LING073 - User contributions [en]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-09T00:08:15Z

Yzhang4: /* Implementation Method */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106.

We try to follow the conventions for spelling Tibetan as much as possible, like keeping the vowel in the first or second consonant of a syllable.

===Main differences from Standard Tibetan script===
This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllable (a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

There are no uvular consonants in Standard Tibetan. In order to represent uvular consonants, we use the symbol "༹" to distinguish uvulars from their velar counterparts. For example, "q" is transcribed as "ཀ༹", corresponding to "k" that transcribes to "ཀ".

When continuant velar and uvular consonants are at the end of a syllable, they become "ག".

Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

There is no distinction between palatal and alveo-palatal sounds in standard Tibetan. We emailed Jacques, and he suggested us use velar+j to represent palatals, while keep alveo-palatals the same as standard Tibetan, because velar+i/j is very rare in Japhug. For example, palatal consonant "c" is transcribed as "ཀྱ", and its alveo-palatal counterpart "tɕ" is "ཅ"

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
|ɬ
|ལྷ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 17 patterns with 164 lexicons in the lexd file, 1 twol rule and 63 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just transcribe a sample corpus ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/jya.corpus.basic.txt jya.corpus.basic.txt]) from IPA to Tibetan script. After than, we manually change each transcribed word into the most correct form, to make the target transcription file ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/jya.corpus.basic.tibt.target.txt jya.corpus.basic.tibt.target.txt]).

Finally, we directly check the word error rate of the transcriber by comparing the target transcription with the transcription generated by the transcriber using [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/WER_calculator.py this script]. The results are shown below:

<pre>
Total tokens = 2503
Matched tokens = 2478
Not Matched tokens = 25
Word Error Rate = %0.9988014382740711
</pre>

Most of the mis-matches have something to do with consonant clusters. For example, the word "ɲɯɤznɤkharnɯ" should be expected to have transcription "ཉྀ༌འ༌འས་ཁཱ་རྣྀ་", but it generates incorrect form "ཉྀ༌འ༌ཟའཀ༌ཧཱ྇༌རནྀ༌" in our transcriber, in which prenasalization "zn" is not transcribed correctly, and aspiration consonant "ཁ(kh)" is divided into two parts and becomes "ཀ(k)" and "ཧ྇(h)" separately.
When transcribe back from IPA to Tibetan Script, the WER is much higher:
<pre>
Total tokens = 2503
Matched tokens = 1751
Not Matched tokens = 752
Word Error Rate = %30.04394726328406
</pre>

We also tested the coverage of the multiorthographical transducer in the corpus:
<pre>
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
13 ^ཉྀ༌ངུ།/*ཉྀ༌ངུ།$
8 ^རྒྱ༌ལྤུ༌/*རྒྱ༌ལྤུ༌$
8 ^རྐྱཱ༌ནྀ༌/*རྐྱཱ༌ནྀ༌$
7 ^ཅན༌/*ཅན༌$
6 ^ཁེ༹༌/*ཁེ༹༌$
5 ^ལ༌འཱ༌རི༌/*ལ༌འཱ༌རི༌$
5 ^འད༌/*འད༌$
5 ^ཝྀ༌/*ཝྀ༌$
5 ^ཏྀ༌ཝཡན༌/*ཏྀ༌ཝཡན༌$
5 ^ཁྱོ༌/*ཁྱོ༌$
5 ^ཀྀ༌སྠྀ༌ཀྱི༌/*ཀྀ༌སྠྀ༌ཀྱི༌$
4 ^ནྀ༌ནཱཡ༌/*ནྀ༌ནཱཡ༌$
4 ^ཏུ༌བཟེ༌འཱ༌/*ཏུ༌བཟེ༌འཱ༌$
4 ^ཀྀ༌ཀྀ༌ཏུ༌/*ཀྀ༌ཀྀ༌ཏུ༌$
3 ^ཤྤྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲཱ༌ཏཱ༌/*ཤྤྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲཱ༌ཏཱ༌$
3 ^ཡ༌ཝེ༌/*ཡ༌ཝེ༌$
3 ^མྀ༌ཏོ༌ཁྀ༌/*མྀ༌ཏོ༌ཁྀ༌$
3 ^མཉི༌ཀཱ༌/*མཉི༌ཀཱ༌$
3 ^ནྀ༌ཕེ༌/*ནྀ༌ཕེ༌$
3 ^ཉྀ༌སྀ༌སམ༌/*ཉྀ༌སྀ༌སམ༌$
coverage: 2344 / 2656 (~0.88253012048192771084)
remaining unknown forms: 312
ambiguity: 5416 / 2656 (~2.03915662650602409639)
jya.corpus.basic.tibt Mon May 8 07:10:04 PM EDT 2023 2344/2656 ~0.88253012048192771084 \| 5416/2656 ~2.03915662650602409639
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllable, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllable. We'll try to figure out some ways to standardize that.

We need to develop a keyboard layout for the Japhug Tibetan Script, which is slightly different than that for Central Tibetan.

Also, we need to hear more feedback from the Japhug community, and promote the Japhug Tibetan Script Among Japhug speakers.

=External Resources=
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus Japhug Corpus and Relating Tools]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-09T00:03:08Z

Yzhang4: /* Future Improvements */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106.

We try to follow the conventions for spelling Tibetan as much as possible, like keeping the vowel in the first or second consonant of a syllable.

===Main differences from Standard Tibetan script===
This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllable (a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

There are no uvular consonants in Standard Tibetan. In order to represent uvular consonants, we use the symbol "༹" to distinguish uvulars from their velar counterparts. For example, "q" is transcribed as "ཀ༹", corresponding to "k" that transcribes to "ཀ".

When continuant velar and uvular consonants are at the end of a syllable, they become "ག".

Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

There is no distinction between palatal and alveo-palatal sounds in standard Tibetan. We emailed Jacques, and he suggested us use velar+j to represent palatals, while keep alveo-palatals the same as standard Tibetan, because velar+i/j is very rare in Japhug. For example, palatal consonant "c" is transcribed as "ཀྱ", and its alveo-palatal counterpart "tɕ" is "ཅ"

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
|ɬ
|ལྷ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 61 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just transcribe a sample corpus ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/jya.corpus.basic.txt jya.corpus.basic.txt]) from IPA to Tibetan script. After than, we manually change each transcribed word into the most correct form, to make the target transcription file ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/jya.corpus.basic.tibt.target.txt jya.corpus.basic.tibt.target.txt]).

Finally, we directly check the word error rate of the transcriber by comparing the target transcription with the transcription generated by the transcriber using [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/WER_calculator.py this script]. The results are shown below:

<pre>
Total tokens = 2503
Matched tokens = 2478
Not Matched tokens = 25
Word Error Rate = %0.9988014382740711
</pre>

Most of the mis-matches have something to do with consonant clusters. For example, the word "ɲɯɤznɤkharnɯ" should be expected to have transcription "ཉྀ༌འ༌འས་ཁཱ་རྣྀ་", but it generates incorrect form "ཉྀ༌འ༌ཟའཀ༌ཧཱ྇༌རནྀ༌" in our transcriber, in which prenasalization "zn" is not transcribed correctly, and aspiration consonant "ཁ(kh)" is divided into two parts and becomes "ཀ(k)" and "ཧ྇(h)" separately.
When transcribe back from IPA to Tibetan Script, the WER is much higher:
<pre>
Total tokens = 2503
Matched tokens = 1751
Not Matched tokens = 752
Word Error Rate = %30.04394726328406
</pre>

We also tested the coverage of the multiorthographical transducer in the corpus:
<pre>
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
13 ^ཉྀ༌ངུ།/*ཉྀ༌ངུ།$
8 ^རྒྱ༌ལྤུ༌/*རྒྱ༌ལྤུ༌$
8 ^རྐྱཱ༌ནྀ༌/*རྐྱཱ༌ནྀ༌$
7 ^ཅན༌/*ཅན༌$
6 ^ཁེ༹༌/*ཁེ༹༌$
5 ^ལ༌འཱ༌རི༌/*ལ༌འཱ༌རི༌$
5 ^འད༌/*འད༌$
5 ^ཝྀ༌/*ཝྀ༌$
5 ^ཏྀ༌ཝཡན༌/*ཏྀ༌ཝཡན༌$
5 ^ཁྱོ༌/*ཁྱོ༌$
5 ^ཀྀ༌སྠྀ༌ཀྱི༌/*ཀྀ༌སྠྀ༌ཀྱི༌$
4 ^ནྀ༌ནཱཡ༌/*ནྀ༌ནཱཡ༌$
4 ^ཏུ༌བཟེ༌འཱ༌/*ཏུ༌བཟེ༌འཱ༌$
4 ^ཀྀ༌ཀྀ༌ཏུ༌/*ཀྀ༌ཀྀ༌ཏུ༌$
3 ^ཤྤྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲཱ༌ཏཱ༌/*ཤྤྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲཱ༌ཏཱ༌$
3 ^ཡ༌ཝེ༌/*ཡ༌ཝེ༌$
3 ^མྀ༌ཏོ༌ཁྀ༌/*མྀ༌ཏོ༌ཁྀ༌$
3 ^མཉི༌ཀཱ༌/*མཉི༌ཀཱ༌$
3 ^ནྀ༌ཕེ༌/*ནྀ༌ཕེ༌$
3 ^ཉྀ༌སྀ༌སམ༌/*ཉྀ༌སྀ༌སམ༌$
coverage: 2344 / 2656 (~0.88253012048192771084)
remaining unknown forms: 312
ambiguity: 5416 / 2656 (~2.03915662650602409639)
jya.corpus.basic.tibt Mon May 8 07:10:04 PM EDT 2023 2344/2656 ~0.88253012048192771084 \| 5416/2656 ~2.03915662650602409639
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllable, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllable. We'll try to figure out some ways to standardize that.

We need to develop a keyboard layout for the Japhug Tibetan Script, which is slightly different than that for Central Tibetan.

Also, we need to hear more feedback from the Japhug community, and promote the Japhug Tibetan Script Among Japhug speakers.

=External Resources=
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus Japhug Corpus and Relating Tools]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-08T23:10:42Z

Yzhang4: /* Evaluation */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106.

We try to follow the conventions for spelling Tibetan as much as possible, like keeping the vowel in the first or second consonant of a syllable.

===Main differences from Standard Tibetan script===
This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllable (a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

There are no uvular consonants in Standard Tibetan. In order to represent uvular consonants, we use the symbol "༹" to distinguish uvulars from their velar counterparts. For example, "q" is transcribed as "ཀ༹", corresponding to "k" that transcribes to "ཀ".

When continuant velar and uvular consonants are at the end of a syllable, they become "ག".

Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

There is no distinction between palatal and alveo-palatal sounds in standard Tibetan. We emailed Jacques, and he suggested us use velar+j to represent palatals, while keep alveo-palatals the same as standard Tibetan, because velar+i/j is very rare in Japhug. For example, palatal consonant "c" is transcribed as "ཀྱ", and its alveo-palatal counterpart "tɕ" is "ཅ"

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
|ɬ
|ལྷ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 61 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just transcribe a sample corpus ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/jya.corpus.basic.txt jya.corpus.basic.txt]) from IPA to Tibetan script. After than, we manually change each transcribed word into the most correct form, to make the target transcription file ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/jya.corpus.basic.tibt.target.txt jya.corpus.basic.tibt.target.txt]).

