http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Jlopezn1&feedformat=atomLING073 - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T10:35:33ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.27.7http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Purepecha_and_Spanish&diff=14742Purepecha and Spanish2021-05-22T20:47:34Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Resources ==<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-tsz-spa Purepécha and Spanish Repo]<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-tsz Purépecha transducer]<br />
* [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-spa Apertium Spanish package]<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-tsz-corpus Our corpus]<br />
<br />
<br />
== TSZ -> SPA Evaluation ==<br />
=== Coverage Analysis ===<br />
* Monolingual transducer coverage of corpus: 50772/168988 (~0.300)<br />
* Bilingual transducer coverage of corpus: 26198/159706 (~0.164)<br />
<br />
=== Sentence Evaluation ===<br />
<br />
==== 1. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí kwánitaska wátsïni Maríani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo presté Maria mi hija (I lent Maria my daughter).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^xí<prn><sg>/yo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^kwánita<v><iv><pres><perf><p1>/prestar<vblex><pres><perf><p1>$ ^wátsï<n><sg><obj>/hijo<n><m><sg><obj>$ ^María<np><sg><obj>/Maria<np><ant><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #yo #prestar #hijo #Maria<br />
<br />
==== 2. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí íntskuska itsîni maríkwani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo di la niña agua (I gave the girl some water).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^xí<prn><sg>/Yo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^íntsku<v><tv><pres><perf><p1>/dar<vblex><pres><perf><p1>$ ^itsi<n><sg><obj>/agua<n><f><sg><obj>$ ^maríkwa<n><sg><obj>/niña<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Yo #dar #agua #niña<br />
<br />
==== 3. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí tumpíni íntskuska maríkwani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo di el niño la niña (I gave the girl to the boy).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Xí<prn><sg>/Yo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^tumpí<n><sg><obj>/niño<n><m><sg><obj>$ ^íntsku<v><tv><pres><perf><p1>/dar<vblex><pres><perf><p1>$ ^maríkwa<n><sg><obj>/niña<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Yo #niño #dar #niña<br />
<br />
==== 4. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' K’amárasti tsírini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Acabe maiz (I ran out of corn).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^K’amára<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/Acabar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tsíri<n><sg><obj>/maiz<n><m><sg><obj>/pulga<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Acabar #maiz<br />
<br />
==== 5. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xwánu xwásti tsírini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Juan trajo maiz (Juan brought corn).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Xwánu<np><sg>/Juan<np><ant><sg>$ ^xwá<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/traer<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tsíri<n><sg><obj>/maiz<n><m><sg><obj>/pulga<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Juan #traer #Maiz<br />
<br />
==== 6. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Pyásti tsírini Maríani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' El compro Maria maiz (He bought Maria some corn).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^pyá<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/comprar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tsíri<n><sg><obj>/maiz<n><m><sg><obj>/pulga<n><f><sg><obj>$ ^María<np><sg><obj>/Maria<np><ant><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #comprar #maiz #Maria<br />
<br />
==== 7. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' María tumínani k’wanírasti tumpíni.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Maria tiró dinero a el niño (Maria threw the money to the boy).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^María<np><sg>/Maria<np><ant><sg>$ ^tumína<n><sg><obj>/dinero<n><m><sg><obj>$ ^k’waníra<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/tirar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tumpí<n><sg><obj>/niño<n><m><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Maria #dinero #tirar #niño<br />
<br />
==== 8. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Ewáskani acháatini warini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Robé el hombre de la mujer (I stole the woman's husband).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Ewá<v><tv><pres><perf><p1><sg>/Robar<vblex><pres><perf><p1><sg>$ ^acháati<n><sg><obj>/hombre<n><m><sg><obj>$ ^wari<n><sg><obj>/mujer<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Robar #hombre #mujer<br />
<br />
==== 9. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' T’u intsîkurhiaka tsúntsuni imáni.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Tu le daras la olla (You will give the pot away to him/her).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^*t/*t$’^*u/*u$ ^intsikurhi<v><tv><fut><p1>/dar<vblex><fut><p1>$ ^tsúntsu<n><sg><obj>/olla<n><f><sg><obj>$ ^imá<det><obj>/esa<det><dem><f><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' *t’*u #dar #olla #esa<br />
<br />
==== 10. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí piréskani para María.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo cante para Maria (I sang for Maria).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Xí<prn><sg>/Yo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^piré<v><tv><pres><perf><p1><sg>/cantar<vblex><pres><perf><p1><sg>$ ^para<det>/para<pr>$ ^María<np><sg>/Maria<np><ant><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Yo #cantar para #Maria<br />
<br />
==== 11. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Acháati wántikusti tsírini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' El hombre mató la pulga (The man killed the flea).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^acháati<n><sg>/hombre<n><m><sg>$ ^wántiku<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/matar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tsíri<n><sg><obj>/maiz<n><m><sg><obj>/pulga<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' hombre #matar #pulga<br />
<br />
== Additions ==<br />
<br />
I added 100 additional stems from the bilingual dictionary that we acquired from Professor Washington. The stems were mainly nouns and verbs as those were the more understandable forms but also included a few adjectives. Additionally around 4 disambiguation rules were added and 2 lexical selection rules.<br />
<br />
<br />
* Precision and Recall<br />
**annotated tsz.sentences.txt files and included in ling073-tsz-eng repo, but the precision recall test is not working<br />
<br />
* Coverage over large corpus<br />
** ~0.32400121335403172564<br />
** Tokens in corpus: 129184<br />
** Stems in Transducer: 210<br />
<br />
====MT tsz → spa====<br />
<br />
* Word error rate (WER): 99.07 %<br />
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 98.31 %<br />
* Percentage of unknown words: 0%<br />
<br />
====MT spa → tsz====<br />
<br />
* Word error rate (WER): 118.50 %<br />
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 117.59 %<br />
* Percentage of unknown words: 0%<br />
<br />
Trimmed coverage <br />
* 28167 / 159705 (~0.17636893021508406124) tsz → spa<br />
* 25532 / 193256 (~0.13211491493148983731) spa → tsz<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]][[Category:Spanish]][[Category:Purépecha]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Purepecha_and_Spanish&diff=14741Purepecha and Spanish2021-05-22T20:33:45Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Resources ==<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-tsz-spa Purepécha and Spanish Repo]<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-tsz Purépecha transducer]<br />
* [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-spa Apertium Spanish package]<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-tsz-corpus Our corpus]<br />
<br />
<br />
== TSZ -> SPA Evaluation ==<br />
=== Coverage Analysis ===<br />
* Monolingual transducer coverage of corpus: 50772/168988 (~0.300)<br />
* Bilingual transducer coverage of corpus: 26198/159706 (~0.164)<br />
<br />
=== Sentence Evaluation ===<br />
<br />
==== 1. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí kwánitaska wátsïni Maríani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo presté Maria mi hija (I lent Maria my daughter).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^xí<prn><sg>/yo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^kwánita<v><iv><pres><perf><p1>/prestar<vblex><pres><perf><p1>$ ^wátsï<n><sg><obj>/hijo<n><m><sg><obj>$ ^María<np><sg><obj>/Maria<np><ant><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #yo #prestar #hijo #Maria<br />
<br />
==== 2. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí íntskuska itsîni maríkwani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo di la niña agua (I gave the girl some water).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^xí<prn><sg>/Yo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^íntsku<v><tv><pres><perf><p1>/dar<vblex><pres><perf><p1>$ ^itsi<n><sg><obj>/agua<n><f><sg><obj>$ ^maríkwa<n><sg><obj>/niña<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Yo #dar #agua #niña<br />
<br />
==== 3. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí tumpíni íntskuska maríkwani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo di el niño la niña (I gave the girl to the boy).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Xí<prn><sg>/Yo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^tumpí<n><sg><obj>/niño<n><m><sg><obj>$ ^íntsku<v><tv><pres><perf><p1>/dar<vblex><pres><perf><p1>$ ^maríkwa<n><sg><obj>/niña<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Yo #niño #dar #niña<br />
<br />
==== 4. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' K’amárasti tsírini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Acabe maiz (I ran out of corn).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^K’amára<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/Acabar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tsíri<n><sg><obj>/maiz<n><m><sg><obj>/pulga<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Acabar #maiz<br />
<br />
==== 5. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xwánu xwásti tsírini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Juan trajo maiz (Juan brought corn).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Xwánu<np><sg>/Juan<np><ant><sg>$ ^xwá<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/traer<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tsíri<n><sg><obj>/maiz<n><m><sg><obj>/pulga<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Juan #traer #Maiz<br />
<br />
==== 6. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Pyásti tsírini Maríani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' El compro Maria maiz (He bought Maria some corn).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^pyá<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/comprar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tsíri<n><sg><obj>/maiz<n><m><sg><obj>/pulga<n><f><sg><obj>$ ^María<np><sg><obj>/Maria<np><ant><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #comprar #maiz #Maria<br />
<br />
==== 7. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' María tumínani k’wanírasti tumpíni.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Maria tiró dinero a el niño (Maria threw the money to the boy).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^María<np><sg>/Maria<np><ant><sg>$ ^tumína<n><sg><obj>/dinero<n><m><sg><obj>$ ^k’waníra<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/tirar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tumpí<n><sg><obj>/niño<n><m><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Maria #dinero #tirar #niño<br />
<br />
==== 8. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Ewáskani acháatini warini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Robé el hombre de la mujer (I stole the woman's husband).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Ewá<v><tv><pres><perf><p1><sg>/Robar<vblex><pres><perf><p1><sg>$ ^acháati<n><sg><obj>/hombre<n><m><sg><obj>$ ^wari<n><sg><obj>/mujer<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Robar #hombre #mujer<br />
<br />
==== 9. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' T’u intsîkurhiaka tsúntsuni imáni.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Tu le daras la olla (You will give the pot away to him/her).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^*t/*t$’^*u/*u$ ^intsikurhi<v><tv><fut><p1>/dar<vblex><fut><p1>$ ^tsúntsu<n><sg><obj>/olla<n><f><sg><obj>$ ^imá<det><obj>/esa<det><dem><f><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' *t’*u #dar #olla #esa<br />
<br />
==== 10. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí piréskani para María.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo cante para Maria (I sang for Maria).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Xí<prn><sg>/Yo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^piré<v><tv><pres><perf><p1><sg>/cantar<vblex><pres><perf><p1><sg>$ ^para<det>/para<pr>$ ^María<np><sg>/Maria<np><ant><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Yo #cantar para #Maria<br />
<br />
==== 11. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Acháati wántikusti tsírini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' El hombre mató la pulga (The man killed the flea).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^acháati<n><sg>/hombre<n><m><sg>$ ^wántiku<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/matar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tsíri<n><sg><obj>/maiz<n><m><sg><obj>/pulga<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' hombre #matar #pulga<br />
<br />
== Additions ==<br />
<br />
I added 100 additional stems from the bilingual dictionary that we acquired from Professor Washington. The stems were mainly nouns and verbs as those were the more understandable forms but also included a few adjectives. Additionally around 4 disambiguation rules were added and 2 lexical selection rules.<br />
<br />
<br />
* Precision and Recall<br />
**annotated tsz.sentences.txt files and included in ling073-tsz-eng repo, but the precision recall test is not working<br />
<br />
* Coverage over large corpus<br />
** ~0.32400121335403172564<br />
** Tokens in corpus: 129184<br />
** Stems in Transducer: 210<br />
<br />
====MT tsz → spa====<br />
<br />
* Word error rate (WER): 99.07 %<br />
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 98.31 %<br />
* Percentage of unknown words: 0%<br />
<br />
====MT spa → tsz====<br />
<br />
* Word error rate (WER): 118.50 %<br />
* Position-independent word error rate (PER): 117.59 %<br />
* Percentage of unknown words: 0%<br />
<br />
Trimmed coverage <br />
* coverage: ~0.32400121335403172564<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]][[Category:Spanish]][[Category:Purépecha]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Purepecha_and_Spanish&diff=14729Purepecha and Spanish2021-05-21T21:24:35Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Resources ==<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-tsz-spa Purepécha and Spanish Repo]<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-tsz Purépecha transducer]<br />
* [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-spa Apertium Spanish package]<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-tsz-corpus Our corpus]<br />
<br />
<br />
== TSZ -> SPA Evaluation ==<br />
=== Coverage Analysis ===<br />
* Monolingual transducer coverage of corpus: 50772/168988 (~0.300)<br />
* Bilingual transducer coverage of corpus: 26198/159706 (~0.164)<br />
<br />
=== Sentence Evaluation ===<br />
<br />
==== 1. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí kwánitaska wátsïni Maríani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo presté Maria mi hija (I lent Maria my daughter).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^xí<prn><sg>/yo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^kwánita<v><iv><pres><perf><p1>/prestar<vblex><pres><perf><p1>$ ^wátsï<n><sg><obj>/hijo<n><m><sg><obj>$ ^María<np><sg><obj>/Maria<np><ant><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #yo #prestar #hijo #Maria<br />
<br />
==== 2. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí íntskuska itsîni maríkwani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo di la niña agua (I gave the girl some water).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^xí<prn><sg>/Yo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^íntsku<v><tv><pres><perf><p1>/dar<vblex><pres><perf><p1>$ ^itsi<n><sg><obj>/agua<n><f><sg><obj>$ ^maríkwa<n><sg><obj>/niña<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Yo #dar #agua #niña<br />
<br />
==== 3. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí tumpíni íntskuska maríkwani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo di el niño la niña (I gave the girl to the boy).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Xí<prn><sg>/Yo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^tumpí<n><sg><obj>/niño<n><m><sg><obj>$ ^íntsku<v><tv><pres><perf><p1>/dar<vblex><pres><perf><p1>$ ^maríkwa<n><sg><obj>/niña<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Yo #niño #dar #niña<br />
<br />
==== 4. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' K’amárasti tsírini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Acabe maiz (I ran out of corn).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^K’amára<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/Acabar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tsíri<n><sg><obj>/maiz<n><m><sg><obj>/pulga<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Acabar #maiz<br />
<br />
==== 5. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xwánu xwásti tsírini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Juan trajo maiz (Juan brought corn).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Xwánu<np><sg>/Juan<np><ant><sg>$ ^xwá<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/traer<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tsíri<n><sg><obj>/maiz<n><m><sg><obj>/pulga<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Juan #traer #Maiz<br />
<br />
==== 6. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Pyásti tsírini Maríani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' El compro Maria maiz (He bought Maria some corn).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^pyá<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/comprar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tsíri<n><sg><obj>/maiz<n><m><sg><obj>/pulga<n><f><sg><obj>$ ^María<np><sg><obj>/Maria<np><ant><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #comprar #maiz #Maria<br />
<br />
==== 7. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' María tumínani k’wanírasti tumpíni.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Maria tiró dinero a el niño (Maria threw the money to the boy).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^María<np><sg>/Maria<np><ant><sg>$ ^tumína<n><sg><obj>/dinero<n><m><sg><obj>$ ^k’waníra<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/tirar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tumpí<n><sg><obj>/niño<n><m><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Maria #dinero #tirar #niño<br />
<br />
==== 8. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Ewáskani acháatini warini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Robé el hombre de la mujer (I stole the woman's husband).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Ewá<v><tv><pres><perf><p1><sg>/Robar<vblex><pres><perf><p1><sg>$ ^acháati<n><sg><obj>/hombre<n><m><sg><obj>$ ^wari<n><sg><obj>/mujer<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Robar #hombre #mujer<br />
<br />
==== 9. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' T’u intsîkurhiaka tsúntsuni imáni.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Tu le daras la olla (You will give the pot away to him/her).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^*t/*t$’^*u/*u$ ^intsikurhi<v><tv><fut><p1>/dar<vblex><fut><p1>$ ^tsúntsu<n><sg><obj>/olla<n><f><sg><obj>$ ^imá<det><obj>/esa<det><dem><f><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' *t’*u #dar #olla #esa<br />
<br />
==== 10. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí piréskani para María.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo cante para Maria (I sang for Maria).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Xí<prn><sg>/Yo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^piré<v><tv><pres><perf><p1><sg>/cantar<vblex><pres><perf><p1><sg>$ ^para<det>/para<pr>$ ^María<np><sg>/Maria<np><ant><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Yo #cantar para #Maria<br />
<br />
==== 11. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Acháati wántikusti tsírini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' El hombre mató la pulga (The man killed the flea).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^acháati<n><sg>/hombre<n><m><sg>$ ^wántiku<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/matar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tsíri<n><sg><obj>/maiz<n><m><sg><obj>/pulga<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' hombre #matar #pulga<br />
<br />
== Additions ==<br />
<br />
I added 100 additional stems from the bilingual dictionary that we acquired from Professor Washington. The stems were mainly nouns and verbs as those were the more understandable forms but also included a few adjectives.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]][[Category:Spanish]][[Category:Purépecha]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Purepecha_and_Spanish&diff=14728Purepecha and Spanish2021-05-21T19:37:05Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Resources ==<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-tsz-spa Purepécha and Spanish Repo]<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-tsz Purépecha transducer]<br />
* [https://github.com/apertium/apertium-spa Apertium Spanish package]<br />
* [https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-tsz-corpus Our corpus]<br />
<br />
<br />
== TSZ -> SPA Evaluation ==<br />
=== Coverage Analysis ===<br />
* Monolingual transducer coverage of corpus: 50772/168988 (~0.300)<br />
* Bilingual transducer coverage of corpus: 26198/159706 (~0.164)<br />
<br />
=== Sentence Evaluation ===<br />
<br />
==== 1. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí kwánitaska wátsïni Maríani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo presté Maria mi hija (I lent Maria my daughter).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^xí<prn><sg>/yo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^kwánita<v><iv><pres><perf><p1>/prestar<vblex><pres><perf><p1>$ ^wátsï<n><sg><obj>/hijo<n><m><sg><obj>$ ^María<np><sg><obj>/Maria<np><ant><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #yo #prestar #hijo #Maria<br />
<br />
==== 2. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí íntskuska itsîni maríkwani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo di la niña agua (I gave the girl some water).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^xí<prn><sg>/Yo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^íntsku<v><tv><pres><perf><p1>/dar<vblex><pres><perf><p1>$ ^itsi<n><sg><obj>/agua<n><f><sg><obj>$ ^maríkwa<n><sg><obj>/niña<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Yo #dar #agua #niña<br />
<br />
==== 3. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí tumpíni íntskuska maríkwani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo di el niño la niña (I gave the girl to the boy).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Xí<prn><sg>/Yo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^tumpí<n><sg><obj>/niño<n><m><sg><obj>$ ^íntsku<v><tv><pres><perf><p1>/dar<vblex><pres><perf><p1>$ ^maríkwa<n><sg><obj>/niña<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Yo #niño #dar #niña<br />
<br />
==== 4. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' K’amárasti tsírini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Acabe maiz (I ran out of corn).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^K’amára<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/Acabar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tsíri<n><sg><obj>/maiz<n><m><sg><obj>/pulga<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Acabar #maiz<br />
<br />
==== 5. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xwánu xwásti tsírini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Juan trajo maiz (Juan brought corn).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Xwánu<np><sg>/Juan<np><ant><sg>$ ^xwá<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/traer<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tsíri<n><sg><obj>/maiz<n><m><sg><obj>/pulga<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Juan #traer #Maiz<br />
<br />
==== 6. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Pyásti tsírini Maríani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' El compro Maria maiz (He bought Maria some corn).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^pyá<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/comprar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tsíri<n><sg><obj>/maiz<n><m><sg><obj>/pulga<n><f><sg><obj>$ ^María<np><sg><obj>/Maria<np><ant><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #comprar #maiz #Maria<br />
<br />
==== 7. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' María tumínani k’wanírasti tumpíni.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Maria tiró dinero a el niño (Maria threw the money to the boy).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^María<np><sg>/Maria<np><ant><sg>$ ^tumína<n><sg><obj>/dinero<n><m><sg><obj>$ ^k’waníra<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/tirar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tumpí<n><sg><obj>/niño<n><m><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Maria #dinero #tirar #niño<br />
