ Yi font by SIL]
* No additional license or permission required.

[https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/68536 Yi Keyboard]
* All rights reserved

=== Dictionaries ===
[https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en Nuosu Yi-Chinese-English Glossary]
* Online dictionary for commonly used vocabulary between Nuosu, Mandarin, and English.
* All rights reserved. The online dictionary should be cited as 2020. Nuosu Yi-Chinese-English Glossary. Sil International.

=== Grammar Descriptions ===
[https://phoible.org/inventories/view/2483 Phoneme Inventory]
* Phoneme inventory of Nuosu, including IPA chart.
* Licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License].

[https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/swarthmore/reader.action?docID=1498689 A Grammar of Nuosu]
* Grammatical rules of Nuosu, including phonology and word rules.
* Gerner, M. (2013). A grammar of Nuosu. De Gruyter Mouton.

=== Scientific Works ===

[https://uw.manifoldapp.org/system/resource/046bac37-5704-4a62-8fd3-6d5188c84e9c/attachment/original-15319fe35464be74cb7d8a22a149df6e.pdf The Nuosu Book of Origins]
* Contains Nuosu texts in modern Yi script, including translation; documentation of cultural practices
* All rights reserved

[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1993369389?pq-origsite=primo&accountid=11321 Definiteness in Nuosu Yi and the theory of argument formation]
* Study on definiteness in Nuosu; contains annotated sentences in modern Yi script.
* All rights reserved

[http://www.c-s-a.org.cn/csa/article/pdf/20161138 Analysis and Discussion of Yi Word Segmentation]
* Analysis of Yi word segmentation
* All rights reserved

=== Copora ===
[http://www.yizuren.com/ Website of Chinese Yi People]
*Contains news in traditional Yi script, website available in Nuosu, Mandarin, and English
* All rights reserved.

[https://lsrbywb.ls666.com/html/2022-01/27/content_99002.htm?div=-1 Liangshan Daily in Yi]
*Liangshan local newspaper in Yi with transcribed text

[https://www.ubscp.org/black-yi-bible-translation/ Bible Translation in Nuosu]

[https://www.bible.com/bible/2681/MAT.2_1.CMBYI Bible in Yi]
* Bible in Nuosu without translation, large amount of text

[https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Yi/contents.html Dialogues in Yi]
* 600 textbook conversations in Nuosu

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-nuosu-corpus.git Github Repository]
* Link to Github Corpus

== Developed Resources ==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-keyboard Yi Keyboard]
*Link to developed Nuosu Keyboard

=== Other Websites ===
[http://www.language-archives.org/language/iii OLAC page on Nuosu]

[[Category:Nuosu]]
[[Category: sp22_ResourceDocumentation]]

Nuosu

2022-05-13T01:18:18Z

Ywang13: /* External Resource Documentation */

= Developed Resources =
*[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Mandarin-RBMT Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation Repository]
*[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Apertium-zho Mandarin(zho) Transducer Repository]
*[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Transducer Nuosu(iii) Transducer Repository]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Grammar Grammar Documentation]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Keyboard Nuosu Keyboard Layout]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin Nuosu and Mandarin Machine Translation Resources]

= External Resource Documentation =

=== Computational ===
[https://software.sil.org/nuosu/ Yi font by SIL]
* No additional license or permission required.

[https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/68536 Yi Keyboard]
* All rights reserved

=== Dictionaries ===
[https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en Nuosu Yi-Chinese-English Glossary]
* Online dictionary for commonly used vocabulary between Nuosu, Mandarin, and English.
* All rights reserved. The online dictionary should be cited as 2020. Nuosu Yi-Chinese-English Glossary. Sil International.

=== Grammar Descriptions ===
[https://phoible.org/inventories/view/2483 Phoneme Inventory]
* Phoneme inventory of Nuosu, including IPA chart.
* Licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License].

[https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/swarthmore/reader.action?docID=1498689 A Grammar of Nuosu]
* Grammatical rules of Nuosu, including phonology and word rules.
* Gerner, M. (2013). A grammar of Nuosu. De Gruyter Mouton.

=== Scientific Works ===

[https://uw.manifoldapp.org/system/resource/046bac37-5704-4a62-8fd3-6d5188c84e9c/attachment/original-15319fe35464be74cb7d8a22a149df6e.pdf The Nuosu Book of Origins]
* Contains Nuosu texts in modern Yi script, including translation; documentation of cultural practices
* All rights reserved

[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1993369389?pq-origsite=primo&accountid=11321 Definiteness in Nuosu Yi and the theory of argument formation]
* Study on definiteness in Nuosu; contains annotated sentences in modern Yi script.
* All rights reserved

[http://www.c-s-a.org.cn/csa/article/pdf/20161138 Analysis and Discussion of Yi Word Segmentation]
* Analysis of Yi word segmentation
* All rights reserved

=== Copora ===
[http://www.yizuren.com/ Website of Chinese Yi People]
*Contains news in traditional Yi script, website available in Nuosu, Mandarin, and English
* All rights reserved.

[https://lsrbywb.ls666.com/html/2022-01/27/content_99002.htm?div=-1 Liangshan Daily in Yi]
*Liangshan local newspaper in Yi with transcribed text

[https://www.ubscp.org/black-yi-bible-translation/ Bible Translation in Nuosu]

[https://www.bible.com/bible/2681/MAT.2_1.CMBYI Bible in Yi]
* Bible in Nuosu without translation, large amount of text

[https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Yi/contents.html Dialogues in Yi]
* 600 textbook conversations in Nuosu

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-nuosu-corpus.git Github Repository]
* Link to Github Corpus

== Developed Resources ==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-keyboard Yi Keyboard]
*Link to developed Nuosu Keyboard

=== Other Websites ===
[http://www.language-archives.org/language/iii OLAC page on Nuosu]

[[Category:Nuosu]]
[[Category: sp22_ResourceDocumentation]]

Nuosu

2022-05-13T01:17:39Z

Ywang13: /* Resource Documentation */

= Developed Resources =
*[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Mandarin-RBMT Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation Repository]
*[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Apertium-zho Mandarin(zho) Transducer Repository]
*[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Transducer Nuosu(iii) Transducer Repository]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Grammar Grammar Documentation]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Keyboard Nuosu Keyboard Layout]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin Nuosu and Mandarin Machine Translation Resources]

= External Resource Documentation =
The following are external available resources.

== Computational ==
[https://software.sil.org/nuosu/ Yi font by SIL]
* No additional license or permission required.

[https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/68536 Yi Keyboard]
* All rights reserved

== Dictionaries ==
[https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en Nuosu Yi-Chinese-English Glossary]
* Online dictionary for commonly used vocabulary between Nuosu, Mandarin, and English.
* All rights reserved. The online dictionary should be cited as 2020. Nuosu Yi-Chinese-English Glossary. Sil International.

== Grammar Descriptions ==
[https://phoible.org/inventories/view/2483 Phoneme Inventory]
* Phoneme inventory of Nuosu, including IPA chart.
* Licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License].

[https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/swarthmore/reader.action?docID=1498689 A Grammar of Nuosu]
* Grammatical rules of Nuosu, including phonology and word rules.
* Gerner, M. (2013). A grammar of Nuosu. De Gruyter Mouton.

== Scientific Works ==

[https://uw.manifoldapp.org/system/resource/046bac37-5704-4a62-8fd3-6d5188c84e9c/attachment/original-15319fe35464be74cb7d8a22a149df6e.pdf The Nuosu Book of Origins]
* Contains Nuosu texts in modern Yi script, including translation; documentation of cultural practices
* All rights reserved

[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1993369389?pq-origsite=primo&accountid=11321 Definiteness in Nuosu Yi and the theory of argument formation]
* Study on definiteness in Nuosu; contains annotated sentences in modern Yi script.
* All rights reserved

[http://www.c-s-a.org.cn/csa/article/pdf/20161138 Analysis and Discussion of Yi Word Segmentation]
* Analysis of Yi word segmentation
* All rights reserved

== Copora ==
[http://www.yizuren.com/ Website of Chinese Yi People]
*Contains news in traditional Yi script, website available in Nuosu, Mandarin, and English
* All rights reserved.

[https://lsrbywb.ls666.com/html/2022-01/27/content_99002.htm?div=-1 Liangshan Daily in Yi]
*Liangshan local newspaper in Yi with transcribed text

[https://www.ubscp.org/black-yi-bible-translation/ Bible Translation in Nuosu]

[https://www.bible.com/bible/2681/MAT.2_1.CMBYI Bible in Yi]
* Bible in Nuosu without translation, large amount of text

[https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Yi/contents.html Dialogues in Yi]
* 600 textbook conversations in Nuosu

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-nuosu-corpus.git Github Repository]
* Link to Github Corpus

== Developed Resources ==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-keyboard Yi Keyboard]
*Link to developed Nuosu Keyboard

== Other Websites ==
[http://www.language-archives.org/language/iii OLAC page on Nuosu]

[[Category:Nuosu]]
[[Category: sp22_ResourceDocumentation]]

Nuosu

2022-05-13T01:15:51Z

Ywang13:

= Developed Resources =
*[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Mandarin-RBMT Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation Repository]
*[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Apertium-zho Mandarin(zho) Transducer Repository]
*[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Transducer Nuosu(iii) Transducer Repository]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Grammar Grammar Documentation]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Keyboard Nuosu Keyboard Layout]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin Nuosu and Mandarin Machine Translation Resources]

= Resource Documentation =

== Computational ==
[https://software.sil.org/nuosu/ Yi font by SIL]
* No additional license or permission required.

[https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/68536 Yi Keyboard]
* All rights reserved

== Dictionaries ==
[https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en Nuosu Yi-Chinese-English Glossary]
* Online dictionary for commonly used vocabulary between Nuosu, Mandarin, and English.
* All rights reserved. The online dictionary should be cited as 2020. Nuosu Yi-Chinese-English Glossary. Sil International.

== Grammar Descriptions ==
[https://phoible.org/inventories/view/2483 Phoneme Inventory]
* Phoneme inventory of Nuosu, including IPA chart.
* Licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License].

[https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/swarthmore/reader.action?docID=1498689 A Grammar of Nuosu]
* Grammatical rules of Nuosu, including phonology and word rules.
* Gerner, M. (2013). A grammar of Nuosu. De Gruyter Mouton.

== Scientific Works ==

[https://uw.manifoldapp.org/system/resource/046bac37-5704-4a62-8fd3-6d5188c84e9c/attachment/original-15319fe35464be74cb7d8a22a149df6e.pdf The Nuosu Book of Origins]
* Contains Nuosu texts in modern Yi script, including translation; documentation of cultural practices
* All rights reserved

[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1993369389?pq-origsite=primo&accountid=11321 Definiteness in Nuosu Yi and the theory of argument formation]
* Study on definiteness in Nuosu; contains annotated sentences in modern Yi script.
* All rights reserved

[http://www.c-s-a.org.cn/csa/article/pdf/20161138 Analysis and Discussion of Yi Word Segmentation]
* Analysis of Yi word segmentation
* All rights reserved

== Copora ==
[http://www.yizuren.com/ Website of Chinese Yi People]
*Contains news in traditional Yi script, website available in Nuosu, Mandarin, and English
* All rights reserved.

[https://lsrbywb.ls666.com/html/2022-01/27/content_99002.htm?div=-1 Liangshan Daily in Yi]
*Liangshan local newspaper in Yi with transcribed text

[https://www.ubscp.org/black-yi-bible-translation/ Bible Translation in Nuosu]

[https://www.bible.com/bible/2681/MAT.2_1.CMBYI Bible in Yi]
* Bible in Nuosu without translation, large amount of text

[https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Yi/contents.html Dialogues in Yi]
* 600 textbook conversations in Nuosu

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-nuosu-corpus.git Github Repository]
* Link to Github Corpus

== Developed Resources ==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-keyboard Yi Keyboard]
*Link to developed Nuosu Keyboard

== Other Websites ==
[http://www.language-archives.org/language/iii OLAC page on Nuosu]

[[Category:Nuosu]]
[[Category: sp22_ResourceDocumentation]]

Nuosu

2022-05-13T01:15:42Z

Ywang13:

= Developed Resources =
*[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Mandarin-RBMT Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation Repository]
*[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Apertium-zho Mandarin(zho) Transducer Repository]
*[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Transducer Nuosu(iii) Transducer Repository]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Grammar Grammar Documentation]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Keyboard Nuosu Keyboard Layout]
*[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin Nuosu and Mandarin Machine Translation Resources]

= Resource Documentation =

== Computational ==
[https://software.sil.org/nuosu/ Yi font by SIL]
* No additional license or permission required.

[https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/68536 Yi Keyboard]
* All rights reserved

== Dictionaries ==
[https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en Nuosu Yi-Chinese-English Glossary]
* Online dictionary for commonly used vocabulary between Nuosu, Mandarin, and English.
* All rights reserved. The online dictionary should be cited as 2020. Nuosu Yi-Chinese-English Glossary. Sil International.

== Grammar Descriptions ==
[https://phoible.org/inventories/view/2483 Phoneme Inventory]
* Phoneme inventory of Nuosu, including IPA chart.
* Licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License].

[https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/swarthmore/reader.action?docID=1498689 A Grammar of Nuosu]
* Grammatical rules of Nuosu, including phonology and word rules.
* Gerner, M. (2013). A grammar of Nuosu. De Gruyter Mouton.

== Scientific Works ==

[https://uw.manifoldapp.org/system/resource/046bac37-5704-4a62-8fd3-6d5188c84e9c/attachment/original-15319fe35464be74cb7d8a22a149df6e.pdf The Nuosu Book of Origins]
* Contains Nuosu texts in modern Yi script, including translation; documentation of cultural practices
* All rights reserved

[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1993369389?pq-origsite=primo&accountid=11321 Definiteness in Nuosu Yi and the theory of argument formation]
* Study on definiteness in Nuosu; contains annotated sentences in modern Yi script.
* All rights reserved

[http://www.c-s-a.org.cn/csa/article/pdf/20161138 Analysis and Discussion of Yi Word Segmentation]
* Analysis of Yi word segmentation
* All rights reserved

== Copora ==
[http://www.yizuren.com/ Website of Chinese Yi People]
*Contains news in traditional Yi script, website available in Nuosu, Mandarin, and English
* All rights reserved.

[https://lsrbywb.ls666.com/html/2022-01/27/content_99002.htm?div=-1 Liangshan Daily in Yi]
*Liangshan local newspaper in Yi with transcribed text

[https://www.ubscp.org/black-yi-bible-translation/ Bible Translation in Nuosu]

[https://www.bible.com/bible/2681/MAT.2_1.CMBYI Bible in Yi]
* Bible in Nuosu without translation, large amount of text

[https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Yi/contents.html Dialogues in Yi]
* 600 textbook conversations in Nuosu

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-nuosu-corpus.git Github Repository]
* Link to Github Corpus

== Developed Resources ==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-keyboard Yi Keyboard]
*Link to developed Nuosu Keyboard

== Other Websites ==
[http://www.language-archives.org/language/iii OLAC page on Nuosu]

[[Category:Nuosu]]
[[Category: sp22_ResourceDocumentation]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Final Project

2022-05-13T00:57:17Z

Ywang13: /* Link to Code and Poster */

== Final Project Description ==
For our final project, we decided to expand our morphological transducer for Nuosu, aiming for a corpus coverage above 80%. We also improved our Nuosu-Mandarin machine translation accuracy. Since there are 2 million Nuosu speakers, and 40% of them are bilingual speakers of Nuosu and Mandarin, we think a translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin can benefit this population. We have been using a Nuosu an [https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en online glossary] for Nuosu and Mandari/English translation. We think our our morphological transducer and machine translation system are potentially helpful with generating more sentence examples for the website.

== Previous Work ==

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Transducer Nuosu Transducer]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin/Structural_transfer Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation]

== Additions ==

=== Nuosu Transducer ===
* We added 100+ stems to the lexd. file, covering common nouns, verbs, and adjectives mentioned in A Grammar of Nuosu (Gerner 2013).
* We attempted to implement the negation suffix 'ap' using twol rule; currently the negation infix is only working for monosyllabic verbs and adjectives.

=== Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation ===
* Added one structural transfer rule to deal with sentence level particles in Nuosu that are omitted in Mandarin.
* Added one structural transfer rule to insert Mandarin particle 'de', which can function as predicate marker, possesive marker, adjectivizer, etc.
* Added ~80 new lexicon to our bilingual dictionary, making the total ~200.

=== Corpus Construction ===
* Constructed small corpus with 30 sentences; the lexicon in this corpus are mostly added to our transducer and the bilingual dictionary, which is useful for evaluateing how the effectiveness of the structural transfer rules when the lexicon are mostly known.

* Constructed large corpus with 100 sentences; the sentences in this corpus are randomly selected from the Bible and the Grammar book, and evaluating over this corpus shows the general accuracy of our machine translation system.

==== Selected Example Sentences from the Large Corpus ====
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋌꊋꋠꃅꀥ|他用力地跑}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꋌ{{tag|prn}} ꊋꋠ{{tag|adj}} ꃅ{{tag|advl}} ꀥ{{tag|vblex}}| 他{{tag|prn}} 用力地{{tag|adv}} 跑{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇꀃꑍꏦꎫꁧ|我们今天去街上}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꀃꑍ{{tag|n}} ꏦꎫ{{tag|n}} ꁧ{{tag|vblex}}| 我们{{tag|prn}} 今天{{tag|n}} 去{{tag|vblex}} 街上{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꎧꀋꅝꀐ|我没有喝红酒}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꎧ{{tag|n}} ꀋ{{tag|neg}} ꅝ{{tag|vblex}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 我{{tag|prn}} 没有{{tag|neg}} 喝{{tag|vblex}} 红酒{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꊾꆹꉬꇮꐯꀋꇊꌡ|所有人差不多地像}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꊾ{{tag|n}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adj}} ꐯ{{tag|RECL}} ꀋꇊ{{tag|adv}} ꌡ{{tag|vblex}}| 所有{{tag|adj}} 人{{tag|n}} 差不多地{{tag|adv}} 像{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꃀꌠꀐ|我是老人了}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꃀꌠ{{tag|n}} ꀐ{{tag|part}} | 我{{tag|prn}} 现在{{tag|adv}} 是{{tag|pr}} 老人{{tag|n}}}}

== Final Evaluation ==

=== Transducer ===
*Coverage over the Bible: 78.5%
*Precision: 97.60%
*Recall: 86.46%

=== Machine Translation ===
*Small Corpora:
** WER: 37.9%
** PER: 17.8%
*Large Corpora:
** WER:
** PER:

== Future Work ==
* Add more structural transfer rules to deal with compounding in Mandarin.
* Reduce twol rule conflicts in the transducer; improve on the implementation of the negation suffix 'ap'.

== Links Public Git Repo and Poster ==

*Morphological Analyser, generator, and disambiguator for Nuosu
**[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Transducer Morphological Transducer]

*Machine Translation between Nuosu and Mandarin
**[https://github.com/AgnesWang000/Nuosu-Mandarin-RBMT Machine Translation System]

*Improved Mandarin Transducer
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/apertium-zho Apertium-zho]

*Summary Poster of the Project
**[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qZwlHxp997AG8Z13Y9Ayn5tsmnHI6awxLl9L79toUyA/edit?usp=sharing Poster]

[[Category:Nuosu]] [[Category:Sp22_FinalProjects]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Final Project

2022-05-13T00:27:09Z

Ywang13: /* Future Work */

== Final Project Description ==
For our final project, we decided to expand our morphological transducer for Nuosu, aiming for a corpus coverage above 80%. We also improved our Nuosu-Mandarin machine translation accuracy. Since there are 2 million Nuosu speakers, and 40% of them are bilingual speakers of Nuosu and Mandarin, we think a translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin can benefit this population. We have been using a Nuosu an [https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en online glossary] for Nuosu and Mandari/English translation. We think our our morphological transducer and machine translation system are potentially helpful with generating more sentence examples for the website.