Finally, we directly check the word error rate of the transcriber by comparing the target transcription with the transcription generated by the transcriber using [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/WER_calculator.py this script]. The results are shown below:

<pre>
Total tokens = 2503
Matched tokens = 2478
Not Matched tokens = 25
Word Error Rate = %0.9988014382740711
</pre>

Most of the mis-matches have something to do with consonant clusters. For example, the word "ɲɯɤznɤkharnɯ" should be expected to have transcription "ཉྀ༌འ༌འས་ཁཱ་རྣྀ་", but it generates incorrect form "ཉྀ༌འ༌ཟའཀ༌ཧཱ྇༌རནྀ༌" in our transcriber, in which prenasalization "zn" is not transcribed correctly, and aspiration consonant "ཁ(kh)" is divided into two parts and becomes "ཀ(k)" and "ཧ྇(h)" separately.
When transcribe back from IPA to Tibetan Script, the WER is much higher:
<pre>
Total tokens = 2503
Matched tokens = 1751
Not Matched tokens = 752
Word Error Rate = %30.04394726328406
</pre>

We also tested the coverage of the multiorthographical transducer in the corpus:
<pre>
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
13 ^ཉྀ༌ངུ།/*ཉྀ༌ངུ།$
8 ^རྒྱ༌ལྤུ༌/*རྒྱ༌ལྤུ༌$
8 ^རྐྱཱ༌ནྀ༌/*རྐྱཱ༌ནྀ༌$
7 ^ཅན༌/*ཅན༌$
6 ^ཁེ༹༌/*ཁེ༹༌$
5 ^ལ༌འཱ༌རི༌/*ལ༌འཱ༌རི༌$
5 ^འད༌/*འད༌$
5 ^ཝྀ༌/*ཝྀ༌$
5 ^ཏྀ༌ཝཡན༌/*ཏྀ༌ཝཡན༌$
5 ^ཁྱོ༌/*ཁྱོ༌$
5 ^ཀྀ༌སྠྀ༌ཀྱི༌/*ཀྀ༌སྠྀ༌ཀྱི༌$
4 ^ནྀ༌ནཱཡ༌/*ནྀ༌ནཱཡ༌$
4 ^ཏུ༌བཟེ༌འཱ༌/*ཏུ༌བཟེ༌འཱ༌$
4 ^ཀྀ༌ཀྀ༌ཏུ༌/*ཀྀ༌ཀྀ༌ཏུ༌$
3 ^ཤྤྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲཱ༌ཏཱ༌/*ཤྤྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲཱ༌ཏཱ༌$
3 ^ཡ༌ཝེ༌/*ཡ༌ཝེ༌$
3 ^མྀ༌ཏོ༌ཁྀ༌/*མྀ༌ཏོ༌ཁྀ༌$
3 ^མཉི༌ཀཱ༌/*མཉི༌ཀཱ༌$
3 ^ནྀ༌ཕེ༌/*ནྀ༌ཕེ༌$
3 ^ཉྀ༌སྀ༌སམ༌/*ཉྀ༌སྀ༌སམ༌$
coverage: 2344 / 2656 (~0.88253012048192771084)
remaining unknown forms: 312
ambiguity: 5416 / 2656 (~2.03915662650602409639)
jya.corpus.basic.tibt Mon May 8 07:10:04 PM EDT 2023 2344/2656 ~0.88253012048192771084 \| 5416/2656 ~2.03915662650602409639
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllable, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllable. We'll try to figure out some ways to standardize that.

=External Resources=
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus Japhug Corpus and Relating Tools]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-08T23:10:15Z

Yzhang4: /* Evaluation */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106.

We try to follow the conventions for spelling Tibetan as much as possible, like keeping the vowel in the first or second consonant of a syllable.

===Main differences from Standard Tibetan script===
This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllable (a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

There are no uvular consonants in Standard Tibetan. In order to represent uvular consonants, we use the symbol "༹" to distinguish uvulars from their velar counterparts. For example, "q" is transcribed as "ཀ༹", corresponding to "k" that transcribes to "ཀ".

When continuant velar and uvular consonants are at the end of a syllable, they become "ག".

Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

There is no distinction between palatal and alveo-palatal sounds in standard Tibetan. We emailed Jacques, and he suggested us use velar+j to represent palatals, while keep alveo-palatals the same as standard Tibetan, because velar+i/j is very rare in Japhug. For example, palatal consonant "c" is transcribed as "ཀྱ", and its alveo-palatal counterpart "tɕ" is "ཅ"

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
|ɬ
|ལྷ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 61 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just transcribe a sample corpus ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/jya.corpus.basic.txt jya.corpus.basic.txt]) from IPA to Tibetan script. After than, we manually change each transcribed word into the most correct form, to make the target transcription file ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/jya.corpus.basic.tibt.target.txt jya.corpus.basic.tibt.target.txt]).

Finally, we directly check the word error rate of the transcriber by comparing the target transcription with the transcription generated by the transcriber using [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/WER_calculator.py this script]. The results are shown below:

<pre>
Total tokens = 2503
Matched tokens = 2478
Not Matched tokens = 25
Word Error Rate = %0.9988014382740711
</pre>

Most of the mis-matches have something to do with consonant clusters. For example, the word "ɲɯɤznɤkharnɯ" should be expected to have transcription "ཉྀ༌འ༌འས་ཁཱ་རྣྀ་", but it generates incorrect form "ཉྀ༌འ༌ཟའཀ༌ཧཱ྇༌རནྀ༌" in our transcriber, in which prenasalization "zn" is not transcribed correctly, and aspiration consonant "ཁ(kh)" is divided into two parts and becomes "ཀ(k)" and "ཧ྇(h)" separately.
When transcribe back from IPA to Tibetan Script, the WER is much higher:
<pre>
Total tokens = 2503
Matched tokens = 1751
Not Matched tokens = 752
Word Error Rate = %30.04394726328406
</pre>

We also tested the coverage of the multiorthographical transducer in the corpus:
<pre>
Total tokens = 2503
Matched tokens = 1751
Not Matched tokens = 752
Word Error Rate = %30.04394726328406
</pre>
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
13 ^ཉྀ༌ངུ།/*ཉྀ༌ངུ།$
8 ^རྒྱ༌ལྤུ༌/*རྒྱ༌ལྤུ༌$
8 ^རྐྱཱ༌ནྀ༌/*རྐྱཱ༌ནྀ༌$
7 ^ཅན༌/*ཅན༌$
6 ^ཁེ༹༌/*ཁེ༹༌$
5 ^ལ༌འཱ༌རི༌/*ལ༌འཱ༌རི༌$
5 ^འད༌/*འད༌$
5 ^ཝྀ༌/*ཝྀ༌$
5 ^ཏྀ༌ཝཡན༌/*ཏྀ༌ཝཡན༌$
5 ^ཁྱོ༌/*ཁྱོ༌$
5 ^ཀྀ༌སྠྀ༌ཀྱི༌/*ཀྀ༌སྠྀ༌ཀྱི༌$
4 ^ནྀ༌ནཱཡ༌/*ནྀ༌ནཱཡ༌$
4 ^ཏུ༌བཟེ༌འཱ༌/*ཏུ༌བཟེ༌འཱ༌$
4 ^ཀྀ༌ཀྀ༌ཏུ༌/*ཀྀ༌ཀྀ༌ཏུ༌$
3 ^ཤྤྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲཱ༌ཏཱ༌/*ཤྤྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲཱ༌ཏཱ༌$
3 ^ཡ༌ཝེ༌/*ཡ༌ཝེ༌$
3 ^མྀ༌ཏོ༌ཁྀ༌/*མྀ༌ཏོ༌ཁྀ༌$
3 ^མཉི༌ཀཱ༌/*མཉི༌ཀཱ༌$
3 ^ནྀ༌ཕེ༌/*ནྀ༌ཕེ༌$
3 ^ཉྀ༌སྀ༌སམ༌/*ཉྀ༌སྀ༌སམ༌$
coverage: 2344 / 2656 (~0.88253012048192771084)
remaining unknown forms: 312
ambiguity: 5416 / 2656 (~2.03915662650602409639)
jya.corpus.basic.tibt Mon May 8 07:10:04 PM EDT 2023 2344/2656 ~0.88253012048192771084 \| 5416/2656 ~2.03915662650602409639

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllable, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllable. We'll try to figure out some ways to standardize that.

=External Resources=
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus Japhug Corpus and Relating Tools]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

Japhug/Japhug and English

2023-05-08T23:05:52Z

Yzhang4: /* Monolingual transducer stats */

==Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Category:Japhug Japhug] and English==

===Developed resources===

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-eng-corpus Japhug-English corpus]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug_and_English/Lexical_selection#jya_.E2.86.92_eng Lexical selection]

==External resources==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-eng Apertium language pair for translating between Jiarong and English]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Monolingual Japhug transducer]

==Jya → Eng evaluation ==

coverage (number of forms analysed) of Japhug transducer on jya.sentences.txt: 76.98 %

coverage of bilingual transducer (jya-eng.automorf.bin) on the same file: 28.61 %

===10 sentences:===

====#1====
The original sentence:
<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu
</pre>
The intended English translation: A long time ago, there was a cat and a mouse

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^kɯɕɯŋgɯ<n><ind>/long time ago<cnjadv><ind>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^nɤki<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^lɯlu<n><ind>/cat<n><sg><ind>$ ^ci<det>/a<det><ind><sg>/one<num><sg>$ ^pjɤtu<cop><other>/be<vbser><other>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^tɕendɤre<cnj>/then<cnjadv>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^ci<det>/a<det><ind><sg>/one<num><sg>$ ^pjɤtu<cop><other>/be<vbser><other>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#long time ago , that, #cat a #be, then #mouse a #be
</pre>

====#2====
The original sentence:
<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti
</pre>

The intended English translation: The cat ate the mouse,

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^lɯlu<n><ind>/cat<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^nɤkinɯ<fill>/um<ij>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^ri<post>/at<pr>$ ^ndze<v><tv><ipfv>/eat<vblex><ipfv>$ ^ɕti<v><iv>/be<vbser>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#cat that with um, #mouse at #eat #be
</pre>

====#3====
The original sentence:

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi,
</pre>

The intended English translation: The mouse made friends with the sparrow,

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^chondɤre<com>/with<pr>$ ^nɤki<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^kumpɣɤtɕɯ<n><ind>/sparrow<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^βzaŋsa<n><ind>/friend<n><sg><ind>$ ^tonɯpa<v><tv><du>/made<vblex><pp><du>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#mouse with that, #sparrow that with #friend #made,
</pre>

====#4====
The original sentence:
<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici
</pre>

The intended English translation: The two of them become friends and got along well

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$ ^βzaŋsa<n><ind>/friend<n><sg><ind>$ ^tonɯpa<v><tv><du>/made<vblex><pp><du>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^wuma<adv>/very<adv>$ ^ɤmɯmi<v><iv><pii><du>/get along well<vblex><pii><du>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</pre>
Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#friend #made , very #get along well
</pre>

====#5====
The original sentence:
<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu
</pre>
The intended English translation: they always got together

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^maka<adv>/at all<adv>$ ^cici<adv>/sometimes<adv>$ ^ŋotɕu<prn>/wherever<adv>$ ^*jɤarɯrindʑi/*jɤarɯrindʑi$ ^*ʑo/*ʑo$ ^*tɯtɯrca/*tɯtɯrca$ ^ntsɯ<adv>/always<adv>$ ^*juɕendʑi/*juɕendʑi$ ^ŋu<v><iv><pii>/be<vbser><pii>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>
Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
at all sometimes wherever #each together always #go #be
</pre>

====#6====
The original sentence:
<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi
</pre>
The intended English translation: There was food to eat, they shared,

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^kɤndza<n><ind>/food<n><sg><ind>$ ^ci<det>/a<det><ind><sg>/one<num><sg>$ ^tu<v><iv>/be<vbser>/exist<vblex>$ ^*nɤ/*nɤ$ ^*pjɯnɯkrondʑi/*pjɯnɯkrondʑi$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>
Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#food a #be at #share
</pre>

====#7====
The original sentence:
<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl
</pre>

The intended English translation: Also, when there was something to play with, they played together

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^mɤʑɯ<adv>/again<adv>$ ^kɯmtɕhɯ<n><ind>/toy<n><sg><ind>$ ^fse<v><tv><prc><sbj><ind>/resemble<vblex><prc><sbj><ind>$ ^tu<v><iv><aor>/be<vbser><aor>/exist<vblex><aor>$ ^nɤ<post>/at<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^tɯɣrɤz<adv>/together<adv>$ ^nɤɣro<v><tv><ipfv><du>/play<vblex><inf><ipfv><du>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^ra<v><iv>/should<vbmod>$ ^ŋgrɤl<v><iv><pii>/usually like this<iv><pii>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
that again #toy #resemble #be at, together #play that #should #usually like this
</pre>

====#8====
The original sentence:
<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe
</pre>

The intended English translation: They were always trying to think of ways to evade that cat

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^tɕhi<prn>/what<prn>$ ^cha<v><iv><prc><obj><ind>/able<adj><prc><obj><ind>/can<vbmod><prc><obj><ind>$ ^pjɤl<v><tv><inf><ipfv>/evade<vblex><inf><ipfv>$ ^kowa<n><ind>/method<n><sg><ind>$ ^ntsɯ<adv>/always<adv>$ ^βzu<v><tv><ipfv><du>/make<vblex><ipfv><du>$ ^ŋu<v><iv><pii>/be<vbser><pii>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#what #able #evade #method always #make #be
</pre>

====#9====
The original sentence:
<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe.
</pre>

The intended English translation: The cat likes eating rat meat, and also likes sparrow meat.