<br />
==== 8. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Ewáskani acháatini warini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Robé el hombre de la mujer (I stole the woman's husband).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Ewá<v><tv><pres><perf><p1><sg>/Robar<vblex><pres><perf><p1><sg>$ ^acháati<n><sg><obj>/hombre<n><m><sg><obj>$ ^wari<n><sg><obj>/mujer<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Robar #hombre #mujer<br />
<br />
==== 9. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' T’u intsîkurhiaka tsúntsuni imáni.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Tu le daras la olla (You will give the pot away to him/her).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^*t/*t$’^*u/*u$ ^intsikurhi<v><tv><fut><p1>/dar<vblex><fut><p1>$ ^tsúntsu<n><sg><obj>/olla<n><f><sg><obj>$ ^imá<det><obj>/esa<det><dem><f><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' *t’*u #dar #olla #esa<br />
<br />
==== 10. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí piréskani para María.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo cante para Maria (I sang for Maria).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Xí<prn><sg>/Yo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^piré<v><tv><pres><perf><p1><sg>/cantar<vblex><pres><perf><p1><sg>$ ^para<det>/para<pr>$ ^María<np><sg>/Maria<np><ant><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Yo #cantar para #Maria<br />
<br />
==== 11. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Acháati wántikusti tsírini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' El hombre mató la pulga (The man killed the flea).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^acháati<n><sg>/hombre<n><m><sg>$ ^wántiku<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/matar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tsíri<n><sg><obj>/maiz<n><m><sg><obj>/pulga<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' hombre #matar #pulga<br />
<br />
== Additions ==<br />
<br />
I added around 100 additional stems from the bilingual dictionary that we acquired from Professor Washington. The stems were mainly nouns and verbs as those were the more understandable forms.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]][[Category:Spanish]][[Category:Purépecha]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Purepecha_and_Spanish/Structural_transfer&diff=14727Purepecha and Spanish/Structural transfer2021-05-21T19:32:00Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Pre-evaluation==<br />
* WER: 98.44 %<br />
* PER: 96.88 %<br />
* Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %<br />
<br />
<br />
==Examples==<br />
===Reordering of Article and Noun===<br />
In Purepechan, they use postpositions as opposed to prepositions in English and Spanish.<br />
<br />
{{transferTest|tsz|spa|xí xinkóni|con yo}}<br />
<br />
'''Outputs:'''<br />
<br />
Tagger:<br />
^xí<prn><sg>/conmigo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$<br />
<br />
Lex:<br />
^Xwánu/Xwánu<np><sg>$ ^ikíasti/ikía<v><iv><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^xí/xí<prn><sg>$ ^xinkóni/xinkóni<pr>$^./.<sent>$<br />
<br />
Transfer:<br />
No rule specified: ^Xwánu<np><sg>/Juan<np><ant><sg>$<br />
No rule specified: ^ikía<v><iv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/enojar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$<br />
Applying rule 5 (line 53): ^xí<prn><sg>/conmigo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^xinkóni<pr>/con<pr>$<br />
Applying output rule 4 (line 53): default<NP><ND> -> ^xí<prn><sg>/conmigo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^xinkóni<pr>/con<pr>$<br />
No rule specified: ^con<pr>$<br />
No rule specified: ^conmigo<prn>$<br />
No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
^Juan<np><ant><sg>$ ^enojar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^con<pr>$ ^conmigo<prn>$^.<sent>$<br />
<br />
tsz-spa:<br />
con yo<br />
<br />
==Post-evaluation==<br />
Note: I added everything to the bilingual dictionary as I completed constructive grammar because I did not realize unknown words were needed for this lab. <br />
* WER: 98.44 %<br />
* PER: 96.88 %<br />
* Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]][[Category:Purépecha]][[Category:Spanish]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Purepecha_and_Spanish/Structural_transfer&diff=14726Purepecha and Spanish/Structural transfer2021-05-21T19:31:45Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Pre-evaluation==<br />
* WER: 98.44 %<br />
* PER: 96.88 %<br />
* Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %<br />
<br />
<br />
==Examples==<br />
===Reordering of Article and Noun===<br />
In Purepechan, they use postpositions as opposed to prepositions in English and Spanish. <br />
{{transferTest|tsz|spa|xí xinkóni|con yo}}<br />
<br />
'''Outputs:'''<br />
<br />
Tagger:<br />
^xí<prn><sg>/conmigo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$<br />
<br />
Lex:<br />
^Xwánu/Xwánu<np><sg>$ ^ikíasti/ikía<v><iv><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^xí/xí<prn><sg>$ ^xinkóni/xinkóni<pr>$^./.<sent>$<br />
<br />
Transfer:<br />
No rule specified: ^Xwánu<np><sg>/Juan<np><ant><sg>$<br />
No rule specified: ^ikía<v><iv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/enojar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$<br />
Applying rule 5 (line 53): ^xí<prn><sg>/conmigo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^xinkóni<pr>/con<pr>$<br />
Applying output rule 4 (line 53): default<NP><ND> -> ^xí<prn><sg>/conmigo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^xinkóni<pr>/con<pr>$<br />
No rule specified: ^con<pr>$<br />
No rule specified: ^conmigo<prn>$<br />
No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
^Juan<np><ant><sg>$ ^enojar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^con<pr>$ ^conmigo<prn>$^.<sent>$<br />
<br />
tsz-spa:<br />
con yo<br />
<br />
==Post-evaluation==<br />
Note: I added everything to the bilingual dictionary as I completed constructive grammar because I did not realize unknown words were needed for this lab. <br />
* WER: 98.44 %<br />
* PER: 96.88 %<br />
* Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]][[Category:Purépecha]][[Category:Spanish]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Purepecha_and_Spanish/Structural_transfer&diff=14725Purepecha and Spanish/Structural transfer2021-05-21T19:30:18Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Pre-evaluation==<br />
* WER: 98.44 %<br />
* PER: 96.88 %<br />
* Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %<br />
<br />
<br />
==Examples==<br />
===Reordering of Article and Noun===<br />
{{transferTest|tsz|spa|xí xinkóni|con yo}}<br />
<br />
'''Outputs:'''<br />
<br />
Tagger:<br />
^xí<prn><sg>/conmigo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$<br />
<br />
Lex:<br />
^Xwánu/Xwánu<np><sg>$ ^ikíasti/ikía<v><iv><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^xí/xí<prn><sg>$ ^xinkóni/xinkóni<pr>$^./.<sent>$<br />
<br />
Transfer:<br />
No rule specified: ^Xwánu<np><sg>/Juan<np><ant><sg>$<br />
No rule specified: ^ikía<v><iv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/enojar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$<br />
Applying rule 5 (line 53): ^xí<prn><sg>/conmigo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^xinkóni<pr>/con<pr>$<br />
Applying output rule 4 (line 53): default<NP><ND> -> ^xí<prn><sg>/conmigo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^xinkóni<pr>/con<pr>$<br />
No rule specified: ^con<pr>$<br />
No rule specified: ^conmigo<prn>$<br />
No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
^Juan<np><ant><sg>$ ^enojar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^con<pr>$ ^conmigo<prn>$^.<sent>$<br />
<br />
tsz-spa:<br />
con yo<br />
<br />
==Post-evaluation==<br />
Note: I added everything to the bilingual dictionary as I completed constructive grammar because I did not realize unknown words were needed for this lab. <br />
* WER: 98.44 %<br />
* PER: 96.88 %<br />
* Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]][[Category:Purépecha]][[Category:Spanish]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Purepecha_and_Spanish/Structural_transfer&diff=14724Purepecha and Spanish/Structural transfer2021-05-21T19:29:18Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Pre-evaluation==<br />
* WER: 98.44 %<br />
* PER: 96.88 %<br />
* Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %<br />
<br />
<br />
==Examples==<br />
===Reordering of Article and Noun===<br />
{{transferTest|tsz|spa|xí xinkóni|con yo}}<br />
<br />
'''Outputs:'''<br />
<br />
Tagger:<br />
^xí<prn><sg>/conmigo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$<br />
<br />
Lex:<br />
^Xwánu/Xwánu<np><sg>$ ^ikíasti/ikía<v><iv><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^xí/xí<prn><sg>$ ^xinkóni/xinkóni<pr>$^./.<sent>$<br />
<br />
Transfer:<br />
No rule specified: ^Xwánu<np><sg>/Juan<np><ant><sg>$<br />
No rule specified: ^ikía<v><iv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/enojar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$<br />
Applying rule 5 (line 53): ^xí<prn><sg>/conmigo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^xinkóni<pr>/con<pr>$<br />
Applying output rule 4 (line 53): default<NP><ND> -> ^xí<prn><sg>/conmigo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^xinkóni<pr>/con<pr>$<br />
No rule specified: ^con<pr>$<br />
No rule specified: ^conmigo<prn>$<br />
No rule specified: ^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
^Juan<np><ant><sg>$ ^enojar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^con<pr>$ ^conmigo<prn>$^.<sent>$<br />
<br />
tsz-spa:<br />
<br />
con yo<br />
<br />
==Post-evaluation==<br />
Note: I added everything to the bilingual dictionary as I completed constructive grammar because I did not realize unknown words were needed for this lab. <br />
* WER: 98.44 %<br />
* PER: 96.88 %<br />
* Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]][[Category:Purépecha]][[Category:Spanish]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Purepecha_and_Spanish/Lexical_selection&diff=14723Purepecha and Spanish/Lexical selection2021-05-21T19:15:50Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==tsz → spa==<br />
* tsíri → maiz (corn), pulga (flea)<br />
** If "tsíri" is preceded by the verb "wántikuni" (to kill), it picks "pulga" instead of "maiz." <br />
** Our rule identifies "maiz" as the default.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Purépecha Sentence !! Spanish Translation<br />
|-<br />
|K’amárachistirini '''tsíri'''. || Acabe '''maiz'''.<br />
|-<br />
| Acháati wántikusti '''tsíri'''. || El hombre mató la '''pulga'''. <br />
|}<br />
<br />
*pimbinhasï → limpio (clean), santo (holy)<br />
** If "pimbinhasï" is preceded by nouns such as "jurhiata" (sun) or "pirekua" (song), it picks "santo" instead of "limpio."<br />
** Our rule identifies "limpio" as the default.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Purépecha Sentence !! Spanish Translation<br />
|-<br />
|Rósa kw’isti '''pimbinhasï''' kwártuni || Rosa durmió en el cuarto '''limpio'''.<br />
|-<br />
| Lúpi eshésti '''pimbinhasï''' jurhiatani. || Lupe vio el sol '''santo'''.<br />
|-<br />
| Xí piréskani '''pimbinhasï''' pirekuani. || Yo cante la canción '''santa'''.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Additions ==<br />
<br />
* xinkóni → a (at), con (with)<br />
** If "xinkóni" is preceded by the pronoud "xí" (I), it picks "con" instead of "a." <br />
** Our rule identifies "a" as the default.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Purépecha Sentence !! Spanish Translation<br />
|-<br />
|Xwánu ikíasti xí '''xinkóni'''. || Juan enojo '''con''' yo.<br />
|-<br />
| Maríarini entregáritarasti tumpíni xurámutini '''xinkóni'''. || Maria me hizo dar el niño '''a''' el chief. <br />
|}<br />
<br />
* xí → yo (I), conmigo (with me)<br />
** If "xí" is followed by the postposition "xinkóni" (with), it picks "conmigo" instead of "yo." <br />
** Our rule identifies "yo" as the default.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Purépecha Sentence !! Spanish Translation<br />
|-<br />
|Xwánu ikíasti '''xí''' xinkóni. || Juan enojo '''conmigo'''.<br />
|-<br />
| '''Xí''' piréskani pimbinhasï pirekuani. || '''Yo''' cante la canción santa. <br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category: Sp21_LexicalSelection]][[Category: Purépecha]][[Category: Spanish]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/Disambiguation&diff=14722Purépecha/Disambiguation2021-05-21T18:13:55Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Our Code ==<br />
[https://github.swarthmore.edu/Ling073-sp21/ling073-tsz/blob/master/apertium-tsz.tsz.rlx Our rlx file on our GitHub]<br />
<br />
== Initial Evaluation of Ambiguity ==<br />
<br />
* Our initial ambiguity: 1.00307<br />
<br />
* Some examples:<br />
** {{morphTest|míti{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}} piré{{tag|n}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|sg}}|mítisti piréni}} # He/She wanted a singer.<br />
** {{morphTest|míti{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}} piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|nf}}|mítisti piréni}} # He/She wanted to sing.<br />
** {{morphTest|wéka{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}} piré{{tag|n}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|sg}}|wékasti piréni}} # He/She loved a singer.<br />
** {{morphTest|wéka{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}} piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|nf}}|wékasti piréni}} # He/She loved to sing.<br />
** {{morphTest|segíri{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}} piré{{tag|n}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|sg}}|segíristi piréni}} # He/She kept a singer.<br />
** {{morphTest|segíri{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}} piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|nf}}|segíristi piréni}} # He/She kept singing.<br />
** {{morphTest|uéjki{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}} piré{{tag|n}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|sg}}|uéjkisti piréni}} # He/She wanted a singer.<br />
** {{morphTest|uéjki{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}} piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|nf}}|uéjkisti piréni}} # He/She wanted to sing.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
** {{morphTest|míti{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}} te{{tag|n}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|sg}}|mítisti teni}} # He/She wanted a corn cob.<br />
** {{morphTest|míti{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}} te{{tag|iv}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|nf}}|mítisti teni}} # He/She wanted to be sweet.<br />
** {{morphTest|wéka{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}} te{{tag|n}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|sg}}|wékasti teni}} # He/She loved a corn cob.<br />
** {{morphTest|wéka{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}} te{{tag|iv}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|nf}}|wékasti teni}} # He/She loved to be sweet.<br />
** {{morphTest|segíri{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}} te{{tag|n}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|sg}}|segíristi teni}} # He/She kept a corn cob.<br />
** {{morphTest|segíri{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}} te{{tag|iv}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|nf}}|segíristi teni}} # He/She kept being sweet.<br />
** {{morphTest|uéjki{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}} te{{tag|n}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|sg}}|uéjkisti teni}} # He/She wanted a corn cob.<br />
** {{morphTest|uéjki{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}} te{{tag|iv}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|nf}}|uéjkisti teni}} # He/She wanted to be sweet.<br />
<br />
<br />
** {{morphTest|te{{tag|n}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|sg}} te{{tag|n}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|sg}}|teni teni}} # corn cob corn cob.<br />
** {{morphTest|te{{tag|iv}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|nf}} te{{tag|iv}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|nf}}|teni teni}} # corn cob being sweet<br />
<br />
== Final Evaluation of Ambiguity ==<br />
<br />
* For right now, we're skipping this part because we have not found anything in our dictionary and sources yet that we can use for this disambiguation lab to write proper constraints.<br />
<br />
* We came back to this and added more rules. The rules mainly revolve around the ambiguity with the infinitive form of the verb and the object form of a noun. The examples we were able to find for this is sing (pire) and singer (pire) and corn cob (te) and be sweet (te). The rules state that the form is infinitive is preceded by the words want, love, or keep on. Another rule states that if the preceding word is a noun then the form is an infinitive.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp21_Disambiguation]][[Category:Purépecha]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Purepecha_and_Spanish/Structural_transfer&diff=14556Purepecha and Spanish/Structural transfer2021-05-18T05:19:34Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Pre-evaluation==<br />
* WER: 98.44 %<br />
* PER: 96.88 %<br />
* Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
^Xí/xí<prn><sg>$ ^íntskuska/íntsku<v><tv><pres><perf><p2>/íntsku<v><tv><pres><perf><p1>$ ^itsini/itsi<n><sg><obj>$ ^maríkwani/maríkwa<n><sg><obj>$<br />
<br />
<br />
^Xwánu/Xwánu<np><sg>$ ^ikíasti/ikía<v><iv><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^xí/xí<prn><sg>$ ^xinkóni/xinkóni<pr>$<br />
<br />
<br />
^Kwakásti/kwaká<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^máru/máru<det>$ ^rámani/ráma<n><sg><obj>$ ^anátapuni/anátapu<n><sg><obj>$<br />
<br />
<br />
^Kwakásti/kwaká<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^máru/máru<det>$ ^rámani/ráma<n><sg><obj>$ ^anátapurhu/anátapu<n><sg><loc>$<br />
<br />
<br />
^Kurhústi/kurhú<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^pwértani/pwérta<n><sg><obj>$ ^táani/táa<n><sg><obj>$<br />
<br />
<br />
^Kurhústi/kurhú<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^pwértani/pwérta<n><sg><obj>$ ^táarhu/táa<n><sg><loc>$<br />
<br />
<br />
^Xí/xí<prn><sg>$ ^piréskani/piré<v><tv><pres><perf><p1><sg>$ ^para/para<pr>$ ^María/María<np><sg>$<br />
<br />
<br />
^T’u/t’u<prn><sg>$ ^intsikurhiaka/intsikurhi<v><tv><fut><p2>/intsikurhi<v><tv><fut><p1>$ ^tsúntsuni/tsúntsu<n><sg><obj>$ ^imáni/imá<det><obj>$<br />
<br />
<br />
^Ewáskani/ewá<v><tv><pres><perf><p1><sg>$ ^acháatini/acháati<n><sg><obj>$ ^warini/wari<n><sg><obj>$<br />
<br />
<br />
^Xí/xí<prn><sg>$ ^piréskani/piré<v><tv><pres><perf><p1><sg>$ ^pimbinhasï/pimbinhasï<adj>$ ^pirekuani/pirekua<n><sg><obj>$<br />
<br />
<br />
^Rósa/Rósa<np><sg>$ ^kw’isti/kw’i<v><iv><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^pimbinhasï/pimbinhasï<adj>$ ^kwártuni/kwártu<n><sg><obj>$<br />
<br />
<br />
^Lúpi/Lúpi<np><sg>$ ^eshésti/eshé<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^pimbinhasï/pimbinhasï<adj>$ ^jurhiatani/jurhiata<n><sg><obj>$^./.<sent>$caper[ling073-tsz-spa]$<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]][[Category:Purépecha]][[Category:Spanish]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Purepecha_and_Spanish/Structural_transfer&diff=14555Purepecha and Spanish/Structural transfer2021-05-18T05:16:23Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Pre-evaluation==<br />
* WER: 98.44 %<br />
* PER: 96.88 %<br />
* Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
^Xí/xí<prn><sg>$ ^íntskuska/íntsku<v><tv><pres><perf><p2>/íntsku<v><tv><pres><perf><p1>$ ^itsini/itsi<n><sg><obj>$ ^maríkwani/maríkwa<n><sg><obj>$<br />
^Xwánu/Xwánu<np><sg>$ ^ikíasti/ikía<v><iv><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^xí/xí<prn><sg>$ ^xinkóni/xinkóni<pr>$<br />
^Kwakásti/kwaká<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^máru/máru<det>$ ^rámani/ráma<n><sg><obj>$ ^anátapuni/anátapu<n><sg><obj>$<br />
^Kwakásti/kwaká<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^máru/máru<det>$ ^rámani/ráma<n><sg><obj>$ ^anátapurhu/anátapu<n><sg><loc>$<br />
^Kurhústi/kurhú<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^pwértani/pwérta<n><sg><obj>$ ^táani/táa<n><sg><obj>$<br />
^Kurhústi/kurhú<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^pwértani/pwérta<n><sg><obj>$ ^táarhu/táa<n><sg><loc>$<br />
^Xí/xí<prn><sg>$ ^piréskani/piré<v><tv><pres><perf><p1><sg>$ ^para/para<pr>$ ^María/María<np><sg>$<br />
^T’u/t’u<prn><sg>$ ^intsikurhiaka/intsikurhi<v><tv><fut><p2>/intsikurhi<v><tv><fut><p1>$ ^tsúntsuni/tsúntsu<n><sg><obj>$ ^imáni/imá<det><obj>$<br />
^Ewáskani/ewá<v><tv><pres><perf><p1><sg>$ ^acháatini/acháati<n><sg><obj>$ ^warini/wari<n><sg><obj>$<br />
^Xí/xí<prn><sg>$ ^piréskani/piré<v><tv><pres><perf><p1><sg>$ ^pimbinhasï/pimbinhasï<adj>$ ^pirekuani/pirekua<n><sg><obj>$<br />
^Rósa/Rósa<np><sg>$ ^kw’isti/kw’i<v><iv><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^pimbinhasï/pimbinhasï<adj>$ ^kwártuni/kwártu<n><sg><obj>$<br />
^Lúpi/Lúpi<np><sg>$ ^eshésti/eshé<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^pimbinhasï/pimbinhasï<adj>$ ^jurhiatani/jurhiata<n><sg><obj>$^./.<sent>$caper[ling073-tsz-spa]$<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]][[Category:Purépecha]][[Category:Spanish]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Purepecha_and_Spanish/Structural_transfer&diff=14549Purepecha and Spanish/Structural transfer2021-05-18T02:25:42Z<p>Jlopezn1: WER</p>
<hr />
<div>==Pre-evaluation==<br />
* WER: 98.44 %<br />
* PER: 96.88 %<br />
* Percentage of unknown words: 0.00 %<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]][[Category:Purépecha]][[Category:Spanish]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Purepecha_and_Spanish/Contrastive_grammar&diff=14300Purepecha and Spanish/Contrastive grammar2021-05-07T03:43:45Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==tsz-spa Tests==<br />
=== Lack of prepositions ===<br />
Sentences in Purepechan can either include prepositions or have a locative. Purepechan was originally an agglutinative language and we have seen a lot of Spanish influence; the implementation of prepositions could be from Spanish influence. <br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Xí íntskuska itsini maríkwani|Yo di agua a la niña}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|xí{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} íntskuska{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}} itsini{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} maríkwani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} dar{{tag|vblex}} agua{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} a{{tag|pr}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} niña{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Xwánu ikíasti xí xinkóni|Juan enojo conmigo}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|Xwánu{{tag|np}}{{tag|sg}} ikíasti{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} xí{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} xinkóni{{tag|prep}}|Juan{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}} enojar{{tag|vblex}} conmigo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Object and Locative Overlap ===<br />
Location of the noun can be indicated by a locative suffix (-rhu) or a object suffix (-ni).<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Kwakásti máru rámani anátapuni|Moje algunas ramas en el árbol}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|kwakásti{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} máru{{tag|det}} rámani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} anátapuni{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|mojar{{tag|vblex}} algunas{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}} ramas{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} en{{tag|pr}} el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} árbol{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Kwakásti máru rámani anátapurhu|Moje algunas ramas en el árbol}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|kwakásti{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} máru{{tag|det}} rámani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} anátapurhu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|mojar{{tag|vblex}} algunas{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}} ramas{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} en{{tag|pr}} el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} árbol{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Kurhústi pwértani táani|Quemó la puerta en la casa}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|kurhústi{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} pwértani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} táani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|quemar{{tag|vblex}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} puerta{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}} en{{tag|pr}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} casa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Kurhústi pwértani táarhu|Quemó la puerta en la casa}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|kurhústi{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} pwértani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} táarhu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|quemar{{tag|vblex}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} puerta{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}} en{{tag|pr}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} casa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}<br />
<br />
=== Spanish introduces tonals ===<br />