== Previous Work ==

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Transducer Nuosu Transducer]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin/Structural_transfer Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation]

== Additions ==

=== Nuosu Transducer ===
* We added 100+ stems to the lexd. file, covering common nouns, verbs, and adjectives mentioned in A Grammar of Nuosu (Gerner 2013).
* We attempted to implement the negation suffix 'ap' using twol rule; currently the negation infix is only working for monosyllabic verbs and adjectives.

=== Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation ===
* Added one structural transfer rule to deal with sentence level particles in Nuosu that are omitted in Mandarin.
* Added one structural transfer rule to insert Mandarin particle 'de', which can function as predicate marker, possesive marker, adjectivizer, etc.
* Added ~80 new lexicon to our bilingual dictionary, making the total ~200.

=== Corpus Construction ===
* Constructed small corpus with 30 sentences; the lexicon in this corpus are mostly added to our transducer and the bilingual dictionary, which is useful for evaluateing how the effectiveness of the structural transfer rules when the lexicon are mostly known.

* Constructed large corpus with 100 sentences; the sentences in this corpus are randomly selected from the Bible and the Grammar book, and evaluating over this corpus shows the general accuracy of our machine translation system.

==== Selected Example Sentences from the Large Corpus ====
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋌꊋꋠꃅꀥ|他用力地跑}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꋌ{{tag|prn}} ꊋꋠ{{tag|adj}} ꃅ{{tag|advl}} ꀥ{{tag|vblex}}| 他{{tag|prn}} 用力地{{tag|adv}} 跑{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇꀃꑍꏦꎫꁧ|我们今天去街上}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꀃꑍ{{tag|n}} ꏦꎫ{{tag|n}} ꁧ{{tag|vblex}}| 我们{{tag|prn}} 今天{{tag|n}} 去{{tag|vblex}} 街上{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꎧꀋꅝꀐ|我没有喝红酒}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꎧ{{tag|n}} ꀋ{{tag|neg}} ꅝ{{tag|vblex}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 我{{tag|prn}} 没有{{tag|neg}} 喝{{tag|vblex}} 红酒{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꊾꆹꉬꇮꐯꀋꇊꌡ|所有人差不多地像}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꊾ{{tag|n}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adj}} ꐯ{{tag|RECL}} ꀋꇊ{{tag|adv}} ꌡ{{tag|vblex}}| 所有{{tag|adj}} 人{{tag|n}} 差不多地{{tag|adv}} 像{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꃀꌠꀐ|我是老人了}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꃀꌠ{{tag|n}} ꀐ{{tag|part}} | 我{{tag|prn}} 现在{{tag|adv}} 是{{tag|pr}} 老人{{tag|n}}}}

== Final Evaluation ==

=== Transducer ===
*Coverage over the Bible: 78.5%
*Precision: 97.60%
*Recall: 86.46%

=== Machine Translation ===
*Small Corpora:
** WER: 37.9%
** PER: 17.8%
*Large Corpora:
** WER:
** PER:

== Future Work ==
* Add more structural transfer rules to deal with compounding in Mandarin.
* Reduce twol rule conflicts in the transducer; improve on the implementation of the negation suffix 'ap'.

== Link to Code and Poster ==

*Morphological Analyser, generator, and disambiguator for Nuosu
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii Morphological Transducer]

*Machine Translation between Nuosu and Mandarin
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-zho Machine Translation System]

*Improved Mandarin Transducer
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/apertium-zho Apertium-zho]

*Summary Poster of the Project
**[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qZwlHxp997AG8Z13Y9Ayn5tsmnHI6awxLl9L79toUyA/edit?usp=sharing Poster]

[[Category:Nuosu]] [[Category:Sp22_FinalProjects]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Final Project

2022-05-13T00:20:37Z

Ywang13: /* Link to Code and Poster */

== Final Project Description ==
For our final project, we decided to expand our morphological transducer for Nuosu, aiming for a corpus coverage above 80%. We also improved our Nuosu-Mandarin machine translation accuracy. Since there are 2 million Nuosu speakers, and 40% of them are bilingual speakers of Nuosu and Mandarin, we think a translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin can benefit this population. We have been using a Nuosu an [https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en online glossary] for Nuosu and Mandari/English translation. We think our our morphological transducer and machine translation system are potentially helpful with generating more sentence examples for the website.

== Previous Work ==

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Transducer Nuosu Transducer]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin/Structural_transfer Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation]

== Additions ==

=== Nuosu Transducer ===
* We added 100+ stems to the lexd. file, covering common nouns, verbs, and adjectives mentioned in A Grammar of Nuosu (Gerner 2013).
* We attempted to implement the negation suffix 'ap' using twol rule; currently the negation infix is only working for monosyllabic verbs and adjectives.

=== Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation ===
* Added one structural transfer rule to deal with sentence level particles in Nuosu that are omitted in Mandarin.
* Added one structural transfer rule to insert Mandarin particle 'de', which can function as predicate marker, possesive marker, adjectivizer, etc.
* Added ~80 new lexicon to our bilingual dictionary, making the total ~200.

=== Corpus Construction ===
* Constructed small corpus with 30 sentences; the lexicon in this corpus are mostly added to our transducer and the bilingual dictionary, which is useful for evaluateing how the effectiveness of the structural transfer rules when the lexicon are mostly known.

* Constructed large corpus with 100 sentences; the sentences in this corpus are randomly selected from the Bible and the Grammar book, and evaluating over this corpus shows the general accuracy of our machine translation system.

==== Selected Example Sentences from the Large Corpus ====
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋌꊋꋠꃅꀥ|他用力地跑}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꋌ{{tag|prn}} ꊋꋠ{{tag|adj}} ꃅ{{tag|advl}} ꀥ{{tag|vblex}}| 他{{tag|prn}} 用力地{{tag|adv}} 跑{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇꀃꑍꏦꎫꁧ|我们今天去街上}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꀃꑍ{{tag|n}} ꏦꎫ{{tag|n}} ꁧ{{tag|vblex}}| 我们{{tag|prn}} 今天{{tag|n}} 去{{tag|vblex}} 街上{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꎧꀋꅝꀐ|我没有喝红酒}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꎧ{{tag|n}} ꀋ{{tag|neg}} ꅝ{{tag|vblex}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 我{{tag|prn}} 没有{{tag|neg}} 喝{{tag|vblex}} 红酒{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꊾꆹꉬꇮꐯꀋꇊꌡ|所有人差不多地像}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꊾ{{tag|n}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adj}} ꐯ{{tag|RECL}} ꀋꇊ{{tag|adv}} ꌡ{{tag|vblex}}| 所有{{tag|adj}} 人{{tag|n}} 差不多地{{tag|adv}} 像{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꃀꌠꀐ|我是老人了}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꃀꌠ{{tag|n}} ꀐ{{tag|part}} | 我{{tag|prn}} 现在{{tag|adv}} 是{{tag|pr}} 老人{{tag|n}}}}

== Final Evaluation ==

=== Transducer ===
*Coverage over the Bible: 78.5%
*Precision: 97.60%
*Recall: 86.46%

=== Machine Translation ===
*Small Corpora:
** WER: 37.9%
** PER: 17.8%
*Large Corpora:
** WER:
** PER:

== Future Work ==
* Add more structural transfer rules to deal with compounding in Mandarin.
* Reduce rule conflicts in twol file; improve on the implementation of the negation suffix 'ap'.

== Link to Code and Poster ==

*Morphological Analyser, generator, and disambiguator for Nuosu
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii Morphological Transducer]

*Machine Translation between Nuosu and Mandarin
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-zho Machine Translation System]

*Improved Mandarin Transducer
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/apertium-zho Apertium-zho]

*Summary Poster of the Project
**[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qZwlHxp997AG8Z13Y9Ayn5tsmnHI6awxLl9L79toUyA/edit?usp=sharing Poster]

[[Category:Nuosu]] [[Category:Sp22_FinalProjects]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Final Project

2022-05-13T00:19:49Z

Ywang13:

== Final Project Description ==
For our final project, we decided to expand our morphological transducer for Nuosu, aiming for a corpus coverage above 80%. We also improved our Nuosu-Mandarin machine translation accuracy. Since there are 2 million Nuosu speakers, and 40% of them are bilingual speakers of Nuosu and Mandarin, we think a translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin can benefit this population. We have been using a Nuosu an [https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en online glossary] for Nuosu and Mandari/English translation. We think our our morphological transducer and machine translation system are potentially helpful with generating more sentence examples for the website.

== Previous Work ==

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Transducer Nuosu Transducer]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin/Structural_transfer Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation]

== Additions ==

=== Nuosu Transducer ===
* We added 100+ stems to the lexd. file, covering common nouns, verbs, and adjectives mentioned in A Grammar of Nuosu (Gerner 2013).
* We attempted to implement the negation suffix 'ap' using twol rule; currently the negation infix is only working for monosyllabic verbs and adjectives.

=== Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation ===
* Added one structural transfer rule to deal with sentence level particles in Nuosu that are omitted in Mandarin.
* Added one structural transfer rule to insert Mandarin particle 'de', which can function as predicate marker, possesive marker, adjectivizer, etc.
* Added ~80 new lexicon to our bilingual dictionary, making the total ~200.

=== Corpus Construction ===
* Constructed small corpus with 30 sentences; the lexicon in this corpus are mostly added to our transducer and the bilingual dictionary, which is useful for evaluateing how the effectiveness of the structural transfer rules when the lexicon are mostly known.

* Constructed large corpus with 100 sentences; the sentences in this corpus are randomly selected from the Bible and the Grammar book, and evaluating over this corpus shows the general accuracy of our machine translation system.

==== Selected Example Sentences from the Large Corpus ====
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋌꊋꋠꃅꀥ|他用力地跑}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꋌ{{tag|prn}} ꊋꋠ{{tag|adj}} ꃅ{{tag|advl}} ꀥ{{tag|vblex}}| 他{{tag|prn}} 用力地{{tag|adv}} 跑{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇꀃꑍꏦꎫꁧ|我们今天去街上}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꀃꑍ{{tag|n}} ꏦꎫ{{tag|n}} ꁧ{{tag|vblex}}| 我们{{tag|prn}} 今天{{tag|n}} 去{{tag|vblex}} 街上{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꎧꀋꅝꀐ|我没有喝红酒}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꎧ{{tag|n}} ꀋ{{tag|neg}} ꅝ{{tag|vblex}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 我{{tag|prn}} 没有{{tag|neg}} 喝{{tag|vblex}} 红酒{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꊾꆹꉬꇮꐯꀋꇊꌡ|所有人差不多地像}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꊾ{{tag|n}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adj}} ꐯ{{tag|RECL}} ꀋꇊ{{tag|adv}} ꌡ{{tag|vblex}}| 所有{{tag|adj}} 人{{tag|n}} 差不多地{{tag|adv}} 像{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꃀꌠꀐ|我是老人了}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꃀꌠ{{tag|n}} ꀐ{{tag|part}} | 我{{tag|prn}} 现在{{tag|adv}} 是{{tag|pr}} 老人{{tag|n}}}}

== Final Evaluation ==

=== Transducer ===
*Coverage over the Bible: 78.5%
*Precision: 97.60%
*Recall: 86.46%

=== Machine Translation ===
*Small Corpora:
** WER: 37.9%
** PER: 17.8%
*Large Corpora:
** WER:
** PER:

== Future Work ==
* Add more structural transfer rules to deal with compounding in Mandarin.
* Reduce rule conflicts in twol file; improve on the implementation of the negation suffix 'ap'.

== Link to Code and Poster ==

*Morphological Analyser, generator, and disambiguator for Nuosu
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii Morphological Transducer]

*Machine Translation between Nuosu and Mandarin
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-zho Machine Translation System]

*Improved Mandarin Transducer
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/apertium-zho Apertium-zho]

*Summary Poster of the Project
**[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qZwlHxp997AG8Z13Y9Ayn5tsmnHI6awxLl9L79toUyA/edit?usp=sharing Poster]

[[Category:Nuosu]] [[Category:Sp22_FinalProjects]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Final Project

2022-05-13T00:17:49Z

Ywang13:

== Final Project Description ==
For our final project, we decided to expand our morphological transducer for Nuosu, aiming for a corpus coverage above 80%. We also improved our Nuosu-Mandarin machine translation accuracy. Since there are 2 million Nuosu speakers, and 40% of them are bilingual speakers of Nuosu and Mandarin, we think a translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin can benefit this population. We have been using a Nuosu an [https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en online glossary] for Nuosu and Mandari/English translation. We think our our morphological transducer and machine translation system are potentially helpful with generating more sentence examples for the website.

== Previous Work ==

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Transducer Nuosu Transducer]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin/Structural_transfer Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation]

== Additions ==

=== Nuosu Transducer ===
* We added 100+ stems to the lexd. file, covering common nouns, verbs, and adjectives mentioned in A Grammar of Nuosu (Gerner 2013).
* We attempted to implement the negation suffix 'ap' using twol rule; currently the negation infix is only working for monosyllabic verbs and adjectives.

=== Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation ===
* Added one structural transfer rule to deal with sentence level particles in Nuosu that are omitted in Mandarin.
* Added one structural transfer rule to insert Mandarin particle 'de', which can function as predicate marker, possesive marker, adjectivizer, etc.
* Added ~80 new lexicon to our bilingual dictionary, making the total ~200.

=== Corpus Construction ===
* Constructed small corpus with 30 sentences; the lexicon in this corpus are mostly added to our transducer and the bilingual dictionary, which is useful for evaluateing how the effectiveness of the structural transfer rules when the lexicon are mostly known.

* Constructed large corpus with 100 sentences; the sentences in this corpus are randomly selected from the Bible and the Grammar book, and evaluating over this corpus shows the general accuracy of our machine translation system.

==== Selected Example Sentences from the Large Corpus ====
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋌꊋꋠꃅꀥ|他用力地跑}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꋌ{{tag|prn}} ꊋꋠ{{tag|adj}} ꃅ{{tag|advl}} ꀥ{{tag|vblex}}| 他{{tag|prn}} 用力地{{tag|adv}} 跑{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇꀃꑍꏦꎫꁧ|我们今天去街上}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꀃꑍ{{tag|n}} ꏦꎫ{{tag|n}} ꁧ{{tag|vblex}}| 我们{{tag|prn}} 今天{{tag|n}} 去{{tag|vblex}} 街上{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꎧꀋꅝꀐ|我没有喝红酒}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꎧ{{tag|n}} ꀋ{{tag|neg}} ꅝ{{tag|vblex}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 我{{tag|prn}} 没有{{tag|neg}} 喝{{tag|vblex}} 红酒{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꊾꆹꉬꇮꐯꀋꇊꌡ|所有人差不多地像}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꊾ{{tag|n}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adj}} ꐯ{{tag|RECL}} ꀋꇊ{{tag|adv}} ꌡ{{tag|vblex}}| 所有{{tag|adj}} 人{{tag|n}} 差不多地{{tag|adv}} 像{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꃀꌠꀐ|我是老人了}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꃀꌠ{{tag|n}} ꀐ{{tag|part}} | 我{{tag|prn}} 现在{{tag|adv}} 是{{tag|pr}} 老人{{tag|n}}}}

== Final Evaluation ==

=== Transducer ===
*Coverage over the Bible: 78.5%
*Precision: 97.60%
*Recall: 86.46%

=== Machine Translation ===
*Small Corpora:
** WER: 37.9%
** PER: 17.8%
*Large Corpora:
** WER:
** PER:

== Future Work ==
* Add more structural transfer rules to deal with compounding in Mandarin.
* Reduce rule conflicts in twol file; improve on the implementation of the negation suffix 'ap'

== Link to Code and Poster ==

*Morphological Analyser, generator, and disambiguator
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii Morphological Transducer]

*Machine Translation between Nuosu and Mandarin
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-zho Machine Translation System]

*Summary Poster of the Project
**[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qZwlHxp997AG8Z13Y9Ayn5tsmnHI6awxLl9L79toUyA/edit?usp=sharing Poster]

[[Category:Nuosu]] [[Category:Sp22_FinalProjects]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Final Project

2022-05-12T23:36:54Z

Ywang13: /* Final Project Description */

== Final Project Description ==
For our final project, we decided to expand our morphological transducer for Nuosu, aiming for a corpus coverage above 80%. We also improved our Nuosu-Mandarin machine translation accuracy. Since there are 2 million Nuosu speakers, and 40% of them are bilingual speakers of Nuosu and Mandarin, we think a translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin can benefit this population. We have been using a Nuosu an [https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en online glossary] for Nuosu and Mandari/English translation. We think our our morphological transducer and machine translation system are potentially helpful with generating more sentence examples for the website.

== Previous Work ==

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Transducer Nuosu Transducer]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin/Structural_transfer Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation]

== Additions ==

=== Nuosu Transducer ===
* We added 100+ stems to the lexd. file, covering common nouns, verbs, and adjectives mentioned in A Grammar of Nuosu (Gerner 2013).
* We attempted to implement the negation suffix 'ap' using twol rule; currently the negation infix is only working for monosyllabic verbs and adjectives.

=== Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation ===
* Added one structural transfer rule to deal with sentence level particles in Nuosu that are omitted in Mandarin.
* Added one structural transfer rule to insert Mandarin particle 'de', which can function as predicate marker, possesive marker, adjectivizer, etc.
* Added ~80 new lexicon to our bilingual dictionary, making the total ~200.

=== Corpus Construction ===
* Constructed small corpus with 30 sentences; the lexicon in this corpus are mostly added to our transducer and the bilingual dictionary, which is useful for evaluateing how the effectiveness of the structural transfer rules when the lexicon are mostly known.

* Constructed large corpus with 100 sentences; the sentences in this corpus are randomly selected from the Bible and the Grammar book, and evaluating over this corpus shows the general accuracy of our machine translation system.

==== Selected Example Sentences from the Large Corpus ====
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋌꊋꋠꃅꀥ|他用力地跑}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꋌ{{tag|prn}} ꊋꋠ{{tag|adj}} ꃅ{{tag|advl}} ꀥ{{tag|vblex}}| 他{{tag|prn}} 用力地{{tag|adv}} 跑{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇꀃꑍꏦꎫꁧ|我们今天去街上}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꀃꑍ{{tag|n}} ꏦꎫ{{tag|n}} ꁧ{{tag|vblex}}| 我们{{tag|prn}} 今天{{tag|n}} 去{{tag|vblex}} 街上{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꎧꀋꅝꀐ|我没有喝红酒}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꎧ{{tag|n}} ꀋ{{tag|neg}} ꅝ{{tag|vblex}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 我{{tag|prn}} 没有{{tag|neg}} 喝{{tag|vblex}} 红酒{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꊾꆹꉬꇮꐯꀋꇊꌡ|所有人差不多地像}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꊾ{{tag|n}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adj}} ꐯ{{tag|RECL}} ꀋꇊ{{tag|adv}} ꌡ{{tag|vblex}}| 所有{{tag|adj}} 人{{tag|n}} 差不多地{{tag|adv}} 像{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꃀꌠꀐ|我是老人了}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꃀꌠ{{tag|n}} ꀐ{{tag|part}} | 我{{tag|prn}} 现在{{tag|adv}} 是{{tag|pr}} 老人{{tag|n}}}}

== Final Evaluation ==

=== Transducer ===
*Coverage over the Bible: 78.5%
*Precision: 97.60%
*Recall: 86.46%

=== Machine Translation ===
*Small Corpora:
** WER: 37.9%
** PER: 17.8%
*Large Corpora:
** WER:
** PER:

== Link to Code and Poster ==

*Morphological Analyser, generator, and disambiguator
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii Morphological Transducer]

*Machine Translation between Nuosu and Mandarin
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-zho Machine Translation System]

*Summary Poster of the Project
**[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qZwlHxp997AG8Z13Y9Ayn5tsmnHI6awxLl9L79toUyA/edit?usp=sharing Poster]

[[Category:Nuosu]] [[Category:Sp22_FinalProjects]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Final Project

2022-05-12T23:35:04Z

Ywang13: /* Final Project Description */

== Final Project Description ==
For our final project, we decided to expand our morphological transducer for Nuosu, aiming for a corpus coverage above 80%. We also improved our Nuosu-Mandarin machine translation accuracy. Since there are 2 million Nuosu speakers, and 40% of them are bilingual speakers of Nuosu and Mandarin, we think a translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin can benefit this population. We have been using a Nuosu an [https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en online glossary] for Nuosu and Mandari/English translation. We think our our morphological transducer and machine translation system are potentially helpful with generating more sentence examples for the website.