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^lɯlu<n><ind>/cat<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^ɕa<n><px3sg>/meat<n><sg><px3sg>$ ^tɕi<adv>/also<adv>$ ^rga<v><iv><pii>/like<vblex><pii>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^pɣɤtɕɯ<n><ind>/bird<n><sg><ind>$ ^ɕa<n><px3sg>/meat<n><sg><px3sg>$ ^tɕi<adv>/also<adv>$ ^rga<v><iv><pii>/like<vblex><pii>$ ^ɕti<v><iv>/be<vbser>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#cat that with #mouse #meat also #like, #bird #meat also #like #be .
</pre>

====#10====
The original sentence:
<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe
</pre>

The intended English translation: since then, that mouse was very good at accumulating food

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$ ^nɯ maʁ nɤ<cnj>/or<cnjcoo>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^wuma<adv>/very<adv>$ ^rɤfsoʁ<v><iv><prc><obj><ind>/forage<vblex><prc><obj><ind>$ ^cha<v><iv><pii>/able<adj><pii>/can<vbmod><pii>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
or , #mouse that with very #forage #able
</pre>

===Additions ===
These are some additions we made to our bilingual transducer beyond the labs.

* 5000+ lemmas to our Japhug transducer

* 5 new features covered in our Japhug morphological analyzer, including: imperfective prefixes, the peg circumfix, proximal/distal demonstratives, redesigned verb patterns to match the slot-based prefix system in Japhug, number suffixes on verbs.

* 2 new structural transfer rules: NP rule to combine nouns and possessed nouns; DP rule to place determiner before noun, and to take ergative case from postposition; vP rule to combine adverbs and verbs. These were made in the process of meeting our original goal, to match the SVO word order in English (Japhug is usually SOV or OSV)

(details listed for our own reference)

===Final evaluation===

====Monolingual transducer stats====
*Updated precision and recall against the (updated) eval.test and eval.gold files:
<pre>
$ precisionRecall jya.eval.test.new.txt jya.eval.gold.txt
Totals: 79 forms, 221 tp, 155 fp, 0 tn, 87 fn
Precision: 58.77660%
Recall: 71.75325%
</pre>
*Coverage over the large corpus:
<pre>
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
16 ^ɣɯ/*ɣɯ$
14 ^lɤβzaŋ/*lɤβzaŋ$
11 ^cho/*cho$
10 ^qartshɤs/*qartshɤs$
8 ^rɟɤlpu/*rɟɤlpu$
8 ^rcanɯ/*rcanɯ$
8 ^qhe/*qhe$
8 ^je/*je$
8 ^jamɤn/*jamɤn$
7 ^tɕɤn/*tɕɤn$
6 ^nɯmbala/*nɯmbala$
6 ^ndɤ/*ndɤ$
6 ^lɤari/*lɤari$
6 ^kɯki/*kɯki$
5 ^wo/*wo$
5 ^tɯɣjɤn/*tɯɣjɤn$
5 ^lɤɣe/*lɤɣe$
5 ^kɯsthɯci/*kɯsthɯci$
5 ^ciŋglɯɣ/*ciŋglɯɣ$
4 ^ɲɯsɯsɤm/*ɲɯsɯsɤm$
coverage: 4463 / 5019 (~0.88922096035066746364)
remaining unknown forms: 556
ambiguity: 9939 / 5019 (~1.98027495517035265989)
jya.corpus Mon May 8 02:13:49 PM EDT 2023 4463/5019 ~0.88922096035066746364 \| 9939/5019 ~1.98027495517035265989
</pre>
*The number of words in the large corpus: 3999
*The number of stems in the transducer): 6646

====MT in jya-eng stats====
*WER and PER over longer corpus:

<pre>
Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 3013
Number of words in test: 2444
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 1243
Percentage of unknown words: 50.86 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 3138
Word error rate (WER): 104.15 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 57
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 98.11 %
</pre>
*The proportion of stems translated correctly in the longer corpus:
*Trimmed coverage over longer corpora: ~0.90917159763313609467
*Trimmed coverage over large corpora: ~0.88922096035066746364
*The number of tokens in longer corpora: 307
*The number of tokens in large corpora: 556

[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Japhug/Japhug and English

2023-05-08T23:05:27Z

Yzhang4: /* Final evaluation */

==Resources for machine translation between [https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Category:Japhug Japhug] and English==

===Developed resources===

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-eng-corpus Japhug-English corpus]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug_and_English/Lexical_selection#jya_.E2.86.92_eng Lexical selection]

==External resources==
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-eng Apertium language pair for translating between Jiarong and English]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Monolingual Japhug transducer]

==Jya → Eng evaluation ==

coverage (number of forms analysed) of Japhug transducer on jya.sentences.txt: 76.98 %

coverage of bilingual transducer (jya-eng.automorf.bin) on the same file: 28.61 %

===10 sentences:===

====#1====
The original sentence:
<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu
</pre>
The intended English translation: A long time ago, there was a cat and a mouse

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^kɯɕɯŋgɯ<n><ind>/long time ago<cnjadv><ind>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^nɤki<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^lɯlu<n><ind>/cat<n><sg><ind>$ ^ci<det>/a<det><ind><sg>/one<num><sg>$ ^pjɤtu<cop><other>/be<vbser><other>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^tɕendɤre<cnj>/then<cnjadv>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^ci<det>/a<det><ind><sg>/one<num><sg>$ ^pjɤtu<cop><other>/be<vbser><other>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#long time ago , that, #cat a #be, then #mouse a #be
</pre>

====#2====
The original sentence:
<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti
</pre>

The intended English translation: The cat ate the mouse,

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^lɯlu<n><ind>/cat<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^nɤkinɯ<fill>/um<ij>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^ri<post>/at<pr>$ ^ndze<v><tv><ipfv>/eat<vblex><ipfv>$ ^ɕti<v><iv>/be<vbser>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#cat that with um, #mouse at #eat #be
</pre>

====#3====
The original sentence:

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi,
</pre>

The intended English translation: The mouse made friends with the sparrow,

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^chondɤre<com>/with<pr>$ ^nɤki<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^kumpɣɤtɕɯ<n><ind>/sparrow<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^βzaŋsa<n><ind>/friend<n><sg><ind>$ ^tonɯpa<v><tv><du>/made<vblex><pp><du>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#mouse with that, #sparrow that with #friend #made,
</pre>

====#4====
The original sentence:
<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici
</pre>

The intended English translation: The two of them become friends and got along well

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$ ^βzaŋsa<n><ind>/friend<n><sg><ind>$ ^tonɯpa<v><tv><du>/made<vblex><pp><du>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^wuma<adv>/very<adv>$ ^ɤmɯmi<v><iv><pii><du>/get along well<vblex><pii><du>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$</pre>
Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#friend #made , very #get along well
</pre>

====#5====
The original sentence:
<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu
</pre>
The intended English translation: they always got together

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^maka<adv>/at all<adv>$ ^cici<adv>/sometimes<adv>$ ^ŋotɕu<prn>/wherever<adv>$ ^*jɤarɯrindʑi/*jɤarɯrindʑi$ ^*ʑo/*ʑo$ ^*tɯtɯrca/*tɯtɯrca$ ^ntsɯ<adv>/always<adv>$ ^*juɕendʑi/*juɕendʑi$ ^ŋu<v><iv><pii>/be<vbser><pii>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>
Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
at all sometimes wherever #each together always #go #be
</pre>

====#6====
The original sentence:
<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi
</pre>
The intended English translation: There was food to eat, they shared,

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^kɤndza<n><ind>/food<n><sg><ind>$ ^ci<det>/a<det><ind><sg>/one<num><sg>$ ^tu<v><iv>/be<vbser>/exist<vblex>$ ^*nɤ/*nɤ$ ^*pjɯnɯkrondʑi/*pjɯnɯkrondʑi$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>
Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#food a #be at #share
</pre>

====#7====
The original sentence:
<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl
</pre>

The intended English translation: Also, when there was something to play with, they played together

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^mɤʑɯ<adv>/again<adv>$ ^kɯmtɕhɯ<n><ind>/toy<n><sg><ind>$ ^fse<v><tv><prc><sbj><ind>/resemble<vblex><prc><sbj><ind>$ ^tu<v><iv><aor>/be<vbser><aor>/exist<vblex><aor>$ ^nɤ<post>/at<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^tɯɣrɤz<adv>/together<adv>$ ^nɤɣro<v><tv><ipfv><du>/play<vblex><inf><ipfv><du>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^ra<v><iv>/should<vbmod>$ ^ŋgrɤl<v><iv><pii>/usually like this<iv><pii>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
that again #toy #resemble #be at, together #play that #should #usually like this
</pre>

====#8====
The original sentence:
<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe
</pre>

The intended English translation: They were always trying to think of ways to evade that cat

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^tɕhi<prn>/what<prn>$ ^cha<v><iv><prc><obj><ind>/able<adj><prc><obj><ind>/can<vbmod><prc><obj><ind>$ ^pjɤl<v><tv><inf><ipfv>/evade<vblex><inf><ipfv>$ ^kowa<n><ind>/method<n><sg><ind>$ ^ntsɯ<adv>/always<adv>$ ^βzu<v><tv><ipfv><du>/make<vblex><ipfv><du>$ ^ŋu<v><iv><pii>/be<vbser><pii>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#what #able #evade #method always #make #be
</pre>

====#9====
The original sentence:
<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe.
</pre>

The intended English translation: The cat likes eating rat meat, and also likes sparrow meat.

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^lɯlu<n><ind>/cat<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^ɕa<n><px3sg>/meat<n><sg><px3sg>$ ^tɕi<adv>/also<adv>$ ^rga<v><iv><pii>/like<vblex><pii>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^pɣɤtɕɯ<n><ind>/bird<n><sg><ind>$ ^ɕa<n><px3sg>/meat<n><sg><px3sg>$ ^tɕi<adv>/also<adv>$ ^rga<v><iv><pii>/like<vblex><pii>$ ^ɕti<v><iv>/be<vbser>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
#cat that with #mouse #meat also #like, #bird #meat also #like #be .
</pre>

====#10====
The original sentence:
<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe
</pre>

The intended English translation: since then, that mouse was very good at accumulating food

Output of jya-eng-biltrans:
<pre>
^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$ ^nɯ maʁ nɤ<cnj>/or<cnjcoo>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^,<cm>/,<cm>$ ^βʑɯ<n><ind>/mouse<n><sg><ind>$ ^nɯ<dem>/that<det><dem><sg>$ ^kɯ<post>/with<pr>$ ^wuma<adv>/very<adv>$ ^rɤfsoʁ<v><iv><prc><obj><ind>/forage<vblex><prc><obj><ind>$ ^cha<v><iv><pii>/able<adj><pii>/can<vbmod><pii>$ ^tɕe<cnj>//as for<pr>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$
</pre>

Output of jya-eng:
<pre>
or , #mouse that with very #forage #able
</pre>

===Additions ===
These are some additions we made to our bilingual transducer beyond the labs.

* 5000+ lemmas to our Japhug transducer

* 5 new features covered in our Japhug morphological analyzer, including: imperfective prefixes, the peg circumfix, proximal/distal demonstratives, redesigned verb patterns to match the slot-based prefix system in Japhug, number suffixes on verbs.