Translating into Spanish introduces a tonal tag for words that are differentiated with a tone<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Xí piréskani para María|Yo cante para Maria}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|xí{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} piréskani{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}} para{{tag|pr}} María{{tag|np}}{{tag|sg}} | yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} cantar{{tag|vblex}} para{{tag|pr}} Maria{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|T’u intsikurhiaka tsúntsuni imáni|Tú le darás esa olla }} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|t’u{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sg}} intsikurhiaka{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p2}} tsúntsuni{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} imáni{{tag|det}}{{tag|obj}} | tú{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} dar{{tag|vblex}} esa{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|f}} olla{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Spanish introduces gender ===<br />
Nouns in Purepechan do not have gender and they have one verb ending that refers to an ambiguous he/she/they.<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Ewáskani acháatini warini|Robé el hombre de la mujer }} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|ewáskani{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}} acháatini{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} warini{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} | robar{{tag|vblex}} el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} hombre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}} de{{tag|pr}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} mujer{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Xí piréskani pimbinhasï pirekuani|Yo cante la canción santa}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|xí{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} piréskani{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}} pimbinhasï{{tag|adj}} pirekuani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} | yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} cantar{{tag|vblex}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} canción{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} santa{{tag|adj}}}}<br />
<br />
=== Verb tenses are indicated by suffixes in tsz but they’re conjugated in Spanish ===<br />
Purepechan is an agglutinative language so the verbs keep the same lemma, attaching suffixes to change the meaning of the verb (tense, mood, person). Spanish conjugates their verbs.<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Rósa kw’isti pimbinhasï kwártuni|Rósa durmió en el cuarto limpio}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|Rósa{{tag|np}}{{tag|sg}} kw’isti{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} pimbinhasï{{tag|adj}} kwártuni{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|Rósa{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}} dormir{{tag|vblex}} en{{tag|pr}} el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} cuarto{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}} limpio{{tag|adj}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Lúpi eshésti pimbinhasï jurhiatani|Lupe vio el sol santo}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|Lúpi{{tag|np}}{{tag|sg}} eshésti{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} pimbinhasï{{tag|adj}} jurhiatani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|Lupe{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}} ver{{tag|vblex}} el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} sol{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}} santo{{tag|adj}}}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars ]][[Category:Purépecha]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Purepecha_and_Spanish/Contrastive_grammar&diff=14299Purepecha and Spanish/Contrastive grammar2021-05-07T03:42:06Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==tsz-spa Tests==<br />
=== Lack of prepositions ===<br />
Sentences in Purepechan can either include prepositions or have a locative. Purepechan was originally an agglutinative language and we have seen a lot of Spanish influence; the implementation of prepositions could be from Spanish influence. <br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Xí íntskuska itsini maríkwani|Yo di agua a la niña}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|xí{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} íntskuska{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}} itsini{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} maríkwani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} dar{{tag|vblex}} agua{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} a{{tag|pr}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} niña{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Xwánu ikíasti xí xinkóni|Juan enojo conmigo}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|Xwánu{{tag|np}}{{tag|sg}} ikíasti{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} xí{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} xinkóni{{tag|prep}}|Juan{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}} enojar{{tag|vblex}} conmigo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Object and Locative Overlap ===<br />
Location of the noun can be indicated by a locative suffix (-rhu) or a object suffix (-ni).<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Kwakásti máru rámani anátapuni|Moje algunas ramas en el árbol}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|kwakásti{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} máru{{tag|det}} rámani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} anátapuni{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|mojar{{tag|vblex}} algunas{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}} ramas{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} en{{tag|pr}} el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} árbol{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Kwakásti máru rámani anátapurhu|Moje algunas ramas en el árbol}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|kwakásti{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} máru{{tag|det}} rámani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} anátapurhu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|mojar{{tag|vblex}} algunas{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}} ramas{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} en{{tag|pr}} el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} árbol{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Kurhústi pwértani táani|Quemó la puerta en la casa}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|kurhústi{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} pwértani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} táani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|quemar{{tag|vblex}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} puerta{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}} en{{tag|pr}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} casa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Kurhústi pwértani táarhu|Quemó la puerta en la casa}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|kurhústi{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} pwértani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} táarhu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|quemar{{tag|vblex}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} puerta{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}} en{{tag|pr}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} casa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}<br />
<br />
=== Spanish introduces tonals ===<br />
Translating into Spanish introduces a tonal tag for words that are differentiated with a tone<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Xí piréskani para María|Yo cante para Maria}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|xí{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} piréskani{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}} para{{tag|pr}} María{{tag|np}}{{tag|sg}} | yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} cantar{{tag|vblex}} para{{tag|pr}} Maria{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|T’u intsikurhiaka tsúntsuni imáni|Tú le darás esa olla }} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|t’u{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sg}} intsikurhiaka{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p2}} tsúntsuni{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} imáni{{tag|det}}{{tag|obj}} | tú{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} dar{{tag|vblex}} esa{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|f}} olla{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Spanish introduces gender ===<br />
Nouns in Purepechan do not have gender and they have one verb ending that refers to an ambiguous he/she/they.<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Ewáskani acháatini warini|Robé el hombre de la mujer }} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|ewáskani{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}} acháatini{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} warini{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} | robar{{tag|vblex}} el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} hombre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}} de{{tag|pr}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} mujer{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Xí piréskani pimbinhasï pirekuani|Yo cante la canción santa}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|xí{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} piréskani{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}} pimbinhasï{{tag|adj}} pirekuani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} | yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} cantar{{tag|vblex}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} canción{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} santa{{tag|adj}}}}<br />
<br />
=== Verb tenses are indicated by suffixes in tsz but they’re conjugated in Spanish ===<br />
Purepechan is an agglutinative language so the verbs keep the same lemma, attaching suffixes to change the meaning of the verb (tense, mood, person). Spanish conjugates their verbs.<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Rósa kw’isti pimbinhasï kwártuni|Rósa durmió en el cuarto limpio}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|Rósa{{tag|np}}{{tag|sg}} kw’isti{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} pimbinhasï{{tag|adj}} kwártuni{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|Rósa{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}} dormir{{tag|vblex}} en{{tag|pr}} el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} cuarto{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}} limpio{{tag|adj}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Lúpi eshésti pimbinhasï jurhiatani|Lupe vio el sol santo}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|Lúpi{{tag|np}}{{tag|sg}} eshésti{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} pimbinhasï{{tag|adj}} jurhiatani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|Lupe{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}} ver{{tag|vblex}} el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} sol{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}} santo{{tag|adj}}}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars ]][[Category:Purépecha]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Purepecha_and_Spanish/Contrastive_grammar&diff=14298Purepecha and Spanish/Contrastive grammar2021-05-07T03:35:30Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==tsz-spa Tests==<br />
=== Lack of prepositions ===<br />
Sentences in Purepechan can either include prepositions or have a locative. Purepechan was originally an agglutinative language and we have seen a lot of Spanish influence; the implementation of prepositions could be from Spanish influence. <br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Xí íntskuska itsini maríkwani|Yo di agua a la niña}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|xí{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} íntskuska{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}} itsini{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} maríkwani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} dar{{tag|vblex}} agua{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} a{{tag|pr}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} niña{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Xwánu ikíasti xí xinkóni|Juan enojo conmigo}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|Xwánu{{tag|np}}{{tag|sg}} ikíasti{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} xí{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} xinkóni{{tag|prep}}|Juan{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}} enojar{{tag|vblex}} conmigo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Object and Locative Overlap ===<br />
Location of the noun can be indicated by a locative suffix (-rhu) or a object suffix (-ni).<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Kwakásti máru rámani anátapuni|Moje algunas ramas en el árbol}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|kwakásti{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} máru{{tag|det}} rámani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} anátapuni{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|mojar{{tag|vblex}} algunas{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}} ramas{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} en{{tag|pr}} el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} árbol{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Kwakásti máru rámani anátapurhu|Moje algunas ramas en el árbol}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|kwakásti{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} máru{{tag|det}} rámani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} anátapurhu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|mojar{{tag|vblex}} algunas{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}} ramas{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} en{{tag|pr}} el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} árbol{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Kurhústi pwértani táani|Quemó la puerta en la casa}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|kurhústi{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} pwértani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} táani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|quemar{{tag|vblex}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} puerta{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}} en{{tag|pr}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} casa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Kurhústi pwértani táarhu|Quemó la puerta en la casa}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|kurhústi{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} pwértani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} táarhu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|quemar{{tag|vblex}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} puerta{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}} en{{tag|pr}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} casa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}<br />
<br />
=== Spanish introduces tonals ===<br />
Translating into Spanish introduces a tonal tag for words that are differentiated with a tone<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Xí piréskani para María|Yo cante para Maria}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|xí{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} piréskani{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}} para{{tag|pr}} María{{tag|np}}{{tag|sg}} | yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} cantar{{tag|vblex}} para{{tag|pr}} Maria{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|T’u intsikurhiaka tsúntsuni imáni|Tú le darás esa olla }} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|t’u{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sg}} intsikurhiaka{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p2}} tsúntsuni{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} imáni{{tag|det}}{{tag|obj}} | tú{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} le{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} dar{{tag|vblex}} esa{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|f}} olla{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Spanish introduces gender ===<br />
Nouns in Purepechan do not have gender and they have one verb ending that refers to an ambiguous he/she/they.<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Ewáskani acháatini warini|Robé el hombre de la mujer }} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|ewáskani{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}} acháatini{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} warini{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} | robar{{tag|vblex}} el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} hombre{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}} de{{tag|pr}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} mujer{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Xí piréskani pimbinhasï pirekuani|Yo cante la canción santa}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|xí{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} piréskani{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}} pimbinhasï{{tag|adj}} pirekuani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} | yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} cantar{{tag|vblex}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} canción{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} santa{{tag|adj}}}}<br />
<br />
=== Verb tenses are indicated by suffixes in tsz but they’re conjugated in Spanish ===<br />
Purepechan is an agglutinative language so the verbs keep the same lemma, attaching suffixes to change the meaning of the verb (tense, mood, person). Spanish conjugates their verbs.<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Rósa kw’isti pimbinhasï kwártuni|Rósa durmió en el cuarto limpio}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|Rósa{{tag|np}}{{tag|sg}} kw’isti{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} pimbinhasï{{tag|adj}} kwártuni{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|Rósa{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}} dormir{{tag|vblex}} en{{tag|pr}} el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} cuarto{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}} limpio{{tag|adj}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Lúpi eshésti pimbinhasï jurhiatani|Lupe vio el sol santo}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|Lúpi{{tag|np}}{{tag|sg}} eshésti{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} pimbinhasï{{tag|adj}} jurhiatani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|Lupe{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}} ver{{tag|vblex}} el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} sol{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}} santo{{tag|adj}}}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars ]][[Category:Purépecha]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Purepecha_and_Spanish/Contrastive_grammar&diff=14297Purepecha and Spanish/Contrastive grammar2021-05-07T03:03:33Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==tsz-spa Tests==<br />
=== Lack of prepositions ===<br />
Sentences in Purepechan can either include prepositions or have a locative. Purepechan was originally an agglutinative language and we have seen a lot of Spanish influence; the implementation of prepositions could be from Spanish influence. <br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Xí íntskuska itsini maríkwani|Yo di agua a la niña}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|xí{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} íntskuska{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}} itsini{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} maríkwani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|yo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} dar{{tag|vblex}} agua{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} a{{tag|pr}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} niña{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Xwánu ikíasti xí xinkóni|Juan enojo conmigo}}<br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|Xwánu{{tag|np}}{{tag|sg}} ikíasti{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} xí{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} xinkóni{{tag|prep}}|Juan{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}} enojar{{tag|vblex}} conmigo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Object and Locative Overlap ===<br />
Location of the noun can be indicated by a locative suffix (-rhu) or a object suffix (-ni).<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Kwakásti máru rámani anátapuni|Moje algunas ramas en el árbol}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|kwakásti{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} máru{{tag|det}} rámani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} anátapuni{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|mojar{{tag|vblex}} algunas{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}} ramas{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} en{{tag|pr}} el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} árbol{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Kwakásti máru rámani anátapurhu|Moje algunas ramas en el árbol}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|kwakásti{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} máru{{tag|det}} rámani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} anátapurhu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|mojar{{tag|vblex}} algunas{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}} ramas{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} en{{tag|pr}} el{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} árbol{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Kurhústi pwértani táani|Quemó la puerta en la casa}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|kurhústi{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} pwértani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} táani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|quemar{{tag|vblex}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} puerta{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}} en{{tag|pr}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} casa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}<br />
<br />
* {{transferTest|tsz|spa|Kurhústi pwértani táarhu|Quemó la puerta en la casa}} <br />
*: {{transferMorphTest|tsz|spa|kurhústi{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} pwértani{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} táarhu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|quemar{{tag|vblex}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} puerta{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}} en{{tag|pr}} la{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} casa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}<br />
<br />
=== Spanish introduces tonals ===<br />
Translating into Spanish introduces a tonal tag for words that are differentiated with a tone<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Spanish introduces gender ===<br />
Nouns in Purepechan do not have gender and they have one verb ending that refers to an ambiguous he/she/they.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Verb tenses are indicated by suffixes in tsz but they’re conjugated in Spanish ===<br />
Purepechan is an agglutinative language so the verbs keep the same lemma, attaching suffixes to change the meaning of the verb (tense, mood, person). Spanish conjugates their verbs.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars ]][[Category:Purépecha]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Purepecha_and_Spanish/Structural_transfer&diff=14296Purepecha and Spanish/Structural transfer2021-05-07T02:50:15Z<p>Jlopezn1: Created page with "==Pre-evaluation== * WER: * PER: * Percentage of unknown words: Category:Sp21_StructuralTransferCategory:PurépechaCategory:Spanish"</p>
<hr />
<div>==Pre-evaluation==<br />
* WER: <br />
* PER: <br />
* Percentage of unknown words: <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp21_StructuralTransfer]][[Category:Purépecha]][[Category:Spanish]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Purepecha_and_Spanish/Contrastive_grammar&diff=14265Purepecha and Spanish/Contrastive grammar2021-05-06T13:26:16Z<p>Jlopezn1: Created page with "==tsz-spa Tests== === Lack of prepositions === Sentences in Purepechan can either include prepositions or have a locative. Purepechan was originally an agglutinative language..."</p>
<hr />
<div>==tsz-spa Tests==<br />
=== Lack of prepositions ===<br />
Sentences in Purepechan can either include prepositions or have a locative. Purepechan was originally an agglutinative language and we have seen a lot of Spanish influence; the implementation of prepositions could be from Spanish influence. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Object and Locative Overlap ===<br />
Location of the noun can be indicated by a locative suffix (-rhu) or a object suffix (-ni).<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Spanish introduces tonals ===<br />
Translating into Spanish introduces a tonal tag for words that are differentiated with a tone<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Spanish introduces gender ===<br />
Nouns in Purepechan do not have gender and they have one verb ending that refers to an ambiguous he/she/they.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Verb tenses are indicated by suffixes in tsz but they’re conjugated in Spanish ===<br />
Purepechan is an agglutinative language so the verbs keep the same lemma, attaching suffixes to change the meaning of the verb (tense, mood, person). Spanish conjugates their verbs.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars ]][[Category:Biak]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Purepecha_and_Spanish&diff=14245Purepecha and Spanish2021-05-04T19:21:41Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>== TSZ -> SPA Evaluation ==<br />