Links to Git Repo:

== Previous Work ==

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Transducer Nuosu Transducer]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin/Structural_transfer Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation]

== Additions ==

=== Nuosu Transducer ===
* We added 100+ stems to the lexd. file, covering common nouns, verbs, and adjectives mentioned in A Grammar of Nuosu (Gerner 2013).
* We attempted to implement the negation suffix 'ap' using twol rule; currently the negation infix is only working for monosyllabic verbs and adjectives.

=== Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation ===
* Added one structural transfer rule to deal with sentence level particles in Nuosu that are omitted in Mandarin.
* Added one structural transfer rule to insert Mandarin particle 'de', which can function as predicate marker, possesive marker, adjectivizer, etc.
* Added ~80 new lexicon to our bilingual dictionary, making the total ~200.

=== Corpus Construction ===
* Constructed small corpus with 30 sentences; the lexicon in this corpus are mostly added to our transducer and the bilingual dictionary, which is useful for evaluateing how the effectiveness of the structural transfer rules when the lexicon are mostly known.

* Constructed large corpus with 100 sentences; the sentences in this corpus are randomly selected from the Bible and the Grammar book, and evaluating over this corpus shows the general accuracy of our machine translation system.

==== Selected Example Sentences from the Large Corpus ====
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋌꊋꋠꃅꀥ|他用力地跑}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꋌ{{tag|prn}} ꊋꋠ{{tag|adj}} ꃅ{{tag|advl}} ꀥ{{tag|vblex}}| 他{{tag|prn}} 用力地{{tag|adv}} 跑{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇꀃꑍꏦꎫꁧ|我们今天去街上}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꀃꑍ{{tag|n}} ꏦꎫ{{tag|n}} ꁧ{{tag|vblex}}| 我们{{tag|prn}} 今天{{tag|n}} 去{{tag|vblex}} 街上{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꎧꀋꅝꀐ|我没有喝红酒}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꎧ{{tag|n}} ꀋ{{tag|neg}} ꅝ{{tag|vblex}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 我{{tag|prn}} 没有{{tag|neg}} 喝{{tag|vblex}} 红酒{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꊾꆹꉬꇮꐯꀋꇊꌡ|所有人差不多地像}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꊾ{{tag|n}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adj}} ꐯ{{tag|RECL}} ꀋꇊ{{tag|adv}} ꌡ{{tag|vblex}}| 所有{{tag|adj}} 人{{tag|n}} 差不多地{{tag|adv}} 像{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꃀꌠꀐ|我是老人了}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꃀꌠ{{tag|n}} ꀐ{{tag|part}} | 我{{tag|prn}} 现在{{tag|adv}} 是{{tag|pr}} 老人{{tag|n}}}}

== Final Evaluation ==

=== Transducer ===
*Coverage over the Bible: 78.5%
*Precision: 97.60%
*Recall: 86.46%

=== Machine Translation ===
*Small Corpora:
** WER: 37.9%
** PER: 17.8%
*Large Corpora:
** WER:
** PER:

== Link to Code and Poster ==

*Morphological Analyser, generator, and disambiguator
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii Morphological Transducer]

*Machine Translation between Nuosu and Mandarin
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-zho Machine Translation System]

*Summary Poster of the Project
**[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qZwlHxp997AG8Z13Y9Ayn5tsmnHI6awxLl9L79toUyA/edit?usp=sharing Poster]

[[Category:Nuosu]] [[Category:Sp22_FinalProjects]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Final Project

2022-05-12T23:32:23Z

Ywang13: /* Final Project Description */

== Final Project Description ==
For our final project, we decided to expand our morphological transducer for Nuosu, aiming for a corpus coverage above 80%. We also improved our Nuosu-Mandarin machine translation accuracy. Since there are 2 million Nuosu speakers, and 40% of them are bilingual speakers of Nuosu and Mandarin, we think a translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin can benefit this population. We have been using a Nuosu an [https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en online glossary] for Nuosu and Mandari/English translation. We think our our morphological transducer and machine translation system are potentially helpful with generating more sentence examples for the website.
Links to Git Repo:

== Previous Work ==

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Transducer Nuosu Transducer]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin/Structural_transfer Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation]

== Additions ==

=== Nuosu Transducer ===
* We added 100+ stems to the lexd. file, covering common nouns, verbs, and adjectives mentioned in A Grammar of Nuosu (Gerner 2013).
* We attempted to implement the negation suffix 'ap' using twol rule; currently the negation infix is only working for monosyllabic verbs and adjectives.

=== Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation ===
* Added one structural transfer rule to deal with sentence level particles in Nuosu that are omitted in Mandarin.
* Added one structural transfer rule to insert Mandarin particle 'de', which can function as predicate marker, possesive marker, adjectivizer, etc.
* Added ~80 new lexicon to our bilingual dictionary, making the total ~200.

=== Corpus Construction ===
* Constructed small corpus with 30 sentences; the lexicon in this corpus are mostly added to our transducer and the bilingual dictionary, which is useful for evaluateing how the effectiveness of the structural transfer rules when the lexicon are mostly known.

* Constructed large corpus with 100 sentences; the sentences in this corpus are randomly selected from the Bible and the Grammar book, and evaluating over this corpus shows the general accuracy of our machine translation system.

==== Selected Example Sentences from the Large Corpus ====
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋌꊋꋠꃅꀥ|他用力地跑}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꋌ{{tag|prn}} ꊋꋠ{{tag|adj}} ꃅ{{tag|advl}} ꀥ{{tag|vblex}}| 他{{tag|prn}} 用力地{{tag|adv}} 跑{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇꀃꑍꏦꎫꁧ|我们今天去街上}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꀃꑍ{{tag|n}} ꏦꎫ{{tag|n}} ꁧ{{tag|vblex}}| 我们{{tag|prn}} 今天{{tag|n}} 去{{tag|vblex}} 街上{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꎧꀋꅝꀐ|我没有喝红酒}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꎧ{{tag|n}} ꀋ{{tag|neg}} ꅝ{{tag|vblex}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 我{{tag|prn}} 没有{{tag|neg}} 喝{{tag|vblex}} 红酒{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꊾꆹꉬꇮꐯꀋꇊꌡ|所有人差不多地像}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꊾ{{tag|n}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adj}} ꐯ{{tag|RECL}} ꀋꇊ{{tag|adv}} ꌡ{{tag|vblex}}| 所有{{tag|adj}} 人{{tag|n}} 差不多地{{tag|adv}} 像{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꃀꌠꀐ|我是老人了}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꃀꌠ{{tag|n}} ꀐ{{tag|part}} | 我{{tag|prn}} 现在{{tag|adv}} 是{{tag|pr}} 老人{{tag|n}}}}

== Final Evaluation ==

=== Transducer ===
*Coverage over the Bible: 78.5%
*Precision: 97.60%
*Recall: 86.46%

=== Machine Translation ===
*Small Corpora:
** WER: 37.9%
** PER: 17.8%
*Large Corpora:
** WER:
** PER:

== Link to Code and Poster ==

*Morphological Analyser, generator, and disambiguator
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii Morphological Transducer]

*Machine Translation between Nuosu and Mandarin
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-zho Machine Translation System]

*Summary Poster of the Project
**[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qZwlHxp997AG8Z13Y9Ayn5tsmnHI6awxLl9L79toUyA/edit?usp=sharing Poster]

[[Category:Nuosu]] [[Category:Sp22_FinalProjects]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Final Project

2022-05-12T23:30:59Z

Ywang13:

== Final Project Description ==
For our final project, we decided to expand our morphological transducer for Nuosu, aiming for a corpus coverage above 80%. We also improved our Nuosu-Mandarin machine translation accuracy. Since there are 2 million Nuosu speakers, and 40% of them are bilingual speakers of Nuosu and Mandarin, we think a translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin can benefit this population. We have been using a Nuosu an [https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en online glossary] for Nuosu and Mandari/English translation. We think our our morphological transducer and machine translation system are potentially helpful with generating more sentence examples for the website.

and there's no current
most Nuosu speakers and the improving the rule-based machine translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin.

== Previous Work ==

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Transducer Nuosu Transducer]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin/Structural_transfer Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation]

== Additions ==

=== Nuosu Transducer ===
* We added 100+ stems to the lexd. file, covering common nouns, verbs, and adjectives mentioned in A Grammar of Nuosu (Gerner 2013).
* We attempted to implement the negation suffix 'ap' using twol rule; currently the negation infix is only working for monosyllabic verbs and adjectives.

=== Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation ===
* Added one structural transfer rule to deal with sentence level particles in Nuosu that are omitted in Mandarin.
* Added one structural transfer rule to insert Mandarin particle 'de', which can function as predicate marker, possesive marker, adjectivizer, etc.
* Added ~80 new lexicon to our bilingual dictionary, making the total ~200.

=== Corpus Construction ===
* Constructed small corpus with 30 sentences; the lexicon in this corpus are mostly added to our transducer and the bilingual dictionary, which is useful for evaluateing how the effectiveness of the structural transfer rules when the lexicon are mostly known.

* Constructed large corpus with 100 sentences; the sentences in this corpus are randomly selected from the Bible and the Grammar book, and evaluating over this corpus shows the general accuracy of our machine translation system.

==== Selected Example Sentences from the Large Corpus ====
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋌꊋꋠꃅꀥ|他用力地跑}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꋌ{{tag|prn}} ꊋꋠ{{tag|adj}} ꃅ{{tag|advl}} ꀥ{{tag|vblex}}| 他{{tag|prn}} 用力地{{tag|adv}} 跑{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇꀃꑍꏦꎫꁧ|我们今天去街上}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꀃꑍ{{tag|n}} ꏦꎫ{{tag|n}} ꁧ{{tag|vblex}}| 我们{{tag|prn}} 今天{{tag|n}} 去{{tag|vblex}} 街上{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꎧꀋꅝꀐ|我没有喝红酒}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꎧ{{tag|n}} ꀋ{{tag|neg}} ꅝ{{tag|vblex}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 我{{tag|prn}} 没有{{tag|neg}} 喝{{tag|vblex}} 红酒{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꊾꆹꉬꇮꐯꀋꇊꌡ|所有人差不多地像}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꊾ{{tag|n}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adj}} ꐯ{{tag|RECL}} ꀋꇊ{{tag|adv}} ꌡ{{tag|vblex}}| 所有{{tag|adj}} 人{{tag|n}} 差不多地{{tag|adv}} 像{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꃀꌠꀐ|我是老人了}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꃀꌠ{{tag|n}} ꀐ{{tag|part}} | 我{{tag|prn}} 现在{{tag|adv}} 是{{tag|pr}} 老人{{tag|n}}}}

== Final Evaluation ==

=== Transducer ===
*Coverage over the Bible: 78.5%
*Precision: 97.60%
*Recall: 86.46%

=== Machine Translation ===
*Small Corpora:
** WER: 37.9%
** PER: 17.8%
*Large Corpora:
** WER:
** PER:

== Link to Code and Poster ==

*Morphological Analyser, generator, and disambiguator
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii Morphological Transducer]

*Machine Translation between Nuosu and Mandarin
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-zho Machine Translation System]

*Summary Poster of the Project
**[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qZwlHxp997AG8Z13Y9Ayn5tsmnHI6awxLl9L79toUyA/edit?usp=sharing Poster]

[[Category:Nuosu]] [[Category:Sp22_FinalProjects]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Final Project

2022-05-12T23:30:03Z

Ywang13: /* Final Project Description */

== Final Project Description ==
For our final project, we decided to expand our morphological transducer for Nuosu, aiming for a corpus coverage above 80%. We also improved our Nuosu-Mandarin machine translation accuracy. Since there are 2 million Nuosu speakers, and 40% of them are bilingual speakers of Nuosu and Mandarin, we think a translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin can benefit this population. We have been using a Nuosu an [https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en online glossary] for Nuosu and Mandari/English translation. We think our our morphological transducer and machine translation system are potentially helpful with generating more sentence examples for the website.

and there's no current
most Nuosu speakers and the improving the rule-based machine translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin.

=== Previous Work ===

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Transducer Nuosu Transducer]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin/Structural_transfer Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation]

=== Additions ===

==== Nuosu Transducer ====
* We added 100+ stems to the lexd. file, covering common nouns, verbs, and adjectives mentioned in A Grammar of Nuosu (Gerner 2013).
* We attempted to implement the negation suffix 'ap' using twol rule; currently the negation infix is only working for monosyllabic verbs and adjectives.

==== Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation ====
* Added one structural transfer rule to deal with sentence level particles in Nuosu that are omitted in Mandarin.
* Added one structural transfer rule to insert Mandarin particle 'de', which can function as predicate marker, possesive marker, adjectivizer, etc.
* Added ~80 new lexicon to our bilingual dictionary, making the total ~200.

==== Corpus Construction ====
* Constructed small corpus with 30 sentences; the lexicon in this corpus are mostly added to our transducer and the bilingual dictionary, which is useful for evaluateing how the effectiveness of the structural transfer rules when the lexicon are mostly known.

* Constructed large corpus with 100 sentences; the sentences in this corpus are randomly selected from the Bible and the Grammar book, and evaluating over this corpus shows the general accuracy of our machine translation system.

===== Selected Example Sentences from the Large Corpus =====
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋌꊋꋠꃅꀥ|他用力地跑}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꋌ{{tag|prn}} ꊋꋠ{{tag|adj}} ꃅ{{tag|advl}} ꀥ{{tag|vblex}}| 他{{tag|prn}} 用力地{{tag|adv}} 跑{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇꀃꑍꏦꎫꁧ|我们今天去街上}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꀃꑍ{{tag|n}} ꏦꎫ{{tag|n}} ꁧ{{tag|vblex}}| 我们{{tag|prn}} 今天{{tag|n}} 去{{tag|vblex}} 街上{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꎧꀋꅝꀐ|我没有喝红酒}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꎧ{{tag|n}} ꀋ{{tag|neg}} ꅝ{{tag|vblex}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 我{{tag|prn}} 没有{{tag|neg}} 喝{{tag|vblex}} 红酒{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꊾꆹꉬꇮꐯꀋꇊꌡ|所有人差不多地像}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꊾ{{tag|n}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adj}} ꐯ{{tag|RECL}} ꀋꇊ{{tag|adv}} ꌡ{{tag|vblex}}| 所有{{tag|adj}} 人{{tag|n}} 差不多地{{tag|adv}} 像{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꃀꌠꀐ|我是老人了}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꃀꌠ{{tag|n}} ꀐ{{tag|part}} | 我{{tag|prn}} 现在{{tag|adv}} 是{{tag|pr}} 老人{{tag|n}}}}

=== Final Evaluation ===

==== Transducer ====
*Coverage over the Bible: 78.5%
*Precision: 97.60%
*Recall: 86.46%

==== Machine Translation ====
*Small Corpora:
** WER: 37.9%
** PER: 17.8%
*Large Corpora:
** WER:
** PER:

== Link to Code and Poster ==

*Morphological Analyser, generator, and disambiguator
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii Morphological Transducer]

*Machine Translation between Nuosu and Mandarin
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-zho Machine Translation System]

*Summary Poster of the Project
**[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qZwlHxp997AG8Z13Y9Ayn5tsmnHI6awxLl9L79toUyA/edit?usp=sharing Poster]

[[Category:Nuosu]] [[Category:Sp22_FinalProjects]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Final Project

2022-05-12T23:22:34Z

Ywang13: /* Previous Work & Evaluation */

== Final Project Description ==
For our final project, we decided to expand our morphological transducer for Nuosu, aiming for a corpus coverage above 80%. We also improved our Nuosu-Mandarin machine translation accuracy. Since there are 2 million Nuosu speakers, and 40% of them are bilingual speakers of Nuosu and Mandarin, we think a translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin can benefit this population. We have been using a Nuosu an [https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en online glossary] for Nuosu and Mandari/English translation. We think our our morphological transducer and machine translation system are potentially helpful with generating more sentence examples for the website.

and there's no current
most Nuosu speakers and the improving the rule-based machine translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin.

=== Previous Work ===

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Transducer Nuosu Transducer]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin/Structural_transfer Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation]

=== Additions ===

==== Nuosu Transducer ====
* We added 100+ stems to the lexd. file, covering common nouns, verbs, and adjectives mentioned in A Grammar of Nuosu (Gerner 2013).
* We attempted to implement the negation suffix 'ap' using twol rule; currently the negation infix is only working for monosyllabic verbs and adjectives.

==== Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation ====
* Added one structural transfer rule to deal with sentence level particles in Nuosu that are omitted in Mandarin.
* Added one structural transfer rule to insert Mandarin particle 'de', which can function as predicate marker, possesive marker, adjectivizer, etc.
* Added ~80 new lexicon to our bilingual dictionary, making the total ~200.

==== Corpus Construction ====
* Constructed small corpus with 30 sentences; the lexicon in this corpus are mostly added to our transducer and the bilingual dictionary, which is useful for evaluateing how the effectiveness of the structural transfer rules when the lexicon are mostly known.

* Constructed large corpus with 100 sentences; the sentences in this corpus are randomly selected from the Bible and the Grammar book, and evaluating over this corpus shows the general accuracy of our machine translation system.

===== Selected Example Sentences from the Large Corpus =====
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋌꊋꋠꃅꀥ|他用力地跑}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꋌ{{tag|prn}} ꊋꋠ{{tag|adj}} ꃅ{{tag|advl}} ꀥ{{tag|vblex}}| 他{{tag|prn}} 用力地{{tag|adv}} 跑{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇꀃꑍꏦꎫꁧ|我们今天去街上}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꀃꑍ{{tag|n}} ꏦꎫ{{tag|n}} ꁧ{{tag|vblex}}| 我们{{tag|prn}} 今天{{tag|n}} 去{{tag|vblex}} 街上{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꎧꀋꅝꀐ|我没有喝红酒}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꎧ{{tag|n}} ꀋ{{tag|neg}} ꅝ{{tag|vblex}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 我{{tag|prn}} 没有{{tag|neg}} 喝{{tag|vblex}} 红酒{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꊾꆹꉬꇮꐯꀋꇊꌡ|所有人差不多地像}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꊾ{{tag|n}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adj}} ꐯ{{tag|RECL}} ꀋꇊ{{tag|adv}} ꌡ{{tag|vblex}}| 所有{{tag|adj}} 人{{tag|n}} 差不多地{{tag|adv}} 像{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꃀꌠꀐ|我是老人了}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꃀꌠ{{tag|n}} ꀐ{{tag|part}} | 我{{tag|prn}} 现在{{tag|adv}} 是{{tag|pr}} 老人{{tag|n}}}}

== Link to Code and Poster ==

*Morphological Analyser, generator, and disambiguator
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii Morphological Transducer]

*Machine Translation between Nuosu and Mandarin
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-zho Machine Translation System]

*Summary Poster of the Project
**[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qZwlHxp997AG8Z13Y9Ayn5tsmnHI6awxLl9L79toUyA/edit?usp=sharing Poster]

[[Category:Nuosu]] [[Category:Sp22_FinalProjects]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Final Project

2022-05-12T23:22:16Z

Ywang13: /* Final Project Description */

== Final Project Description ==
For our final project, we decided to expand our morphological transducer for Nuosu, aiming for a corpus coverage above 80%. We also improved our Nuosu-Mandarin machine translation accuracy. Since there are 2 million Nuosu speakers, and 40% of them are bilingual speakers of Nuosu and Mandarin, we think a translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin can benefit this population. We have been using a Nuosu an [https://www.webonary.org/nuosuyi/?lang=en online glossary] for Nuosu and Mandari/English translation. We think our our morphological transducer and machine translation system are potentially helpful with generating more sentence examples for the website.

and there's no current
most Nuosu speakers and the improving the rule-based machine translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin.