* 2 new structural transfer rules: NP rule to combine nouns and possessed nouns; DP rule to place determiner before noun, and to take ergative case from postposition; vP rule to combine adverbs and verbs. These were made in the process of meeting our original goal, to match the SVO word order in English (Japhug is usually SOV or OSV)

(details listed for our own reference)

===Final evaluation===

====Monolingual transducer stats====
*Updated precision and recall against the (updated) eval.test and eval.gold files:
<pre>
$ precisionRecall jya.eval.test.new.txt jya.eval.gold.txt
Totals: 79 forms, 179 tp, 212 fp, 0 tn, 153 fn
Precision: 45.78005%
Recall: 53.91566%</pre>
*Coverage over the large corpus:
<pre>
TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
16 ^ɣɯ/*ɣɯ$
14 ^lɤβzaŋ/*lɤβzaŋ$
11 ^cho/*cho$
10 ^qartshɤs/*qartshɤs$
8 ^rɟɤlpu/*rɟɤlpu$
8 ^rcanɯ/*rcanɯ$
8 ^qhe/*qhe$
8 ^je/*je$
8 ^jamɤn/*jamɤn$
7 ^tɕɤn/*tɕɤn$
6 ^nɯmbala/*nɯmbala$
6 ^ndɤ/*ndɤ$
6 ^lɤari/*lɤari$
6 ^kɯki/*kɯki$
5 ^wo/*wo$
5 ^tɯɣjɤn/*tɯɣjɤn$
5 ^lɤɣe/*lɤɣe$
5 ^kɯsthɯci/*kɯsthɯci$
5 ^ciŋglɯɣ/*ciŋglɯɣ$
4 ^ɲɯsɯsɤm/*ɲɯsɯsɤm$
coverage: 4463 / 5019 (~0.88922096035066746364)
remaining unknown forms: 556
ambiguity: 9939 / 5019 (~1.98027495517035265989)
jya.corpus Mon May 8 02:13:49 PM EDT 2023 4463/5019 ~0.88922096035066746364 \| 9939/5019 ~1.98027495517035265989
</pre>
*The number of words in the large corpus: 3999
*The number of stems in the transducer): 6646

====MT in jya-eng stats====
*WER and PER over longer corpus:

<pre>
Statistics about input files
-------------------------------------------------------
Number of words in reference: 3013
Number of words in test: 2444
Number of unknown words (marked with a star) in test: 1243
Percentage of unknown words: 50.86 %

Results when removing unknown-word marks (stars)
-------------------------------------------------------
Edit distance: 3138
Word error rate (WER): 104.15 %
Number of position-independent correct words: 57
Position-independent word error rate (PER): 98.11 %
</pre>
*The proportion of stems translated correctly in the longer corpus:
*Trimmed coverage over longer corpora: ~0.90917159763313609467
*Trimmed coverage over large corpora: ~0.88922096035066746364
*The number of tokens in longer corpora: 307
*The number of tokens in large corpora: 556

[[Category:Sp23_TranslationPairs ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-07T21:19:34Z

Yzhang4: /* Evaluation */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106.

We try to follow the conventions for spelling Tibetan as much as possible, like keeping the vowel in the first or second consonant of a syllable.

===Main differences from Standard Tibetan script===
This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllable (a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

There are no uvular consonants in Standard Tibetan. In order to represent uvular consonants, we use the symbol "༹" to distinguish uvulars from their velar counterparts. For example, "q" is transcribed as "ཀ༹", corresponding to "k" that transcribes to "ཀ".

When continuant velar and uvular consonants are at the end of a syllable, they become "ག".

Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

There is no distinction between palatal and alveo-palatal sounds in standard Tibetan. We emailed Jacques, and he suggested us use velar+j to represent palatals, while keep alveo-palatals the same as standard Tibetan, because velar+i/j is very rare in Japhug. For example, palatal consonant "c" is transcribed as "ཀྱ", and its alveo-palatal counterpart "tɕ" is "ཅ"

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
|ɬ
|ལྷ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 61 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just transcribe a sample corpus ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/jya.corpus.basic.txt jya.corpus.basic.txt]) from IPA to Tibetan script. After than, we manually change each transcribed word into the most correct form, to make the target transcription file ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/jya.corpus.basic.tibt.target.txt jya.corpus.basic.tibt.target.txt]).

Finally, we directly check the word error rate of the transcriber by comparing the target transcription with the transcription generated by the transcriber using [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/WER_calculator.py this script]. The results are shown below:

<pre>
Total tokens = 2503
Matched tokens = 2478
Not Matched tokens = 25
Word Error Rate = %0.9988014382740711
</pre>

Most of the mis-matches have something to do with consonant clusters. For example, the word "ɲɯɤznɤkharnɯ" should be expected to have transcription "ཉྀ༌འ༌འས་ཁཱ་རྣྀ་", but it generates incorrect form "ཉྀ༌འ༌ཟའཀ༌ཧཱ྇༌རནྀ༌" in our transcriber, in which prenasalization "zn" is not transcribed correctly, and aspiration consonant "ཁ(kh)" is divided into two parts and becomes "ཀ(k)" and "ཧ྇(h)" separately.
When transcribe back from IPA to Tibetan Script, the WER is much higher:
<pre>
Total tokens = 2503
Matched tokens = 1751
Not Matched tokens = 752
Word Error Rate = %30.04394726328406
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllable, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllable. We'll try to figure out some ways to standardize that.

=External Resources=
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus Japhug Corpus and Relating Tools]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-07T19:55:21Z

Yzhang4: /* Table */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106.

We try to follow the conventions for spelling Tibetan as much as possible, like keeping the vowel in the first or second consonant of a syllable.

===Main differences from Standard Tibetan script===
This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllable (a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

There are no uvular consonants in Standard Tibetan. In order to represent uvular consonants, we use the symbol "༹" to distinguish uvulars from their velar counterparts. For example, "q" is transcribed as "ཀ༹", corresponding to "k" that transcribes to "ཀ".

When continuant velar and uvular consonants are at the end of a syllable, they become "ག".

Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

There is no distinction between palatal and alveo-palatal sounds in standard Tibetan. We emailed Jacques, and he suggested us use velar+j to represent palatals, while keep alveo-palatals the same as standard Tibetan, because velar+i/j is very rare in Japhug. For example, palatal consonant "c" is transcribed as "ཀྱ", and its alveo-palatal counterpart "tɕ" is "ཅ"

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
|ɬ
|ལྷ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 61 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just transcribe a sample corpus ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/jya.corpus.basic.txt jya.corpus.basic.txt]) from IPA to Tibetan script. After than, we manually change each transcribed word into the most correct form, to make the target transcription file ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/jya.corpus.basic.tibt.target.txt jya.corpus.basic.tibt.target.txt]).

Finally, we directly check the word error rate of the transcriber by comparing the target transcription with the transcription generated by the transcriber using [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/WER_calculator.py this script]. The results are shown below:

<pre>
Total tokens = 2503
Matched tokens = 2478
Not Matched tokens = 25
Word Error Rate = %0.9988014382740711
</pre>

Most of the mis-matches have something to do with consonant clusters. For example, the word "ɲɯɤznɤkharnɯ" should be expected to have transcription "ཉྀ༌འ༌འས་ཁཱ་རྣྀ་", but it generates incorrect form "ཉྀ༌འ༌ཟའཀ༌ཧཱ྇༌རནྀ༌" in our transcriber, in which prenasalization "zn" is not transcribed correctly, and aspiration consonant "ཁ(kh)" is divided into two parts and becomes "ཀ(k)" and "ཧ྇(h)" separately.

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllable, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllable. We'll try to figure out some ways to standardize that.

=External Resources=
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus Japhug Corpus and Relating Tools]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-07T19:55:00Z

Yzhang4: /* Table */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106.

We try to follow the conventions for spelling Tibetan as much as possible, like keeping the vowel in the first or second consonant of a syllable.

===Main differences from Standard Tibetan script===
This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllable (a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

There are no uvular consonants in Standard Tibetan. In order to represent uvular consonants, we use the symbol "༹" to distinguish uvulars from their velar counterparts. For example, "q" is transcribed as "ཀ༹", corresponding to "k" that transcribes to "ཀ".

When continuant velar and uvular consonants are at the end of a syllable, they become "ག".

Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

There is no distinction between palatal and alveo-palatal sounds in standard Tibetan. We emailed Jacques, and he suggested us use velar+j to represent palatals, while keep alveo-palatals the same as standard Tibetan, because velar+i/j is very rare in Japhug. For example, palatal consonant "c" is transcribed as "ཀྱ", and its alveo-palatal counterpart "tɕ" is "ཅ"

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལྷ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 61 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just transcribe a sample corpus ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/jya.corpus.basic.txt jya.corpus.basic.txt]) from IPA to Tibetan script. After than, we manually change each transcribed word into the most correct form, to make the target transcription file ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/jya.corpus.basic.tibt.target.txt jya.corpus.basic.tibt.target.txt]).

Finally, we directly check the word error rate of the transcriber by comparing the target transcription with the transcription generated by the transcriber using [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/WER_calculator.py this script]. The results are shown below:

<pre>
Total tokens = 2503
Matched tokens = 2478
Not Matched tokens = 25
Word Error Rate = %0.9988014382740711
</pre>

Most of the mis-matches have something to do with consonant clusters. For example, the word "ɲɯɤznɤkharnɯ" should be expected to have transcription "ཉྀ༌འ༌འས་ཁཱ་རྣྀ་", but it generates incorrect form "ཉྀ༌འ༌ཟའཀ༌ཧཱ྇༌རནྀ༌" in our transcriber, in which prenasalization "zn" is not transcribed correctly, and aspiration consonant "ཁ(kh)" is divided into two parts and becomes "ཀ(k)" and "ཧ྇(h)" separately.

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllable, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllable. We'll try to figure out some ways to standardize that.

=External Resources=
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus Japhug Corpus and Relating Tools]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-06T21:29:03Z

Yzhang4: /* Evaluation */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106.

We try to follow the conventions for spelling Tibetan as much as possible, like keeping the vowel in the first or second consonant of a syllable.

===Main differences from Standard Tibetan script===
This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllable (a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

There are no uvular consonants in Standard Tibetan. In order to represent uvular consonants, we use the symbol "༹" to distinguish uvulars from their velar counterparts. For example, "q" is transcribed as "ཀ༹", corresponding to "k" that transcribes to "ཀ".

When continuant velar and uvular consonants are at the end of a syllable, they become "ག".

Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

There is no distinction between palatal and alveo-palatal sounds in standard Tibetan. We emailed Jacques, and he suggested us use velar+j to represent palatals, while keep alveo-palatals the same as standard Tibetan, because velar+i/j is very rare in Japhug. For example, palatal consonant "c" is transcribed as "ཀྱ", and its alveo-palatal counterpart "tɕ" is "ཅ"

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 61 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just transcribe a sample corpus ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/jya.corpus.basic.txt jya.corpus.basic.txt]) from IPA to Tibetan script. After than, we manually change each transcribed word into the most correct form, to make the target transcription file ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/jya.corpus.basic.tibt.target.txt jya.corpus.basic.tibt.target.txt]).

Finally, we directly check the word error rate of the transcriber by comparing the target transcription with the transcription generated by the transcriber using [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/WER_calculator.py this script]. The results are shown below:

<pre>
Total tokens = 2503
Matched tokens = 2478
Not Matched tokens = 25
Word Error Rate = %0.9988014382740711
</pre>

Most of the mis-matches have something to do with consonant clusters. For example, the word "ɲɯɤznɤkharnɯ" should be expected to have transcription "ཉྀ༌འ༌འས་ཁཱ་རྣྀ་", but it generates incorrect form "ཉྀ༌འ༌ཟའཀ༌ཧཱ྇༌རནྀ༌" in our transcriber, in which prenasalization "zn" is not transcribed correctly, and aspiration consonant "ཁ(kh)" is divided into two parts and becomes "ཀ(k)" and "ཧ྇(h)" separately.

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllable, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllable. We'll try to figure out some ways to standardize that.

=External Resources=
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus Japhug Corpus and Relating Tools]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-06T21:14:41Z

Yzhang4: /* External Resources */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106.

We try to follow the conventions for spelling Tibetan as much as possible, like keeping the vowel in the first or second consonant of a syllable.

===Main differences from Standard Tibetan script===
This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllable (a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

There are no uvular consonants in Standard Tibetan. In order to represent uvular consonants, we use the symbol "༹" to distinguish uvulars from their velar counterparts. For example, "q" is transcribed as "ཀ༹", corresponding to "k" that transcribes to "ཀ".

When continuant velar and uvular consonants are at the end of a syllable, they become "ག".

Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

There is no distinction between palatal and alveo-palatal sounds in standard Tibetan. We emailed Jacques, and he suggested us use velar+j to represent palatals, while keep alveo-palatals the same as standard Tibetan, because velar+i/j is very rare in Japhug. For example, palatal consonant "c" is transcribed as "ཀྱ", and its alveo-palatal counterpart "tɕ" is "ཅ"

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 61 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just transcribe a sample corpus ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/jya.corpus.basic.txt jya.corpus.basic.txt]) from IPA to Tibetan script. After than, we manually change each transcribed word into the most correct form, to make the target transcription file ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/jya.corpus.basic.tibt.target.txt jya.corpus.basic.tibt.target.txt]).

Finally, we directly check the word error rate of the transcriber by comparing the target transcription with the transcription generated by the transcriber using [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/WER_calculator.py this script]. The results are shown below:

<pre>
Total tokens = 2503
Matched tokens = 2478
Not Matched tokens = 25
Word Error Rate = %0.9988014382740711
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllable, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllable. We'll try to figure out some ways to standardize that.

=External Resources=
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus Japhug Corpus and Relating Tools]

[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-06T21:13:55Z

Yzhang4: /* Evaluation */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106.

We try to follow the conventions for spelling Tibetan as much as possible, like keeping the vowel in the first or second consonant of a syllable.