=== Coverage Analysis ===<br />
<br />
=== Sentence Evaluation ===<br />
<br />
==== 1. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí kwánitaska wátsïni Maríani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo presté Maria mi hija (I lent Maria my daughter).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^xí<prn><sg>/yo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^kwánita<v><iv><pres><perf><p1>/prestar<vblex><pres><perf><p1>$ ^wátsï<n><sg><obj>/hijo<n><m><sg><obj>$ ^María<np><sg><obj>/Maria<np><ant><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #yo #prestar #hijo #Maria<br />
<br />
==== 2. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí íntskuska itsîni maríkwani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo di la niña agua (I gave the girl some water).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^xí<prn><sg>/Yo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^íntsku<v><tv><pres><perf><p1>/dar<vblex><pres><perf><p1>$ ^itsi<n><sg><obj>/agua<n><f><sg><obj>$ ^maríkwa<n><sg><obj>/niña<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Yo #dar #agua #niña<br />
<br />
==== 3. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí tumpíni íntskuska maríkwani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo di el niño la niña (I gave the girl to the boy).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Xí<prn><sg>/Yo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^tumpí<n><sg><obj>/niño<n><m><sg><obj>$ ^íntsku<v><tv><pres><perf><p1>/dar<vblex><pres><perf><p1>$ ^maríkwa<n><sg><obj>/niña<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Yo #niño #dar #niña<br />
<br />
==== 4. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' K’amárasti tsírini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Acabe maiz (I ran out of corn).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^K’amára<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/Acabar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tsíri<n><sg><obj>/maiz<n><m><sg><obj>/pulga<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Acabar #maiz<br />
<br />
==== 5. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xwánu xwásti tsírini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Juan trajo maiz (Juan brought corn).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Xwánu<np><sg>/Juan<np><ant><sg>$ ^xwá<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/traer<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tsíri<n><sg><obj>/maiz<n><m><sg><obj>/pulga<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Juan #traer #Maiz<br />
<br />
==== 6. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Pyásti tsírini Maríani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' El compro Maria maiz (He bought Maria some corn).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^pyá<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/comprar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tsíri<n><sg><obj>/maiz<n><m><sg><obj>/pulga<n><f><sg><obj>$ ^María<np><sg><obj>/Maria<np><ant><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #comprar #maiz #Maria<br />
<br />
==== 7. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' María tumínani k’wanírasti tumpíni.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Maria tiró dinero a el niño (Maria threw the money to the boy).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^María<np><sg>/Maria<np><ant><sg>$ ^tumína<n><sg><obj>/dinero<n><m><sg><obj>$ ^k’waníra<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/tirar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tumpí<n><sg><obj>/niño<n><m><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Maria #dinero #tirar #niño<br />
<br />
==== 8. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Ewáskani acháatini warini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Robé el hombre de la mujer (I stole the woman's husband).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Ewá<v><tv><pres><perf><p1><sg>/Robar<vblex><pres><perf><p1><sg>$ ^acháati<n><sg><obj>/hombre<n><m><sg><obj>$ ^wari<n><sg><obj>/mujer<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Robar #hombre #mujer<br />
<br />
==== 9. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' T’u intsîkurhiaka tsúntsuni imáni.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Tu le daras la olla (You will give the pot away to him/her).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^*t/*t$’^*u/*u$ ^intsikurhi<v><tv><fut><p1>/dar<vblex><fut><p1>$ ^tsúntsu<n><sg><obj>/olla<n><f><sg><obj>$ ^imá<det><obj>/esa<det><dem><f><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' *t’*u #dar #olla #esa<br />
<br />
==== 10. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí piréskani para María.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo cante para Maria (I sang for Maria).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^Xí<prn><sg>/Yo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^piré<v><tv><pres><perf><p1><sg>/cantar<vblex><pres><perf><p1><sg>$ ^para<det>/para<pr>$ ^María<np><sg>/Maria<np><ant><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #Yo #cantar para #Maria<br />
<br />
==== 11. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Acháati wántikusti tsírini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' El hombre mató la pulga (The man killed the flea).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^acháati<n><sg>/hombre<n><m><sg>$ ^wántiku<v><tv><pres><perf><p3><sg>/matar<vblex><pres><perf><p3><sg>$ ^tsíri<n><sg><obj>/maiz<n><m><sg><obj>/pulga<n><f><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' hombre #matar #pulga<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]][[Category:Spanish]][[Category:Purépecha]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Purepecha_and_Spanish&diff=14143Purepecha and Spanish2021-05-02T21:57:11Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>== TSZ -> SPA Evaluation ==<br />
=== Coverage Analysis ===<br />
<br />
=== Sentence Evaluation ===<br />
<br />
==== 1. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí kwánitaska wátsïni Maríani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo presté Maria mi hija (I lent Maria my daughter).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' ^xí<prn><sg>/yo<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg><sg>$ ^kwánita<v><iv><pres><perf><p1>/prestar<vblex><pres><perf><p1>$ ^wátsï<n><sg><obj>/hijo<n><m><sg><obj>$ ^María<np><sg><obj>/Maria<np><ant><sg><obj>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<br />
'''Translation Output:''' #yo #prestar #hijo #Maria<br />
<br />
==== 2. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí íntskuska itsîni maríkwani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo di la niña agua (I gave the girl some water).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' <br />
'''Translation Output:''' <br />
<br />
==== 3. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí tumpíni íntskuska maríkwani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo di el niño la niña (I gave the girl to the boy).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' <br />
'''Translation Output:''' <br />
<br />
==== 4. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' K’amárasti tsírini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Acabe maiz (I ran out of corn).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' <br />
'''Translation Output:''' <br />
<br />
==== 5. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xwánu xwásti tsírini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Juan trajo maiz (Juan brought corn).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' <br />
'''Translation Output:''' <br />
<br />
==== 6. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Pyárakusti tsírini Maríani.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' El compro Maria maiz (He bought Maria some corn).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' <br />
'''Translation Output:''' <br />
<br />
==== 7. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' María tumínani k’wanírasti tumpíni.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Maria tiró dinero a el niño (Maria threw the money to the boy).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' <br />
'''Translation Output:''' <br />
<br />
==== 8. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Ewáskani acháatini warini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Robé el hombre de la mujer (I stole the woman's husband).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' <br />
'''Translation Output:''' <br />
<br />
==== 9. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' T’u intsîkurhiaka tsúntsuni imáni.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Tu le daras la olla (You will give the pot away to him/her).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' <br />
'''Translation Output:''' <br />
<br />
==== 10. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Xí piréskani para María.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' Yo cante para Maria (I sang for Maria).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' <br />
'''Translation Output:''' <br />
<br />
==== 11. ====<br />
'''Original sentence:''' Acháati wántikusti tsírini.<br />
'''Intended Translation:''' El hombre mató la pulga (The man killed the flea).<br />
'''Biltrans Output:''' <br />
'''Translation Output:''' <br />
<br />
[[Category:Sp21_TranslationPairs]][[Category:Spanish]][[Category:Purépecha]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/grammar&diff=13134Purépecha/grammar2021-04-02T15:12:22Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>Purépechan Grammar<br />
<br />
== Parts of Speech ==<br />
<br />
=== Nouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Singular ====<br />
<br />
These forms take no further nominal morphology apart from the appropriate case markers, such as the objective -ni or the plural marker -cha.<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|wari{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|wari}} (woman)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kurú{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|kurú}} (fish)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|anátapu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|anátapu}} (tree)<br />
<br />
==== Plural ====<br />
Irrespective of their formation method, nouns are pluralised with the suffix -echa, -icha, or -cha (depending on the variety).<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|wari{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wariecha}} (women)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kurú{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|kurúcha}} (fishes)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|anátapu{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|anátapuicha}} (trees)<br />
<br />
==== Case ====<br />
<br />
In Purépecha, the nominative case (unmarked) is a coding property of subjects, while the suffix -ni is the case marker for objects, both in monotransitive and ditransitive constructions.<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|ganádu{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|obj}}|ganáduni}} (cattle)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kurú{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|obj}}|kurúchani}} (fish)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|yurhíri{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|yurhírini}} (blood)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kuchíyu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|kuchíyuni}} (knife)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|táa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|táani}} (house)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|sapí{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|sapíni}} (child)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|ayxádu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|ayxáduni}} (godson)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|wíchu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|wíchuni}} (dog)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xatsíkwarhikwa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|xatsíkwarhikwani}} (treasure or wealth)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kabáyu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|kabáyuni}} (horse)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|doktóri{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|doktórini}} (doctor)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xurámuti{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|xurámuti}} (chief)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kúchi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|kúchini}} (pig)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|maríkwa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|maríkwani}} (girl)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|tsakápu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|tsakápuni}} (stone)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|charháku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|charhákuni}} (baby)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|káxa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|káxani}} (box)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|korráli{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|korrálini}} (pen)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|tsúntsu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|tsúntsuni}} (pot)<br />
<br />
=== Verbs ===<br />
<br />
Purépechan is a very agglutinative language, meaning that the words in the language are made by stringing together morphemes. A large portion of the agglutination happens in the verbs. Adding suffixes to the words can help users express locative, directional, causative, voice/valency, desiderative, adverbial, third person plural object, aspect, tense, irrealis, mood, and person and number. <br />
A few examples we:<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kw’i{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|p1}}|kw’ixaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kw’i{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|p2}}|kw’ixaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eshé{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}|eshéska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eshé{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}}|eshéska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eshé{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|eshésti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|jwá{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|jwáspti}}<br />
<br />
==== Roots and Agents ====<br />
<br />
The suffix-nominalising suffix, most frequently -kwa (-ka in some varieties) as in pire-kwa; -ri, the most common nominalising suffix, generally refers to an agent, as in pire-ri 'singer'.<br />
<br />
piré<inf> (to sing)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|pirékwa}} (song)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|piréri}} (singer)<br />
<br />
==== Aspect ====<br />
<br />
Aspect and tense markers are the same for all persons, but the indicative mood morpheme changes from -ka for the 1st and 2nd person to -ti for the 3rd person. Aspect co-occurs with tense and mood.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|t’iré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}|t’iréspka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|t’iré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}}|t’iréspka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|t’iré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}|t’iréaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|t’iré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p2}}|t’iréaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|t’iré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|t’iréati}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|t’iré{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|itg}}|t’iréxaki}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xanó{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}|xanóska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xanó{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}}|xanóska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xanó{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|xanósti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xanó{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|itg}}|xanóski}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kachúku{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|kachúkusti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xáma{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}|xámaaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xáma{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p2}}|xámaaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|segíri{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|segírispti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xwá{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|xwásti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|atárant’a{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|atárant’asti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kweráta{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|kwerátaxati}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Present Actual =====<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p1}}|piréxaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p2}}|piréxaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p3}}|piréxati}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|itg}}|piréxaki}}<br />
<br />
===== Present Habitual =====<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|p1}}|pirésinka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|p2}}|pirésinka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|p3}}|pirésindi}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|itg}}|pirésini}}<br />
<br />
===== Present Perfect =====<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}|piréska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}}|piréska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}|pirésti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|itg}}|piréski}}<br />
<br />
===== Present Inceptive =====<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|p1}}|piréxamka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|p2}}|piréxamka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|p3}}|piréxamti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|itg}}|piréxamki}}<br />
<br />
===== Past Actual =====<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p1}}|piréxapka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p2}}|piréxapka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p3}}|piréxapti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|itg}}|piréxapi}}<br />
<br />
===== Past Habitual =====<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|p1}}|pirésiamka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|p2}}|pirésiamka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|p3}}|pirésiamti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|itg}}|pirésiambi}}<br />
<br />
===== Past Perfect =====<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}|piréspka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}}|piréspka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}|piréspti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|itg}}|piréspi}}<br />
<br />
===== Past Inceptive =====<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|p1}}|piréxamamga}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|p2}}|piréxamamga}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|p3}}|piréxamampti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|itg}}|piréxamambi}}<br />
<br />
===== Conditional =====<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|cni}}{{tag|p1}}|pirépiringa}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|cni}}{{tag|p2}}|pirépiringa}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|cni}}{{tag|p3}}|pirépirindi}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|cni}}{{tag|itg}}|pirépirini}}<br />
<br />
===== Future =====<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}|piréaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p2}}|piréaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}|piréati}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|itg}}|piréa}}<br />
<br />
==== Irrealis or Future ====<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|ni{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|niati}}<br />
<br />
==== Mood ====<br />
Purépecha the verbal inflection only distinguishes the person features of the subject in the indicative mood. The indicative verbal forms must be inflected in agreement with the grammatical subject: if the subject is 1st or 2nd person, the verb is marked with -ka; if it is 3rd person, then the marker is -ti.<br />
In contrast with the interrogative/clarificational inflection, marked with -∅ or -ki for all persons, and the subjunctive mood, marked with -ka regardless of the person of the subject.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Mood<br />
|-<br />
|Indicative<br />
|nothing<br />
|-<br />
|Interrogative<br />
|Ø or ki suffix<br />
|-<br />
|Subjunctive<br />
|ka suffix<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Atá-s-Ø-ka <nowiki>strike-prf-prs-1/2ind</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Atá{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}|Atáska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Atá{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}}|Atáska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Atá{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Atásti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xupá{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|xupáskani}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xanó{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|xanóskani}}<br />
<br />
<br />
The object suffix -a is considered a 3rd person plural marker, which, according to some authors, has a pronominal or agreement value.<br />
<br />
==== Person and Number ====<br />
<br />
Aspect and tense markers are the same for all persons, but the indicative mood morpheme changes from -ka for the 1st and 2nd person to -ti for the 3rd person.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|p1}}|eróxaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|p2}}|eróxaka}}<br />
<br />
<br />
If one wishes to be more specific about the subject number, a set of clitics can be optionally attached to the inflected verb:<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|eróxakani}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|eróxakaksï}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|eróxakari}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|eróxakatsï}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|eróxatiksï}}<br />
<br />
=== Others ===<br />
<br />
==== Determinants or Determiners ====<br />
<br />
Purépecha does not have a definite determiner like English "the" or Spanish "el/los."<br />
Among the most common demonstratives are the singular forms í 'this', inté 'that (visible to the speaker)', and imá 'that (not visible to the speaker)', as well as the corresponding plural forms ts'ï 'these', ts'ïmí 'those', and ts'ïmá 'those'.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Determiners<br />
|-<br />
|iámindu<br />
|'all'<br />
|-<br />
|máru<br />
|'some'<br />
|-<br />
|imá<br />
|'that' (not visible to the speaker)<br />
|-<br />
|í<br />
|'this'<br />
|-<br />
|inté<br />
|'that' (visible to the speaker)<br />
|-<br />
|ts'ï<br />
|'these'<br />
|-<br />
|ts'ïmí<br />
|'those'<br />
|-<br />
|ts'ïmá<br />
|'those'<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
<br />
í atá-s-∅-ti inté-ni<br />
<br />
this strike<prf><prs><p3><ind> that<obj><br />
<br />
'This (one) struck that (one).'<br />
<br />
<br />
ts'ïmá atá-s-∅-ti inté-ni<br />
<br />
those strike<prf><prs><p3><ind> that<obj><br />
<br />
'Those struck that (one).'<br />
<br />
<br />
ihtsï iámindu juát-icha júkska-kata jarha-h-ti<br />
<br />
DEM.PL all hill<pl> sow<ppl> be<pfve><p3><ind><br />
<br />
‘All these hills are sown (with corn)’<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ihtsï tanímu juát-icha júkska-kata jarha-h-ti<br />
<br />
<dem><pl> three hill<pl> sow<ppl> be<pfve><p3><ind><br />
<br />
‘These three hills are sown (with corn)’<br />
<br />
==== Reduplication ====<br />
<br />
Reduplication is an available but limited morphological process. Single vowel roots and some CV roots such as pá- (carry) are not reduplicated. About 70 roots never occur unreduplicated (niní-n (to ripen)). About a dozen reduplicate only the first syllable. In general, practically any root can stand either alone or reduplicated.<br />
<br />
Three Systems:<br />
<br />
* k'waní-k'waní-ta-n (to throw up repeatedly) -- an aspectual system<br />
* meré-meré-hku-n (to be very brilliant) -- modal system<br />
* p'uní-p'uní-hku-n (to blow off all over (as when dusting)) -- locative system<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
<br />
* učú-učú-hku-ndi-n (to smell of fish, sex, or carrion) -- spatial suffix (oral and facial, involves smell)<br />
* opó-opó-k-haśi (swollen (of the entire body)) -- the roots may be followed by one of six consonants and the stativizing suffix -hási ‘class, type of’, as in opó- ‘large, round’<br />
* kwená-hku-n (to lick upward (as of fire)) -- roots are followed by intransitivizing -hku<br />
* wá-wá-kuri-n (to be missing one’s teeth, leaves, etc.) -- reflexive theme<br />
* arí-arí-ta-n (to give advice) -- yield a transitive theme<br />
* yará-yará-c-ka-pa-n (to go about urinating on oneself) -- lexical/spatial suffix value of ‘bottom’<br />
* šún-šún-á-pi-ti (very green) -- only first CV is reduplicated<br />
* tíks-tíks-á-ni-n (to beat of fright) -- cavity/thorax spatial suffix<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Purépecha]]<br />