=== Previous Work & Evaluation ===

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Transducer Nuosu Transducer]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin/Structural_transfer Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation]

=== Additions ===

==== Nuosu Transducer ====
* We added 100+ stems to the lexd. file, covering common nouns, verbs, and adjectives mentioned in A Grammar of Nuosu (Gerner 2013).
* We attempted to implement the negation suffix 'ap' using twol rule; currently the negation infix is only working for monosyllabic verbs and adjectives.

==== Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation ====
* Added one structural transfer rule to deal with sentence level particles in Nuosu that are omitted in Mandarin.
* Added one structural transfer rule to insert Mandarin particle 'de', which can function as predicate marker, possesive marker, adjectivizer, etc.
* Added ~80 new lexicon to our bilingual dictionary, making the total ~200.

==== Corpus Construction ====
* Constructed small corpus with 30 sentences; the lexicon in this corpus are mostly added to our transducer and the bilingual dictionary, which is useful for evaluateing how the effectiveness of the structural transfer rules when the lexicon are mostly known.

* Constructed large corpus with 100 sentences; the sentences in this corpus are randomly selected from the Bible and the Grammar book, and evaluating over this corpus shows the general accuracy of our machine translation system.

===== Selected Example Sentences from the Large Corpus =====
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋌꊋꋠꃅꀥ|他用力地跑}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꋌ{{tag|prn}} ꊋꋠ{{tag|adj}} ꃅ{{tag|advl}} ꀥ{{tag|vblex}}| 他{{tag|prn}} 用力地{{tag|adv}} 跑{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇꀃꑍꏦꎫꁧ|我们今天去街上}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꀃꑍ{{tag|n}} ꏦꎫ{{tag|n}} ꁧ{{tag|vblex}}| 我们{{tag|prn}} 今天{{tag|n}} 去{{tag|vblex}} 街上{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꎧꀋꅝꀐ|我没有喝红酒}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꎧ{{tag|n}} ꀋ{{tag|neg}} ꅝ{{tag|vblex}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 我{{tag|prn}} 没有{{tag|neg}} 喝{{tag|vblex}} 红酒{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꊾꆹꉬꇮꐯꀋꇊꌡ|所有人差不多地像}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꊾ{{tag|n}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adj}} ꐯ{{tag|RECL}} ꀋꇊ{{tag|adv}} ꌡ{{tag|vblex}}| 所有{{tag|adj}} 人{{tag|n}} 差不多地{{tag|adv}} 像{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꃀꌠꀐ|我是老人了}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꃀꌠ{{tag|n}} ꀐ{{tag|part}} | 我{{tag|prn}} 现在{{tag|adv}} 是{{tag|pr}} 老人{{tag|n}}}}

== Link to Code and Poster ==

*Morphological Analyser, generator, and disambiguator
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii Morphological Transducer]

*Machine Translation between Nuosu and Mandarin
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-zho Machine Translation System]

*Summary Poster of the Project
**[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qZwlHxp997AG8Z13Y9Ayn5tsmnHI6awxLl9L79toUyA/edit?usp=sharing Poster]

[[Category:Nuosu]] [[Category:Sp22_FinalProjects]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Final Project

2022-05-12T21:45:06Z

Ywang13: /* Previous Work & Evaluation */

== Final Project Description ==
For the final project, we worked on expanding the Nuosu transducer and the improving the rule-based machine translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin.

=== Previous Work & Evaluation ===

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu/Transducer Nuosu Transducer]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin/Structural_transfer Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation]

=== Additions ===

==== Nuosu Transducer ====
* We added 100+ stems to the lexd. file, covering common nouns, verbs, and adjectives mentioned in A Grammar of Nuosu (Gerner 2013).
* We attempted to implement the negation suffix 'ap' using twol rule; currently the negation infix is only working for monosyllabic verbs and adjectives.

==== Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation ====
* Added one structural transfer rule to deal with sentence level particles in Nuosu that are omitted in Mandarin.
* Added one structural transfer rule to insert Mandarin particle 'de', which can function as predicate marker, possesive marker, adjectivizer, etc.
* Added ~80 new lexicon to our bilingual dictionary, making the total ~200.

==== Corpus Construction ====
* Constructed small corpus with 30 sentences; the lexicon in this corpus are mostly added to our transducer and the bilingual dictionary, which is useful for evaluateing how the effectiveness of the structural transfer rules when the lexicon are mostly known.

* Constructed large corpus with 100 sentences; the sentences in this corpus are randomly selected from the Bible and the Grammar book, and evaluating over this corpus shows the general accuracy of our machine translation system.

===== Selected Example Sentences from the Large Corpus =====
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋌꊋꋠꃅꀥ|他用力地跑}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꋌ{{tag|prn}} ꊋꋠ{{tag|adj}} ꃅ{{tag|advl}} ꀥ{{tag|vblex}}| 他{{tag|prn}} 用力地{{tag|adv}} 跑{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇꀃꑍꏦꎫꁧ|我们今天去街上}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꀃꑍ{{tag|n}} ꏦꎫ{{tag|n}} ꁧ{{tag|vblex}}| 我们{{tag|prn}} 今天{{tag|n}} 去{{tag|vblex}} 街上{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꎧꀋꅝꀐ|我没有喝红酒}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꎧ{{tag|n}} ꀋ{{tag|neg}} ꅝ{{tag|vblex}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 我{{tag|prn}} 没有{{tag|neg}} 喝{{tag|vblex}} 红酒{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꊾꆹꉬꇮꐯꀋꇊꌡ|所有人差不多地像}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꊾ{{tag|n}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adj}} ꐯ{{tag|RECL}} ꀋꇊ{{tag|adv}} ꌡ{{tag|vblex}}| 所有{{tag|adj}} 人{{tag|n}} 差不多地{{tag|adv}} 像{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꃀꌠꀐ|我是老人了}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꃀꌠ{{tag|n}} ꀐ{{tag|part}} | 我{{tag|prn}} 现在{{tag|adv}} 是{{tag|pr}} 老人{{tag|n}}}}

== Link to Code and Poster ==

*Morphological Analyser, generator, and disambiguator
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii Morphological Transducer]

*Machine Translation between Nuosu and Mandarin
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-zho Machine Translation System]

*Summary Poster of the Project
**[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qZwlHxp997AG8Z13Y9Ayn5tsmnHI6awxLl9L79toUyA/edit?usp=sharing Poster]

[[Category:Nuosu]] [[Category:Sp22_FinalProjects]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Final Project

2022-05-12T21:42:42Z

Ywang13:

== Final Project Description ==
For the final project, we worked on expanding the Nuosu transducer and the improving the rule-based machine translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin.

=== Previous Work & Evaluation ===

=== Additions ===

==== Nuosu Transducer ====
* We added 100+ stems to the lexd. file, covering common nouns, verbs, and adjectives mentioned in A Grammar of Nuosu (Gerner 2013).
* We attempted to implement the negation suffix 'ap' using twol rule; currently the negation infix is only working for monosyllabic verbs and adjectives.

==== Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation ====
* Added one structural transfer rule to deal with sentence level particles in Nuosu that are omitted in Mandarin.
* Added one structural transfer rule to insert Mandarin particle 'de', which can function as predicate marker, possesive marker, adjectivizer, etc.
* Added ~80 new lexicon to our bilingual dictionary, making the total ~200.

==== Corpus Construction ====
* Constructed small corpus with 30 sentences; the lexicon in this corpus are mostly added to our transducer and the bilingual dictionary, which is useful for evaluateing how the effectiveness of the structural transfer rules when the lexicon are mostly known.

* Constructed large corpus with 100 sentences; the sentences in this corpus are randomly selected from the Bible and the Grammar book, and evaluating over this corpus shows the general accuracy of our machine translation system.

===== Selected Example Sentences from the Large Corpus =====
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋌꊋꋠꃅꀥ|他用力地跑}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꋌ{{tag|prn}} ꊋꋠ{{tag|adj}} ꃅ{{tag|advl}} ꀥ{{tag|vblex}}| 他{{tag|prn}} 用力地{{tag|adv}} 跑{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇꀃꑍꏦꎫꁧ|我们今天去街上}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꀃꑍ{{tag|n}} ꏦꎫ{{tag|n}} ꁧ{{tag|vblex}}| 我们{{tag|prn}} 今天{{tag|n}} 去{{tag|vblex}} 街上{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꎧꀋꅝꀐ|我没有喝红酒}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꎧ{{tag|n}} ꀋ{{tag|neg}} ꅝ{{tag|vblex}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 我{{tag|prn}} 没有{{tag|neg}} 喝{{tag|vblex}} 红酒{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꊾꆹꉬꇮꐯꀋꇊꌡ|所有人差不多地像}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꊾ{{tag|n}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adj}} ꐯ{{tag|RECL}} ꀋꇊ{{tag|adv}} ꌡ{{tag|vblex}}| 所有{{tag|adj}} 人{{tag|n}} 差不多地{{tag|adv}} 像{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꃀꌠꀐ|我是老人了}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꃀꌠ{{tag|n}} ꀐ{{tag|part}} | 我{{tag|prn}} 现在{{tag|adv}} 是{{tag|pr}} 老人{{tag|n}}}}

== Link to Code and Poster ==

*Morphological Analyser, generator, and disambiguator
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii Morphological Transducer]

*Machine Translation between Nuosu and Mandarin
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-zho Machine Translation System]

*Summary Poster of the Project
**[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qZwlHxp997AG8Z13Y9Ayn5tsmnHI6awxLl9L79toUyA/edit?usp=sharing Poster]

[[Category:Nuosu]] [[Category:Sp22_FinalProjects]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Final Project

2022-05-12T21:37:45Z

Ywang13:

== Final Project Description ==
For the final project, we worked on expanding the Nuosu transducer and the improving the rule-based machine translation system between Nuosu and Mandarin.

=== Previous Work & Evaluation ===

=== Additions ===

==== Nuosu Transducer ====
* We added 100+ stems to the lexd. file, covering common nouns, verbs, and adjectives mentioned in A Grammar of Nuosu (Gerner 2013).
* We attempted to implement the negation suffix 'ap' using twol rule; currently the negation infix is only working for monosyllabic verbs and adjectives.

==== Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation ====
* Added one structural transfer rule to deal with sentence level particles in Nuosu that are omitted in Mandarin.
* Added one structural transfer rule to insert Mandarin particle 'de', which can function as predicate marker, possesive marker, adjectivizer, etc.
* Added ~80 new lexicon to our bilingual dictionary, making the total ~200.

==== Corpus Construction ====
* Constructed small corpus with 30 sentences; the lexicon in this corpus are mostly added to our transducer and the bilingual dictionary, which is useful for evaluateing how the effectiveness of the structural transfer rules when the lexicon are mostly known.
* Constructed large corpus with 100 sentences; the sentences in this corpus are randomly selected from the Bible and the Grammar book, and evaluating over this corpus shows the general accuracy of our machine translation system.

== Selected Sentences (Total added: 70) ==

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋌꊋꋠꃅꀥ|他用力地跑}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꋌ{{tag|prn}} ꊋꋠ{{tag|adj}} ꃅ{{tag|advl}} ꀥ{{tag|vblex}}| 他{{tag|prn}} 用力地{{tag|adv}} 跑{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇꀃꑍꏦꎫꁧ|我们今天去街上}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉪꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꀃꑍ{{tag|n}} ꏦꎫ{{tag|n}} ꁧ{{tag|vblex}}| 我们{{tag|prn}} 今天{{tag|n}} 去{{tag|vblex}} 街上{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꎧꀋꅝꀐ|我没有喝红酒}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꎧ{{tag|n}} ꀋ{{tag|neg}} ꅝ{{tag|vblex}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 我{{tag|prn}} 没有{{tag|neg}} 喝{{tag|vblex}} 红酒{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꊾꆹꉬꇮꐯꀋꇊꌡ|所有人差不多地像}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꊾ{{tag|n}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adj}} ꐯ{{tag|RECL}} ꀋꇊ{{tag|adv}} ꌡ{{tag|vblex}}| 所有{{tag|adj}} 人{{tag|n}} 差不多地{{tag|adv}} 像{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉢꃀꌠꀐ|我是老人了}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉢ{{tag|prn}} ꃀꌠ{{tag|n}} ꀐ{{tag|part}} | 我{{tag|prn}} 现在{{tag|adv}} 是{{tag|pr}} 老人{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉡꆹꑞꉉꄻꅐꑴꌦ?|我仍然需要嘱咐什么？}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꉡ{{tag|prn}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꑞ{{tag|n}} ꉉ{{tag|vblex}} ꄻꅐ{{tag|vblex}} ꑴꌦ{{tag|adv}}| 我{{tag|prn}} 仍然{{tag|adv}} 需要{{tag|vblex}} 说{{tag|vblex}} 什么{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠꁡꇤꇿꇬꑌꋌꏮꈴ。|耶稣穿过他所有的村庄}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠ{{tag|n}} ꁡꇤ{{tag|n}} ꇿꇬꑌ{{tag|adj}} ꋌ{{tag|prn}} ꏮꈴ{{tag|vblex}}| 耶稣{{tag|n}} 穿过{{tag|vblex}} 所有的{{tag|adj}} 村庄{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꅽꃢꈜꎔ。|你的衣服是美丽的}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꅽ{{tag|prn}} ꃢꈜ{{tag|n}} ꎔ{{tag|adj}}| 你的{{tag|prn}} 衣服{{tag|n}} 是{{tag|pr}} 美丽的{{tag|adj}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꈀꄸꑌꎧꅝꏾ。|所有人想喝红酒}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꈀꄸ{{tag|n}} ꑌ{{tag|adv}} ꎧ{{tag|n}} ꅝ{{tag|vblex}} ꏾ{{tag|vblex}}| 大家{{tag|n}} 都{{tag|adv}} 红酒{{tag|n}} 喝{{tag|vblex}} 想{{tag|vblex}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋌꁬꃨꒈꎭ。|他给花浇水}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꋌ{{tag|prn}} ꁬꃨ{{tag|n}} ꒈ{{tag|n}} ꎭ{{tag|vblex}} | 他{{tag|n}} 浇{{tag|vblex}} 花{{tag|n}}}}

== Link to Code and Poster ==

*Morphological Analyser, generator, and disambiguator
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii Morphological Transducer]

*Machine Translation between Nuosu and Mandarin
**[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-zho Machine Translation System]

*Summary Poster of the Project
**[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qZwlHxp997AG8Z13Y9Ayn5tsmnHI6awxLl9L79toUyA/edit?usp=sharing Poster]

[[Category:Nuosu]] [[Category:Sp22_FinalProjects]]

Nuosu and Mandarin

2022-05-03T13:21:11Z

Ywang13: /* Polished RBMT System */

== Resources for machine translation between Nuosu and English ==

== External Resources ==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-zho Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation Repository]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/apertium-zho Mandarin(zho) Transducer]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii Nuosu(iii) Transducer]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-zho-corpus iii-zho corpus repository]

== Additions ==

===Disambiguation===
* Added a rule that distinguishes adverbs and main verbs (ex. ꃅ)
* Added a rule that distinguishes exhaustion particles and main verbs for (ex. ꌐ)
* Added a rule that distinguishes end-of-sentence particles and main verbs for (ex. ꄉ)

===Structural Transfer===
* Added one more sentence for each of the five rules, bringing the total to 10 sentences
* Added a rule which added an adjective-specific marker when translating to Mandarin.
* Added a rule which specified the explicit topic marker in Nuosu
* Changed the rule that specified the organization of NP and ClP phrases

===Adding Stems===
* Added 100 new stems

==Polished RBMT System==

=== Nuosu Transducer ===
* Precision: %
* Recall: %
* Coverage over large corpus: 182179 / 243953 (~0.74677909269408451628) remaining unknown forms: 61774
* Stems in transducer: 276

=== MT iii->zho ===
* Over : iii.longer.text
** Word Error Rate (WER): %
** Position-independent word error rate (PER): %
** Percentage of unknown words: %
** Number of position-independent correct words:
** Coverage:

[[Category: Nuosu]] [[Category: sp22_TranslationPairs]]

Nuosu and Mandarin

2022-05-03T13:09:26Z

Ywang13: /* Structural Transfer */

== Resources for machine translation between Nuosu and English ==

== External Resources ==
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-zho Nuosu-Mandarin Machine Translation Repository]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/apertium-zho Mandarin(zho) Transducer]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii Nuosu(iii) Transducer]
*[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-zho-corpus iii-zho corpus repository]

== Additions ==

===Disambiguation===
* Added a rule that distinguishes adverbs and main verbs (ex. ꃅ)
* Added a rule that distinguishes exhaustion particles and main verbs for (ex. ꌐ)
* Added a rule that distinguishes end-of-sentence particles and main verbs for (ex. ꄉ)

===Structural Transfer===
* Added one more sentence for each of the five rules, bringing the total to 10 sentences
* Added a rule which added an adjective-specific marker when translating to Mandarin.
* Added a rule which specified the explicit topic marker in Nuosu
* Changed the rule that specified the organization of NP and ClP phrases

===Adding Stems===
* Added 100 new stems

==Polished RBMT System==
* Precision: %
* Recall: %
* Coverage over large corpus: 182179 / 243953 (~0.74677909269408451628) remaining unknown forms: 61774
* Stems in transducer: 276
* Over : #small corpus
** Word Error Rate (WER): %
** Position-independent word error rate (PER): %
** Percentage of unknown words: %
** Number of position-independent correct words:
** Coverage:
* Over
** Coverage:

[[Category: Nuosu]] [[Category: sp22_TranslationPairs]]

Nuosu/Transducer

2022-04-30T13:48:52Z

Ywang13: /* Evaluation */

Here is the Git Repo for the [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii Nuosu transducer].

= Evaluation =

== Feb 25, 2022 ==

=== Corpus Coverage ===

Our current coverage over the bible is 46%.

TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1021 ^ꄷ。/*ꄷ。$
268 ^ꀕ/*ꀕ$
154 ^、/*、$
139 ^ꄷ/*ꄷ$
131 ^ꎔ/*ꎔ$
111 ^ꃅ/*ꃅ$
60 ^ꄷꅲ。/*ꄷꅲ。$
53 ^ꑳꌠꆏ：/*ꑳꌠꆏ：$
42 ^ꉢꇯꍝꃅ/*ꉢꇯꍝꃅ$
39 ^ꏢ/*ꏢ$
36 ^ꏀ/*ꏀ$
34 ^ꌃ/*ꌃ$
33 ^ꉢ/*ꉢ$
31 ^ꂟ。/*ꂟ。$
28 ^꒰/*꒰$
28 ^ꌠ/*ꌠ$
26 ^ꌠꉬ。/*ꌠꉬ。$
22 ^ꀋ/*ꀋ$
22 ^ꏢ/*ꏢ$
21 ^ꅇ/*ꅇ$
coverage: 16156 / 35466 (~0.45553487847515930751)
remaining unknown forms: 19310
nuosu.bible Fri 25 Feb 2022 07:40:27 PM EST 16156/35466 ~0.45553487847515930751

== Apr 30, 2022 ==

=== Stem Information ===

'''Lexical Information'''

Lexicons: 44

Lexicon entries: 276

Patterns: 2

Pattern entries: 25

'''Counts for individual lexicons'''

AdjStems: 15

SizePrefixes: 3

NegPrefixes: 1

VerbStems: 52

NmlzSuffixes: 5

AdjzSuffixes: 2

Intensification: 1

NounStems: 39

Pronouns: 20

QuoteStems: 1

Preposition: 18

Postposition: 8

Classifier: 19

Particles: 10

Determiner: 1

Conjunction: 2

Adverb: 7

Punctuation: 29

Numeral: 10

Numbers: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 23

=== Corpus Coverage ===

Our current coverage over the bible is 75%.

TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1432 ^ꌋ/*ꌋ$
640 ^ꂶ/*ꂶ$
617 ^ꅇ/*ꅇ$
581 ^ꎔ/*ꎔ$
578 ^ꑲ/*ꑲ$
572 ^ꈨ/*ꈨ$
540 ^ꀉ/*ꀉ$
502 ^ꀋ/*ꀋ$
476 ^ꀋꄸ/*ꀋꄸ$
411 ^ꀋꎪ/*ꀋꎪ$
394 ^ꈍ/*ꈍ$
388 ^ꇫ/*ꇫ$
386 ^ꀕ/*ꀕ$
366 ^ꐥ/*ꐥ$
339 ^ꌦ/*ꌦ$
335 ^ꅐ/*ꅐ$
311 ^ꊌ/*ꊌ$
310 ^ꃀ/*ꃀ$
291 ^ꈀ/*ꈀ$
291 ^ꅍ/*ꅍ$
coverage: 182179 / 243953 (~0.74677909269408451628)
remaining unknown forms: 61774
iii.bible2 Sat 30 Apr 2022 09:42:02 AM EDT 182179/243953 ~0.74677909269408451628

[[Category: Sp22_Transducers]] [[Category: Nuosu]]

Nuosu/Transducer

2022-04-30T13:48:05Z

Ywang13: /* Evaluation */

Here is the Git Repo for the [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii Nuosu transducer].

== Evaluation ==

=== Feb 25, 2022 ===

==== Corpus Coverage ====

Our current coverage over the bible is 46%.

TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1021 ^ꄷ。/*ꄷ。$
268 ^ꀕ/*ꀕ$
154 ^、/*、$
139 ^ꄷ/*ꄷ$
131 ^ꎔ/*ꎔ$
111 ^ꃅ/*ꃅ$
60 ^ꄷꅲ。/*ꄷꅲ。$
53 ^ꑳꌠꆏ：/*ꑳꌠꆏ：$
42 ^ꉢꇯꍝꃅ/*ꉢꇯꍝꃅ$
39 ^ꏢ/*ꏢ$
36 ^ꏀ/*ꏀ$
34 ^ꌃ/*ꌃ$
33 ^ꉢ/*ꉢ$
31 ^ꂟ。/*ꂟ。$
28 ^꒰/*꒰$
28 ^ꌠ/*ꌠ$
26 ^ꌠꉬ。/*ꌠꉬ。$
22 ^ꀋ/*ꀋ$
22 ^ꏢ/*ꏢ$
21 ^ꅇ/*ꅇ$
coverage: 16156 / 35466 (~0.45553487847515930751)
remaining unknown forms: 19310
nuosu.bible Fri 25 Feb 2022 07:40:27 PM EST 16156/35466 ~0.45553487847515930751

=== Apr 30, 2022 ===

==== Stem Information ====

'''Lexical Information'''

Lexicons: 44

Lexicon entries: 276

Patterns: 2

Pattern entries: 25

'''Counts for individual lexicons'''

AdjStems: 15

SizePrefixes: 3

NegPrefixes: 1

VerbStems: 52

NmlzSuffixes: 5

AdjzSuffixes: 2

Intensification: 1

NounStems: 39

Pronouns: 20

QuoteStems: 1

Preposition: 18

Postposition: 8

Classifier: 19

Particles: 10

Determiner: 1

Conjunction: 2

Adverb: 7

Punctuation: 29

Numeral: 10

Numbers: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 23

==== Corpus Coverage ====

Our current coverage over the bible is 75%.

TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1432 ^ꌋ/*ꌋ$
640 ^ꂶ/*ꂶ$
617 ^ꅇ/*ꅇ$
581 ^ꎔ/*ꎔ$
578 ^ꑲ/*ꑲ$
572 ^ꈨ/*ꈨ$
540 ^ꀉ/*ꀉ$
502 ^ꀋ/*ꀋ$
476 ^ꀋꄸ/*ꀋꄸ$
411 ^ꀋꎪ/*ꀋꎪ$
394 ^ꈍ/*ꈍ$
388 ^ꇫ/*ꇫ$
386 ^ꀕ/*ꀕ$
366 ^ꐥ/*ꐥ$
339 ^ꌦ/*ꌦ$
335 ^ꅐ/*ꅐ$
311 ^ꊌ/*ꊌ$
310 ^ꃀ/*ꃀ$
291 ^ꈀ/*ꈀ$
291 ^ꅍ/*ꅍ$
coverage: 182179 / 243953 (~0.74677909269408451628)
remaining unknown forms: 61774
iii.bible2 Sat 30 Apr 2022 09:42:02 AM EDT 182179/243953 ~0.74677909269408451628

[[Category: Sp22_Transducers]] [[Category: Nuosu]]

Nuosu/Transducer

2022-04-30T13:46:48Z

Ywang13: /* Corpus Coverage */

Here is the Git Repo for the [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii Nuosu transducer].

== Evaluation ==

=== Corpus Coverage - Feb 25, 2022 ===

Our current coverage over the bible is 46%.

TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1021 ^ꄷ。/*ꄷ。$
268 ^ꀕ/*ꀕ$
154 ^、/*、$
139 ^ꄷ/*ꄷ$
131 ^ꎔ/*ꎔ$
111 ^ꃅ/*ꃅ$
60 ^ꄷꅲ。/*ꄷꅲ。$
53 ^ꑳꌠꆏ：/*ꑳꌠꆏ：$
42 ^ꉢꇯꍝꃅ/*ꉢꇯꍝꃅ$
39 ^ꏢ/*ꏢ$
36 ^ꏀ/*ꏀ$
34 ^ꌃ/*ꌃ$
33 ^ꉢ/*ꉢ$
31 ^ꂟ。/*ꂟ。$
28 ^꒰/*꒰$
28 ^ꌠ/*ꌠ$
26 ^ꌠꉬ。/*ꌠꉬ。$
22 ^ꀋ/*ꀋ$
22 ^ꏢ/*ꏢ$
21 ^ꅇ/*ꅇ$
coverage: 16156 / 35466 (~0.45553487847515930751)
remaining unknown forms: 19310
nuosu.bible Fri 25 Feb 2022 07:40:27 PM EST 16156/35466 ~0.45553487847515930751

=== Evaluation - Apr 30, 2022 ===

'''Lexical Information'''

Lexicons: 44

Lexicon entries: 276

Patterns: 2

Pattern entries: 25

'''Counts for individual lexicons'''

AdjStems: 15

SizePrefixes: 3

NegPrefixes: 1

VerbStems: 52

NmlzSuffixes: 5

AdjzSuffixes: 2

Intensification: 1

NounStems: 39

Pronouns: 20

QuoteStems: 1

Preposition: 18

Postposition: 8

Classifier: 19

Particles: 10

Determiner: 1

Conjunction: 2

Adverb: 7

Punctuation: 29

Numeral: 10

Numbers: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 23

=== Corpus Coverage ===

Our current coverage over the bible is 75%.

TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1432 ^ꌋ/*ꌋ$
640 ^ꂶ/*ꂶ$
617 ^ꅇ/*ꅇ$
581 ^ꎔ/*ꎔ$
578 ^ꑲ/*ꑲ$
572 ^ꈨ/*ꈨ$
540 ^ꀉ/*ꀉ$
502 ^ꀋ/*ꀋ$
476 ^ꀋꄸ/*ꀋꄸ$
411 ^ꀋꎪ/*ꀋꎪ$
394 ^ꈍ/*ꈍ$
388 ^ꇫ/*ꇫ$
386 ^ꀕ/*ꀕ$
366 ^ꐥ/*ꐥ$
339 ^ꌦ/*ꌦ$
335 ^ꅐ/*ꅐ$
311 ^ꊌ/*ꊌ$
310 ^ꃀ/*ꃀ$
291 ^ꈀ/*ꈀ$
291 ^ꅍ/*ꅍ$
coverage: 182179 / 243953 (~0.74677909269408451628)
remaining unknown forms: 61774
iii.bible2 Sat 30 Apr 2022 09:42:02 AM EDT 182179/243953 ~0.74677909269408451628

[[Category: Sp22_Transducers]] [[Category: Nuosu]]

Nuosu/Transducer

2022-04-30T13:46:31Z

Ywang13: /* Corpus Coverage - Feb 25, 2022 */

Here is the Git Repo for the [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii Nuosu transducer].

== Evaluation ==

=== Corpus Coverage - Feb 25, 2022 ===

Our current coverage over the bible is 46%.

TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1021 ^ꄷ。/*ꄷ。$
268 ^ꀕ/*ꀕ$
154 ^、/*、$
139 ^ꄷ/*ꄷ$
131 ^ꎔ/*ꎔ$
111 ^ꃅ/*ꃅ$
60 ^ꄷꅲ。/*ꄷꅲ。$
53 ^ꑳꌠꆏ：/*ꑳꌠꆏ：$
42 ^ꉢꇯꍝꃅ/*ꉢꇯꍝꃅ$
39 ^ꏢ/*ꏢ$
36 ^ꏀ/*ꏀ$
34 ^ꌃ/*ꌃ$
33 ^ꉢ/*ꉢ$
31 ^ꂟ。/*ꂟ。$
28 ^꒰/*꒰$
28 ^ꌠ/*ꌠ$
26 ^ꌠꉬ。/*ꌠꉬ。$
22 ^ꀋ/*ꀋ$
22 ^ꏢ/*ꏢ$
21 ^ꅇ/*ꅇ$
coverage: 16156 / 35466 (~0.45553487847515930751)
remaining unknown forms: 19310
nuosu.bible Fri 25 Feb 2022 07:40:27 PM EST 16156/35466 ~0.45553487847515930751

=== Evaluation - Apr 30, 2022 ===

'''Lexical Information'''

Lexicons: 44

Lexicon entries: 276

Patterns: 2

Pattern entries: 25

'''Counts for individual lexicons'''

AdjStems: 15

SizePrefixes: 3

NegPrefixes: 1

VerbStems: 52

NmlzSuffixes: 5

AdjzSuffixes: 2

Intensification: 1

NounStems: 39

Pronouns: 20

QuoteStems: 1

Preposition: 18

Postposition: 8

Classifier: 19

Particles: 10

Determiner: 1

Conjunction: 2

Adverb: 7

Punctuation: 29

Numeral: 10

Numbers: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 23

=== Corpus Coverage ===

TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1432 ^ꌋ/*ꌋ$
640 ^ꂶ/*ꂶ$
617 ^ꅇ/*ꅇ$
581 ^ꎔ/*ꎔ$
578 ^ꑲ/*ꑲ$
572 ^ꈨ/*ꈨ$
540 ^ꀉ/*ꀉ$
502 ^ꀋ/*ꀋ$
476 ^ꀋꄸ/*ꀋꄸ$
411 ^ꀋꎪ/*ꀋꎪ$
394 ^ꈍ/*ꈍ$
388 ^ꇫ/*ꇫ$
386 ^ꀕ/*ꀕ$
366 ^ꐥ/*ꐥ$
339 ^ꌦ/*ꌦ$
335 ^ꅐ/*ꅐ$
311 ^ꊌ/*ꊌ$
310 ^ꃀ/*ꃀ$
291 ^ꈀ/*ꈀ$
291 ^ꅍ/*ꅍ$
coverage: 182179 / 243953 (~0.74677909269408451628)
remaining unknown forms: 61774
iii.bible2 Sat 30 Apr 2022 09:42:02 AM EDT 182179/243953 ~0.74677909269408451628

[[Category: Sp22_Transducers]] [[Category: Nuosu]]

Nuosu/Transducer

2022-04-30T13:45:25Z

Ywang13:

Here is the Git Repo for the [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii Nuosu transducer].

== Evaluation ==

=== Corpus Coverage - Feb 25, 2022 ===

TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1021 ^ꄷ。/*ꄷ。$
268 ^ꀕ/*ꀕ$
154 ^、/*、$
139 ^ꄷ/*ꄷ$
131 ^ꎔ/*ꎔ$
111 ^ꃅ/*ꃅ$
60 ^ꄷꅲ。/*ꄷꅲ。$
53 ^ꑳꌠꆏ：/*ꑳꌠꆏ：$
42 ^ꉢꇯꍝꃅ/*ꉢꇯꍝꃅ$
39 ^ꏢ/*ꏢ$
36 ^ꏀ/*ꏀ$
34 ^ꌃ/*ꌃ$
33 ^ꉢ/*ꉢ$
31 ^ꂟ。/*ꂟ。$
28 ^꒰/*꒰$
28 ^ꌠ/*ꌠ$
26 ^ꌠꉬ。/*ꌠꉬ。$
22 ^ꀋ/*ꀋ$
22 ^ꏢ/*ꏢ$
21 ^ꅇ/*ꅇ$
coverage: 16156 / 35466 (~0.45553487847515930751)
remaining unknown forms: 19310
nuosu.bible Fri 25 Feb 2022 07:40:27 PM EST 16156/35466 ~0.45553487847515930751

=== Evaluation - Apr 30, 2022 ===

'''Lexical Information'''

Lexicons: 44

Lexicon entries: 276

Patterns: 2

Pattern entries: 25

'''Counts for individual lexicons'''

AdjStems: 15

SizePrefixes: 3

NegPrefixes: 1

VerbStems: 52

NmlzSuffixes: 5

AdjzSuffixes: 2

Intensification: 1

NounStems: 39

Pronouns: 20

QuoteStems: 1

Preposition: 18

Postposition: 8

Classifier: 19

Particles: 10

Determiner: 1

Conjunction: 2

Adverb: 7

Punctuation: 29

Numeral: 10

Numbers: 10
All anonymous lexicons: 23

=== Corpus Coverage ===

TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1432 ^ꌋ/*ꌋ$
640 ^ꂶ/*ꂶ$
617 ^ꅇ/*ꅇ$
581 ^ꎔ/*ꎔ$
578 ^ꑲ/*ꑲ$
572 ^ꈨ/*ꈨ$
540 ^ꀉ/*ꀉ$
502 ^ꀋ/*ꀋ$
476 ^ꀋꄸ/*ꀋꄸ$
411 ^ꀋꎪ/*ꀋꎪ$
394 ^ꈍ/*ꈍ$
388 ^ꇫ/*ꇫ$
386 ^ꀕ/*ꀕ$
366 ^ꐥ/*ꐥ$
339 ^ꌦ/*ꌦ$
335 ^ꅐ/*ꅐ$
311 ^ꊌ/*ꊌ$
310 ^ꃀ/*ꃀ$
291 ^ꈀ/*ꈀ$
291 ^ꅍ/*ꅍ$
coverage: 182179 / 243953 (~0.74677909269408451628)
remaining unknown forms: 61774
iii.bible2 Sat 30 Apr 2022 09:42:02 AM EDT 182179/243953 ~0.74677909269408451628

[[Category: Sp22_Transducers]] [[Category: Nuosu]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Structural transfer

2022-04-29T19:53:26Z

Ywang13:

= Pre-evaluation =

Test file: 'iii-zho.tests.txt'
Reference file 'zho.tests.txt'

Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 57
Number of words in test: 61
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 17
Percentage of unknown words: 27.87 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 44
Word error rate (WER): 77.19 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 33
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 49.12 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 44
Word Error Rate (WER): 77.19 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 33
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 49.12 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 0
Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 0.00 %

= Implementation =
We addded most of the unknown lexicon into the Nuosu transducer, the Mandarin transducer, and our bilingual dictionary. We implemented #1, #2, #4, #5 rules from the Nuosu and Mandarin [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Nuosu_and_Mandarin/Contrastive_grammar contrastive grammar] page. The structural transfer rules are written in the apertium-iii-zho.iii-zho.rtx file in the [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp22/ling073-iii-zho iii-zho] translation pair repository.

= Final Evaluation =
Test file: 'iii-zho.tests.txt'
Reference file 'zho.tests.txt'

Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 57
Number of words in test: 61
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 3
Percentage of unknown words: 4.92 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 22
Word error rate (WER): 38.60 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 48
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 22.81 %

Results when unknown-word marks (stars) are not removed
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 22
Word Error Rate (WER): 38.60 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 48
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 22.81 %

Statistics about the translation of unknown words
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of unknown words which were free rides: 0
Percentage of unknown words that were free rides: 0.00 %

[[Category:Sp22_StructuralTransfer]] [[category:Nuosu]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Structural transfer

2022-04-29T19:42:30Z

Ywang13: /* Implementation */

Nuosu and Mandarin/Structural transfer

2022-04-29T19:39:59Z

Ywang13: /* Pre-evaluation */

Nuosu and Mandarin/Structural transfer

2022-04-29T19:13:46Z

Ywang13:

= Pre-evaluation =

[[Category:Sp22_StructuralTransfer]] [[category:Nuosu]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Contrastive grammar

2022-04-28T23:25:34Z

Ywang13: /* Differences */

==Ten Sentences (in the Bible)==

1. 圣灵驱使耶稣进入旷野。
ꌃꎔꒌꆹꑳꌠꋌꇤꅷꇈꈬꇉꃪꁧ。

2. 他们立刻丢下网，跟从了他。
ꋋꇅꃅꉛꐱꋍꑊꇵꇫꎭꇈꀕ， ꋍꊂꈹꁧꀐ。

3. 全城都聚集在门口。
ꇓꈓꋋꇬꊿꃅꇁꌊꀃꈈꁭꑭꏓꌐ。

4. 西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。
ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。

5. 遇见他时，他对他说：“每个人都在找你。”
ꑳꌠꋀꎹꊊꄮꇬꆏ， ꇬꏭ： “ ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ” ꄷ。

6. 耶稣严厉地嘱咐他，打发他走了，
ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ， ꋌꑳꌠꇱꇤꅷꁧ，

7. 有几个文士坐在那里，心中嘀咕：
ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ， ꋀꉌꃀꄸꈐꆏ：

8. “我告诉你，起来！拿你的床回家。”
“ ꉢꅽꏯꉉ，ꄓꇁ！ꅽꈈꇉꏓꌊꀁꇬꁧꌶ” ꄷ。

9. 耶稣一再嘱咐他们不要透露他。
ꑳꌠꀱꇊꀱꃅꋀꏭꋍꅔꄡꀖꄷ。

10. 并赐给他们赶鬼的权柄。
ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。

==Differences==

1. Nuosu: S-O-V; Mandarin: S-V-O

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ|耶稣严厉地嘱咐他}} ("Jesus told him seriously")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠ{{tag|n}} ꈯꀕꃅ{{tag|adv}} ꇬ{{tag|prn}} ꏭ{{tag|vblex}} ꉉꇈ{{tag|vblex}}| 耶稣{{tag|np}} 严厉地{{tag|adv}} 嘱咐{{tag|vblex}} 他{{tag|prn}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꇐꁈꋍꐋꀨꏣꅔ|鲁珀保护他的朋友}} ("Lupo protected his friend.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꇐꁈ{{tag|n}} ꋍ{{tag|prn}} ꐋꀨ{{tag|n}} ꏣꅔ{{tag|vblex}}| 鲁珀{{tag|np}} 保护{{tag|vblex}} 他的{{tag|prn}} 朋友{{tag|n}}}}