===Main differences from Standard Tibetan script===
This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllable (a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

There are no uvular consonants in Standard Tibetan. In order to represent uvular consonants, we use the symbol "༹" to distinguish uvulars from their velar counterparts. For example, "q" is transcribed as "ཀ༹", corresponding to "k" that transcribes to "ཀ".

When continuant velar and uvular consonants are at the end of a syllable, they become "ག".

Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

There is no distinction between palatal and alveo-palatal sounds in standard Tibetan. We emailed Jacques, and he suggested us use velar+j to represent palatals, while keep alveo-palatals the same as standard Tibetan, because velar+i/j is very rare in Japhug. For example, palatal consonant "c" is transcribed as "ཀྱ", and its alveo-palatal counterpart "tɕ" is "ཅ"

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 61 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just transcribe a sample corpus ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/jya.corpus.basic.txt jya.corpus.basic.txt]) from IPA to Tibetan script. After than, we manually change each transcribed word into the most correct form, to make the target transcription file ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/jya.corpus.basic.tibt.target.txt jya.corpus.basic.tibt.target.txt]).

Finally, we directly check the word error rate of the transcriber by comparing the target transcription with the transcription generated by the transcriber using [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/WER_calculator.py this script]. The results are shown below:

<pre>
Total tokens = 2503
Matched tokens = 2478
Not Matched tokens = 25
Word Error Rate = %0.9988014382740711
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllable, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllable. We'll try to figure out some ways to standardize that.

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-06T21:05:03Z

Yzhang4: /* Evaluation */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106.

We try to follow the conventions for spelling Tibetan as much as possible, like keeping the vowel in the first or second consonant of a syllable.

===Main differences from Standard Tibetan script===
This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllable (a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

There are no uvular consonants in Standard Tibetan. In order to represent uvular consonants, we use the symbol "༹" to distinguish uvulars from their velar counterparts. For example, "q" is transcribed as "ཀ༹", corresponding to "k" that transcribes to "ཀ".

When continuant velar and uvular consonants are at the end of a syllable, they become "ག".

Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

There is no distinction between palatal and alveo-palatal sounds in standard Tibetan. We emailed Jacques, and he suggested us use velar+j to represent palatals, while keep alveo-palatals the same as standard Tibetan, because velar+i/j is very rare in Japhug. For example, palatal consonant "c" is transcribed as "ཀྱ", and its alveo-palatal counterpart "tɕ" is "ཅ"

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 61 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just transcribe a sample corpus ([https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya-corpus/blob/main/jya.corpus.basic.txt jya.corpus.basic.txt]) from IPA to Tibetan script. After than, we manually change each transcribed word into the most correct form, to make the target transcription file.

Finally, we directly check the word error rate of the transcriber by comparing the target transcription with the transcription generated by the transcriber. The results are shown below:

<pre>
Total tokens = 2503
Matched tokens = 2478
Not Matched tokens = 25
Word Error Rate = %0.9988014382740711
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllable, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllable. We'll try to figure out some ways to standardize that.

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-06T21:00:21Z

Yzhang4: /* Evaluation */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106.

We try to follow the conventions for spelling Tibetan as much as possible, like keeping the vowel in the first or second consonant of a syllable.

===Main differences from Standard Tibetan script===
This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllable (a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

There are no uvular consonants in Standard Tibetan. In order to represent uvular consonants, we use the symbol "༹" to distinguish uvulars from their velar counterparts. For example, "q" is transcribed as "ཀ༹", corresponding to "k" that transcribes to "ཀ".

When continuant velar and uvular consonants are at the end of a syllable, they become "ག".

Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

There is no distinction between palatal and alveo-palatal sounds in standard Tibetan. We emailed Jacques, and he suggested us use velar+j to represent palatals, while keep alveo-palatals the same as standard Tibetan, because velar+i/j is very rare in Japhug. For example, palatal consonant "c" is transcribed as "ཀྱ", and its alveo-palatal counterpart "tɕ" is "ཅ"

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 61 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just transcribe a sample text from IPA to Tibetan script. After than, we manually change each transcribed word into the most correct form, to make the target transcription file.

Finally, we directly check the word error rate of the transcriber by comparing the target transcription with the transcription generated by the transcriber. The results are shown below:

<pre>
Total tokens = 2503
Matched tokens = 2478
Not Matched tokens = 25
Word Error Rate = %0.9988014382740711
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllable, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllable. We'll try to figure out some ways to standardize that.

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-06T20:40:05Z

Yzhang4: /* Evaluation */

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-03T03:38:49Z

Yzhang4: /* Implementation Method */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106.

We try to follow the conventions for spelling Tibetan as much as possible, like keeping the vowel in the first or second consonant of a syllabus.

===Main differences from Standard Tibetan script===
This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

There are no uvular consonants in Standard Tibetan. In order to represent uvular consonants, we use the symbol "༹" to distinguish uvulars from their velar counterparts. For example, "q" is transcribed as "ཀ༹", corresponding to "k" that transcribes to "ཀ".

When continuant velar and uvular consonants are at the end of a syllabus, they become "ག".

Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

There are no distinguish between palatal and alveo-palatal in standard Tibetan. We emailed Jacques, and he suggested us use velar+j to represent palatals, while keep alveo-palatals the same as standard Tibetan, because velar+i/j is very rare in Japhug. For example, palatal consonant "c" is transcribed as "ཀྱ", and its alveo-palatal counterpart "tɕ" is "ཅ"

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 61 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here. Every syllabus follows the Tibetan script convention that the vowel lies in either the first or second consonant.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌ ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ། -> kɯɕɯmgɯ tɕe nɤki lɯlu ci pjɤtu tɕemdɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu.
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི། -> lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ βʑɯ ri tumdze ɕti.
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བཞྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི། -> βʑɯ chomdɤre nɤki kumbɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzamsa tonɯpamdʑi.
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི། -> tɕe βzamsa tonɯpamdʑi tɕe wuma pjɤkɤmɯmimdʑici.
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ། -> maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrimdʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca mtsɯ juɕemdʑi pjɤŋu.
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི། -> kɤmdza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkromdʑi.
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl -> ནྀ༌ མ༌ཞྀ༌ ཀྀ༌འཆྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ཕ༹སེ༌ ཏ༌ཏུ༌ ན༌ ཏྀ༌ཝྲཟ༌ ཉྀ༌ན༌ཝྲོ༌འཇི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ པྱ༌འགྲལ། -> nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣromdʑi nɯ ra pjɤmgrɤl.
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe -> ཆི༌ ཀ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཏུ༌ཀ༌པྱལ༌ ཀོ༌བཱ༹༌ འཙྀ༌ ཏུ༌བཟུ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ༌ ཅེ། -> tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa mtsɯ tuβzumdʑi pjɤŋu tɕe.
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ པྺ༌ཅྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ ཤྟི༌ ཅེ། -> lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe.
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe -> ཅེ༌ ནྀ༌ མཱག༌ ན༌ ཅེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ ཀ༌ར༌ཕ༹སོག༌ པྱ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཅེ། -> tɕe nɯ mag nɤ tɕe βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsog pjɤcha tɕe.
</pre>

<pre>
tɕendɤre ci nɯ ra nɯtɯscit, tɕheme nɯ ɯtɯmpɕɤr -> ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ ཀྱི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ ནྀ༌ཏྀ༌སྐྱིཏ༌ ཆེ༌མེ༌ ནྀ༌ འྀ༌ཏྀ༌འཔྴར། -> tɕemdɤre ci nɯ ra nɯtɯscit tɕheme nɯ ɯtɯmbɕɤr.
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllabus, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllabus. We'll try to figure out some ways to standardize that.

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-03T00:45:59Z

Yzhang4: /* Evaluation */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106.

We try to follow the conventions for spelling Tibetan as much as possible, like keeping the vowel in the first or second consonant of a syllabus.

===Main differences from Standard Tibetan script===
This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

There are no uvular consonants in Standard Tibetan. In order to represent uvular consonants, we use the symbol "༹" to distinguish uvulars from their velar counterparts. For example, "q" is transcribed as "ཀ༹", corresponding to "k" that transcribes to "ཀ".

When continuant velar and uvular consonants are at the end of a syllabus, they become "ག".

Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

There are no distinguish between palatal and alveo-palatal in standard Tibetan. We emailed Jacques, and he suggested us use velar+j to represent palatals, while keep alveo-palatals the same as standard Tibetan, because velar+i/j is very rare in Japhug. For example, palatal consonant "c" is transcribed as "ཀྱ", and its alveo-palatal counterpart "tɕ" is "ཅ"

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 48 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here. Every syllabus follows the Tibetan script convention that the vowel lies in either the first or second consonant.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌ ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ། -> kɯɕɯmgɯ tɕe nɤki lɯlu ci pjɤtu tɕemdɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu.
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི། -> lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ βʑɯ ri tumdze ɕti.
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བཞྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི། -> βʑɯ chomdɤre nɤki kumbɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzamsa tonɯpamdʑi.
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི། -> tɕe βzamsa tonɯpamdʑi tɕe wuma pjɤkɤmɯmimdʑici.
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ། -> maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrimdʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca mtsɯ juɕemdʑi pjɤŋu.
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི། -> kɤmdza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkromdʑi.
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl -> ནྀ༌ མ༌ཞྀ༌ ཀྀ༌འཆྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ཕ༹སེ༌ ཏ༌ཏུ༌ ན༌ ཏྀ༌ཝྲཟ༌ ཉྀ༌ན༌ཝྲོ༌འཇི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ པྱ༌འགྲལ། -> nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣromdʑi nɯ ra pjɤmgrɤl.
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe -> ཆི༌ ཀ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཏུ༌ཀ༌པྱལ༌ ཀོ༌བཱ༹༌ འཙྀ༌ ཏུ༌བཟུ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ༌ ཅེ། -> tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa mtsɯ tuβzumdʑi pjɤŋu tɕe.
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ པྺ༌ཅྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ ཤྟི༌ ཅེ། -> lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe.
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe -> ཅེ༌ ནྀ༌ མཱག༌ ན༌ ཅེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ ཀ༌ར༌ཕ༹སོག༌ པྱ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཅེ། -> tɕe nɯ mag nɤ tɕe βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsog pjɤcha tɕe.
</pre>

<pre>
tɕendɤre ci nɯ ra nɯtɯscit, tɕheme nɯ ɯtɯmpɕɤr -> ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ ཀྱི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ ནྀ༌ཏྀ༌སྐྱིཏ༌ ཆེ༌མེ༌ ནྀ༌ འྀ༌ཏྀ༌འཔྴར། -> tɕemdɤre ci nɯ ra nɯtɯscit tɕheme nɯ ɯtɯmbɕɤr.
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllabus, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllabus. We'll try to figure out some ways to standardize that.

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-03T00:25:08Z

Yzhang4: /* Main differences from Standard Tibetan script */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106.

We try to follow the conventions for spelling Tibetan as much as possible, like keeping the vowel in the first or second consonant of a syllabus.

===Main differences from Standard Tibetan script===
This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

There are no uvular consonants in Standard Tibetan. In order to represent uvular consonants, we use the symbol "༹" to distinguish uvulars from their velar counterparts. For example, "q" is transcribed as "ཀ༹", corresponding to "k" that transcribes to "ཀ".

When continuant velar and uvular consonants are at the end of a syllabus, they become "ག".

Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

There are no distinguish between palatal and alveo-palatal in standard Tibetan. We emailed Jacques, and he suggested us use velar+j to represent palatals, while keep alveo-palatals the same as standard Tibetan, because velar+i/j is very rare in Japhug. For example, palatal consonant "c" is transcribed as "ཀྱ", and its alveo-palatal counterpart "tɕ" is "ཅ"

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 48 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here. Every syllabus follows the Tibetan script convention that the vowel lies in either the first or second consonant.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌ ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི།
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བཞྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི།
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ།
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl -> ནྀ༌ མ༌ཞྀ༌ ཀྀ༌འཆྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ཕ༹སེ༌ ཏ༌ཏུ༌ ན༌ ཏྀ༌ཝྲཟ༌ ཉྀ༌ན༌ཝྲོ༌འཇི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ པྱ༌འགྲལ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe -> ཆི༌ ཀ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཏུ༌ཀ༌པྱལ༌ ཀོ༌བཱ༹༌ འཙྀ༌ ཏུ༌བཟུ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ པྺ༌ཅྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ ཤྟི༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe -> ཅེ༌ ནྀ༌ མཱག༌ ན༌ ཅེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ ཀ༌ར༌ཕ༹སོག༌ པྱ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕendɤre ci nɯ ra nɯtɯscit, tɕheme nɯ ɯtɯmpɕɤr -> ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ ཀྱི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ ནྀ༌ཏྀ༌སྐྱིཏ༌ ཆེ༌མེ༌ ནྀ༌ འྀ༌ཏྀ༌འཔྴར།
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllabus, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllabus. We'll try to figure out some ways to standardize that.