[[Category:sp21_GrammarDocumentation]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/grammar&diff=13133Purépecha/grammar2021-04-02T15:02:04Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>Purépechan Grammar<br />
<br />
== Parts of Speech ==<br />
<br />
=== Nouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Singular ====<br />
<br />
These forms take no further nominal morphology apart from the appropriate case markers, such as the objective -ni or the plural marker -cha.<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|wari{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|wari}} (woman)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kurú{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|kurú}} (fish)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|anátapu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|anátapu}} (tree)<br />
<br />
==== Plural ====<br />
Irrespective of their formation method, nouns are pluralised with the suffix -echa, -icha, or -cha (depending on the variety).<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|wari{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wariecha}} (women)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kurú{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|kurúcha}} (fishes)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|anátapu{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|anátapuicha}} (trees)<br />
<br />
==== Case ====<br />
<br />
In Purépecha, the nominative case (unmarked) is a coding property of subjects, while the suffix -ni is the case marker for objects, both in monotransitive and ditransitive constructions.<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|ganádu{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|obj}}|ganáduni}} (cattle)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kurú{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|obj}}|kurúchani}} (fish)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|yurhíri{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|yurhírini}} (blood)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kuchíyu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|kuchíyuni}} (knife)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|táa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|táani}} (house)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|sapí{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|sapíni}} (child)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|ayxádu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|ayxáduni}} (godson)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|wíchu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|wíchuni}} (dog)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xatsíkwarhikwa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|xatsíkwarhikwani}} (treasure or wealth)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kabáyu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|kabáyuni}} (horse)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|doktóri{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|doktórini}} (doctor)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xurámuti{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|xurámuti}} (chief)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kúchi{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|kúchini}} (pig)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|maríkwa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|maríkwani}} (girl)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|tsakápu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|tsakápuni}} (stone)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|charháku{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|charhákuni}} (baby)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|káxa{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|káxani}} (box)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|korráli{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|korrálini}} (pen)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|tsúntsu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|tsúntsuni}} (pot)<br />
<br />
=== Verbs ===<br />
<br />
Purépechan is a very agglutinative language, meaning that the words in the language are made by stringing together morphemes. A large portion of the agglutination happens in the verbs. Adding suffixes to the words can help users express locative, directional, causative, voice/valency, desiderative, adverbial, third person plural object, aspect, tense, irrealis, mood, and person and number. <br />
A few examples we:<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kw’i{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|p1}}|kw’ixaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kw’i{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|p2}}|kw’ixaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eshé{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}|eshéska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eshé{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}}|eshéska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eshé{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|eshésti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|jwá{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|jwáspti}}<br />
<br />
==== Roots and Agents ====<br />
<br />
The suffix-nominalising suffix, most frequently -kwa (-ka in some varieties) as in pire-kwa; -ri, the most common nominalising suffix, generally refers to an agent, as in pire-ri 'singer'.<br />
<br />
piré<inf> (to sing)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|pirékwa}} (song)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|piréri}} (singer)<br />
<br />
==== Aspect ====<br />
<br />
Aspect and tense markers are the same for all persons, but the indicative mood morpheme changes from -ka for the 1st and 2nd person to -ti for the 3rd person. Aspect co-occurs with tense and mood.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|t’iré{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}|t’iréspka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|t’iré{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}}|t’iréspka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|t’iré{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}|t’iréaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|t’iré{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p2}}|t’iréaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|t’iré{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|t’iréati}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|t’iré{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|itg}}|t’iréxaki}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xanó{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}|xanóska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xanó{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}}|xanóska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xanó{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|xanósti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xanó{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|itg}}|xanóski}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kachúku{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|kachúkusti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xáma{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}|xámaaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xáma{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p2}}|xámaaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|segíri{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|segírispti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xwá{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|xwásti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|atárant’a{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|atárant’asti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kweráta{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|kwerátaxati}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Present Actual =====<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p1}}|piréxaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p2}}|piréxaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p3}}|piréxati}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|itg}}|piréxaki}}<br />
<br />
===== Present Habitual =====<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|p1}}|pirésinka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|p2}}|pirésinka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|p3}}|pirésindi}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|itg}}|pirésini}}<br />
<br />
===== Present Perfect =====<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}|piréska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}}|piréska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}|pirésti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|itg}}|piréski}}<br />
<br />
===== Present Inceptive =====<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|p1}}|piréxamka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|p2}}|piréxamka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|p3}}|piréxamti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|itg}}|piréxamki}}<br />
<br />
===== Past Actual =====<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p1}}|piréxapka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p2}}|piréxapka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p3}}|piréxapti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|itg}}|piréxapi}}<br />
<br />
===== Past Habitual =====<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|p1}}|pirésiamka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|p2}}|pirésiamka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|p3}}|pirésiamti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|itg}}|pirésiambi}}<br />
<br />
===== Past Perfect =====<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}|piréspka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}}|piréspka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}|piréspti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|itg}}|piréspi}}<br />
<br />
===== Past Inceptive =====<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|p1}}|piréxamamga}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|p2}}|piréxamamga}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|p3}}|piréxamampti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|itg}}|piréxamambi}}<br />
<br />
===== Conditional =====<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|cni}}{{tag|p1}}|pirépiringa}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|cni}}{{tag|p2}}|pirépiringa}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|cni}}{{tag|p3}}|pirépirindi}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|cni}}{{tag|itg}}|pirépirini}}<br />
<br />
===== Future =====<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}|piréaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p2}}|piréaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}|piréati}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|piré{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|itg}}|piréa}}<br />
<br />
==== Irrealis or Future ====<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|ni{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|niati}}<br />
<br />
==== Mood ====<br />
Purépecha the verbal inflection only distinguishes the person features of the subject in the indicative mood. The indicative verbal forms must be inflected in agreement with the grammatical subject: if the subject is 1st or 2nd person, the verb is marked with -ka; if it is 3rd person, then the marker is -ti.<br />
In contrast with the interrogative/clarificational inflection, marked with -∅ or -ki for all persons, and the subjunctive mood, marked with -ka regardless of the person of the subject.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Mood<br />
|-<br />
|Indicative<br />
|nothing<br />
|-<br />
|Interrogative<br />
|Ø or ki suffix<br />
|-<br />
|Subjunctive<br />
|ka suffix<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Atá-s-Ø-ka <nowiki>strike-prf-prs-1/2ind</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Atá{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}|Atáska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Atá{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}}|Atáska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Atá{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Atásti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xupá{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|xupáskani}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xanó{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|xanóskani}}<br />
<br />
<br />
The object suffix -a is considered a 3rd person plural marker, which, according to some authors, has a pronominal or agreement value.<br />
<br />
==== Person and Number ====<br />
<br />
Aspect and tense markers are the same for all persons, but the indicative mood morpheme changes from -ka for the 1st and 2nd person to -ti for the 3rd person.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|p1}}|eróxaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|p2}}|eróxaka}}<br />
<br />
<br />
If one wishes to be more specific about the subject number, a set of clitics can be optionally attached to the inflected verb:<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|eróxakani}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|eróxakaksï}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|eróxakari}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|eróxakatsï}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|eróxatiksï}}<br />
<br />
=== Others ===<br />
<br />
==== Determinants or Determiners ====<br />
<br />
Purépecha does not have a definite determiner like English "the" or Spanish "el/los."<br />
Among the most common demonstratives are the singular forms í 'this', inté 'that (visible to the speaker)', and imá 'that (not visible to the speaker)', as well as the corresponding plural forms ts'ï 'these', ts'ïmí 'those', and ts'ïmá 'those'.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Determiners<br />
|-<br />
|iámindu<br />
|'all'<br />
|-<br />
|máru<br />
|'some'<br />
|-<br />
|imá<br />
|'that' (not visible to the speaker)<br />
|-<br />
|í<br />
|'this'<br />
|-<br />
|inté<br />
|'that' (visible to the speaker)<br />
|-<br />
|ts'ï<br />
|'these'<br />
|-<br />
|ts'ïmí<br />
|'those'<br />
|-<br />
|ts'ïmá<br />
|'those'<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
<br />
í atá-s-∅-ti inté-ni<br />
<br />
this strike<prf><prs><p3><ind> that<obj><br />
<br />
'This (one) struck that (one).'<br />
<br />
<br />
ts'ïmá atá-s-∅-ti inté-ni<br />
<br />
those strike<prf><prs><p3><ind> that<obj><br />
<br />
'Those struck that (one).'<br />
<br />
<br />
ihtsï iámindu juát-icha júkska-kata jarha-h-ti<br />
<br />
DEM.PL all hill<pl> sow<ppl> be<pfve><p3><ind><br />
<br />
‘All these hills are sown (with corn)’<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ihtsï tanímu juát-icha júkska-kata jarha-h-ti<br />
<br />
<dem><pl> three hill<pl> sow<ppl> be<pfve><p3><ind><br />
<br />
‘These three hills are sown (with corn)’<br />
<br />
==== Reduplication ====<br />
<br />
Reduplication is an available but limited morphological process. Single vowel roots and some CV roots such as pá- (carry) are not reduplicated. About 70 roots never occur unreduplicated (niní-n (to ripen)). About a dozen reduplicate only the first syllable. In general, practically any root can stand either alone or reduplicated.<br />
<br />
Three Systems:<br />
<br />
* k'waní-k'waní-ta-n (to throw up repeatedly) -- an aspectual system<br />
* meré-meré-hku-n (to be very brilliant) -- modal system<br />
* p'uní-p'uní-hku-n (to blow off all over (as when dusting)) -- locative system<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
<br />
* učú-učú-hku-ndi-n (to smell of fish, sex, or carrion) -- spatial suffix (oral and facial, involves smell)<br />
* opó-opó-k-haśi (swollen (of the entire body)) -- the roots may be followed by one of six consonants and the stativizing suffix -hási ‘class, type of’, as in opó- ‘large, round’<br />
* kwená-hku-n (to lick upward (as of fire)) -- roots are followed by intransitivizing -hku<br />
* wá-wá-kuri-n (to be missing one’s teeth, leaves, etc.) -- reflexive theme<br />
* arí-arí-ta-n (to give advice) -- yield a transitive theme<br />
* yará-yará-c-ka-pa-n (to go about urinating on oneself) -- lexical/spatial suffix value of ‘bottom’<br />
* šún-šún-á-pi-ti (very green) -- only first CV is reduplicated<br />
* tíks-tíks-á-ni-n (to beat of fright) -- cavity/thorax spatial suffix<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Purépecha]]<br />
[[Category:sp21_GrammarDocumentation]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/grammar&diff=13107Purépecha/grammar2021-03-28T18:54:09Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>Purépechan Grammar<br />
<br />
== Parts of Speech ==<br />
<br />
=== Nouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Singular ====<br />
<br />
These forms take no further nominal morphology apart from the appropriate case markers, such as the objective -ni or the plural marker -cha.<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|wari{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|wari}} (woman)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kurú{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|kurú}} (fish)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|anátapu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|anátapu}} (tree)<br />
<br />
==== Plural ====<br />
Irrespective of their formation method, nouns are pluralised with the suffix -echa, -icha, or -cha (depending on the variety).<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|wari{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wariecha}} (women)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kurú{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|kurúcha}} (fishes)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|anátapu{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|anátapuicha}} (trees)<br />
<br />
==== Case ====<br />
<br />
In Purépecha, the nominative case (unmarked) is a coding property of subjects, while the suffix -ni is the case marker for objects, both in monotransitive and ditransitive constructions.<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|ganádu{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|obj}}|ganáduni}} (cattle)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kurú{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|obj}}|kurúchani}} (fish)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|yurhíri{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|yurhírini}} (blood)<br />
<br />
=== Verbs ===<br />
<br />
Purépechan is a very agglutinative language, meaning that the words in the language are made by stringing together morphemes. A large portion of the agglutination happens in the verbs. Adding suffixes to the words can help users express locative, directional, causative, voice/valency, desiderative, adverbial, third person plural object, aspect, tense, irrealis, mood, and person and number. <br />
A few examples we:<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kw’i{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|dur}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|kw’ixakani}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kw’i{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ass}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|kw’ixakani}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eshé{{tag|v}}{{tag|pprs}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|1/2ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|eshéshakani}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|jwá{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|3ind}}|jwáspti}}<br />
<br />
==== Roots and Agents ====<br />
<br />
The suffix-nominalising suffix, most frequently -kwa (-ka in some varieties) as in pire-kwa; -ri, the most common nominalising suffix, generally refers to an agent, as in pire-ri 'singer'.<br />
<br />
pire{{tag|inf}} (to sing)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|pirekwa}} (song)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|pireri}} (singer)<br />
<br />
==== Aspect ====<br />
<br />
Aspect and tense markers are the same for all persons, but the indicative mood morpheme changes from -ka for the 1st and 2nd person to -ti for the 3rd person. Aspect co-occurs with tense and mood.<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|wanta{{tag|v}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|ass}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|poss}}|wantanaxïnanti}}<br />
<br />
yontki wantanaxïnanti juchari anapu<br />
<br />
before speak language<br />
<br />
'Before, our language was spoken.'<br />
<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|t’{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|sbjv}}|t’iréspka}}<br />
<br />
ximpóka xuchá/María t’iréspka ya<br />
<br />
because Maria<pl> eat already<br />
<br />
‘ . . . because we have already eaten/Maria has already eaten.’<br />
<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xanó{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|sbjv}}|xanópka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|t’{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|t’ú}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|tumpí{{tag|pl}}tumpíicha|}}<br />
<br />
éka t’ú/tumpíicha xanó-∅-p-ka ya<br />
<br />
when boy arrive already<br />
<br />
‘ . . . when you had already arrived/the boys had already arrived.’<br />
<br />
===== Present Actual =====<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p1}}|pirexaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p2}}|pirexaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p3}}|pirexati}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|itg}}|pirexaki}}<br />
<br />
===== Present Habitual =====<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|p1}}|piresinka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|p2}}|piresinka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|p3}}|piresindi}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|itg}}|piresini}}<br />
<br />
===== Present Perfect =====<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}|pireska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}}|pireska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}|piresti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|itg}}|pireski}}<br />
<br />
===== Present Inceptive =====<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|p1}}|pirexamka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|p2}}|pirexamka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|p3}}|pirexamti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|itg}}|pirexamki}}<br />
<br />
===== Past Actual =====<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p1}}|pirexapka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p2}}|pirexapka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p3}}|pirexapti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|itg}}|pirexapi}}<br />
<br />
===== Past Habitual =====<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|p1}}|piresiamka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|p2}}|piresiamka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|p3}}|piresiamti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|itg}}|piresiambi}}<br />
<br />
===== Past Perfect =====<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}|pirespka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p2}}|pirespka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}|pirespti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|itg}}|pirespi}}<br />
<br />
===== Past Inceptive =====<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|p1}}|pirexamamga}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|p2}}|pirexamamga}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|p3}}|pirexamampti}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|incp}}{{tag|itg}}|pirexamambi}}<br />
<br />
===== Conditional =====<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|cni}}{{tag|p1}}|pirepiringa}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|cni}}{{tag|p2}}|pirepiringa}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|cni}}{{tag|p3}}|pirepirindi}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|cni}}{{tag|itg}}|pirepirini}}<br />
<br />
===== Future =====<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}|pireaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p2}}|pireaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}|pireati}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|itg}}|pirea}}<br />
<br />
==== Irrealis ====<br />
<br />
ni-a-ti go (He will go)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|ni{{tag|v}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|niati}}<br />
<br />
ewa-a-a-ka remove ('I will remove them.')<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|ewa{{tag|v}}{{tag|3PL.O}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|ass}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ewaaaka}}<br />
<br />
==== Mood ====<br />
Purépecha the verbal inflection only distinguishes the person features of the subject in the indicative mood. The indicative verbal forms must be inflected in agreement with the grammatical subject: if the subject is 1st or 2nd person, the verb is marked with -ka; if it is 3rd person, then the marker is -ti.<br />
In contrast with the interrogative/clarificational inflection, marked with -∅ or -ki for all persons, and the subjunctive mood, marked with -ka regardless of the person of the subject.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Mood<br />
|-<br />
|Indicative<br />
|nothing<br />
|-<br />
|Interrogative<br />
|Ø or ki suffix<br />
|-<br />
|Subjunctive<br />