2. Nuosu: Classifier occurs after nouns and verbs; Mandarin: Classifier occurs before nouns and verbs

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ|几个文士坐在那里}} ("Some literates were there")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷ{{tag|n}} ꌤꃅꊿ{{tag|n}} ꑠ{{tag|part}} ꈍꑍ{{tag|adj}} ꑹ{{tag|cl}} ꀊꄶ{{tag|prn}} ꇬ{{tag|pr}} ꑌ{{tag|vblex}}| 几个{{tag|cl}} 文{{tag|n}} 士{{tag|n}} 坐{{tag|vblex}} 在{{tag|pr}} 那里{{tag|prn}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꆿꒉꑍꍔ|两碗茶}} ("Two bowls of tea.")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꆿꒉ{{tag|n}} ꑍ{{tag|num}} ꍔ{{tag|cl}}| 两{{tag|num}} 碗{{tag|cl}} 茶{{tag|n}}}}

3. Nuosu has explicit topic marker, whereas Mandarin doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。|西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。}} (“Simon and his friends looking for Jesus”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꑭꂱ{{tag|prn}} ꌋꆀ{{tag|cnj}} ꋍ{{tag|prn}} ꐋꀨ{{tag|n}} ꈧ{{tag|part}} ꑳꌠ{{tag|prn}} ꎹ{{tag|v}} | 西蒙{{tag|prn}} 和{{tag|cnj}} 他{{tag|prn}} 的{{tag|part}} 同伴{{tag|n}} 寻找{{tag|v}} 耶稣{{tag|prn}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꃅꇫꆹꂘꃀꂷꉬ。|木高是个老师。}} (“Mugo is a teacher.”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꃅꇫ{{tag|prn}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꂘꃀ{{tag|n}} ꂷ{{tag|cl}} ꉬ{{tag|vblex}}| 木高{{tag|prn}} 是{{tag|vblex}} 个{{tag|cl}} 老师{{tag|n}}}}

4. Except from the universal quantifier, Nuosu indicates exhaustion at the end of the sentence by the exhaustion particle ꌐ.
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ。|大家都正在找你。}} (“Everyone is looking for you”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉹꁌ{{tag|prn}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adv}} ꆏ{{tag|prn}} ꎷ{{tag|vblex}} ꐺ{{tag|pr}} ꌐ{{tag|part}}| 大家{{tag|prn}} 都{{tag|adv}} 在{{tag|vblex}} 找{{tag|vblex}} 你{{tag|prn}}}}

ꊋꋠꅍꉢꋰꄉꌐ
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋀꊇꇁꌐꀐ。|他们都来了。}} (“They all came.”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꋀꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꇁ{{tag|vblex}} ꌐ{{tag|part}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 他们{{tag|prn}} 都{{tag|adv}} 来{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|pr}}}}

5. Mandarin has adjective-specific marker, whereas Nuosu doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。|并给他们赶鬼的权柄。}} (“Additionally, gave him the power to expel ghosts.”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉈꑴ{{tag|adv}} ꑊꋌ{{tag|n}} ꈹ{{tag|vblex}} ꌅꈌ{{tag|n}} ꄻ{{tag|vblex}} ꋀ{{tag|prn}} ꁳ{{tag|vblex}} | 并{{tag|adv}} 给{{tag|vblex}} 他们{{tag|prn}} 赶{{tag|vblex}} 鬼{{tag|n}} 的{{tag|part}} 权柄{{tag|n}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꌤꊋꋠꐘ。|一件困难的事情。}} (“A difficult issue.”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꌤ{{tag|n}} ꊋꋠ{{tag|adj}} ꐘ{{tag|cl}} | 一件{{tag|cl}} 困难{{tag|adj}} 的{{tag|part}} 事情{{tag|n}}}}

[[category:sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[category:Nuosu]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Contrastive grammar

2022-04-26T21:05:22Z

Ywang13: /* Differences */

==Ten Sentences (in the Bible)==

1. 圣灵驱使耶稣进入旷野。
ꌃꎔꒌꆹꑳꌠꋌꇤꅷꇈꈬꇉꃪꁧ。

2. 他们立刻丢下网，跟从了他。
ꋋꇅꃅꉛꐱꋍꑊꇵꇫꎭꇈꀕ， ꋍꊂꈹꁧꀐ。

3. 全城都聚集在门口。
ꇓꈓꋋꇬꊿꃅꇁꌊꀃꈈꁭꑭꏓꌐ。

4. 西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。
ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。

5. 遇见他时，他对他说：“每个人都在找你。”
ꑳꌠꋀꎹꊊꄮꇬꆏ， ꇬꏭ： “ ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ” ꄷ。

6. 耶稣严厉地嘱咐他，打发他走了，
ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ， ꋌꑳꌠꇱꇤꅷꁧ，

7. 有几个文士坐在那里，心中嘀咕：
ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ， ꋀꉌꃀꄸꈐꆏ：

8. “我告诉你，起来！拿你的床回家。”
“ ꉢꅽꏯꉉ，ꄓꇁ！ꅽꈈꇉꏓꌊꀁꇬꁧꌶ” ꄷ。

9. 耶稣一再嘱咐他们不要透露他。
ꑳꌠꀱꇊꀱꃅꋀꏭꋍꅔꄡꀖꄷ。

10. 并赐给他们赶鬼的权柄。
ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。

==Differences==

1. Nuosu: S-O-V; Mandarin: S-V-O

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ|耶稣严厉地嘱咐他}} ("Jesus told him seriously")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠ{{tag|n}} ꈯꀕꃅ{{tag|adv}} ꇬ{{tag|prn}} ꏭ{{tag|vblex}} ꉉꇈ{{tag|vblex}}| 耶稣{{tag|np}} 严厉地{{tag|adv}} 嘱咐{{tag|vblex}} 他{{tag|prn}}}}

2. Nuosu: Classifier occurs after nouns and verbs; Mandarin: Classifier occurs before nouns and verbs

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ|几个文士坐在那里}} ("Some literates were there")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷ{{tag|n}} ꌤꃅꊿ{{tag|n}} ꑠ{{tag|part}} ꈍꑍ{{tag|adj}} ꑹ{{tag|cl}} ꀊꄶ{{tag|prn}} ꇬ{{tag|pr}} ꑌ{{tag|vblex}}| 几个{{tag|cl}} 文{{tag|n}} 士{{tag|n}} 坐{{tag|vblex}} 在{{tag|pr}} 那里{{tag|prn}}}}

3. Nuosu has explicit topic marker, whereas Mandarin doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。|西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。}} (“Simon and his friends looking for Jesus”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꑭꂱ{{tag|prn}} ꌋꆀ{{tag|cnj}} ꋍ{{tag|prn}} ꐋꀨ{{tag|n}} ꈧ{{tag|part}} ꑳꌠ{{tag|prn}} ꎹ{{tag|v}} | 西蒙{{tag|prn}} 和{{tag|cnj}} 他{{tag|prn}} 的{{tag|part}} 同伴{{tag|n}} 寻找{{tag|v}} 耶稣{{tag|prn}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꃅꇫꆹꂘꃀꂷꉬ。|木高是个老师。}} (“Simon and his friends looking for Jesus”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꃅꇫ{{tag|prn}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꂘꃀ{{tag|n}} ꂷ{{tag|cl}} ꉬ{{tag|vblex}}| 木高{{tag|prn}} 是{{tag|vblex}} 个{{tag|cl}} 老师{{tag|n}}}}

4. Except from the universal quantifier, Nuosu indicates exhaustion at the end of the sentence by the exhaustion particle ꌐ.
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ。|大家都正在找你。}} (“Everyone is looking for you”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉹꁌ{{tag|prn}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adv}} ꆏ{{tag|prn}} ꎷ{{tag|vblex}} ꐺ{{tag|pr}} ꌐ{{tag|part}}| 大家{{tag|prn}} 都{{tag|adv}} 在{{tag|vblex}} 找{{tag|vblex}} 你{{tag|prn}}}}

ꊋꋠꅍꉢꋰꄉꌐ
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋀꊇꇁꌐꀐ。|他们都来了。}} (“Everyone is looking for you”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꋀꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꇁ{{tag|vblex}} ꌐ{{tag|part}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 他们{{tag|prn}} 都{{tag|adv}} 来{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|pr}}}}

5. Mandarin has adjective-specific marker, whereas Nuosu doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。|并给他们赶鬼的权柄。}} (“Additionally, gave him the power to expel ghosts.”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉈꑴ{{tag|adv}} ꑊꋌ{{tag|n}} ꈹ{{tag|vblex}} ꌅꈌ{{tag|n}} ꄻ{{tag|vblex}} ꋀ{{tag|prn}} ꁳ{{tag|vblex}} | 并{{tag|adv}} 给{{tag|vblex}} 他们{{tag|prn}} 赶{{tag|vblex}} 鬼{{tag|n}} 的{{tag|part}} 权柄{{tag|n}}}}

[[category:sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[category:Nuosu]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Contrastive grammar

2022-04-26T20:50:20Z

Ywang13: /* Differences */

==Ten Sentences (in the Bible)==

1. 圣灵驱使耶稣进入旷野。
ꌃꎔꒌꆹꑳꌠꋌꇤꅷꇈꈬꇉꃪꁧ。

2. 他们立刻丢下网，跟从了他。
ꋋꇅꃅꉛꐱꋍꑊꇵꇫꎭꇈꀕ， ꋍꊂꈹꁧꀐ。

3. 全城都聚集在门口。
ꇓꈓꋋꇬꊿꃅꇁꌊꀃꈈꁭꑭꏓꌐ。

4. 西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。
ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。

5. 遇见他时，他对他说：“每个人都在找你。”
ꑳꌠꋀꎹꊊꄮꇬꆏ， ꇬꏭ： “ ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ” ꄷ。

6. 耶稣严厉地嘱咐他，打发他走了，
ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ， ꋌꑳꌠꇱꇤꅷꁧ，

7. 有几个文士坐在那里，心中嘀咕：
ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ， ꋀꉌꃀꄸꈐꆏ：

8. “我告诉你，起来！拿你的床回家。”
“ ꉢꅽꏯꉉ，ꄓꇁ！ꅽꈈꇉꏓꌊꀁꇬꁧꌶ” ꄷ。

9. 耶稣一再嘱咐他们不要透露他。
ꑳꌠꀱꇊꀱꃅꋀꏭꋍꅔꄡꀖꄷ。

10. 并赐给他们赶鬼的权柄。
ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。

==Differences==

1. Nuosu: S-O-V; Mandarin: S-V-O

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ|耶稣严厉地嘱咐他}} ("Jesus told him seriously")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠ{{tag|n}} ꈯꀕꃅ{{tag|adv}} ꇬ{{tag|prn}} ꏭ{{tag|vblex}} ꉉꇈ{{tag|vblex}}| 耶稣{{tag|np}} 严厉地{{tag|adv}} 嘱咐{{tag|vblex}} 他{{tag|prn}}}}

2. Nuosu: Classifier occurs after nouns and verbs; Mandarin: Classifier occurs before nouns and verbs

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ|几个文士坐在那里}} ("Some literates were there")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷ{{tag|n}} ꌤꃅꊿ{{tag|n}} ꑠ{{tag|part}} ꈍꑍ{{tag|adj}} ꑹ{{tag|cl}} ꀊꄶ{{tag|prn}} ꇬ{{tag|pr}} ꑌ{{tag|vblex}}| 几个{{tag|cl}} 文{{tag|n}} 士{{tag|n}} 坐{{tag|vblex}} 在{{tag|pr}} 那里{{tag|prn}}}}

3. Nuosu has explicit topic marker, whereas Mandarin doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。|西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。}} (“Simon and his friends looking for Jesus”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꑭꂱ{{tag|prn}} ꌋꆀ{{tag|cnj}} ꋍ{{tag|prn}} ꐋꀨ{{tag|n}} ꈧ{{tag|part}} ꑳꌠ{{tag|prn}} ꎹ{{tag|v}} | 西蒙{{tag|prn}} 和{{tag|cnj}} 他{{tag|prn}} 的{{tag|part}} 同伴{{tag|n}} 寻找{{tag|v}} 耶稣{{tag|prn}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꃅꇫꆹꂘꃀꂷꉬ。|木高是个老师。}} (“Simon and his friends looking for Jesus”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꃅꇫ{{tag|prn}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꂘꃀ{{tag|n}} ꂷ{{tag|cl}} ꉬ{{tag|vblex}}| 木高{{tag|prn}} 是{{tag|vblex}} 个{{tag|cl}} 老师{{tag|n}}}}

4. Except from the universal quantifier, Nuosu indicates exhaustion at the end of the sentence by the exhaustion particle ꌐ.
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ。|大家都正在找你。}} (“Everyone is looking for you”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉹꁌ{{tag|prn}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adv}} ꆏ{{tag|prn}} ꎷ{{tag|vblex}} ꐺ{{tag|pr}} ꌐ{{tag|part}}| 大家{{tag|prn}} 都{{tag|adv}} 在{{tag|vblex}} 找{{tag|vblex}} 你{{tag|prn}}}}

5. Mandarin has adjective-specific marker, whereas Nuosu doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。|并给他们赶鬼的权柄。}} (“Additionally, gave him the power to expel ghosts.”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉈꑴ{{tag|adv}} ꑊꋌ{{tag|n}} ꈹ{{tag|vblex}} ꌅꈌ{{tag|n}} ꄻ{{tag|vblex}} ꋀ{{tag|prn}} ꁳ{{tag|vblex}} | 并{{tag|adv}} 给{{tag|vblex}} 他们{{tag|prn}} 赶{{tag|vblex}} 鬼{{tag|n}} 的{{tag|part}} 权柄{{tag|n}}}}

[[category:sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[category:Nuosu]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Contrastive grammar

2022-04-26T20:49:56Z

Ywang13: /* Differences */

==Ten Sentences (in the Bible)==

1. 圣灵驱使耶稣进入旷野。
ꌃꎔꒌꆹꑳꌠꋌꇤꅷꇈꈬꇉꃪꁧ。

2. 他们立刻丢下网，跟从了他。
ꋋꇅꃅꉛꐱꋍꑊꇵꇫꎭꇈꀕ， ꋍꊂꈹꁧꀐ。

3. 全城都聚集在门口。
ꇓꈓꋋꇬꊿꃅꇁꌊꀃꈈꁭꑭꏓꌐ。

4. 西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。
ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。

5. 遇见他时，他对他说：“每个人都在找你。”
ꑳꌠꋀꎹꊊꄮꇬꆏ， ꇬꏭ： “ ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ” ꄷ。

6. 耶稣严厉地嘱咐他，打发他走了，
ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ， ꋌꑳꌠꇱꇤꅷꁧ，

7. 有几个文士坐在那里，心中嘀咕：
ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ， ꋀꉌꃀꄸꈐꆏ：

8. “我告诉你，起来！拿你的床回家。”
“ ꉢꅽꏯꉉ，ꄓꇁ！ꅽꈈꇉꏓꌊꀁꇬꁧꌶ” ꄷ。

9. 耶稣一再嘱咐他们不要透露他。
ꑳꌠꀱꇊꀱꃅꋀꏭꋍꅔꄡꀖꄷ。

10. 并赐给他们赶鬼的权柄。
ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。

==Differences==

1. Nuosu: S-O-V; Mandarin: S-V-O

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ|耶稣严厉地嘱咐他}} ("Jesus told him seriously")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠ{{tag|n}} ꈯꀕꃅ{{tag|adv}} ꇬ{{tag|prn}} ꏭ{{tag|vblex}} ꉉꇈ{{tag|vblex}}| 耶稣{{tag|np}} 严厉地{{tag|adv}} 嘱咐{{tag|vblex}} 他{{tag|prn}}}}

2. Nuosu: Classifier occurs after nouns and verbs; Mandarin: Classifier occurs before nouns and verbs

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ|几个文士坐在那里}} ("Some literates were there")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷ{{tag|n}} ꌤꃅꊿ{{tag|n}} ꑠ{{tag|part}} ꈍꑍ{{tag|adj}} ꑹ{{tag|cl}} ꀊꄶ{{tag|prn}} ꇬ{{tag|pr}} ꑌ{{tag|vblex}}| 几个{{tag|cl}} 文{{tag|n}} 士{{tag|n}} 坐{{tag|vblex}} 在{{tag|pr}} 那里{{tag|prn}}}}

3. Nuosu has explicit topic marker, whereas Mandarin doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。|西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。}} (“Simon and his friends looking for Jesus”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꑭꂱ{{tag|prn}} ꌋꆀ{{tag|cnj}} ꋍ{{tag|prn}} ꐋꀨ{{tag|n}} ꈧ{{tag|part}} ꑳꌠ{{tag|prn}} ꎹ{{tag|v}} | 西蒙{{tag|prn}} 和{{tag|cnj}} 他{{tag|prn}} 的{{tag|part}} 同伴{{tag|n}} 寻找{{tag|v}} 耶稣{{tag|prn}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꃅꇫꆹꂘꃀꂷꉬ。|木高是个老师。}} (“Simon and his friends looking for Jesus”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꃅꇫ{{tag|prn}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꂘꃀ{{tag|n}} ꂷ{{tag|cl}} ꉬ{{tag|vblex}}| 木高{{tag|prn}} 是{{tag|vblex}} 个{{tag|cl}} 老师{{tag|n}}}}

4. Except from the universal quantifier, Nuosu indicates exhaustion at the end of the sentence by the exhaustion particle ꌐ.
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ。|大家都正在找你。}} (“Everyone is looking for you”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉹꁌ{{tag|prn}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adv}} ꆏ{{tag|prn}} ꎷ{{tag|vblex}} ꐺ{{tag|pr}} ꌐ{{tag|part}}| 大家{{tag|prn}} 都{{tag|adv}} 在{{tag|vblex}} 找{{tag|vblex}} 你{{tag|prn}}}}

5. Mandarin has adjective-specific marker, whereas Nuosu doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。|并给他们赶鬼的权柄。}} (“Additionally, gave him the power to expel ghosts.”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉈꑴ{{tag|adv}} ꑊꋌ{{tag|n}} ꈹ{{tag|vblex}} ꌅꈌ{{tag|n}} ꄻ{{tag|vblex}} ꋀ{{tag|prn}} ꁳ{{tag|vblex}} | 并{{tag|adv}} 给{{tag|vblex}} 他们{{tag|prn}} 赶{{tag|vblex}} 鬼{{tag|n}} 的{{tag|part}} 权柄{{tag|n}}}}

[[category:sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[category:Nuosu]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Contrastive grammar

2022-04-26T20:48:41Z

Ywang13: /* Differences */

==Ten Sentences (in the Bible)==

1. 圣灵驱使耶稣进入旷野。
ꌃꎔꒌꆹꑳꌠꋌꇤꅷꇈꈬꇉꃪꁧ。

2. 他们立刻丢下网，跟从了他。
ꋋꇅꃅꉛꐱꋍꑊꇵꇫꎭꇈꀕ， ꋍꊂꈹꁧꀐ。

3. 全城都聚集在门口。
ꇓꈓꋋꇬꊿꃅꇁꌊꀃꈈꁭꑭꏓꌐ。

4. 西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。
ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。

5. 遇见他时，他对他说：“每个人都在找你。”
ꑳꌠꋀꎹꊊꄮꇬꆏ， ꇬꏭ： “ ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ” ꄷ。

6. 耶稣严厉地嘱咐他，打发他走了，
ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ， ꋌꑳꌠꇱꇤꅷꁧ，