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-03T00:20:01Z

Yzhang4: /* Transcription Scheme */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106.

We try to follow the conventions for spelling Tibetan as much as possible, like keeping the vowel in the first or second consonant of a syllabus.

===Main differences from Standard Tibetan script===
This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

There are no uvular consonants in Standard Tibetan. In order to represent uvular consonants, we use the symbol "༹" to distinguish uvulars from their velar counterparts. For example, "q" is transcribed as "ཀ༹", corresponding to "k" that transcribes to "ཀ".

Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

There are no distinguish between palatal and alveo-palatal in standard Tibetan. We emailed Jacques, and he suggested us use velar+j to represent palatals, while keep alveo-palatals the same as standard Tibetan, because velar+i/j is very rare in Japhug. For example, palatal consonant "c" is transcribed as "ཀྱ", and its alveo-palatal counterpart "tɕ" is "ཅ"

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 48 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here. Every syllabus follows the Tibetan script convention that the vowel lies in either the first or second consonant.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌ ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི།
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བཞྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི།
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ།
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl -> ནྀ༌ མ༌ཞྀ༌ ཀྀ༌འཆྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ཕ༹སེ༌ ཏ༌ཏུ༌ ན༌ ཏྀ༌ཝྲཟ༌ ཉྀ༌ན༌ཝྲོ༌འཇི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ པྱ༌འགྲལ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe -> ཆི༌ ཀ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཏུ༌ཀ༌པྱལ༌ ཀོ༌བཱ༹༌ འཙྀ༌ ཏུ༌བཟུ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ པྺ༌ཅྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ ཤྟི༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe -> ཅེ༌ ནྀ༌ མཱག༌ ན༌ ཅེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ ཀ༌ར༌ཕ༹སོག༌ པྱ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕendɤre ci nɯ ra nɯtɯscit, tɕheme nɯ ɯtɯmpɕɤr -> ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ ཀྱི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ ནྀ༌ཏྀ༌སྐྱིཏ༌ ཆེ༌མེ༌ ནྀ༌ འྀ༌ཏྀ༌འཔྴར།
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllabus, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllabus. We'll try to figure out some ways to standardize that.

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-03T00:18:07Z

Yzhang4: /* Future Improvements */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106

===Main differences from Standard Tibetan script===
This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

There are no uvular consonants in Standard Tibetan. In order to represent uvular consonants, we use the symbol "༹" to distinguish uvulars from their velar counterparts. For example, "q" is transcribed as "ཀ༹", corresponding to "k" that transcribes to "ཀ".

Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

There are no distinguish between palatal and alveo-palatal in standard Tibetan. We emailed Jacques, and he suggested us use velar+j to represent palatals, while keep alveo-palatals the same as standard Tibetan, because velar+i/j is very rare in Japhug. For example, palatal consonant "c" is transcribed as "ཀྱ", and its alveo-palatal counterpart "tɕ" is "ཅ"

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 48 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here. Every syllabus follows the Tibetan script convention that the vowel lies in either the first or second consonant.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌ ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི།
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བཞྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི།
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ།
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl -> ནྀ༌ མ༌ཞྀ༌ ཀྀ༌འཆྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ཕ༹སེ༌ ཏ༌ཏུ༌ ན༌ ཏྀ༌ཝྲཟ༌ ཉྀ༌ན༌ཝྲོ༌འཇི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ པྱ༌འགྲལ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe -> ཆི༌ ཀ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཏུ༌ཀ༌པྱལ༌ ཀོ༌བཱ༹༌ འཙྀ༌ ཏུ༌བཟུ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ པྺ༌ཅྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ ཤྟི༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe -> ཅེ༌ ནྀ༌ མཱག༌ ན༌ ཅེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ ཀ༌ར༌ཕ༹སོག༌ པྱ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕendɤre ci nɯ ra nɯtɯscit, tɕheme nɯ ɯtɯmpɕɤr -> ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ ཀྱི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ ནྀ༌ཏྀ༌སྐྱིཏ༌ ཆེ༌མེ༌ ནྀ༌ འྀ༌ཏྀ༌འཔྴར།
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllabus, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllabus. We'll try to figure out some ways to standardize that.

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-03T00:14:22Z

Yzhang4: /* Main differences from Standard Tibetan script */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106

===Main differences from Standard Tibetan script===
This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

There are no uvular consonants in Standard Tibetan. In order to represent uvular consonants, we use the symbol "༹" to distinguish uvulars from their velar counterparts. For example, "q" is transcribed as "ཀ༹", corresponding to "k" that transcribes to "ཀ".

Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

There are no distinguish between palatal and alveo-palatal in standard Tibetan. We emailed Jacques, and he suggested us use velar+j to represent palatals, while keep alveo-palatals the same as standard Tibetan, because velar+i/j is very rare in Japhug. For example, palatal consonant "c" is transcribed as "ཀྱ", and its alveo-palatal counterpart "tɕ" is "ཅ"

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 48 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here. Every syllabus follows the Tibetan script convention that the vowel lies in either the first or second consonant.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌ ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི།
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བཞྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི།
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ།
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl -> ནྀ༌ མ༌ཞྀ༌ ཀྀ༌འཆྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ཕ༹སེ༌ ཏ༌ཏུ༌ ན༌ ཏྀ༌ཝྲཟ༌ ཉྀ༌ན༌ཝྲོ༌འཇི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ པྱ༌འགྲལ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe -> ཆི༌ ཀ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཏུ༌ཀ༌པྱལ༌ ཀོ༌བཱ༹༌ འཙྀ༌ ཏུ༌བཟུ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ པྺ༌ཅྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ ཤྟི༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe -> ཅེ༌ ནྀ༌ མཱག༌ ན༌ ཅེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ ཀ༌ར༌ཕ༹སོག༌ པྱ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕendɤre ci nɯ ra nɯtɯscit, tɕheme nɯ ɯtɯmpɕɤr -> ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ ཀྱི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ ནྀ༌ཏྀ༌སྐྱིཏ༌ ཆེ༌མེ༌ ནྀ༌ འྀ༌ཏྀ༌འཔྴར།
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllabus, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllabus.

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-03T00:09:33Z

Yzhang4: /* Main differences from Standard Tibetan script */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106

===Main differences from Standard Tibetan script===
This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

There are no distinguish between palatal and alveo-palatal in standard Tibetan. We emailed Jacques, and he suggested us use velar+j to represent palatals, while keep alveo-palatals the same as standard Tibetan, because velar+i/j is very rare in Japhug. For example, palatal consonant "c" is transcribed as "ཀྱ", and its alveo-palatal counterpart "tɕ" is "ཅ"

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 48 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here. Every syllabus follows the Tibetan script convention that the vowel lies in either the first or second consonant.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌ ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི།
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བཞྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི།
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ།
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl -> ནྀ༌ མ༌ཞྀ༌ ཀྀ༌འཆྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ཕ༹སེ༌ ཏ༌ཏུ༌ ན༌ ཏྀ༌ཝྲཟ༌ ཉྀ༌ན༌ཝྲོ༌འཇི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ པྱ༌འགྲལ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe -> ཆི༌ ཀ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཏུ༌ཀ༌པྱལ༌ ཀོ༌བཱ༹༌ འཙྀ༌ ཏུ༌བཟུ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ པྺ༌ཅྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ ཤྟི༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe -> ཅེ༌ ནྀ༌ མཱག༌ ན༌ ཅེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ ཀ༌ར༌ཕ༹སོག༌ པྱ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕendɤre ci nɯ ra nɯtɯscit, tɕheme nɯ ɯtɯmpɕɤr -> ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ ཀྱི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ ནྀ༌ཏྀ༌སྐྱིཏ༌ ཆེ༌མེ༌ ནྀ༌ འྀ༌ཏྀ༌འཔྴར།
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllabus, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllabus.

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-03T00:04:59Z

Yzhang4: /* Transcription Scheme */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106

===Main differences from Standard Tibetan script===
This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Moreover, since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

Furthermore, Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 48 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here. Every syllabus follows the Tibetan script convention that the vowel lies in either the first or second consonant.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌ ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི།
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བཞྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི།
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ།
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl -> ནྀ༌ མ༌ཞྀ༌ ཀྀ༌འཆྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ཕ༹སེ༌ ཏ༌ཏུ༌ ན༌ ཏྀ༌ཝྲཟ༌ ཉྀ༌ན༌ཝྲོ༌འཇི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ པྱ༌འགྲལ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe -> ཆི༌ ཀ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཏུ༌ཀ༌པྱལ༌ ཀོ༌བཱ༹༌ འཙྀ༌ ཏུ༌བཟུ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ པྺ༌ཅྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ ཤྟི༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe -> ཅེ༌ ནྀ༌ མཱག༌ ན༌ ཅེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ ཀ༌ར༌ཕ༹སོག༌ པྱ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕendɤre ci nɯ ra nɯtɯscit, tɕheme nɯ ɯtɯmpɕɤr -> ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ ཀྱི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ ནྀ༌ཏྀ༌སྐྱིཏ༌ ཆེ༌མེ༌ ནྀ༌ འྀ༌ཏྀ༌འཔྴར།
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllabus, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllabus.

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T23:58:29Z

Yzhang4: /* Future Improvements */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106

This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Moreover, since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

Furthermore, Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 48 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here. Every syllabus follows the Tibetan script convention that the vowel lies in either the first or second consonant.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌ ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི།
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བཞྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི།
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ།
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl -> ནྀ༌ མ༌ཞྀ༌ ཀྀ༌འཆྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ཕ༹སེ༌ ཏ༌ཏུ༌ ན༌ ཏྀ༌ཝྲཟ༌ ཉྀ༌ན༌ཝྲོ༌འཇི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ པྱ༌འགྲལ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe -> ཆི༌ ཀ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཏུ༌ཀ༌པྱལ༌ ཀོ༌བཱ༹༌ འཙྀ༌ ཏུ༌བཟུ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ པྺ༌ཅྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ ཤྟི༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe -> ཅེ༌ ནྀ༌ མཱག༌ ན༌ ཅེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ ཀ༌ར༌ཕ༹སོག༌ པྱ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕendɤre ci nɯ ra nɯtɯscit, tɕheme nɯ ɯtɯmpɕɤr -> ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ ཀྱི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ ནྀ༌ཏྀ༌སྐྱིཏ༌ ཆེ༌མེ༌ ནྀ༌ འྀ༌ཏྀ༌འཔྴར།
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple) can be transcribed as either "པཱ༌ཧ༹ཤི" when treating the consonant χ as the first consonant of the second syllabus, or "པཱག༌ཤི" if treating χ as the last consonant of the first syllabus.