|ka suffix<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Atá-s-Ø-ka <nowiki>strike-prf-prs-1/2ind</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Atá{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}|Atáska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Atá{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p2}}|Atáska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Atá{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}|Atásti}}<br />
<br />
xupá-s-Ø-ka=ni <nowiki>wash-prf-prs-1/2ind=1sg.sbj</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xupá{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|p1}}|xupáskani}}<br />
<br />
xanó-s-Ø-ka=ni arrive-prf-prs-1/2ind=1sg.sbj<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xanó{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|p1}}|xanóskani}}<br />
<br />
<br />
The object suffix -a is considered a 3rd person plural marker, which, according to some authors, has a pronominal or agreement value.<br />
<br />
==== Person and Number ====<br />
<br />
Aspect and tense markers are the same for all persons, but the indicative mood morpheme changes from -ka for the 1st and 2nd person to -ti for the 3rd person.<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|ind}}|erókashaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|ind}}|erókashaka}}<br />
<br />
‘I / you / we / you(pl) are waiting’<br />
<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ti<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|ind}}|erókashati}}<br />
<br />
‘He/they are waiting’<br />
<br />
<br />
If one wishes to be more specific about the subject number, a set of clitics can be optionally attached to the inflected verb:<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka=ni<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|s_sg1}}|erókashakani}}<br />
<br />
‘I am waiting’<br />
<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka=ri<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|s_sg2}}|erókashakani}}<br />
<br />
‘You are waiting’<br />
<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ti<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|ind}}|erókashati}}<br />
<br />
‘He/they are waiting’<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka=tsï<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|s_pl2}}|erókashatsï}}<br />
<br />
‘You (pl) are waiting’<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka=ksï<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|s_pl1}}|erókashaksï}}<br />
<br />
‘We are waiting’<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ti=ksï<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|s_pl3}}|erókashatiksï}}<br />
<br />
‘They are waiting’<br />
<br />
=== Others ===<br />
<br />
==== Determinants or Determiners ====<br />
<br />
Purépecha does not have a definite determiner like English "the" or Spanish "el/los."<br />
Among the most common demonstratives are the singular forms í 'this', inté 'that (visible to the speaker)', and imá 'that (not visible to the speaker)', as well as the corresponding plural forms ts'ï 'these', ts'ïmí 'those', and ts'ïmá 'those'.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Determiners<br />
|-<br />
|iámindu<br />
|'all'<br />
|-<br />
|máru<br />
|'some'<br />
|-<br />
|imá<br />
|'that' (not visible to the speaker)<br />
|-<br />
|í<br />
|'this'<br />
|-<br />
|inté<br />
|'that' (visible to the speaker)<br />
|-<br />
|ts'ï<br />
|'these'<br />
|-<br />
|ts'ïmí<br />
|'those'<br />
|-<br />
|ts'ïmá<br />
|'those'<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
<br />
í atá-s-∅-ti inté-ni<br />
<br />
this strike<prf><prs><p3><ind> that<obj><br />
<br />
'This (one) struck that (one).'<br />
<br />
<br />
ts'ïmá atá-s-∅-ti inté-ni<br />
<br />
those strike<prf><prs><p3><ind> that<obj><br />
<br />
'Those struck that (one).'<br />
<br />
<br />
ihtsï iámindu juát-icha júkska-kata jarha-h-ti<br />
<br />
DEM.PL all hill<pl> sow<ppl> be<pfve><p3><ind><br />
<br />
‘All these hills are sown (with corn)’<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ihtsï tanímu juát-icha júkska-kata jarha-h-ti<br />
<br />
<dem><pl> three hill<pl> sow<ppl> be<pfve><p3><ind><br />
<br />
‘These three hills are sown (with corn)’<br />
<br />
==== Reduplication ====<br />
<br />
Reduplication is an available but limited morphological process. Single vowel roots and some CV roots such as pá- (carry) are not reduplicated. About 70 roots never occur unreduplicated (niní-n (to ripen)). About a dozen reduplicate only the first syllable. In general, practically any root can stand either alone or reduplicated.<br />
<br />
Three Systems:<br />
<br />
* k'waní-k'waní-ta-n (to throw up repeatedly) -- an aspectual system<br />
* meré-meré-hku-n (to be very brilliant) -- modal system<br />
* p'uní-p'uní-hku-n (to blow off all over (as when dusting)) -- locative system<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
<br />
* učú-učú-hku-ndi-n (to smell of fish, sex, or carrion) -- spatial suffix (oral and facial, involves smell)<br />
* opó-opó-k-haśi (swollen (of the entire body)) -- the roots may be followed by one of six consonants and the stativizing suffix -hási ‘class, type of’, as in opó- ‘large, round’<br />
* kwená-hku-n (to lick upward (as of fire)) -- roots are followed by intransitivizing -hku<br />
* wá-wá-kuri-n (to be missing one’s teeth, leaves, etc.) -- reflexive theme<br />
* arí-arí-ta-n (to give advice) -- yield a transitive theme<br />
* yará-yará-c-ka-pa-n (to go about urinating on oneself) -- lexical/spatial suffix value of ‘bottom’<br />
* šún-šún-á-pi-ti (very green) -- only first CV is reduplicated<br />
* tíks-tíks-á-ni-n (to beat of fright) -- cavity/thorax spatial suffix<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Purépecha]]<br />
[[Category:sp21_GrammarDocumentation]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/grammar&diff=12966Purépecha/grammar2021-03-18T18:38:11Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>Purépechan Grammar<br />
<br />
== Parts of Speech ==<br />
<br />
=== Nouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Singular ====<br />
<br />
These forms take no further nominal morphology apart from the appropriate case markers, such as the objective -ni or the plural marker -cha.<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|wari{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|wari}} (woman)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kurú{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|kurú}} (fish)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|anátapu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|anátapu}} (tree)<br />
<br />
==== Plural ====<br />
Irrespective of their formation method, nouns are pluralised with the suffix -echa, -icha, or -cha (depending on the variety).<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|wari{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wariecha}} (women)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kurú{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|kurúcha}} (fishes)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|anátapu{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|anátapuicha}} (trees)<br />
<br />
==== Case ====<br />
<br />
In Purépecha, the nominative case (unmarked) is a coding property of subjects, while the suffix -ni is the case marker for objects, both in monotransitive and ditransitive constructions.<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|ganádu{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|obj}}|ganáduni}} (cattle)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kurú{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|obj}}|kurúchani}} (fish)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|yurhíri{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|yurhírini}} (blood)<br />
<br />
=== Verbs ===<br />
<br />
Purépechan is a very agglutinative language, meaning that the words in the language are made by stringing together morphemes. A large portion of the agglutination happens in the verbs. Adding suffixes to the words can help users express locative, directional, causative, voice/valency, desiderative, adverbial, third person plural object, aspect, tense, irrealis, mood, and person and number. <br />
A few examples we:<br />
<br />
<nowiki> {{morphTest|kw’i{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|sub}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|kw’ixakani}}</nowiki><br />
<br />
<nowiki>{{morphTest|kw’i{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ass}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|kw’ixakani}}</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eshé{{tag|v}}{{tag|pprs}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|1/2ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|eshéshakani}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|jwá{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|3ind}}|jwáspti}}<br />
<br />
==== Roots and Agents ====<br />
<br />
The suffix-nominalising suffix, most frequently -kwa (-ka in some varieties) as in pire-kwa; -ri, the most common nominalising suffix, generally refers to an agent, as in pire-ri 'singer'.<br />
<br />
pire{{tag|inf}} (to sing)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|pirekwa}} (song)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|pireri}} (singer)<br />
<br />
==== Aspect ====<br />
<br />
Aspect and tense markers are the same for all persons, but the indicative mood morpheme changes from -ka for the 1st and 2nd person to -ti for the 3rd person. Aspect co-occurs with tense and mood.<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|wanta{{tag|v}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|ass}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|poss}}|wantanaxïnanti}}<br />
<br />
yontki wantanaxïnanti juchari anapu<br />
<br />
before speak language<br />
<br />
'Before, our language was spoken.'<br />
<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|t’{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|sbjv}}|t’iréspka}}<br />
<br />
ximpóka xuchá/María t’iréspka ya<br />
<br />
because Maria<pl> eat already<br />
<br />
‘ . . . because we have already eaten/Maria has already eaten.’<br />
<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xanó{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|sbjv}}|xanópka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|t’{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|t’ú}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|tumpí{{tag|pl}}tumpíicha|}}<br />
<br />
éka t’ú/tumpíicha xanó-∅-p-ka ya<br />
<br />
when boy arrive already<br />
<br />
‘ . . . when you had already arrived/the boys had already arrived.’<br />
<br />
==== Irrealis ====<br />
<br />
ni-a-ti go (He will go)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|ni{{tag|v}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|niati}}<br />
<br />
ewa-a-a-ka remove ('I will remove them.')<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|ewa{{tag|v}}{{tag|3PL.O}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|ass}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ewaaaka}}<br />
<br />
==== Mood ====<br />
Purépecha the verbal inflection only distinguishes the person features of the subject in the indicative mood. The indicative verbal forms must be inflected in agreement with the grammatical subject: if the subject is 1st or 2nd person, the verb is marked with -ka; if it is 3rd person, then the marker is -ti.<br />
In contrast with the interrogative/clarificational inflection, marked with -∅ or -ki for all persons, and the subjunctive mood, marked with -ka regardless of the person of the subject.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Mood<br />
|-<br />
|Indicative<br />
|nothing<br />
|-<br />
|Interrogative<br />
|Ø or ki suffix<br />
|-<br />
|Subjunctive<br />
|ka suffix<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Atá-s-Ø-ka <nowiki>strike-prf-prs-1/2ind</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Atá{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}|Atáska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Atá{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p2}}|Atáska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Atá{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}|Atásti}}<br />
<br />
xupá-s-Ø-ka=ni <nowiki>wash-prf-prs-1/2ind=1sg.sbj</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xupá{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|p1}}|xupáskani}}<br />
<br />
xanó-s-Ø-ka=ni arrive-prf-prs-1/2ind=1sg.sbj<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xanó{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|p1}}|xanóskani}}<br />
<br />
<br />
The object suffix -a is considered a 3rd person plural marker, which, according to some authors, has a pronominal or agreement value.<br />
<br />
==== Person and Number ====<br />
<br />
Aspect and tense markers are the same for all persons, but the indicative mood morpheme changes from -ka for the 1st and 2nd person to -ti for the 3rd person.<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|ind}}|erókashaka}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|ind}}|erókashaka}}<br />
<br />
‘I / you / we / you(pl) are waiting’<br />
<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ti<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|ind}}|erókashati}}<br />
<br />
‘He/they are waiting’<br />
<br />
<br />
If one wishes to be more specific about the subject number, a set of clitics can be optionally attached to the inflected verb:<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka=ni<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|s_sg1}}|erókashakani}}<br />
<br />
‘I am waiting’<br />
<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka=ri<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|s_sg2}}|erókashakani}}<br />
<br />
‘You are waiting’<br />
<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ti<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|ind}}|erókashati}}<br />
<br />
‘He/they are waiting’<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka=tsï<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|s_pl2}}|erókashatsï}}<br />
<br />
‘You (pl) are waiting’<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka=ksï<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|s_pl1}}|erókashaksï}}<br />
<br />
‘We are waiting’<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ti=ksï<br />
{{morphTest|eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|s_pl3}}|erókashatiksï}}<br />
<br />
‘They are waiting’<br />
<br />
=== Others ===<br />
<br />
==== Determinants or Determiners ====<br />
<br />
Purépecha does not have a definite determiner like English "the" or Spanish "el/los."<br />
Among the most common demonstratives are the singular forms í 'this', inté 'that (visible to the speaker)', and imá 'that (not visible to the speaker)', as well as the corresponding plural forms ts'ï 'these', ts'ïmí 'those', and ts'ïmá 'those'.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Determiners<br />
|-<br />
|iámindu<br />
|'all'<br />
|-<br />
|máru<br />
|'some'<br />
|-<br />
|imá<br />
|'that' (not visible to the speaker)<br />
|-<br />
|í<br />
|'this'<br />
|-<br />
|inté<br />
|'that' (visible to the speaker)<br />
|-<br />
|ts'ï<br />
|'these'<br />
|-<br />
|ts'ïmí<br />
|'those'<br />
|-<br />
|ts'ïmá<br />
|'those'<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
<br />
í atá-s-∅-ti inté-ni<br />
<br />
this strike<prf><prs><p3><ind> that<obj><br />
<br />
'This (one) struck that (one).'<br />
<br />
<br />
ts'ïmá atá-s-∅-ti inté-ni<br />
<br />
those strike<prf><prs><p3><ind> that<obj><br />
<br />
'Those struck that (one).'<br />
<br />
<br />
ihtsï iámindu juát-icha júkska-kata jarha-h-ti<br />
<br />
DEM.PL all hill<pl> sow<ppl> be<pfve><p3><ind><br />
<br />
‘All these hills are sown (with corn)’<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ihtsï tanímu juát-icha júkska-kata jarha-h-ti<br />
<br />
<dem><pl> three hill<pl> sow<ppl> be<pfve><p3><ind><br />
<br />
‘These three hills are sown (with corn)’<br />
<br />
==== Reduplication ====<br />
<br />
Reduplication is an available but limited morphological process. Single vowel roots and some CV roots such as pá- (carry) are not reduplicated. About 70 roots never occur unreduplicated (niní-n (to ripen)). About a dozen reduplicate only the first syllable. In general, practically any root can stand either alone or reduplicated.<br />
<br />
Three Systems:<br />
<br />
* k'waní-k'waní-ta-n (to throw up repeatedly) -- an aspectual system<br />
* meré-meré-hku-n (to be very brilliant) -- modal system<br />
* p'uní-p'uní-hku-n (to blow off all over (as when dusting)) -- locative system<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
<br />
* učú-učú-hku-ndi-n (to smell of fish, sex, or carrion) -- spatial suffix (oral and facial, involves smell)<br />
* opó-opó-k-haśi (swollen (of the entire body)) -- the roots may be followed by one of six consonants and the stativizing suffix -hási ‘class, type of’, as in opó- ‘large, round’<br />
* kwená-hku-n (to lick upward (as of fire)) -- roots are followed by intransitivizing -hku<br />
* wá-wá-kuri-n (to be missing one’s teeth, leaves, etc.) -- reflexive theme<br />
* arí-arí-ta-n (to give advice) -- yield a transitive theme<br />
* yará-yará-c-ka-pa-n (to go about urinating on oneself) -- lexical/spatial suffix value of ‘bottom’<br />
* šún-šún-á-pi-ti (very green) -- only first CV is reduplicated<br />
* tíks-tíks-á-ni-n (to beat of fright) -- cavity/thorax spatial suffix<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Purépecha]]<br />
[[Category:sp21_GrammarDocumentation]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/grammar&diff=12962Purépecha/grammar2021-03-18T18:24:07Z<p>Jlopezn1: fixed formatting correction</p>
<hr />
<div>Purépechan Grammar<br />
<br />
== Parts of Speech ==<br />
<br />
=== Nouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Singular ====<br />
<br />
These forms take no further nominal morphology apart from the appropriate case markers, such as the objective -ni or the plural marker -cha.<br />
<br />
wari{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} (woman)<br />
<br />
kurú{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} (fish)<br />
<br />
anátapu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} (tree)<br />
<br />
==== Plural ====<br />
Irrespective of their formation method, nouns are pluralised with the suffix -echa, -icha, or -cha (depending on the variety).<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|wari{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|wariecha}} (women)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kurú{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|kurúcha}} (fishes)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|anátapu{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|anátapuicha}} (trees)<br />
<br />
==== Case ====<br />
<br />
In Purépecha, the nominative case (unmarked) is a coding property of subjects, while the suffix -ni is the case marker for objects, both in monotransitive and ditransitive constructions.<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|ganádu{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|obj}}|ganáduni}} (cattle)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|kurú{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|obj}}|kurúchani}} (fish)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|yurhíri{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}}|yurhírini}} (blood)<br />
<br />
=== Verbs ===<br />
<br />
Purépechan is a very agglutinative language, meaning that the words in the language are made by stringing together morphemes. A large portion of the agglutination happens in the verbs. Adding suffixes to the words can help users express locative, directional, causative, voice/valency, desiderative, adverbial, third person plural object, aspect, tense, irrealis, mood, and person and number. <br />
A few examples we:<br />
<br />
<nowiki>kw’i{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|sub}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|kw’ixakani</nowiki><br />
<br />
<nowiki>kw’i{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ass}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|kw’ixakani</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{morphTest|eshé{{tag|v}}{{tag|pprs}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|1/2ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|eshéshakani}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|jwá{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|3ind}}|jwáspti}}<br />
<br />
==== Roots and Agents ====<br />
<br />
The suffix-nominalising suffix, most frequently -kwa (-ka in some varieties) as in pire-kwa; -ri, the most common nominalising suffix, generally refers to an agent, as in pire-ri 'singer'.<br />
<br />
pire{{tag|inf}} (to sing)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|pirekwa}} (song)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|pire{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|pireri}} (singer)<br />
<br />
==== Aspect ====<br />
<br />
Aspect and tense markers are the same for all persons, but the indicative mood morpheme changes from -ka for the 1st and 2nd person to -ti for the 3rd person. Aspect co-occurs with tense and mood.<br />
<br />
wanta{{tag|v}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|ass}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|poss}}wantanaxïnanti<br />
<br />
yontki wantanaxïnanti juchari anapu<br />
<br />
before speak language<br />
<br />
'Before, our language was spoken.'<br />
<br />
<br />
t’{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|sbjv}} t’iréspka<br />
<br />
ximpóka xuchá/María t’iréspka ya<br />
<br />
because Maria<pl> eat already<br />
<br />
‘ . . . because we have already eaten/Maria has already eaten.’<br />
<br />
<br />
xanó{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|sbjv}}xanópka<br />
<br />
t’{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}t’ú/tumpí{{tag|pl}}tumpíicha<br />
<br />
éka t’ú/tumpíicha xanó-∅-p-ka ya<br />
<br />
when boy arrive already<br />
<br />
‘ . . . when you had already arrived/the boys had already arrived.’<br />
<br />
==== Irrealis ====<br />
<br />
ni-a-ti go (He will go)<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|ni{{tag|v}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|niati}}<br />
<br />
ewa-a-a-ka remove ('I will remove them.')<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|ewa{{tag|v}}{{tag|3PL.O}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|ass}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ewaaaka}}<br />
<br />
==== Mood ====<br />
Purépecha the verbal inflection only distinguishes the person features of the subject in the indicative mood. The indicative verbal forms must be inflected in agreement with the grammatical subject: if the subject is 1st or 2nd person, the verb is marked with -ka; if it is 3rd person, then the marker is -ti.<br />
In contrast with the interrogative/clarificational inflection, marked with -∅ or -ki for all persons, and the subjunctive mood, marked with -ka regardless of the person of the subject.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Mood<br />
|-<br />
|Indicative<br />
|nothing<br />
|-<br />
|Interrogative<br />
|Ø or ki suffix<br />
|-<br />
|Subjunctive<br />
|ka suffix<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Atá-s-Ø-ka <nowiki>strike-prf-prs-1/2ind</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Atá{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}|Atáska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Atá{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p2}}|Atáska}}<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|Atá{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p3}}|Atásti}}<br />
<br />
xupá-s-Ø-ka=ni <nowiki>wash-prf-prs-1/2ind=1sg.sbj</nowiki><br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xupá{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|p1}}|xupáskani}}<br />
<br />
xanó-s-Ø-ka=ni arrive-prf-prs-1/2ind=1sg.sbj<br />
<br />
{{morphTest|xanó{{tag|v}}{{tag|prf}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|p1}}|xanóskani}}<br />
<br />
<br />
The object suffix -a is considered a 3rd person plural marker, which, according to some authors, has a pronominal or agreement value.<br />
<br />
==== Person and Number ====<br />
<br />
Aspect and tense markers are the same for all persons, but the indicative mood morpheme changes from -ka for the 1st and 2nd person to -ti for the 3rd person.<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka<br />
<br />
eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|ind}}erókashaka<br />
<br />
eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|ind}}erókashaka<br />
<br />
‘I / you / we / you(pl) are waiting’<br />
<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ti<br />
<br />
eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|ind}}erókashati<br />
<br />
‘He/they are waiting’<br />
<br />
<br />
If one wishes to be more specific about the subject number, a set of clitics can be optionally attached to the inflected verb:<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka=ni<br />
eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|s_sg1}}erókashakani<br />
<br />
‘I am waiting’<br />
<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka=ri<br />
eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|s_sg2}}erókashakani<br />
<br />
‘You are waiting’<br />
<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ti<br />
eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|ind}}erókashati<br />
<br />
‘He/they are waiting’<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka=tsï<br />
eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|s_pl2}}erókashatsï<br />
<br />
‘You (pl) are waiting’<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka=ksï<br />
eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|s_pl1}}erókashaksï<br />
<br />
‘We are waiting’<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ti=ksï<br />
eró{{tag|prog}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|s_pl3}}erókashatiksï<br />
<br />
‘They are waiting’<br />
<br />
=== Others ===<br />
<br />
==== Determinants or Determiners ====<br />
<br />
Purépecha does not have a definite determiner like English "the" or Spanish "el/los."<br />