7. 有几个文士坐在那里，心中嘀咕：
ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ， ꋀꉌꃀꄸꈐꆏ：

8. “我告诉你，起来！拿你的床回家。”
“ ꉢꅽꏯꉉ，ꄓꇁ！ꅽꈈꇉꏓꌊꀁꇬꁧꌶ” ꄷ。

9. 耶稣一再嘱咐他们不要透露他。
ꑳꌠꀱꇊꀱꃅꋀꏭꋍꅔꄡꀖꄷ。

10. 并赐给他们赶鬼的权柄。
ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。

==Differences==

1. Nuosu: S-O-V; Mandarin: S-V-O

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ|耶稣严厉地嘱咐他}} ("Jesus told him seriously")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠ{{tag|n}} ꈯꀕꃅ{{tag|adv}} ꇬ{{tag|prn}} ꏭ{{tag|vblex}} ꉉꇈ{{tag|vblex}}| 耶稣{{tag|np}} 严厉地{{tag|adv}} 嘱咐{{tag|vblex}} 他{{tag|prn}}}}

2. Nuosu: Classifier occurs after nouns and verbs; Mandarin: Classifier occurs before nouns and verbs

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ|几个文士坐在那里}} ("Some literates were there")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷ{{tag|n}} ꌤꃅꊿ{{tag|n}} ꑠ{{tag|part}} ꈍꑍ{{tag|adj}} ꑹ{{tag|cl}} ꀊꄶ{{tag|prn}} ꇬ{{tag|pr}} ꑌ{{tag|vblex}}| 几个{{tag|cl}} 文{{tag|n}} 士{{tag|n}} 坐{{tag|vblex}} 在{{tag|pr}} 那里{{tag|prn}}}}

3. Nuosu has explicit topic marker, whereas Mandarin doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。|西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。}} (“Simon and his friends looking for Jesus”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꑭꂱ{{tag|prn}} ꌋꆀ{{tag|cnj}} ꋍ{{tag|prn}} ꐋꀨ{{tag|n}} ꈧ{{tag|part}} ꑳꌠ{{tag|prn}} ꎹ{{tag|v}} | 西蒙{{tag|prn}} 和{{tag|cnj}} 他{{tag|prn}} 的{{tag|part}} 同伴{{tag|n}} 寻找{{tag|v}} 耶稣{{tag|prn}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꃅꇫꆹꂘꃀꂷꉬ。|木高是个老师。}} (“Simon and his friends looking for Jesus”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꃅꇫ{{tag|prn}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꂘꃀ{{tag|n}} ꂷ{{tag|cl}} ꉬ{{tag|vblex}}| 木高{{tag|prn}} 是{{tag|vblex}} 个{{tag|cl}} 老师{{tag|n}}}

4. Except from the universal quantifier, Nuosu indicates exhaustion at the end of the sentence by the exhaustion particle ꌐ.
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ。|大家都正在找你。}} (“Everyone is looking for you”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉹꁌ{{tag|prn}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adv}} ꆏ{{tag|prn}} ꎷ{{tag|vblex}} ꐺ{{tag|pr}} ꌐ{{tag|part}}| 大家{{tag|prn}} 都{{tag|adv}} 在{{tag|vblex}} 找{{tag|vblex}} 你{{tag|prn}}}}

5. Mandarin has adjective-specific marker, whereas Nuosu doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。|并给他们赶鬼的权柄。}} (“Additionally, gave him the power to expel ghosts.”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉈꑴ{{tag|adv}} ꑊꋌ{{tag|n}} ꈹ{{tag|vblex}} ꌅꈌ{{tag|n}} ꄻ{{tag|vblex}} ꋀ{{tag|prn}} ꁳ{{tag|vblex}} | 并{{tag|adv}} 给{{tag|vblex}} 他们{{tag|prn}} 赶{{tag|vblex}} 鬼{{tag|n}} 的{{tag|part}} 权柄{{tag|n}}}}

[[category:sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[category:Nuosu]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Contrastive grammar

2022-04-26T20:47:56Z

Ywang13: /* Differences */

==Ten Sentences (in the Bible)==

1. 圣灵驱使耶稣进入旷野。
ꌃꎔꒌꆹꑳꌠꋌꇤꅷꇈꈬꇉꃪꁧ。

2. 他们立刻丢下网，跟从了他。
ꋋꇅꃅꉛꐱꋍꑊꇵꇫꎭꇈꀕ， ꋍꊂꈹꁧꀐ。

3. 全城都聚集在门口。
ꇓꈓꋋꇬꊿꃅꇁꌊꀃꈈꁭꑭꏓꌐ。

4. 西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。
ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。

5. 遇见他时，他对他说：“每个人都在找你。”
ꑳꌠꋀꎹꊊꄮꇬꆏ， ꇬꏭ： “ ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ” ꄷ。

6. 耶稣严厉地嘱咐他，打发他走了，
ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ， ꋌꑳꌠꇱꇤꅷꁧ，

7. 有几个文士坐在那里，心中嘀咕：
ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ， ꋀꉌꃀꄸꈐꆏ：

8. “我告诉你，起来！拿你的床回家。”
“ ꉢꅽꏯꉉ，ꄓꇁ！ꅽꈈꇉꏓꌊꀁꇬꁧꌶ” ꄷ。

9. 耶稣一再嘱咐他们不要透露他。
ꑳꌠꀱꇊꀱꃅꋀꏭꋍꅔꄡꀖꄷ。

10. 并赐给他们赶鬼的权柄。
ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。

==Differences==

1. Nuosu: S-O-V; Mandarin: S-V-O

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ|耶稣严厉地嘱咐他}} ("Jesus told him seriously")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠ{{tag|n}} ꈯꀕꃅ{{tag|adv}} ꇬ{{tag|prn}} ꏭ{{tag|vblex}} ꉉꇈ{{tag|vblex}}| 耶稣{{tag|np}} 严厉地{{tag|adv}} 嘱咐{{tag|vblex}} 他{{tag|prn}}}}

2. Nuosu: Classifier occurs after nouns and verbs; Mandarin: Classifier occurs before nouns and verbs

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ|几个文士坐在那里}} ("Some literates were there")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷ{{tag|n}} ꌤꃅꊿ{{tag|n}} ꑠ{{tag|part}} ꈍꑍ{{tag|adj}} ꑹ{{tag|cl}} ꀊꄶ{{tag|prn}} ꇬ{{tag|pr}} ꑌ{{tag|vblex}}| 几个{{tag|cl}} 文{{tag|n}} 士{{tag|n}} 坐{{tag|vblex}} 在{{tag|pr}} 那里{{tag|prn}}}}

3. Nuosu has explicit topic marker, whereas Mandarin doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。|西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。}} (“Simon and his friends looking for Jesus”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꑭꂱ{{tag|prn}} ꌋꆀ{{tag|cnj}} ꋍ{{tag|prn}} ꐋꀨ{{tag|n}} ꈧ{{tag|part}} ꑳꌠ{{tag|prn}} ꎹ{{tag|v}} | 西蒙{{tag|prn}} 和{{tag|cnj}} 他{{tag|prn}} 的{{tag|part}} 同伴{{tag|n}} 寻找{{tag|v}} 耶稣{{tag|prn}}}}

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꃅꇫꆹꂘꃀꂷꉬ。|木高是个老师。}} (“Simon and his friends looking for Jesus”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꃅꇫ{{tag|prn}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꂘꃀ{{tag|n}} ꂷ{{tag|cl}} ꉬ{{tag|vblex}} | 木高{{tag|prn}} 是{{tag|vblex}} 个{{tag|cl}} 老师{{tag|n}} }

4. Except from the universal quantifier, Nuosu indicates exhaustion at the end of the sentence by the exhaustion particle ꌐ.
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ。|大家都正在找你。}} (“Everyone is looking for you”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉹꁌ{{tag|prn}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adv}} ꆏ{{tag|prn}} ꎷ{{tag|vblex}} ꐺ{{tag|pr}} ꌐ{{tag|part}}| 大家{{tag|prn}} 都{{tag|adv}} 在{{tag|vblex}} 找{{tag|vblex}} 你{{tag|prn}}}}

5. Mandarin has adjective-specific marker, whereas Nuosu doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。|并给他们赶鬼的权柄。}} (“Additionally, gave him the power to expel ghosts.”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉈꑴ{{tag|adv}} ꑊꋌ{{tag|n}} ꈹ{{tag|vblex}} ꌅꈌ{{tag|n}} ꄻ{{tag|vblex}} ꋀ{{tag|prn}} ꁳ{{tag|vblex}} | 并{{tag|adv}} 给{{tag|vblex}} 他们{{tag|prn}} 赶{{tag|vblex}} 鬼{{tag|n}} 的{{tag|part}} 权柄{{tag|n}}}}

[[category:sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[category:Nuosu]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Contrastive grammar

2022-04-26T15:12:29Z

Ywang13: /* Differences */

==Ten Sentences (in the Bible)==

1. 圣灵驱使耶稣进入旷野。
ꌃꎔꒌꆹꑳꌠꋌꇤꅷꇈꈬꇉꃪꁧ。

2. 他们立刻丢下网，跟从了他。
ꋋꇅꃅꉛꐱꋍꑊꇵꇫꎭꇈꀕ， ꋍꊂꈹꁧꀐ。

3. 全城都聚集在门口。
ꇓꈓꋋꇬꊿꃅꇁꌊꀃꈈꁭꑭꏓꌐ。

4. 西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。
ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。

5. 遇见他时，他对他说：“每个人都在找你。”
ꑳꌠꋀꎹꊊꄮꇬꆏ， ꇬꏭ： “ ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ” ꄷ。

6. 耶稣严厉地嘱咐他，打发他走了，
ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ， ꋌꑳꌠꇱꇤꅷꁧ，

7. 有几个文士坐在那里，心中嘀咕：
ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ， ꋀꉌꃀꄸꈐꆏ：

8. “我告诉你，起来！拿你的床回家。”
“ ꉢꅽꏯꉉ，ꄓꇁ！ꅽꈈꇉꏓꌊꀁꇬꁧꌶ” ꄷ。

9. 耶稣一再嘱咐他们不要透露他。
ꑳꌠꀱꇊꀱꃅꋀꏭꋍꅔꄡꀖꄷ。

10. 并赐给他们赶鬼的权柄。
ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。

==Differences==

1. Nuosu: S-O-V; Mandarin: S-V-O

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ|耶稣严厉地嘱咐他}} ("Jesus told him seriously")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠ{{tag|n}} ꈯꀕꃅ{{tag|adv}} ꇬ{{tag|prn}} ꏭ{{tag|vblex}} ꉉꇈ{{tag|vblex}}| 耶稣{{tag|np}} 严厉地{{tag|adv}} 嘱咐{{tag|vblex}} 他{{tag|prn}}}}

2. Nuosu: Classifier occurs after nouns and verbs; Mandarin: Classifier occurs before nouns and verbs

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ|几个文士坐在那里}} ("Some literates were there")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷ{{tag|n}} ꌤꃅꊿ{{tag|n}} ꑠ{{tag|part}} ꈍꑍ{{tag|adj}} ꑹ{{tag|cl}} ꀊꄶ{{tag|prn}} ꇬ{{tag|pr}} ꑌ{{tag|vblex}}| 几个{{tag|cl}} 文{{tag|n}} 士{{tag|n}} 坐{{tag|vblex}} 在{{tag|pr}} 那里{{tag|prn}}}}

3. Nuosu has explicit topic marker, whereas Mandarin doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。|西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。}} (“Simon and his friends looking for Jesus”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꑭꂱ{{tag|prn}} ꌋꆀ{{tag|cnj}} ꋍ{{tag|prn}} ꐋꀨ{{tag|n}} ꈧ{{tag|part}} ꑳꌠ{{tag|prn}} ꎹ{{tag|v}} | 西蒙{{tag|prn}} 和{{tag|cnj}} 他{{tag|prn}} 的{{tag|part}} 同伴{{tag|n}} 寻找{{tag|v}} 耶稣{{tag|prn}}}}

4. Except from the universal quantifier, Nuosu indicates exhaustion at the end of the sentence by the exhaustion particle ꌐ.
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ。|大家都正在找你。}} (“Everyone is looking for you”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉹꁌ{{tag|prn}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adv}} ꆏ{{tag|prn}} ꎷ{{tag|vblex}} ꐺ{{tag|pr}} ꌐ{{tag|part}}| 大家{{tag|prn}} 都{{tag|adv}} 在{{tag|vblex}} 找{{tag|vblex}} 你{{tag|prn}}}}

5. Mandarin has adjective-specific marker, whereas Nuosu doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。|并给他们赶鬼的权柄。}} (“Additionally, gave him the power to expel ghosts.”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉈꑴ{{tag|adv}} ꑊꋌ{{tag|n}} ꈹ{{tag|vblex}} ꌅꈌ{{tag|n}} ꄻ{{tag|vblex}} ꋀ{{tag|prn}} ꁳ{{tag|vblex}} | 并{{tag|adv}} 给{{tag|vblex}} 他们{{tag|prn}} 赶{{tag|vblex}} 鬼{{tag|n}} 的{{tag|part}} 权柄{{tag|n}}}}

[[category:sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[category:Nuosu]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Contrastive grammar

2022-04-26T15:11:30Z

Ywang13: /* Differences */

==Ten Sentences (in the Bible)==

1. 圣灵驱使耶稣进入旷野。
ꌃꎔꒌꆹꑳꌠꋌꇤꅷꇈꈬꇉꃪꁧ。

2. 他们立刻丢下网，跟从了他。
ꋋꇅꃅꉛꐱꋍꑊꇵꇫꎭꇈꀕ， ꋍꊂꈹꁧꀐ。

3. 全城都聚集在门口。
ꇓꈓꋋꇬꊿꃅꇁꌊꀃꈈꁭꑭꏓꌐ。

4. 西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。
ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。

5. 遇见他时，他对他说：“每个人都在找你。”
ꑳꌠꋀꎹꊊꄮꇬꆏ， ꇬꏭ： “ ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ” ꄷ。

6. 耶稣严厉地嘱咐他，打发他走了，
ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ， ꋌꑳꌠꇱꇤꅷꁧ，

7. 有几个文士坐在那里，心中嘀咕：
ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ， ꋀꉌꃀꄸꈐꆏ：

8. “我告诉你，起来！拿你的床回家。”
“ ꉢꅽꏯꉉ，ꄓꇁ！ꅽꈈꇉꏓꌊꀁꇬꁧꌶ” ꄷ。

9. 耶稣一再嘱咐他们不要透露他。
ꑳꌠꀱꇊꀱꃅꋀꏭꋍꅔꄡꀖꄷ。

10. 并赐给他们赶鬼的权柄。
ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。

==Differences==

1. Nuosu: S-O-V; Mandarin: S-V-O

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ|耶稣严厉地嘱咐他}} ("Jesus told him seriously")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠ{{tag|n}} ꈯꀕꃅ{{tag|adv}} ꇬ{{tag|prn}} ꏭ{{tag|vblex}} ꉉꇈ{{tag|vblex}}| 耶稣{{tag|np}} 严厉地{{tag|adv}} 嘱咐{{tag|vblex}} 他{{tag|prn}}}}

2. Nuosu: Classifier occurs after nouns and verbs; Mandarin: Classifier occurs before nouns and verbs

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ|几个文士坐在那里}} ("Some literates were there")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷ{{tag|n}} ꌤꃅꊿ{{tag|n}} ꑠ{{tag|part}} ꈍꑍ{{tag|adj}} ꑹ{{tag|cl}} ꀊꄶ{{tag|prn}} ꇬ{{tag|pr}} ꑌ{{tag|vblex}}| 几个{{tag|cl}} 文{{tag|n}} 士{{tag|n}} 坐{{tag|vblex}} 在{{tag|pr}} 那里{{tag|prn}}}}

3. Nuosu has explicit topic marker, whereas Mandarin doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。|西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。}} (“Simon and his friends looking for Jesus”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꑭꂱ{{tag|prn}} ꌋꆀ{{tag|cnj}} ꋍ{{tag|prn}} ꐋꀨ{{tag|n}} ꈧ{{tag|part}} ꑳꌠ{{tag|prn}} ꎹ{{tag|v}} | 西蒙{{tag|prn}} 和{{tag|cnj}} 他{{tag|prn}} 的{{tag|part}} 同伴{{tag|n}} 寻找{{tag|v}} 耶稣{{tag|prn}}}}

4. Except from the universal quantifier, Nuosu indicates exhaustion at the end of the sentence by the exhaustion particle ꌐ.
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ。|大家都正在找你。}} (“Everyone is looking for you”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉹꁌ{{tag|prn}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adv}} ꆏ{{tag|prn}} ꎷ{{tag|vblex}} ꐺ{{tag|vblex}} ꌐ{{tag|part}}| 大家{{tag|prn}} 都{{tag|adv}} 在{{tag|vblex}} 找{{tag|vblex}} 你{{tag|prn}}}}

5. Mandarin has adjective-specific marker, whereas Nuosu doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。|并给他们赶鬼的权柄。}} (“Additionally, gave him the power to expel ghosts.”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉈꑴ{{tag|adv}} ꑊꋌ{{tag|n}} ꈹ{{tag|vblex}} ꌅꈌ{{tag|n}} ꄻ{{tag|vblex}} ꋀ{{tag|prn}} ꁳ{{tag|vblex}} | 并{{tag|adv}} 给{{tag|vblex}} 他们{{tag|prn}} 赶{{tag|vblex}} 鬼{{tag|n}} 的{{tag|part}} 权柄{{tag|n}}}}

[[category:sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[category:Nuosu]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Contrastive grammar

2022-04-26T15:11:19Z

Ywang13: /* Differences */

==Ten Sentences (in the Bible)==

1. 圣灵驱使耶稣进入旷野。
ꌃꎔꒌꆹꑳꌠꋌꇤꅷꇈꈬꇉꃪꁧ。

2. 他们立刻丢下网，跟从了他。
ꋋꇅꃅꉛꐱꋍꑊꇵꇫꎭꇈꀕ， ꋍꊂꈹꁧꀐ。

3. 全城都聚集在门口。
ꇓꈓꋋꇬꊿꃅꇁꌊꀃꈈꁭꑭꏓꌐ。

4. 西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。
ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。

5. 遇见他时，他对他说：“每个人都在找你。”
ꑳꌠꋀꎹꊊꄮꇬꆏ， ꇬꏭ： “ ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ” ꄷ。

6. 耶稣严厉地嘱咐他，打发他走了，
ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ， ꋌꑳꌠꇱꇤꅷꁧ，

7. 有几个文士坐在那里，心中嘀咕：
ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ， ꋀꉌꃀꄸꈐꆏ：

8. “我告诉你，起来！拿你的床回家。”
“ ꉢꅽꏯꉉ，ꄓꇁ！ꅽꈈꇉꏓꌊꀁꇬꁧꌶ” ꄷ。

9. 耶稣一再嘱咐他们不要透露他。
ꑳꌠꀱꇊꀱꃅꋀꏭꋍꅔꄡꀖꄷ。

10. 并赐给他们赶鬼的权柄。
ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。

==Differences==

1. Nuosu: S-O-V; Mandarin: S-V-O

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ|耶稣严厉地嘱咐他}} ("Jesus told him seriously")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠ{{tag|n}} ꈯꀕꃅ{{tag|adv}} ꇬ{{tag|prn}} ꏭ{{tag|vblex}} ꉉꇈ{{tag|vblex}}| 耶稣{{tag|np}} 严厉地{{tag|adv}} 嘱咐{{tag|vblex}} 他{{tag|prn}}}}