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T23:55:46Z

Yzhang4: /* Future Improvements */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106

This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Moreover, since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

Furthermore, Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 48 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here. Every syllabus follows the Tibetan script convention that the vowel lies in either the first or second consonant.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌ ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི།
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བཞྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི།
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ།
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl -> ནྀ༌ མ༌ཞྀ༌ ཀྀ༌འཆྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ཕ༹སེ༌ ཏ༌ཏུ༌ ན༌ ཏྀ༌ཝྲཟ༌ ཉྀ༌ན༌ཝྲོ༌འཇི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ པྱ༌འགྲལ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe -> ཆི༌ ཀ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཏུ༌ཀ༌པྱལ༌ ཀོ༌བཱ༹༌ འཙྀ༌ ཏུ༌བཟུ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ པྺ༌ཅྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ ཤྟི༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe -> ཅེ༌ ནྀ༌ མཱག༌ ན༌ ཅེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ ཀ༌ར༌ཕ༹སོག༌ པྱ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕendɤre ci nɯ ra nɯtɯscit, tɕheme nɯ ɯtɯmpɕɤr -> ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ ཀྱི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ ནྀ༌ཏྀ༌སྐྱིཏ༌ ཆེ༌མེ༌ ནྀ༌ འྀ༌ཏྀ༌འཔྴར།
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

For some Japhug expressions with multiple consonants between vowels, there still exists ambiguity. For example, the word "paχɕi" (apple)

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T23:47:19Z

Yzhang4: /* Table */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106

This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Moreover, since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

Furthermore, Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription. Colored entries are those different or new to Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 48 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here. Every syllabus follows the Tibetan script convention that the vowel lies in either the first or second consonant.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌ ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི།
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བཞྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི།
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ།
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl -> ནྀ༌ མ༌ཞྀ༌ ཀྀ༌འཆྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ཕ༹སེ༌ ཏ༌ཏུ༌ ན༌ ཏྀ༌ཝྲཟ༌ ཉྀ༌ན༌ཝྲོ༌འཇི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ པྱ༌འགྲལ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe -> ཆི༌ ཀ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཏུ༌ཀ༌པྱལ༌ ཀོ༌བཱ༹༌ འཙྀ༌ ཏུ༌བཟུ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ པྺ༌ཅྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ ཤྟི༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe -> ཅེ༌ ནྀ༌ མཱག༌ ན༌ ཅེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ ཀ༌ར༌ཕ༹སོག༌ པྱ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕendɤre ci nɯ ra nɯtɯscit, tɕheme nɯ ɯtɯmpɕɤr -> ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ ཀྱི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ ནྀ༌ཏྀ༌སྐྱིཏ༌ ཆེ༌མེ༌ ནྀ༌ འྀ༌ཏྀ༌འཔྴར།
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T23:46:39Z

Yzhang4: /* Table */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106

This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Moreover, since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

Furthermore, Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i
| ི
| u
| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 48 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here. Every syllabus follows the Tibetan script convention that the vowel lies in either the first or second consonant.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌ ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི།
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བཞྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི།
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ།
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl -> ནྀ༌ མ༌ཞྀ༌ ཀྀ༌འཆྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ཕ༹སེ༌ ཏ༌ཏུ༌ ན༌ ཏྀ༌ཝྲཟ༌ ཉྀ༌ན༌ཝྲོ༌འཇི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ པྱ༌འགྲལ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe -> ཆི༌ ཀ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཏུ༌ཀ༌པྱལ༌ ཀོ༌བཱ༹༌ འཙྀ༌ ཏུ༌བཟུ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ པྺ༌ཅྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ ཤྟི༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe -> ཅེ༌ ནྀ༌ མཱག༌ ན༌ ཅེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ ཀ༌ར༌ཕ༹སོག༌ པྱ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕendɤre ci nɯ ra nɯtɯscit, tɕheme nɯ ɯtɯmpɕɤr -> ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ ཀྱི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ ནྀ༌ཏྀ༌སྐྱིཏ༌ ཆེ༌མེ༌ ནྀ༌ འྀ༌ཏྀ༌འཔྴར།
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T23:46:20Z

Yzhang4: /* Table */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106

This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Moreover, since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

Furthermore, Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ
| i |
| ི |
| u |
| ུ |
!style="background:beige;"| y
!style="background:beige;"| ུ
!style="background:beige;"| ɯ
!style="background:beige;"| ྀ
| e
| ེ
| o
| ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 48 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here. Every syllabus follows the Tibetan script convention that the vowel lies in either the first or second consonant.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌ ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི།
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བཞྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི།
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ།
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl -> ནྀ༌ མ༌ཞྀ༌ ཀྀ༌འཆྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ཕ༹སེ༌ ཏ༌ཏུ༌ ན༌ ཏྀ༌ཝྲཟ༌ ཉྀ༌ན༌ཝྲོ༌འཇི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ པྱ༌འགྲལ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe -> ཆི༌ ཀ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཏུ༌ཀ༌པྱལ༌ ཀོ༌བཱ༹༌ འཙྀ༌ ཏུ༌བཟུ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ པྺ༌ཅྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ ཤྟི༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe -> ཅེ༌ ནྀ༌ མཱག༌ ན༌ ཅེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ ཀ༌ར༌ཕ༹སོག༌ པྱ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕendɤre ci nɯ ra nɯtɯscit, tɕheme nɯ ɯtɯmpɕɤr -> ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ ཀྱི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ ནྀ༌ཏྀ༌སྐྱིཏ༌ ཆེ༌མེ༌ ནྀ༌ འྀ༌ཏྀ༌འཔྴར།
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T23:45:27Z

Yzhang4: /* Table */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106

This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Moreover, since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

Furthermore, Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ
!style="background:beige;"| N/A
!style="background:beige;"| a
!style="background:beige;"| ཱ |
| i |
| ི |
| u |
| ུ |
!style="background:beige;"| y |
!style="background:beige;"| ུ |!style="background:beige;"| ɯ |!style="background:beige;"| ྀ || e || ེ || o || ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 48 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here. Every syllabus follows the Tibetan script convention that the vowel lies in either the first or second consonant.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌ ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི།
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བཞྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི།
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ།
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl -> ནྀ༌ མ༌ཞྀ༌ ཀྀ༌འཆྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ཕ༹སེ༌ ཏ༌ཏུ༌ ན༌ ཏྀ༌ཝྲཟ༌ ཉྀ༌ན༌ཝྲོ༌འཇི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ པྱ༌འགྲལ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe -> ཆི༌ ཀ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཏུ༌ཀ༌པྱལ༌ ཀོ༌བཱ༹༌ འཙྀ༌ ཏུ༌བཟུ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ པྺ༌ཅྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ ཤྟི༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe -> ཅེ༌ ནྀ༌ མཱག༌ ན༌ ཅེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ ཀ༌ར༌ཕ༹སོག༌ པྱ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕendɤre ci nɯ ra nɯtɯscit, tɕheme nɯ ɯtɯmpɕɤr -> ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ ཀྱི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ ནྀ༌ཏྀ༌སྐྱིཏ༌ ཆེ༌མེ༌ ནྀ༌ འྀ༌ཏྀ༌འཔྴར།
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T23:44:29Z

Yzhang4: /* Table */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106

This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Moreover, since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

Furthermore, Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:beige;"| ɤ !style="background:beige;"| N/A |!style="background:beige;"| a |!style="background:beige;"| ཱ || i || ི || u || ུ |!style="background:beige;"| y |!style="background:beige;"| ུ |!style="background:beige;"| ɯ |!style="background:beige;"| ྀ || e || ེ || o || ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 48 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here. Every syllabus follows the Tibetan script convention that the vowel lies in either the first or second consonant.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌ ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི།
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བཞྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི།
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ།
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl -> ནྀ༌ མ༌ཞྀ༌ ཀྀ༌འཆྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ཕ༹སེ༌ ཏ༌ཏུ༌ ན༌ ཏྀ༌ཝྲཟ༌ ཉྀ༌ན༌ཝྲོ༌འཇི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ པྱ༌འགྲལ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe -> ཆི༌ ཀ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཏུ༌ཀ༌པྱལ༌ ཀོ༌བཱ༹༌ འཙྀ༌ ཏུ༌བཟུ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ པྺ༌ཅྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ ཤྟི༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe -> ཅེ༌ ནྀ༌ མཱག༌ ན༌ ཅེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ ཀ༌ར༌ཕ༹སོག༌ པྱ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕendɤre ci nɯ ra nɯtɯscit, tɕheme nɯ ɯtɯmpɕɤr -> ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ ཀྱི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ ནྀ༌ཏྀ༌སྐྱིཏ༌ ཆེ༌མེ༌ ནྀ༌ འྀ༌ཏྀ༌འཔྴར།
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T23:44:09Z

Yzhang4: /* Table */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106

This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Moreover, since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

Furthermore, Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
|!style="background:beige;"| ɤ |!style="background:beige;"| N/A |!style="background:beige;"| a |!style="background:beige;"| ཱ || i || ི || u || ུ |!style="background:beige;"| y |!style="background:beige;"| ུ |!style="background:beige;"| ɯ |!style="background:beige;"| ྀ || e || ེ || o || ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 48 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here. Every syllabus follows the Tibetan script convention that the vowel lies in either the first or second consonant.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌ ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི།
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བཞྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི།
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ།
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl -> ནྀ༌ མ༌ཞྀ༌ ཀྀ༌འཆྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ཕ༹སེ༌ ཏ༌ཏུ༌ ན༌ ཏྀ༌ཝྲཟ༌ ཉྀ༌ན༌ཝྲོ༌འཇི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ པྱ༌འགྲལ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe -> ཆི༌ ཀ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཏུ༌ཀ༌པྱལ༌ ཀོ༌བཱ༹༌ འཙྀ༌ ཏུ༌བཟུ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ པྺ༌ཅྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ ཤྟི༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe -> ཅེ༌ ནྀ༌ མཱག༌ ན༌ ཅེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ ཀ༌ར༌ཕ༹སོག༌ པྱ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕendɤre ci nɯ ra nɯtɯscit, tɕheme nɯ ɯtɯmpɕɤr -> ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ ཀྱི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ ནྀ༌ཏྀ༌སྐྱིཏ༌ ཆེ༌མེ༌ ནྀ༌ འྀ༌ཏྀ༌འཔྴར།
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T15:59:14Z

Yzhang4: /* Evaluation */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106

This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Moreover, since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

Furthermore, Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| ɤ || N/A || a || ཱ || i || ི || u || ུ || y || ུ || ɯ || ྀ || e || ེ || o || ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 48 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here. Every syllabus follows the Tibetan script convention that the vowel lies in either the first or second consonant.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌ ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི།
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བཞྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི།
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ།
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl -> ནྀ༌ མ༌ཞྀ༌ ཀྀ༌འཆྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ཕ༹སེ༌ ཏ༌ཏུ༌ ན༌ ཏྀ༌ཝྲཟ༌ ཉྀ༌ན༌ཝྲོ༌འཇི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ པྱ༌འགྲལ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe -> ཆི༌ ཀ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཏུ༌ཀ༌པྱལ༌ ཀོ༌བཱ༹༌ འཙྀ༌ ཏུ༌བཟུ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ པྺ༌ཅྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ ཤྟི༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe -> ཅེ༌ ནྀ༌ མཱག༌ ན༌ ཅེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ ཀ༌ར༌ཕ༹སོག༌ པྱ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕendɤre ci nɯ ra nɯtɯscit, tɕheme nɯ ɯtɯmpɕɤr -> ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ ཀྱི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ ནྀ༌ཏྀ༌སྐྱིཏ༌ ཆེ༌མེ༌ ནྀ༌ འྀ༌ཏྀ༌འཔྴར།
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T15:54:03Z

Yzhang4: /* Evaluation */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106

This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Moreover, since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

Furthermore, Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| ɤ || N/A || a || ཱ || i || ི || u || ུ || y || ུ || ɯ || ྀ || e || ེ || o || ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 48 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here. Every syllabus follows the Tibetan script convention that the vowel lies in either the first or second consonant.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌ ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི།
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བཞྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི།
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ།
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl -> ནྀ༌ མ༌ཞྀ༌ ཀྀ༌འཆྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ཕ༹ྶེ༌ ཏ༌ཏུ༌ ན༌ ཏྀ༌ཝྲཟ༌ ཉྀ༌ན༌ཝྲོ༌འཇི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ པྱ༌འགྲལ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe -> ཆི༌ ཀ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཏུ༌ཀ༌པྱལ༌ ཀོ༌བཱ༹༌ འཙྀ༌ ཏུ༌བཟུ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ པྺ༌ཅྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ ཤྟི༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe -> ཅེ༌ ནྀ༌ མཱག༌ ན༌ ཅེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ ཀ༌ར༌ཕ༹ྶོག༌ པྱ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕendɤre ci nɯ ra nɯtɯscit, tɕheme nɯ ɯtɯmpɕɤr -> ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ ཀྱི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ ནྀ༌ཏྀ༌སྐྱིཏ༌ ཆེ༌མེ༌ ནྀ༌ འྀ༌ཏྀ༌འཔྴར།
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T15:52:33Z

Yzhang4: /* Evaluation */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106

This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Moreover, since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

Furthermore, Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| ɤ || N/A || a || ཱ || i || ི || u || ུ || y || ུ || ɯ || ྀ || e || ེ || o || ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 48 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌ ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི།
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བཞྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི།
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ།
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl -> ནྀ༌ མ༌ཞྀ༌ ཀྀ༌འཆྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ཕ༹ྶེ༌ ཏ༌ཏུ༌ ན༌ ཏྀ༌ཝྲཟ༌ ཉྀ༌ན༌ཝྲོ༌འཇི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ པྱ༌འགྲལ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe -> ཆི༌ ཀ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཏུ༌ཀ༌པྱལ༌ ཀོ༌བཱ༹༌ འཙྀ༌ ཏུ༌བཟུ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ པྺ༌ཅྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ ཤྟི༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe -> ཅེ༌ ནྀ༌ མཱག༌ ན༌ ཅེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ ཀ༌ར༌ཕ༹ྶོག༌ པྱ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕendɤre ci nɯ ra nɯtɯscit, tɕheme nɯ ɯtɯmpɕɤr -> ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ ཀྱི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ ནྀ༌ཏྀ༌སྐྱིཏ༌ ཆེ༌མེ༌ ནྀ༌ འྀ༌ཏྀ༌འཔྴར།
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T15:50:00Z