Among the most common demonstratives are the singular forms í 'this', inté 'that (visible to the speaker)', and imá 'that (not visible to the speaker)', as well as the corresponding plural forms ts'ï 'these', ts'ïmí 'those', and ts'ïmá 'those'.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Determiners<br />
|-<br />
|iámindu<br />
|'all'<br />
|-<br />
|máru<br />
|'some'<br />
|-<br />
|imá<br />
|'that' (not visible to the speaker)<br />
|-<br />
|í<br />
|'this'<br />
|-<br />
|inté<br />
|'that' (visible to the speaker)<br />
|-<br />
|ts'ï<br />
|'these'<br />
|-<br />
|ts'ïmí<br />
|'those'<br />
|-<br />
|ts'ïmá<br />
|'those'<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
<br />
í atá-s-∅-ti inté-ni<br />
<br />
this strike<prf><prs><p3><ind> that<obj><br />
<br />
'This (one) struck that (one).'<br />
<br />
<br />
ts'ïmá atá-s-∅-ti inté-ni<br />
<br />
those strike<prf><prs><p3><ind> that<obj><br />
<br />
'Those struck that (one).'<br />
<br />
<br />
ihtsï iámindu juát-icha júkska-kata jarha-h-ti<br />
<br />
DEM.PL all hill<pl> sow<ppl> be<pfve><p3><ind><br />
<br />
‘All these hills are sown (with corn)’<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ihtsï tanímu juát-icha júkska-kata jarha-h-ti<br />
<br />
<dem><pl> three hill<pl> sow<ppl> be<pfve><p3><ind><br />
<br />
‘These three hills are sown (with corn)’<br />
<br />
==== Reduplication ====<br />
<br />
Reduplication is an available but limited morphological process. Single vowel roots and some CV roots such as pá- (carry) are not reduplicated. About 70 roots never occur unreduplicated (niní-n (to ripen)). About a dozen reduplicate only the first syllable. In general, practically any root can stand either alone or reduplicated.<br />
<br />
Three Systems:<br />
<br />
* k'waní-k'waní-ta-n (to throw up repeatedly) -- an aspectual system<br />
* meré-meré-hku-n (to be very brilliant) -- modal system<br />
* p'uní-p'uní-hku-n (to blow off all over (as when dusting)) -- locative system<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
<br />
* učú-učú-hku-ndi-n (to smell of fish, sex, or carrion) -- spatial suffix (oral and facial, involves smell)<br />
* opó-opó-k-haśi (swollen (of the entire body)) -- the roots may be followed by one of six consonants and the stativizing suffix -hási ‘class, type of’, as in opó- ‘large, round’<br />
* kwená-hku-n (to lick upward (as of fire)) -- roots are followed by intransitivizing -hku<br />
* wá-wá-kuri-n (to be missing one’s teeth, leaves, etc.) -- reflexive theme<br />
* arí-arí-ta-n (to give advice) -- yield a transitive theme<br />
* yará-yará-c-ka-pa-n (to go about urinating on oneself) -- lexical/spatial suffix value of ‘bottom’<br />
* šún-šún-á-pi-ti (very green) -- only first CV is reduplicated<br />
* tíks-tíks-á-ni-n (to beat of fright) -- cavity/thorax spatial suffix<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Purépecha]]<br />
[[Category:sp21_GrammarDocumentation]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/grammar&diff=12484Purépecha/grammar2021-03-08T22:47:18Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>Purépechan Grammar<br />
<br />
== Parts of Speech ==<br />
<br />
=== Nouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Singular ====<br />
<br />
These forms take no further nominal morphology apart from the appropriate case markers, such as the objective -ni or the plural marker -cha.<br />
<br />
wari<n><sg> (woman)<br />
<br />
kurú<n><sg> (fish)<br />
<br />
anátapu<n><sg> (tree)<br />
<br />
==== Plural ====<br />
Irrespective of their formation method, nouns are pluralised with the suffix -echa, -icha, or -cha (depending on the variety).<br />
<br />
wari<n><pl> ↔ wariecha (women)<br />
<br />
kurú<n><pl> ↔ kurūcha (fishes)<br />
<br />
anátapu<n><pl> ↔ anátapuicha (trees)<br />
<br />
==== Case ====<br />
<br />
In Purépecha, the nominative case (unmarked) is a coding property of subjects, while the suffix -ni is the case marker for objects, both in monotransitive and ditransitive constructions.<br />
<br />
ganádu<n><pl><obj> ↔ ganáduni (cattle)<br />
<br />
kurú<n><pl><obj> ↔ kurúchani (fish)<br />
<br />
yurhíri<n><sg><obj> ↔ yurhírini (blood)<br />
<br />
=== Verbs ===<br />
<br />
Purépechan is a very agglutinative language, meaning that the words in the language are made by stringing together morphemes. A large portion of the agglutination happens in the verbs. Adding suffixes to the words can help users express locative, directional, causative, voice/valency, desiderative, adverbial, third person plural object, aspect, tense, irrealis, mood, and person and number. <br />
A few examples we:<br />
<br />
<nowiki>kw’i<v><pres><sub><p1><sg> ↔ kw’ixakani</nowiki><br />
<br />
<nowiki>kw’i<v><pres><ass><p1><sg> ↔ kw’ixakani</nowiki><br />
<br />
eshé<v><pprs><pres><1/2ind><p1><sg> ↔ eshéshakani<br />
<br />
jwá<v><perf><past><3ind> ↔ jwáspti<br />
<br />
==== Roots and Agents ====<br />
<br />
The suffix-nominalising suffix, most frequently -kwa (-ka in some varieties) as in pire-kwa; -ri, the most common nominalising suffix, generally refers to an agent, as in pire-ri 'singer'.<br />
<br />
pire<inf> (to sing)<br />
<br />
pire<n><sg> ↔ pirekwa (song)<br />
<br />
pire<n><sg> ↔ pireri (singer)<br />
<br />
==== Aspect ====<br />
<br />
Aspect and tense markers are the same for all persons, but the indicative mood morpheme changes from -ka for the 1st and 2nd person to -ti for the 3rd person. Aspect co-occurs with tense and mood.<br />
<br />
wanta<v><pass><hab><past><p3><ass><pl><poss>wantanaxïnanti<br />
<br />
yontki wantanaxïnanti juchari anapu<br />
<br />
before speak language<br />
<br />
'Before, our language was spoken.'<br />
<br />
<br />
t’<v><prf><past><sbjv> t’iréspka<br />
<br />
ximpóka xuchá/María t’iréspka ya<br />
<br />
because Maria<pl> eat already<br />
<br />
‘ . . . because we have already eaten/Maria has already eaten.’<br />
<br />
<br />
xanó<v><prf><past><sbjv>xanópka<br />
<br />
t’<p2><sgt’ú>/tumpí<pl>tumpíicha<br />
<br />
éka t’ú/tumpíicha xanó-∅-p-ka ya<br />
<br />
when boy arrive already<br />
<br />
‘ . . . when you had already arrived/the boys had already arrived.’<br />
<br />
==== Irrealis ====<br />
<br />
ni-a-ti go (He will go)<br />
<br />
ni<v><irr><p3><sg> ↔ niati<br />
<br />
ewa-a-a-ka remove ('I will remove them.')<br />
<br />
ewa<v><3PL.O><irr><ass><p1><sg> ↔ ewaaaka<br />
<br />
==== Mood ====<br />
Purépecha the verbal inflection only distinguishes the person features of the subject in the indicative mood. The indicative verbal forms must be inflected in agreement with the grammatical subject: if the subject is 1st or 2nd person, the verb is marked with -ka; if it is 3rd person, then the marker is -ti.<br />
In contrast with the interrogative/clarificational inflection, marked with -∅ or -ki for all persons, and the subjunctive mood, marked with -ka regardless of the person of the subject.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Mood<br />
|-<br />
|Indicative<br />
|nothing<br />
|-<br />
|Interrogative<br />
|Ø or ki suffix<br />
|-<br />
|Subjunctive<br />
|ka suffix<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Atá-s-Ø-ka <nowiki>strike-prf-prs-1/2ind</nowiki><br />
<br />
Atá<v><prf><pres><ind><p1> ↔ Atáska<br />
<br />
Atá<v><prf><pres><ind><p2> ↔ Atáska<br />
<br />
Atá<v><prf><pres><ind><p3> ↔ Atásti<br />
<br />
xupá-s-Ø-ka=ni <nowiki>wash-prf-prs-1/2ind=1sg.sbj</nowiki><br />
<br />
xupá<v><prf><pres><sg><sbj><p1> ↔ xupáskani<br />
<br />
xanó-s-Ø-ka=ni arrive-prf-prs-1/2ind=1sg.sbj<br />
<br />
xanó<v><prf><pres><sg><sbj><p1> ↔ xanóskani<br />
<br />
<br />
The object suffix -a is considered a 3rd person plural marker, which, according to some authors, has a pronominal or agreement value.<br />
<br />
==== Person and Number ====<br />
<br />
Aspect and tense markers are the same for all persons, but the indicative mood morpheme changes from -ka for the 1st and 2nd person to -ti for the 3rd person.<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka<br />
eró<prog><p1><ind>erókashaka<br />
eró<prog><p2><ind>erókashaka<br />
<br />
‘I / you / we / you(pl) are waiting’<br />
<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ti<br />
eró<prog><p3><ind>erókashati<br />
<br />
‘He/they are waiting’<br />
<br />
<br />
If one wishes to be more specific about the subject number, a set of clitics can be optionally attached to the inflected verb:<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka=ni<br />
eró<prog><p1><ind><s_sg1>erókashakani<br />
‘I am waiting’<br />
<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka=ri<br />
eró<prog><p2><ind><s_sg2>erókashakani<br />
‘You are waiting’<br />
<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ti<br />
eró<prog><p3><ind>erókashati<br />
‘He/they are waiting’<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka=tsï<br />
eró<prog><p2><ind><s_pl2>erókashatsï<br />
‘You (pl) are waiting’<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka=ksï<br />
eró<prog><p1><ind><s_pl1>erókashaksï<br />
‘We are waiting’<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ti=ksï<br />
eró<prog><p3><ind><s_pl3>erókashatiksï<br />
‘They are waiting’<br />
<br />
=== Others ===<br />
<br />
==== Determinants or Determiners ====<br />
<br />
Purépecha does not have a definite determiner like English "the" or Spanish "el/los."<br />
Among the most common demonstratives are the singular forms í 'this', inté 'that (visible to the speaker)', and imá 'that (not visible to the speaker)', as well as the corresponding plural forms ts'ï 'these', ts'ïmí 'those', and ts'ïmá 'those'.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Determiners<br />
|-<br />
|iámindu<br />
|'all'<br />
|-<br />
|máru<br />
|'some'<br />
|-<br />
|imá<br />
|'that' (not visible to the speaker)<br />
|-<br />
|í<br />
|'this'<br />
|-<br />
|inté<br />
|'that' (visible to the speaker)<br />
|-<br />
|ts'ï<br />
|'these'<br />
|-<br />
|ts'ïmí<br />
|'those'<br />
|-<br />
|ts'ïmá<br />
|'those'<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
<br />
í atá-s-∅-ti inté-ni<br />
<br />
this strike<prf><prs><p3><ind> that<obj><br />
<br />
'This (one) struck that (one).'<br />
<br />
<br />
ts'ïmá atá-s-∅-ti inté-ni<br />
<br />
those strike<prf><prs><p3><ind> that<obj><br />
<br />
'Those struck that (one).'<br />
<br />
<br />
ihtsï iámindu juát-icha júkska-kata jarha-h-ti<br />
<br />
DEM.PL all hill<pl> sow<ppl> be<pfve><p3><ind><br />
<br />
‘All these hills are sown (with corn)’<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ihtsï tanímu juát-icha júkska-kata jarha-h-ti<br />
<br />
<dem><pl> three hill<pl> sow<ppl> be<pfve><p3><ind><br />
<br />
‘These three hills are sown (with corn)’<br />
<br />
==== Reduplication ====<br />
<br />
Reduplication is an available but limited morphological process. Single vowel roots and some CV roots such as pá- (carry) are not reduplicated. About 70 roots never occur unreduplicated (niní-n (to ripen)). About a dozen reduplicate only the first syllable. In general, practically any root can stand either alone or reduplicated.<br />
<br />
Three Systems:<br />
<br />
* k'waní-k'waní-ta-n (to throw up repeatedly) -- an aspectual system<br />
* meré-meré-hku-n (to be very brilliant) -- modal system<br />
* p'uní-p'uní-hku-n (to blow off all over (as when dusting)) -- locative system<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
<br />
* učú-učú-hku-ndi-n (to smell of fish, sex, or carrion) -- spatial suffix (oral and facial, involves smell)<br />
* opó-opó-k-haśi (swollen (of the entire body)) -- the roots may be followed by one of six consonants and the stativizing suffix -hási ‘class, type of’, as in opó- ‘large, round’<br />
* kwená-hku-n (to lick upward (as of fire)) -- roots are followed by intransitivizing -hku<br />
* wá-wá-kuri-n (to be missing one’s teeth, leaves, etc.) -- reflexive theme<br />
* arí-arí-ta-n (to give advice) -- yield a transitive theme<br />
* yará-yará-c-ka-pa-n (to go about urinating on oneself) -- lexical/spatial suffix value of ‘bottom’<br />
* šún-šún-á-pi-ti (very green) -- only first CV is reduplicated<br />
* tíks-tíks-á-ni-n (to beat of fright) -- cavity/thorax spatial suffix<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Purépecha]]<br />
[[Category:sp21_GrammarDocumentation]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/grammar&diff=12483Purépecha/grammar2021-03-08T22:44:49Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>Purépechan Grammar<br />
<br />
== Parts of Speech ==<br />
<br />
=== Nouns ===<br />
<br />
==== Singular ====<br />
<br />
These forms take no further nominal morphology apart from the appropriate case markers, such as the objective -ni or the plural marker -cha.<br />
<br />
wari<n><sg> (woman)<br />
<br />
kurú<n><sg> (fish)<br />
<br />
anátapu<n><sg> (tree)<br />
<br />
==== Plural ====<br />
Irrespective of their formation method, nouns are pluralised with the suffix -echa, -icha, or -cha (depending on the variety).<br />
<br />
wari<n><pl> ↔ wariecha (women)<br />
<br />
kurú<n><pl> ↔ kurūcha (fishes)<br />
<br />
anátapu<n><pl> ↔ anátapuicha (trees)<br />
<br />
==== Case ====<br />
<br />
In Purépecha, the nominative case (unmarked) is a coding property of subjects, while the suffix -ni is the case marker for objects, both in monotransitive and ditransitive constructions.<br />
<br />
ganádu<n><pl><obj> ↔ ganáduni (cattle)<br />
<br />
kurú<n><pl><obj> ↔ kurúchani (fish)<br />
<br />
yurhíri<n><sg><obj> ↔ yurhírini (blood)<br />
<br />
=== Verbs ===<br />
<br />
Purépechan is a very agglutinative language, meaning that the words in the language are made by stringing together morphemes. A large portion of the agglutination happens in the verbs. Adding suffixes to the words can help users express locative, directional, causative, voice/valency, desiderative, adverbial, third person plural object, aspect, tense, irrealis, mood, and person and number. <br />
A few examples we:<br />
<br />
<nowiki>kw’i<v><pres><sub><p1><sg> ↔ kw’ixakani</nowiki><br />
<br />
<nowiki>kw’i<v><pres><ass><p1><sg> ↔ kw’ixakani</nowiki><br />
<br />
eshé<v><pprs><pres><1/2ind><p1><sg> ↔ eshéshakani<br />
<br />
jwá<v><perf><past><3ind> ↔ jwáspti<br />
<br />
==== Roots and Agents ====<br />
<br />
The suffix-nominalising suffix, most frequently -kwa (-ka in some varieties) as in pire-kwa; -ri, the most common nominalising suffix, generally refers to an agent, as in pire-ri 'singer'.<br />
<br />
pire<inf> (to sing)<br />
<br />
pire<n><sg> ↔ pirekwa (song)<br />
<br />
pire<n><sg> ↔ pireri (singer)<br />
<br />
==== Aspect ====<br />
<br />
Aspect and tense markers are the same for all persons, but the indicative mood morpheme changes from -ka for the 1st and 2nd person to -ti for the 3rd person. Aspect co-occurs with tense and mood.<br />
<br />
wanta<v><pass><hab><past><p3><ass><pl><poss>wantanaxïnanti<br />
yontki wantanaxïnanti juchari anapu<br />
<br />
before speak language<br />
<br />
'Before, our language was spoken.'<br />
<br />
<br />
t’<v><prf><past><sbjv> t’iréspka<br />
ximpóka xuchá/María t’iréspka ya<br />
<br />
because Maria<pl> eat already<br />
<br />
‘ . . . because we have already eaten/Maria has already eaten.’<br />
<br />
<br />
xanó<v><prf><past><sbjv>xanópka<br />
t’<p2><sgt’ú>/tumpí<pl>tumpíicha<br />
éka t’ú/tumpíicha xanó-∅-p-ka ya<br />
<br />
when boy arrive already<br />
<br />
‘ . . . when you had already arrived/the boys had already arrived.’<br />
<br />
==== Irrealis ====<br />
<br />
ni-a-ti go (He will go)<br />
<br />
ni<v><irr><p3><sg> ↔ niati<br />
<br />
ewa-a-a-ka remove ('I will remove them.')<br />
<br />
ewa<v><3PL.O><irr><ass><p1><sg> ↔ ewaaaka<br />
<br />
==== Mood ====<br />
Purépecha the verbal inflection only distinguishes the person features of the subject in the indicative mood. The indicative verbal forms must be inflected in agreement with the grammatical subject: if the subject is 1st or 2nd person, the verb is marked with -ka; if it is 3rd person, then the marker is -ti.<br />
In contrast with the interrogative/clarificational inflection, marked with -∅ or -ki for all persons, and the subjunctive mood, marked with -ka regardless of the person of the subject.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Mood<br />
|-<br />
|Indicative<br />
|nothing<br />
|-<br />
|Interrogative<br />
|Ø or ki suffix<br />
|-<br />
|Subjunctive<br />
|ka suffix<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Atá-s-Ø-ka <nowiki>strike-prf-prs-1/2ind</nowiki><br />
<br />
Atá<v><prf><pres><ind><p1> ↔ Atáska<br />
<br />
Atá<v><prf><pres><ind><p2> ↔ Atáska<br />
<br />
Atá<v><prf><pres><ind><p3> ↔ Atásti<br />
<br />
xupá-s-Ø-ka=ni <nowiki>wash-prf-prs-1/2ind=1sg.sbj</nowiki><br />
<br />
xupá<v><prf><pres><sg><sbj><p1> ↔ xupáskani<br />
<br />
xanó-s-Ø-ka=ni arrive-prf-prs-1/2ind=1sg.sbj<br />
<br />
xanó<v><prf><pres><sg><sbj><p1> ↔ xanóskani<br />
<br />
<br />
The object suffix -a is considered a 3rd person plural marker, which, according to some authors, has a pronominal or agreement value.<br />
<br />
==== Person and Number ====<br />
<br />
Aspect and tense markers are the same for all persons, but the indicative mood morpheme changes from -ka for the 1st and 2nd person to -ti for the 3rd person.<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka<br />
eró<prog><p1><ind>erókashaka<br />
eró<prog><p2><ind>erókashaka<br />
<br />
‘I / you / we / you(pl) are waiting’<br />
<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ti<br />
eró<prog><p3><ind>erókashati<br />
<br />
‘He/they are waiting’<br />
<br />
<br />
If one wishes to be more specific about the subject number, a set of clitics can be optionally attached to the inflected verb:<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka=ni<br />
eró<prog><p1><ind><s_sg1>erókashakani<br />
‘I am waiting’<br />
<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka=ri<br />
eró<prog><p2><ind><s_sg2>erókashakani<br />
‘You are waiting’<br />
<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ti<br />
eró<prog><p3><ind>erókashati<br />
‘He/they are waiting’<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka=tsï<br />
eró<prog><p2><ind><s_pl2>erókashatsï<br />
‘You (pl) are waiting’<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ka=ksï<br />
eró<prog><p1><ind><s_pl1>erókashaksï<br />
‘We are waiting’<br />
<br />
eró+ka-sha-ti=ksï<br />
eró<prog><p3><ind><s_pl3>erókashatiksï<br />
‘They are waiting’<br />
<br />
=== Others ===<br />
<br />
==== Determinants or Determiners ====<br />
<br />
Purépecha does not have a definite determiner like English "the" or Spanish "el/los."<br />
Among the most common demonstratives are the singular forms í 'this', inté 'that (visible to the speaker)', and imá 'that (not visible to the speaker)', as well as the corresponding plural forms ts'ï 'these', ts'ïmí 'those', and ts'ïmá 'those'.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Determiners<br />
|-<br />
|iámindu<br />
|'all'<br />
|-<br />
|máru<br />
|'some'<br />
|-<br />
|imá<br />
|'that' (not visible to the speaker)<br />
|-<br />
|í<br />
|'this'<br />
|-<br />
|inté<br />
|'that' (visible to the speaker)<br />
|-<br />
|ts'ï<br />
|'these'<br />
|-<br />
|ts'ïmí<br />
|'those'<br />
|-<br />
|ts'ïmá<br />
|'those'<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
<br />
í atá-s-∅-ti inté-ni<br />
<br />
this strike<prf><prs><p3><ind> that<obj><br />
<br />
'This (one) struck that (one).'<br />
<br />
<br />
ts'ïmá atá-s-∅-ti inté-ni<br />
<br />
those strike<prf><prs><p3><ind> that<obj><br />
<br />
'Those struck that (one).'<br />
<br />
<br />
ihtsï iámindu juát-icha júkska-kata jarha-h-ti<br />
<br />
DEM.PL all hill<pl> sow<ppl> be<pfve><p3><ind><br />
<br />
‘All these hills are sown (with corn)’<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ihtsï tanímu juát-icha júkska-kata jarha-h-ti<br />
<br />
<dem><pl> three hill<pl> sow<ppl> be<pfve><p3><ind><br />
<br />
‘These three hills are sown (with corn)’<br />
<br />
==== Reduplication ====<br />
<br />
Reduplication is an available but limited morphological process. Single vowel roots and some CV roots such as pá- (carry) are not reduplicated. About 70 roots never occur unreduplicated (niní-n (to ripen)). About a dozen reduplicate only the first syllable. In general, practically any root can stand either alone or reduplicated.<br />
<br />
Three Systems:<br />
<br />
* k'waní-k'waní-ta-n (to throw up repeatedly) -- an aspectual system<br />
* meré-meré-hku-n (to be very brilliant) -- modal system<br />
* p'uní-p'uní-hku-n (to blow off all over (as when dusting)) -- locative system<br />
<br />
Examples:<br />
<br />
* učú-učú-hku-ndi-n (to smell of fish, sex, or carrion) -- spatial suffix (oral and facial, involves smell)<br />
* opó-opó-k-haśi (swollen (of the entire body)) -- the roots may be followed by one of six consonants and the stativizing suffix -hási ‘class, type of’, as in opó- ‘large, round’<br />
* kwená-hku-n (to lick upward (as of fire)) -- roots are followed by intransitivizing -hku<br />
* wá-wá-kuri-n (to be missing one’s teeth, leaves, etc.) -- reflexive theme<br />
* arí-arí-ta-n (to give advice) -- yield a transitive theme<br />
* yará-yará-c-ka-pa-n (to go about urinating on oneself) -- lexical/spatial suffix value of ‘bottom’<br />
* šún-šún-á-pi-ti (very green) -- only first CV is reduplicated<br />
* tíks-tíks-á-ni-n (to beat of fright) -- cavity/thorax spatial suffix<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Purépecha]]<br />
[[Category:sp21_GrammarDocumentation]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/grammar&diff=12028Purépecha/grammar2021-03-05T03:41:07Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>Purépechan Grammar<br />
<br />
===Parts of Speech===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
Purépechan is a very agglutinative language, meaning that the words in the language are made by stringing together morphemes. A large portion of the agglutination happens in the verbs. Adding suffixes to the words can help users express locative, directional, causative, voice/valency, desiderative, adverbial, third person plural object, aspect, tense, irrealis, mood, and person and number. <br />
A few examples we:<br />
<br />
<nowiki>kw’i<v><pprs><sub/ass><p1><sg> ↔ kw’ixakani</nowiki><br />
<br />
eshé<v><pprs><pres><1/2ind><p1><sg> ↔ eshéshakani<br />
<br />
jwá<v><perf><past><3ind> ↔ jwáspti<br />
<br />
<br />
*singular<br />
*plural<br />
*determinants<br />
*verbs<br />
*roots<br />
*aspect<br />
*tense<br />
*ireealis<br />
*mood<br />
*person and number</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/grammar&diff=12027Purépecha/grammar2021-03-05T03:40:44Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>Purépechan Grammar<br />
<br />
===Parts of Speech===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
Purépechan is a very agglutinative language, meaning that the words in the language are made by stringing together morphemes. A large portion of the agglutination happens in the verbs. Adding suffixes to the words can help users express locative, directional, causative, voice/valency, desiderative, adverbial, third person plural object, aspect, tense, irrealis, mood, and person and number. <br />
A few examples we:<br />
<br />
kw’i<v><pprs><sub/ ass><p1><sg> ↔ kw’ixakani<br />
<br />
eshé<v><pprs><pres><1/2ind><p1><sg> ↔ eshéshakani<br />
<br />
jwá<v><perf><past><3ind> ↔ jwáspti<br />
<br />
<br />
*singular<br />
*plural<br />
*determinants<br />
*verbs<br />
*roots<br />
*aspect<br />
*tense<br />
*ireealis<br />
*mood<br />
*person and number</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/grammar&diff=12026Purépecha/grammar2021-03-05T03:40:26Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>Purépechan Grammar<br />
<br />
===Parts of Speech===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
Purépechan is a very agglutinative language, meaning that the words in the language are made by stringing together morphemes. A large portion of the agglutination happens in the verbs. Adding suffixes to the words can help users express locative, directional, causative, voice/valency, desiderative, adverbial, third person plural object, aspect, tense, irrealis, mood, and person and number. <br />
A few examples we:<br />
<br />
kw’i<v><pprs><sub/ass><p1><sg> ↔ kw’ixakani<br />
<br />
eshé<v><pprs><pres><1/2ind><p1><sg> ↔ eshéshakani<br />
<br />
jwá<v><perf><past><3ind> ↔ jwáspti<br />
<br />
<br />
*singular<br />
*plural<br />
*determinants<br />
*verbs<br />
*roots<br />
*aspect<br />
*tense<br />
*ireealis<br />
*mood<br />
*person and number</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/grammar&diff=12025Purépecha/grammar2021-03-05T03:40:10Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>Purépechan Grammar<br />
<br />
===Parts of Speech===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
Purépechan is a very agglutinative language, meaning that the words in the language are made by stringing together morphemes. A large portion of the agglutination happens in the verbs. Adding suffixes to the words can help users express locative, directional, causative, voice/valency, desiderative, adverbial, third person plural object, aspect, tense, irrealis, mood, and person and number. <br />
A few examples we:<br />
kw’i<v><pprs><sub/ass><p1><sg> ↔ kw’ixakani<br />
<br />
eshé<v><pprs><pres><1/2ind><p1><sg> ↔ eshéshakani<br />
<br />
jwá<v><perf><past><3ind> ↔ jwáspti<br />
<br />
<br />
*singular<br />
*plural<br />
*determinants<br />
*verbs<br />
*roots<br />
*aspect<br />
*tense<br />
*ireealis<br />
*mood<br />
*person and number</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/grammar&diff=12024Purépecha/grammar2021-03-05T03:39:50Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>Purépechan Grammar<br />
<br />
===Parts of Speech===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
Purépechan is a very agglutinative language, meaning that the words in the language are made by stringing together morphemes. A large portion of the agglutination happens in the verbs. Adding suffixes to the words can help users express locative, directional, causative, voice/valency, desiderative, adverbial, third person plural object, aspect, tense, irrealis, mood, and person and number. <br />
A few examples we:<br />
kw’i<v><pprs><sub/ass><p1><sg> ↔ kw’ixakani<br />
<br />
eshé<v><pprs><pres><1/2ind><p1><sg> ↔ eshéshakani<br />
<br />
jwá<v><perf><past><3ind> ↔ jwáspti<br />
<br />
<br />
*singular<br />
*plural<br />
*determinants<br />
*verbs<br />
*roots<br />
*aspect<br />
*tense<br />
*ireealis<br />
*mood<br />