2. Nuosu: Classifier occurs after nouns and verbs; Mandarin: Classifier occurs before nouns and verbs

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ|几个文士坐在那里}} ("Some literates were there")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷ{{tag|n}} ꌤꃅꊿ{{tag|n}} ꑠ{{tag|part}} ꈍꑍ{{tag|adj}} ꑹ{{tag|cl}} ꀊꄶ{{tag|prn}} ꇬ{{tag|pr}} ꑌ{{tag|vblex}}| 几个{{tag|cl}} 文{{tag|n}} 士{{tag|n}} 坐{{tag|vblex}} 在{{tag|pr}} 那里{{tag|prn}}}}

3. Nuosu has explicit topic marker, whereas Mandarin doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。|西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。}} (“Simon and his friends looking for Jesus”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꑭꂱ{{tag|prn}} ꌋꆀ{{tag|cnj}} ꋍ{{tag|prn}} ꐋꀨ{{tag|n}} ꈧ{{tag|part}} ꑳꌠ{{tag|prn}} ꎹ{{tag|v}} | 西蒙{{tag|prn}} 和{{tag|cnj}} 他{{tag|prn}} 的{{tag|part}} 同伴{{tag|n}} 寻找{{tag|v}} 耶稣{{tag|prn}}}}

4. Except from the universal quantifier, Nuosu indicates exhaustion at the end of the sentence by the exhaustion particle ꌐ.
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ。|大家都正在找你。}} (“Everyone is looking for you”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉹꁌ{{tag|prn}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adv}} ꆏ{{tag|prn}} ꎷ{{tag|vblex}} ꐺ{{tag|vblex}} ꌐ{{tag|part}}| 大家{{tag|prn}} 都{{tag|adv}} 在{{tag|part}} 找{{tag|vblex}} 你{{tag|prn}}}}

5. Mandarin has adjective-specific marker, whereas Nuosu doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。|并给他们赶鬼的权柄。}} (“Additionally, gave him the power to expel ghosts.”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉈꑴ{{tag|adv}} ꑊꋌ{{tag|n}} ꈹ{{tag|vblex}} ꌅꈌ{{tag|n}} ꄻ{{tag|vblex}} ꋀ{{tag|prn}} ꁳ{{tag|vblex}} | 并{{tag|adv}} 给{{tag|vblex}} 他们{{tag|prn}} 赶{{tag|vblex}} 鬼{{tag|n}} 的{{tag|part}} 权柄{{tag|n}}}}

[[category:sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[category:Nuosu]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Contrastive grammar

2022-04-24T21:02:02Z

Ywang13: /* Differences */

==Ten Sentences (in the Bible)==

1. 圣灵驱使耶稣进入旷野。
ꌃꎔꒌꆹꑳꌠꋌꇤꅷꇈꈬꇉꃪꁧ。

2. 他们立刻丢下网，跟从了他。
ꋋꇅꃅꉛꐱꋍꑊꇵꇫꎭꇈꀕ， ꋍꊂꈹꁧꀐ。

3. 全城都聚集在门口。
ꇓꈓꋋꇬꊿꃅꇁꌊꀃꈈꁭꑭꏓꌐ。

4. 西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。
ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。

5. 遇见他时，他对他说：“每个人都在找你。”
ꑳꌠꋀꎹꊊꄮꇬꆏ， ꇬꏭ： “ ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ” ꄷ。

6. 耶稣严厉地嘱咐他，打发他走了，
ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ， ꋌꑳꌠꇱꇤꅷꁧ，

7. 有几个文士坐在那里，心中嘀咕：
ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ， ꋀꉌꃀꄸꈐꆏ：

8. “我告诉你，起来！拿你的床回家。”
“ ꉢꅽꏯꉉ，ꄓꇁ！ꅽꈈꇉꏓꌊꀁꇬꁧꌶ” ꄷ。

9. 耶稣一再嘱咐他们不要透露他。
ꑳꌠꀱꇊꀱꃅꋀꏭꋍꅔꄡꀖꄷ。

10. 并赐给他们赶鬼的权柄。
ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。

==Differences==

1. Nuosu: S-O-V; Mandarin: S-V-O

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ|耶稣严厉地嘱咐他}} ("Jesus told him seriously")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠ{{tag|n}} ꈯꀕꃅ{{tag|adv}} ꇬ{{tag|prn}} ꏭ{{tag|vblex}} ꉉꇈ{{tag|vblex}}| 耶稣{{tag|np}} 严厉地{{tag|adv}} 嘱咐{{tag|vblex}} 他{{tag|prn}}}}

2. Nuosu: Classifier occurs after nouns and verbs; Mandarin: Classifier occurs before nouns and verbs

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ|几个文士坐在那里}} ("Some literates were there")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷ{{tag|n}} ꌤꃅꊿ{{tag|n}} ꑠ{{tag|part}} ꈍꑍ{{tag|adj}} ꑹ{{tag|cl}} ꀊꄶ{{tag|prn}} ꇬ{{tag|pr}} ꑌ{{tag|vblex}}| 几个{{tag|cl}} 文{{tag|n}} 士{{tag|n}} 坐{{tag|vblex}} 在{{tag|pr}} 那里{{tag|prn}}}}

3. Nuosu has explicit topic marker, whereas Mandarin doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。|西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。}} (“Simon and his friends looking for Jesus”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꑭꂱ{{tag|prn}} ꌋꆀ{{tag|cnj}} ꋍ{{tag|prn}} ꐋꀨ{{tag|n}} ꈧ{{tag|part}} ꑳꌠ{{tag|prn}} ꎹ{{tag|v}} | 西蒙{{tag|prn}} 和{{tag|cnj}} 他{{tag|prn}} 的{{tag|part}} 同伴{{tag|n}} 寻找{{tag|v}} 耶稣{{tag|prn}}}}

4. Except from the universal quantifier, Nuosu indicates exhaustion at the end of the sentence by the exhaustion particle ꌐ.
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ。|大家都正在找你。}} (“Everyone is looking for you”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉹꁌ{{tag|prn}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adv}} ꆏ{{tag|prn}} ꎷ{{tag|v}} ꐺ{{tag|part}} ꌐ{{tag|part}}| 大家{{tag|prn}} 都{{tag|adv}} 在{{tag|part}} 找{{tag|v}} 你{{tag|prn}}}}

5. Mandarin has adjective-specific marker, whereas Nuosu doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。|并赐给他们赶鬼的权柄。}} (“Additionally, gave him the power to expel ghosts.”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉈꑴ{{tag|adv}} ꑊꋌ{{tag|n}} ꈹ{{tag|vblex}} ꌅꈌ{{tag|n}} ꄻ{{tag|vblex}} ꋀ{{tag|prn}}| 并{{tag|adv}} 赐给{{tag|vblex}} 他们{{tag|prn}} 赶{{tag|vblex}} 鬼{{tag|n}} 的{{tag|part}} 权柄{{tag|n}}}}

[[category:sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[category:Nuosu]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Contrastive grammar

2022-04-24T21:01:28Z

Ywang13: /* Differences */

==Ten Sentences (in the Bible)==

1. 圣灵驱使耶稣进入旷野。
ꌃꎔꒌꆹꑳꌠꋌꇤꅷꇈꈬꇉꃪꁧ。

2. 他们立刻丢下网，跟从了他。
ꋋꇅꃅꉛꐱꋍꑊꇵꇫꎭꇈꀕ， ꋍꊂꈹꁧꀐ。

3. 全城都聚集在门口。
ꇓꈓꋋꇬꊿꃅꇁꌊꀃꈈꁭꑭꏓꌐ。

4. 西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。
ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。

5. 遇见他时，他对他说：“每个人都在找你。”
ꑳꌠꋀꎹꊊꄮꇬꆏ， ꇬꏭ： “ ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ” ꄷ。

6. 耶稣严厉地嘱咐他，打发他走了，
ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ， ꋌꑳꌠꇱꇤꅷꁧ，

7. 有几个文士坐在那里，心中嘀咕：
ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ， ꋀꉌꃀꄸꈐꆏ：

8. “我告诉你，起来！拿你的床回家。”
“ ꉢꅽꏯꉉ，ꄓꇁ！ꅽꈈꇉꏓꌊꀁꇬꁧꌶ” ꄷ。

9. 耶稣一再嘱咐他们不要透露他。
ꑳꌠꀱꇊꀱꃅꋀꏭꋍꅔꄡꀖꄷ。

10. 并赐给他们赶鬼的权柄。
ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。

==Differences==

1. Nuosu: S-O-V; Mandarin: S-V-O

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ|耶稣严厉地嘱咐他}} ("Jesus told him seriously")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠ{{tag|n}} ꈯꀕꃅ{{tag|adv}} ꇬ{{tag|prn}} ꏭ{{tag|vblex}} ꉉꇈ{{tag|vblex}}| 耶稣{{tag|np}} 严厉地{{tag|adv}} 嘱咐{{tag|vblex}} 他{{tag|prn}}}}

2. Nuosu: Classifier occurs after nouns and verbs; Mandarin: Classifier occurs before nouns and verbs

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ|几个文士坐在那里}} ("Some literates were there")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷ{{tag|n}} ꌤꃅꊿ{{tag|n}} ꑠ{{tag|part}} ꈍꑍ{{tag|adj}} ꑹ{{tag|cl}} ꀊꄶ{{tag|prn}} ꇬ{{tag|pr}} ꑌ{{tag|vblex}}| 几个{{tag|cl}} 文{{tag|n}} 士{{tag|n}} 坐{{tag|vblex}} 在{{tag|pr}} 那里{{tag|prn}}}}

3. Nuosu has explicit topic marker, whereas Mandarin doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。|西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。}} (“Simon and his friends looking for Jesus”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꑭꂱ{{tag|prn}} ꌋꆀ{{tag|cnj}} ꋍ{{tag|prn}} ꐋꀨ{{tag|n}} ꈧ{{tag|part}} ꑳꌠ{{tag|prn}} ꎹ{{tag|v}} ꆹ{{tag|part}}| 西蒙{{tag|prn}} 和{{tag|cnj}} 他{{tag|prn}} 的{{tag|part}} 同伴{{tag|n}} 寻找{{tag|v}} 耶稣{{tag|prn}}}}

4. Except from the universal quantifier, Nuosu indicates exhaustion at the end of the sentence by the exhaustion particle ꌐ.
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ。|大家都正在找你。}} (“Everyone is looking for you”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉹꁌ{{tag|prn}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adv}} ꆏ{{tag|prn}} ꎷ{{tag|v}} ꐺ{{tag|part}} ꌐ{{tag|part}}| 大家{{tag|prn}} 都{{tag|adv}} 在{{tag|part}} 找{{tag|v}} 你{{tag|prn}}}}

5. Mandarin has adjective-specific marker, whereas Nuosu doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。|并赐给他们赶鬼的权柄。}} (“Additionally, gave him the power to expel ghosts.”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉈꑴ{{tag|adv}} ꑊꋌ{{tag|n}} ꈹ{{tag|vblex}} ꌅꈌ{{tag|n}} ꄻ{{tag|vblex}} ꋀ{{tag|prn}}| 并{{tag|adv}} 赐给{{tag|vblex}} 他们{{tag|prn}} 赶{{tag|vblex}} 鬼{{tag|n}} 的{{tag|part}} 权柄{{tag|n}}}}

[[category:sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[category:Nuosu]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Contrastive grammar

2022-04-24T20:59:34Z

Ywang13: /* Differences */

==Ten Sentences (in the Bible)==

1. 圣灵驱使耶稣进入旷野。
ꌃꎔꒌꆹꑳꌠꋌꇤꅷꇈꈬꇉꃪꁧ。

2. 他们立刻丢下网，跟从了他。
ꋋꇅꃅꉛꐱꋍꑊꇵꇫꎭꇈꀕ， ꋍꊂꈹꁧꀐ。

3. 全城都聚集在门口。
ꇓꈓꋋꇬꊿꃅꇁꌊꀃꈈꁭꑭꏓꌐ。

4. 西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。
ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。

5. 遇见他时，他对他说：“每个人都在找你。”
ꑳꌠꋀꎹꊊꄮꇬꆏ， ꇬꏭ： “ ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ” ꄷ。

6. 耶稣严厉地嘱咐他，打发他走了，
ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ， ꋌꑳꌠꇱꇤꅷꁧ，

7. 有几个文士坐在那里，心中嘀咕：
ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ， ꋀꉌꃀꄸꈐꆏ：

8. “我告诉你，起来！拿你的床回家。”
“ ꉢꅽꏯꉉ，ꄓꇁ！ꅽꈈꇉꏓꌊꀁꇬꁧꌶ” ꄷ。

9. 耶稣一再嘱咐他们不要透露他。
ꑳꌠꀱꇊꀱꃅꋀꏭꋍꅔꄡꀖꄷ。

10. 并赐给他们赶鬼的权柄。
ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。

==Differences==

1. Nuosu: S-O-V; Mandarin: S-V-O

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ|耶稣严厉地嘱咐他}} ("Jesus told him seriously")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠ{{tag|n}} ꈯꀕꃅ{{tag|adv}} ꇬ{{tag|prn}} ꏭ{{tag|vblex}} ꉉꇈ{{tag|vblex}}| 耶稣{{tag|np}} 严厉地{{tag|adv}} 嘱咐{{tag|vblex}} 他{{tag|prn}}}}

2. Nuosu: Classifier occurs after nouns and verbs; Mandarin: Classifier occurs before nouns and verbs

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ|几个文士坐在那里}} ("Some literates were there")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷ{{tag|n}} ꌤꃅꊿ{{tag|n}} ꑠ{{tag|part}} ꈍꑍ{{tag|adj}} ꑹ{{tag|cl}} ꀊꄶ{{tag|prn}} ꇬ{{tag|pr}} ꑌ{{tag|vblex}}| 几个{{tag|cl}} 文{{tag|n}} 士{{tag|n}} 坐{{tag|vblex}} 在{{tag|pr}} 那里{{tag|prn}}}}

3. Nuosu has explicit topic marker, whereas Mandarin doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。|西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。}} (“Simon and his friends looking for him”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꑭꂱ{{tag|prn}} ꌋꆀ{{tag|cnj}} ꋍ{{tag|prn}} ꐋꀨ{{tag|n}} ꈧꌠ{{tag|det}} ꑳꌠ{{tag|prn}} ꎹ{{tag|v}} ꆹ{{tag|part}}| 西蒙{{tag|prn}} 和{{tag|cnj}} 他{{tag|prn}} 的{{tag|part}} 同伴{{tag|n}} 寻找{{tag|v}} 耶稣{{tag|prn}}}}

4. Except from the universal quantifier, Nuosu indicates exhaustion at the end of the sentence by the exhaustion particle ꌐ.
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ。|大家都正在找你。}} (“Everyone is looking for you”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉹꁌ{{tag|prn}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adv}} ꆏ{{tag|prn}} ꎷ{{tag|v}} ꐺ{{tag|part}} ꌐ{{tag|part}}| 大家{{tag|prn}} 都{{tag|adv}} 在{{tag|part}} 找{{tag|v}} 你{{tag|prn}}}}

5. Mandarin has adjective-specific marker, whereas Nuosu doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。|并赐给他们赶鬼的权柄。}} (“Additionally, gave him the power to expel ghosts.”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉈꑴ{{tag|adv}} ꑊꋌ{{tag|n}} ꈹ{{tag|vblex}} ꌅꈌ{{tag|n}} ꄻ{{tag|vblex}} ꋀ{{tag|prn}}| 并{{tag|adv}} 赐给{{tag|vblex}} 他们{{tag|prn}} 赶{{tag|vblex}} 鬼{{tag|n}} 的{{tag|part}} 权柄{{tag|n}}}}

[[category:sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[category:Nuosu]]

Nuosu and Mandarin/Contrastive grammar

2022-04-22T14:52:30Z

Ywang13: /* Differences */

==Ten Sentences (in the Bible)==

1. 圣灵驱使耶稣进入旷野。
ꌃꎔꒌꆹꑳꌠꋌꇤꅷꇈꈬꇉꃪꁧ。

2. 他们立刻丢下网，跟从了他。
ꋋꇅꃅꉛꐱꋍꑊꇵꇫꎭꇈꀕ， ꋍꊂꈹꁧꀐ。

3. 全城都聚集在门口。
ꇓꈓꋋꇬꊿꃅꇁꌊꀃꈈꁭꑭꏓꌐ。

4. 西蒙和他的同伴追赶他。
ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。

5. 遇见他时，他对他说：“每个人都在找你。”
ꑳꌠꋀꎹꊊꄮꇬꆏ， ꇬꏭ： “ ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ” ꄷ。

6. 耶稣严厉地嘱咐他，打发他走了，
ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ， ꋌꑳꌠꇱꇤꅷꁧ，

7. 有几个文士坐在那里，心中嘀咕：
ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ， ꋀꉌꃀꄸꈐꆏ：

8. “我告诉你，起来！拿你的床回家。”
“ ꉢꅽꏯꉉ，ꄓꇁ！ꅽꈈꇉꏓꌊꀁꇬꁧꌶ” ꄷ。

9. 耶稣一再嘱咐他们不要透露他。
ꑳꌠꀱꇊꀱꃅꋀꏭꋍꅔꄡꀖꄷ。

10. 并赐给他们赶鬼的权柄。
ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。

==Differences==

1. Nuosu: S-O-V; Mandarin: S-V-O

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ|耶稣严厉地嘱咐他}} ("Jesus told him seriously")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠ{{tag|n}} ꈯꀕꃅ{{tag|adv}} ꇬ{{tag|prn}} ꏭ{{tag|vblex}} ꉉꇈ{{tag|vblex}}| 耶稣{{tag|np}} 严厉地{{tag|adv}} 嘱咐{{tag|vblex}} 他{{tag|prn}}}}

2. Nuosu: Classifier occurs after nouns and verbs; Mandarin: Classifier occurs before nouns and verbs

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ|几个文士坐在那里}} ("Some literates were there")
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷ{{tag|n}} ꌤꃅꊿ{{tag|n}} ꑠ{{tag|part}} ꈍꑍ{{tag|adj}} ꑹ{{tag|cl}} ꀊꄶ{{tag|prn}} ꇬ{{tag|pr}} ꑌ{{tag|vblex}}| 几个{{tag|cl}} 文{{tag|n}} 士{{tag|n}} 坐{{tag|vblex}} 在{{tag|pr}} 那里{{tag|prn}}}}

3. Nuosu has explicit topic marker, whereas Mandarin doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。|西蒙和他的同伴追赶他。}} (“Simon and his friends chase him”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꑭꂱ{{tag|prn}} ꌋꆀ{{tag|cnj}} ꋍ{{tag|prn}} ꐋꀨ{{tag|n}} ꈧꌠ{{tag|det}} ꑳꌠ{{tag|prn}} ꎹ{{tag|v}} ꆹ{{tag|part}}| 西蒙{{tag|prn}} 和{{tag|cnj}} 他{{tag|prn}} 的{{tag|part}} 同伴{{tag|n}} 追赶{{tag|v}} 他{{tag|prn}}}}

4. Except from the universal quantifier, Nuosu indicates exhaustion at the end of the sentence by the exhaustion particle ꌐ.
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ。|大家都在找你。}} (“Everyone is looking for you”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉹꁌ{{tag|prn}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adv}} ꆏ{{tag|prn}} ꎷ{{tag|v}} ꐺ{{tag|part}} ꌐ{{tag|part}}| 大家{{tag|prn}} 都{{tag|adv}} 在{{tag|part}} 找{{tag|v}} 你{{tag|prn}}}}

5. Mandarin has adjective-specific marker, whereas Nuosu doesn't.

* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。|并赐给他们赶鬼的权柄。}} (“Additionally, gave him the power to expel ghosts.”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉈꑴ{{tag|adv}} ꑊꋌ{{tag|n}} ꈹ{{tag|vblex}} ꌅꈌ{{tag|n}} ꄻ{{tag|vblex}} ꋀ{{tag|prn}}| 并{{tag|adv}} 赐给{{tag|vblex}} 他们{{tag|prn}} 赶{{tag|vblex}} 鬼{{tag|n}} 的{{tag|part}} 权柄{{tag|n}}}}

[[category:sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[category:Nuosu]]