Yzhang4: /* Evaluation */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106

This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Moreover, since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

Furthermore, Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| ɤ || N/A || a || ཱ || i || ི || u || ུ || y || ུ || ɯ || ྀ || e || ེ || o || ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 48 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌ ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི།
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བཞྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བཟཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི།
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ།
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl -> ནྀ༌ མ༌ཞྀ༌ ཀྀ༌འཆྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ཕ༹ྶེ༌ ཏ༌ཏུ༌ ན༌ ཏྀ༌ཝྲཟ༌ ཉྀ༌ན༌ཝྲོ༌འཇི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ པྱ༌འགྲལ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe -> ཆི༌ ཀ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཏུ༌ཀ༌པྱལ༌ ཀོ༌བཱ༹༌ འཙྀ༌ ཏུ༌བཟུ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བཞྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ པྺ༌ཅྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ ཤྟི༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe -> ཅེ༌ ནྀ༌ མཱག༌ ན༌ ཅེ༌ བཞྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ ཀ༌ར༌ཕ༹ྶོག༌ པྱ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T15:37:56Z

Yzhang4: /* Evaluation */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106

This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Moreover, since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

Furthermore, Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| ɤ || N/A || a || ཱ || i || ི || u || ུ || y || ུ || ɯ || ྀ || e || ེ || o || ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 48 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌ ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བྮྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌ བྮྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི།
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བྮྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བྯཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བྯཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི།
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ།
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl -> ནྀ༌ མ༌ཞྀ༌ ཀྀ༌འཆྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ཕ༹ྶེ༌ ཏ༌ཏུ༌ ན༌ ཏྀ༌ཝྲཟ༌ ཉྀ༌ན༌ཝྲོ༌འཇི༌ ནྀ༌ རཱ༌ པྱ༌འགྲལ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe -> ཆི༌ ཀ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཏུ༌ཀ༌པྱལ༌ ཀོ༌བཱ༹༌ འཙྀ༌ ཏུ༌བྯུ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བྮྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ པྺ༌ཅྀ༌ འྀ༌ཤཱ༌ ཅི༌ པྱ༌རྒཱ༌ ཤྟི༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe -> ཅེ༌ ནྀ༌ མཱག༌ ན༌ ཅེ༌ བྮྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ ཀ༌ར༌ཕ༹ྶོག༌ པྱ༌ཁྱཱ༌ ཅེ།
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T15:32:06Z

Yzhang4: /* Evaluation */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106

This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Moreover, since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

Furthermore, Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| ɤ || N/A || a || ཱ || i || ི || u || ུ || y || ུ || ɯ || ྀ || e || ེ || o || ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 48 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌ ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བྮྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌ བྮྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི།
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བྮྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བྯཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བྯཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌ བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི།
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ།
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe.
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T15:29:27Z

Yzhang4: /* Evaluation */

Our group's final project is a orthographic conversion tool from IPA to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script Tibetan Script] of Japhug based on lexd and twol of apertium.

'''Note: in order to display Tibetan glyphs correctly, you should download and install [https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html this font].'''

=Project Description=
Currently, compared to IPA, Tibetan Script-based orthography is more accepted among Japhug speakers. Therefore, we developed the orthographic conversion tool to make our transducer/translator more accessible for the Japhug community.

==Transcription Scheme==
Our orthographic conversion is based on the orthography proposed by Guillaume Jacques, from [https://www.academia.edu/46628296/A_grammar_of_Japhug A Grammar of Japhug(2021)] p.105 to p.106

This transcription aims to minimize ambiguity, maximizing one-to-one map from sounds to orthography. Because the phonology of Japhug is richer than Standard Tibetan, in order to reduce ambiguity, this transcription uses some archaic Tibetan letters and some Tibetan letters for Sanskrit. For example, the archaic Tibetan diacritic ྀ represents vowel /ɯ/, and the letter ཊ that used to represent Sanskrit sound /ʈ/ represents /tʂ/ in this transcription.

Moreover, since vowel /ɤ/ is more common than /a/ in Japhug, we use /ɤ/ as the base vowel of each syllabus(a.k.a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara akshara]) instead of /a/ in Standard Tibetan. On the other hand, we use the long vowel diacritic ཱ to represent /a/.

Furthermore, Japhug consonants can be prenasalized. In this transcription, we use letter འ to represent prenasalization. For example, "znde" should be transcribed as "འསྡེ".

===Table===
The following table tells about the details of the transcription for consonants. Colored entries are consonants not in Standard Tibetan:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Dental
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Retroflex
!colspan=2|Alveopalatal
!colspan=2|Palatal
!colspan=2|Velar
!colspan=2|Uvular
|-
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
| IPA
| Letter
|-
!rowspan=5|Occlusive
!nasal
|m
|མ
|n
|ན
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ཉ
|ŋ
|ང
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
!style="background:beige;"|ᵐb
!style="background:beige;"|འཔ
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿd
!style="background:beige;"|འད
!style="background:beige;"|ⁿdz
!style="background:beige;"|འཛ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶯɖʐ
!style="background:beige;"|འཌ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮdʑ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᶮɟ
!style="background:beige;"|འཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ᵑɡ
!style="background:beige;"|འག
!style="background:beige;"|ᶰɢ
!style="background:beige;"|འག༹
|-
!voiced
|b
|བ
|d
|ད
|dz
|ཛ
!style="background:beige;"|dʐ
!style="background:beige;"|ཌ
|dʑ
|ཇ
!style="background:beige;"|ɟ
!style="background:beige;"|གྱ
|ɡ
|ག
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|p
|པ
|t
|ཏ
|ts
|ཙ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂ
!style="background:beige;"|ཊ
|tɕ
|ཅ
!style="background:beige;"|c
!style="background:beige;"|ཀྱ
|k
|ཀ
!style="background:beige;"|q
!style="background:beige;"|ཀ༹
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|ཕ
|tʰ
|ཐ
|tsʰ
|ཚ
!style="background:beige;"|tʂʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཋ
|tɕʰ
|ཆ
!style="background:beige;"|cʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁྱ
|kʰ
|ཁ
!style="background:beige;"|qʰ
!style="background:beige;"|ཁ༹
|-
!rowspan=2|Continuant
!voiced
|w/β/f
|བ༹/བ/ཕ༹
|l
|ལ
|z
|ཟ
|r
|ར
|ʑ
|ཞ
|j
|ཡ
!style="background:beige;"|ɣ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ
!style="background:beige;"|ʁ
!style="background:beige;"|ཝ༹/འ/ག
|-
!voiceless
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|ɬ
!style="background:beige;"|ལ
|s
|ས
|ʂ
|ཥ
|ɕ
|ཤ
|
|
!style="background:beige;"|x
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ/ག
!style="background:beige;"|χ
!style="background:beige;"|ཧ༹/ག
|}

The following table is the scheme for vowel transcription:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
!IPA
!Vowel mark
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| ɤ || N/A || a || ཱ || i || ི || u || ུ || y || ུ || ɯ || ྀ || e || ེ || o || ོ
|}

When a vowel is not preceded by any consonants, use འ with the corresponding vowel mark. For example, "andi" is transcribed as "འཱ༌འདི".

Because y is extremely uncommon in Japhug, we choose to represent it in the same way as u.

==Implementation Method==

We built a mini-transducer based on apertium to implement IPA to Tibetan Script transcriber. Specifically, we hard coded the rules for transcription in lexd and twol files. Moreover, because there are ambiguation in transcribing consonant clusters, we also used an xfst file to deal with that kind of ambiguation.

Currently, we have about 8 lexicon categories with about 170 lexicon entires in the lexd file, 5 twol rules and 48 disambiguation rules in the xfst file.

=Installation=
You can install the orthographical convertor from our [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug language transducer].

After clone the transducer and make it, you can use the following command to do transcription:
<pre>
apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

For example, to transcribe a full Japhug sentence:
<pre>
echo "tɤrʑaβ nɯ pjɤrɤɕphɤt" | apertium -d . jya_Latn-jya_Tibt
</pre>

You'll expect to get
<pre>
ཏ༌རྮཱབ༌ ནྀ༌ པྱ༌ར༌ཤྥཏ།
</pre>

=Evaluation=
Since there are not many existing texts of Japhug in this transcription, we'll just list some transcription pairs here.

<pre>
kɯɕɯŋgɯ tɕe, nɤki, lɯlu ci pjɤtu, tɕendɤre βʑɯ ci pjɤtu -> ཀྀ༌ཤྀ༌འགྀ༌ ཅེ༌, ན༌ཀི༌, ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ༌, ཅེ༌འད༌རེ༌ བྮྀ༌ ཀྱི༌ པྱ༌ཏུ།
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ nɤkinɯ, βʑɯ ri tundze ɕti -> ལྀ༌ལུ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ ན༌ཀི༌ནྀ༌, བྮྀ༌ རི༌ ཏུ༌འཛེ༌ ཤྟི།
</pre>

<pre>
βʑɯ chondɤre nɤki, kumpɣɤtɕɯ nɯ kɯ βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi -> བྮྀ༌ ཁྱོ༌འད༌རེ༌ ན༌ཀི༌, ཀུ༌འཔྺ༌ཅྀ༌ ནྀ༌ ཀྀ༌ བྯཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi tɕe, wuma pjɤkɤmɯmindʑici -> ཅེ༌ བྯཱ༌འསཱ༌ ཏོ༌ནྀ༌པཱ༌འཇི༌ ཅེ༌, བུ༹༌མཱ༌ པྱ༌ཀ༌མྀ༌མི༌འཇི༌ཀྱི།
</pre>

<pre>
maka cici ŋotɕu jɤarɯrindʑi ʑo tɯtɯrca ntsɯ juɕendʑi pjɤŋu -> མཱ༌ཀཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ཀྱི༌ ངོ༌ཅུ༌ ཡ༌འཱ༌རྀ༌རི༌འཇི༌ ཞོ༌ ཏྀ༌ཏྀ༌རྐྱཱ༌ འཙྀ༌ ཡུ༌ཤེ༌འཇི༌ པྱ༌ངུ།
</pre>

<pre>
kɤndza ci tu nɤ pjɯnɯkrondʑi -> ཀ༌འཛཱ༌ ཀྱི༌ ཏུ༌ ན༌ པྱྀ༌ནྀ༌ཀྲོ༌འཇི།
</pre>

<pre>
nɯ mɤʑɯ kɯmtɕhɯ kɯfse tɤtu nɤ, tɯɣrɤz ɲɯnɤɣrondʑi nɯ ra pjɤŋgrɤl
</pre>

<pre>
tɕhi kɤcha tukɤpjɤl kowa ntsɯ tuβzundʑi pjɤŋu tɕe
</pre>

<pre>
lɯlu nɯ kɯ βʑɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga, pɣɤtɕɯ ɯɕa tɕi pjɤrga ɕti tɕe.
</pre>

<pre>
tɕe nɯ maʁ nɤ tɕe, βʑɯ nɯ kɯ wuma kɤrɤfsoʁ pjɤcha tɕe
</pre>

=Future Improvements=

=External Resources=
[https://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/Japhug Japhug Grammar resources]

[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp23/ling073-jya Japhug Transducer]

[https://www.thlib.org/tools/scripts/wiki/tibetan%20machine%20uni.html Tibetan Font]

[[Category:sp23_FinalProjects]] [[Category:Japhug]]

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T15:25:51Z

Yzhang4: /* Evaluation */

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T15:23:42Z

Yzhang4: /* Evaluation */

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T15:09:50Z

Yzhang4: /* Table */

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T03:36:23Z

Yzhang4:

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T03:35:55Z

Yzhang4: /* External Resources */

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T03:35:26Z

Yzhang4: /* External Resources */

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T03:34:20Z

Yzhang4: /* Next Step */

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T03:34:00Z

Yzhang4: /* Evaluation */

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T03:32:27Z

Yzhang4: /* Installation */

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T03:31:40Z

Yzhang4: /* Installation */

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T03:30:00Z

Yzhang4: /* Installation */

User:Yzhang4/Final project

2023-05-02T03:26:47Z

Yzhang4: /* Installation */