*person and number</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/grammar&diff=12023Purépecha/grammar2021-03-05T03:39:25Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>Purépechan Grammar<br />
<br />
===Parts of Speech===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
Purépechan is a very agglutinative language, meaning that the words in the language are made by stringing together morphemes. A large portion of the agglutination happens in the verbs. Adding suffixes to the words can help users express locative, directional, causative, voice/valency, desiderative, adverbial, third person plural object, aspect, tense, irrealis, mood, and person and number. <br />
A few examples we:<br />
kw’i<v><pprs><sub/ass><p1><sg> ↔ kw’ixakani<br />
<br />
eshé<v><pprs><pres><1/2ind><p1><sg> ↔ eshéshakani<br />
<br />
jwá<v><perf><past><3ind> ↔ jwáspti<br />
<br />
<br />
*singular<br />
*plural<br />
*determinants<br />
*verbs<br />
*roots<br />
*aspect<br />
*tense<br />
*ireealis<br />
*mood<br />
*person and number</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/grammar&diff=12020Purépecha/grammar2021-03-05T02:03:20Z<p>Jlopezn1: Created page with "Purépechan Grammar"</p>
<hr />
<div>Purépechan Grammar</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/keyboard&diff=11631Purépecha/keyboard2021-02-26T19:55:35Z<p>Jlopezn1: /* Justification */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Purepechan key.png|x200px|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
A keyboard layout for Purépecha (default)<br />
<br />
[[File:Purepechan_alt.png|x200px|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
A keyboard layout for Purépecha (option)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Justification ==<br />
<br />
The official Purépecha alphabet (P’URHEPECHA JIMBO KARARAKUECHA) is:<br />
<br />
* a b ch chʼ d e g i ï j k kʼ m n nh o p pʼ r rh s t tʼ ts tsʼ u x<br />
<br />
Though we considered creating a unique and Purépechan specific keyboard layout, we decided this might not be favorable as several speakers of the language may also know Spanish and would need a keyboard to serve both languages. The Purépechan people know learned Spanish because the Mexican government encourage speakers of Indigenous languages to abandon their languages in favor of Spanish; this caused the status of the Purépechan language to become more endangered. It wasn't until 2003 the Congress of the Union of Mexico approved the General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples which protected the language as a "national language" [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language]. <br />
<br />
We adapted a (Spain) Spanish keyboard as the base for our layout. This is because we wanted the keyboard to be useful for both Spanish and Purépecha speakers. For letters in the Purépechan alphabet that use two Latin letters such as "ch" and "nh," we decided that users would sequentially press the "c" key and then the "h" key. This does result in slightly slower typing, but it allows the keyboard to remain versatile to speakers of both languages. For other special letters (particularly the ones with the aspirated apostrophe (ʼ)), we made use of the "Option" key. The second picture above shows which keys are available to the user when they press "Option." The idea is that, for example, if the user presses option and then the letter c, they should get chʼ. This is a shortcut as the user would not have to press "h" to get the aspirated "ch': letter. The full combinations are:<br />
<br />
* OPTION + c = chʼ<br />
* OPTION + i = ï<br />
* OPTION + k = kʼ<br />
* OPTION + p = pʼ<br />
* OPTION + t = tʼ<br />
* OPTION + s = tsʼ<br />
<br />
In mapping these new keyboard outputs, we lost a few characters, such as ß, ˆ, and †. Most of the characters we deemed to be insignificant, except the carrot ^ symbol. In order to regain that symbol, we mapped to ALT + m. This. in turn, left the new keyboard without a µ character.<br />
<br />
Lastly, we added the aspirated apostrophe (ʼ) to the keyboard for users who wish to aspirate their letters manually. This is done by holding the "Option" key and pressing the falling accent key (`).<br />
<br />
== Existing Resources ==<br />
Purepechan does not appear to have any keyboard already available. It is assumed that Purépechan speakers type on the Spanish keyboard using Latin letters as the Spanish created an alphabet for their language using latin phonetics. Nearly all sounds from Purépechan are supported (in different ways) by the Spanish language, but could be suboptimal for users.<br />
<br />
== Installation ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Keyboard_layouts]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/keyboard&diff=11608Purépecha/keyboard2021-02-26T19:21:47Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Purepechan key.png|x200px|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
A keyboard layout for Purépecha (default)<br />
<br />
[[File:Purepechan_alt.png|x200px|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
A keyboard layout for Purépecha (option)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Justification ==<br />
<br />
The official Purépecha alphabet (P’URHEPECHA JIMBO KARARAKUECHA) is:<br />
<br />
* a b ch chʼ d e g i ï j k kʼ m n nh o p pʼ r rh s t tʼ ts tsʼ u x<br />
<br />
We used a (Spain) Spanish keyboard as the base for our layout. This is because we wanted the keyboard to be useful for both Spanish and Purépecha speakers. For letters in the alphabet that have two Latin letters such as "ch" and nh," we decided that users would press the "c" key and then the "h" key. This does result in slightly slower typing, but it allows the keyboard to remain versatile to speakers of both languages. For other special letters (particularly the ones with the aspirated apostrophe (ʼ)), we made use of the "Option" key. The second picture above shows which keys are available to the user when they press "Option." The idea is that, for example, if the user presses option and then the letter c, they should get chʼ. The full combinations are:<br />
<br />
* OPTION + c = chʼ<br />
* OPTION + i = ï<br />
* OPTION + k = kʼ<br />
* OPTION + p = pʼ<br />
* OPTION + t = tʼ<br />
* OPTION + s = tsʼ<br />
<br />
In mapping these new keyboard outputs, we lost a few characters, such as ß, ˆ, and †. Most of the characters we deemed to be insignificant, except the carrot ^ symbol. In order to regain that symbol, we mapped to ALT + m. This. in turn, left the new keyboard without a µ character.<br />
<br />
== Existing Resources ==<br />
Purepechan does not appear to have any keyboard already available. It is assumed that Purépechan speakers type on the Spanish keyboard using Latin letters as the Spanish created an alphabet for their language using latin phonetics. Nearly all sounds from Purépechan are supported (in different ways) by the Spanish language, but could be suboptimal for users.<br />
<br />
== Installation ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Keyboard_layouts]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/keyboard&diff=11606Purépecha/keyboard2021-02-26T19:19:55Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Purepechan key.png|x200px|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
A keyboard layout for Purépecha (default)<br />
<br />
[[File:Purepechan_alt.png|x200px|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
A keyboard layout for Purépecha (option)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Justification ==<br />
<br />
The official Purépecha alphabet (P’URHEPECHA JIMBO KARARAKUECHA) is:<br />
<br />
* a b ch chʼ d e g i ï j k kʼ m n nh o p pʼ r rh s t tʼ ts tsʼ u x<br />
<br />
We used a (Spain) Spanish keyboard as the base for our layout. This is because we wanted the keyboard to be useful for both Spanish and Purépecha speakers. For letters in the alphabet that have two Latin letters such as "ch" and nh," we decided that users would press the "c" key and then the "h" key. This does result in slightly slower typing, but it allows the keyboard to remain versatile to speakers of both languages. For other special letters (particularly the ones with the aspirated apostrophe (ʼ)), we made use of the "Option" key. The second picture above shows which keys are available to the user when they press "Option." The idea is that, for example, if the user presses option and then the letter c, they should get chʼ. The full combinations are:<br />
<br />
* OPTION + c = chʼ<br />
* OPTION + i = ï<br />
* OPTION + k = kʼ<br />
* OPTION + p = pʼ<br />
* OPTION + t = tʼ<br />
* OPTION + s = tsʼ<br />
<br />
In mapping these new keyboard outputs, we lost a few characters, such as ß, ˆ, and †. Most of the characters we deemed to be insignificant, except the carrot ^ symbol. In order to regain that symbol, we mapped to ALT + m.<br />
<br />
== Existing Resources ==<br />
Purepechan does not appear to have any keyboard already available. It is assumed that Purépechan speakers type on the Spanish keyboard using Latin letters as the Spanish created an alphabet for their language using latin phonetics. Nearly all sounds from Purépechan are supported (in different ways) by the Spanish language, but could be suboptimal for users.<br />
<br />
== Installation ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Keyboard_layouts]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/keyboard&diff=11605Purépecha/keyboard2021-02-26T19:19:30Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Purepechan key.png|x250px|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
A keyboard layout for Purépecha (default)<br />
<br />
[[File:Purepechan_alt.png|x250px|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
A keyboard layout for Purépecha (option)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Justification ==<br />
<br />
The official Purépecha alphabet (P’URHEPECHA JIMBO KARARAKUECHA) is:<br />
<br />
* a b ch chʼ d e g i ï j k kʼ m n nh o p pʼ r rh s t tʼ ts tsʼ u x<br />
<br />
We used a (Spain) Spanish keyboard as the base for our layout. This is because we wanted the keyboard to be useful for both Spanish and Purépecha speakers. For letters in the alphabet that have two Latin letters such as "ch" and nh," we decided that users would press the "c" key and then the "h" key. This does result in slightly slower typing, but it allows the keyboard to remain versatile to speakers of both languages. For other special letters (particularly the ones with the aspirated apostrophe (ʼ)), we made use of the "Option" key. The second picture above shows which keys are available to the user when they press "Option." The idea is that, for example, if the user presses option and then the letter c, they should get chʼ. The full combinations are:<br />
<br />
* OPTION + c = chʼ<br />
* OPTION + i = ï<br />
* OPTION + k = kʼ<br />
* OPTION + p = pʼ<br />
* OPTION + t = tʼ<br />
* OPTION + s = tsʼ<br />
<br />
In mapping these new keyboard outputs, we lost a few characters, such as ß, ˆ, and †. Most of the characters we deemed to be insignificant, except the carrot ^ symbol. In order to regain that symbol, we mapped to ALT + m.<br />
<br />
== Existing Resources ==<br />
Purepechan does not appear to have any keyboard already available. It is assumed that Purépechan speakers type on the Spanish keyboard using Latin letters as the Spanish created an alphabet for their language using latin phonetics. Nearly all sounds from Purépechan are supported (in different ways) by the Spanish language, but could be suboptimal for users.<br />
<br />
== Installation ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Keyboard_layouts]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/keyboard&diff=11604Purépecha/keyboard2021-02-26T19:18:35Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Purepechan key.png|x250px|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Purepechan_alt.png|x250px|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Justification ==<br />
<br />
The official Purépecha alphabet (P’URHEPECHA JIMBO KARARAKUECHA) is:<br />
<br />
* a b ch chʼ d e g i ï j k kʼ m n nh o p pʼ r rh s t tʼ ts tsʼ u x<br />
<br />
We used a (Spain) Spanish keyboard as the base for our layout. This is because we wanted the keyboard to be useful for both Spanish and Purépecha speakers. For letters in the alphabet that have two Latin letters such as "ch" and nh," we decided that users would press the "c" key and then the "h" key. This does result in slightly slower typing, but it allows the keyboard to remain versatile to speakers of both languages. For other special letters (particularly the ones with the aspirated apostrophe (ʼ)), we made use of the "Option" key. The second picture above shows which keys are available to the user when they press "Option." The idea is that, for example, if the user presses option and then the letter c, they should get chʼ. The full combinations are:<br />
<br />
* OPTION + c = chʼ<br />
* OPTION + i = ï<br />
* OPTION + k = kʼ<br />
* OPTION + p = pʼ<br />
* OPTION + t = tʼ<br />
* OPTION + s = tsʼ<br />
<br />
In mapping these new keyboard outputs, we lost a few characters, such as ß, ˆ, and †. Most of the characters we deemed to be insignificant, except the carrot ^ symbol. In order to regain that symbol, we mapped to ALT + m.<br />
<br />
== Existing Resources ==<br />
Purepechan does not appear to have any keyboard already available. It is assumed that Purépechan speakers type on the Spanish keyboard using Latin letters as the Spanish created an alphabet for their language using latin phonetics. Nearly all sounds from Purépechan are supported (in different ways) by the Spanish language, but could be suboptimal for users.<br />
<br />
== Installation ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Keyboard_layouts]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/keyboard&diff=11603Purépecha/keyboard2021-02-26T19:18:09Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Purepechan key.png|x2500px|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Purepechan_alt.png|x250px|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Justification ==<br />
<br />
The official Purépecha alphabet (P’URHEPECHA JIMBO KARARAKUECHA) is:<br />
<br />
* a b ch chʼ d e g i ï j k kʼ m n nh o p pʼ r rh s t tʼ ts tsʼ u x<br />
<br />
We used a (Spain) Spanish keyboard as the base for our layout. This is because we wanted the keyboard to be useful for both Spanish and Purépecha speakers. For letters in the alphabet that have two Latin letters such as "ch" and nh," we decided that users would press the "c" key and then the "h" key. This does result in slightly slower typing, but it allows the keyboard to remain versatile to speakers of both languages. For other special letters (particularly the ones with the aspirated apostrophe (ʼ)), we made use of the "Option" key. The second picture above shows which keys are available to the user when they press "Option." The idea is that, for example, if the user presses option and then the letter c, they should get chʼ. The full combinations are:<br />
<br />
* OPTION + c = chʼ<br />
* OPTION + i = ï<br />
* OPTION + k = kʼ<br />
* OPTION + p = pʼ<br />
* OPTION + t = tʼ<br />
* OPTION + s = tsʼ<br />
<br />
In mapping these new keyboard outputs, we lost a few characters, such as ß, ˆ, and †. Most of the characters we deemed to be insignificant, except the carrot ^ symbol. In order to regain that symbol, we mapped to ALT + m.<br />
<br />
== Existing Resources ==<br />
Purepechan does not appear to have any keyboard already available. It is assumed that Purépechan speakers type on the Spanish keyboard using Latin letters as the Spanish created an alphabet for their language using latin phonetics. Nearly all sounds from Purépechan are supported (in different ways) by the Spanish language, but could be suboptimal for users.<br />
<br />
== Installation ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Keyboard_layouts]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=File:Purepechan_key.png&diff=11600File:Purepechan key.png2021-02-26T19:17:28Z<p>Jlopezn1: Jlopezn1 uploaded a new version of File:Purepechan key.png</p>
<hr />
<div></div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=File:Purepechan_alt.png&diff=11599File:Purepechan alt.png2021-02-26T19:16:59Z<p>Jlopezn1: Jlopezn1 uploaded a new version of File:Purepechan alt.png</p>
<hr />
<div></div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/keyboard&diff=11598Purépecha/keyboard2021-02-26T19:13:21Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Purepechan key.png|x200px|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Purepechan_alt.png|x200px|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Justification ==<br />
<br />
The official Purépecha alphabet (P’URHEPECHA JIMBO KARARAKUECHA) is:<br />
<br />
* a b ch chʼ d e g i ï j k kʼ m n nh o p pʼ r rh s t tʼ ts tsʼ u x<br />
<br />
We used a (Spain) Spanish keyboard as the base for our layout. This is because we wanted the keyboard to be useful for both Spanish and Purépecha speakers. For letters in the alphabet that have two Latin letters such as "ch" and nh," we decided that users would press the "c" key and then the "h" key. This does result in slightly slower typing, but it allows the keyboard to remain versatile to speakers of both languages. For other special letters (particularly the ones with the aspirated apostrophe (ʼ)), we made use of the "Option" key. The second picture above shows which keys are available to the user when they press "Option." The idea is that, for example, if the user presses option and then the letter c, they should get chʼ. The full combinations are:<br />
<br />
* OPTION + c = chʼ<br />
* OPTION + i = ï<br />
* OPTION + k = kʼ<br />
* OPTION + p = pʼ<br />
* OPTION + t = tʼ<br />
* OPTION + s = tsʼ<br />
<br />
In mapping these new keyboard outputs, we lost a few characters, such as ß, ˆ, and †. Most of the characters we deemed to be insignificant, except the carrot ^ symbol. In order to regain that symbol, we mapped to ALT + m.<br />
<br />
== Existing Resources ==<br />
Purepechan does not appear to have any keyboard already available. It is assumed that Purépechan speakers type on the Spanish keyboard using Latin letters as the Spanish created an alphabet for their language using latin phonetics. Nearly all sounds from Purépechan are supported (in different ways) by the Spanish language, but could be suboptimal for users.<br />
<br />
== Installation ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Keyboard_layouts]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/keyboard&diff=11597Purépecha/keyboard2021-02-26T19:13:10Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Purepechan key.png|x199px|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Purepechan_alt.png|x200px|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Justification ==<br />
<br />
The official Purépecha alphabet (P’URHEPECHA JIMBO KARARAKUECHA) is:<br />
<br />
* a b ch chʼ d e g i ï j k kʼ m n nh o p pʼ r rh s t tʼ ts tsʼ u x<br />
<br />
We used a (Spain) Spanish keyboard as the base for our layout. This is because we wanted the keyboard to be useful for both Spanish and Purépecha speakers. For letters in the alphabet that have two Latin letters such as "ch" and nh," we decided that users would press the "c" key and then the "h" key. This does result in slightly slower typing, but it allows the keyboard to remain versatile to speakers of both languages. For other special letters (particularly the ones with the aspirated apostrophe (ʼ)), we made use of the "Option" key. The second picture above shows which keys are available to the user when they press "Option." The idea is that, for example, if the user presses option and then the letter c, they should get chʼ. The full combinations are:<br />
<br />
* OPTION + c = chʼ<br />
* OPTION + i = ï<br />
* OPTION + k = kʼ<br />
* OPTION + p = pʼ<br />
* OPTION + t = tʼ<br />
* OPTION + s = tsʼ<br />
<br />
In mapping these new keyboard outputs, we lost a few characters, such as ß, ˆ, and †. Most of the characters we deemed to be insignificant, except the carrot ^ symbol. In order to regain that symbol, we mapped to ALT + m.<br />
<br />
== Existing Resources ==<br />
Purepechan does not appear to have any keyboard already available. It is assumed that Purépechan speakers type on the Spanish keyboard using Latin letters as the Spanish created an alphabet for their language using latin phonetics. Nearly all sounds from Purépechan are supported (in different ways) by the Spanish language, but could be suboptimal for users.<br />
<br />
== Installation ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Keyboard_layouts]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/keyboard&diff=11596Purépecha/keyboard2021-02-26T19:12:54Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Purepechan key.png|x200x|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Purepechan_alt.png|x200px|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Justification ==<br />
<br />
The official Purépecha alphabet (P’URHEPECHA JIMBO KARARAKUECHA) is:<br />
<br />
* a b ch chʼ d e g i ï j k kʼ m n nh o p pʼ r rh s t tʼ ts tsʼ u x<br />
<br />
We used a (Spain) Spanish keyboard as the base for our layout. This is because we wanted the keyboard to be useful for both Spanish and Purépecha speakers. For letters in the alphabet that have two Latin letters such as "ch" and nh," we decided that users would press the "c" key and then the "h" key. This does result in slightly slower typing, but it allows the keyboard to remain versatile to speakers of both languages. For other special letters (particularly the ones with the aspirated apostrophe (ʼ)), we made use of the "Option" key. The second picture above shows which keys are available to the user when they press "Option." The idea is that, for example, if the user presses option and then the letter c, they should get chʼ. The full combinations are:<br />
<br />
* OPTION + c = chʼ<br />
* OPTION + i = ï<br />
* OPTION + k = kʼ<br />
* OPTION + p = pʼ<br />
* OPTION + t = tʼ<br />
* OPTION + s = tsʼ<br />
<br />
In mapping these new keyboard outputs, we lost a few characters, such as ß, ˆ, and †. Most of the characters we deemed to be insignificant, except the carrot ^ symbol. In order to regain that symbol, we mapped to ALT + m.<br />
<br />
== Existing Resources ==<br />
Purepechan does not appear to have any keyboard already available. It is assumed that Purépechan speakers type on the Spanish keyboard using Latin letters as the Spanish created an alphabet for their language using latin phonetics. Nearly all sounds from Purépechan are supported (in different ways) by the Spanish language, but could be suboptimal for users.<br />
<br />
== Installation ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Keyboard_layouts]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/keyboard&diff=11595Purépecha/keyboard2021-02-26T19:12:40Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Purepechan key.png|x200x|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Purepechan_alt.png|x199px|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Justification ==<br />
<br />
The official Purépecha alphabet (P’URHEPECHA JIMBO KARARAKUECHA) is:<br />
<br />
* a b ch chʼ d e g i ï j k kʼ m n nh o p pʼ r rh s t tʼ ts tsʼ u x<br />
<br />
We used a (Spain) Spanish keyboard as the base for our layout. This is because we wanted the keyboard to be useful for both Spanish and Purépecha speakers. For letters in the alphabet that have two Latin letters such as "ch" and nh," we decided that users would press the "c" key and then the "h" key. This does result in slightly slower typing, but it allows the keyboard to remain versatile to speakers of both languages. For other special letters (particularly the ones with the aspirated apostrophe (ʼ)), we made use of the "Option" key. The second picture above shows which keys are available to the user when they press "Option." The idea is that, for example, if the user presses option and then the letter c, they should get chʼ. The full combinations are:<br />
<br />
* OPTION + c = chʼ<br />
* OPTION + i = ï<br />
* OPTION + k = kʼ<br />
* OPTION + p = pʼ<br />
* OPTION + t = tʼ<br />
* OPTION + s = tsʼ<br />
<br />
In mapping these new keyboard outputs, we lost a few characters, such as ß, ˆ, and †. Most of the characters we deemed to be insignificant, except the carrot ^ symbol. In order to regain that symbol, we mapped to ALT + m.<br />
<br />
== Existing Resources ==<br />
Purepechan does not appear to have any keyboard already available. It is assumed that Purépechan speakers type on the Spanish keyboard using Latin letters as the Spanish created an alphabet for their language using latin phonetics. Nearly all sounds from Purépechan are supported (in different ways) by the Spanish language, but could be suboptimal for users.<br />
<br />
== Installation ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Keyboard_layouts]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/keyboard&diff=11594Purépecha/keyboard2021-02-26T19:12:25Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Purepechan key.png|x199px|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Purepechan_alt.png|x201px|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Justification ==<br />
<br />
The official Purépecha alphabet (P’URHEPECHA JIMBO KARARAKUECHA) is:<br />
<br />
* a b ch chʼ d e g i ï j k kʼ m n nh o p pʼ r rh s t tʼ ts tsʼ u x<br />
<br />
We used a (Spain) Spanish keyboard as the base for our layout. This is because we wanted the keyboard to be useful for both Spanish and Purépecha speakers. For letters in the alphabet that have two Latin letters such as "ch" and nh," we decided that users would press the "c" key and then the "h" key. This does result in slightly slower typing, but it allows the keyboard to remain versatile to speakers of both languages. For other special letters (particularly the ones with the aspirated apostrophe (ʼ)), we made use of the "Option" key. The second picture above shows which keys are available to the user when they press "Option." The idea is that, for example, if the user presses option and then the letter c, they should get chʼ. The full combinations are:<br />
<br />
* OPTION + c = chʼ<br />
* OPTION + i = ï<br />
* OPTION + k = kʼ<br />
* OPTION + p = pʼ<br />
* OPTION + t = tʼ<br />
* OPTION + s = tsʼ<br />
<br />
In mapping these new keyboard outputs, we lost a few characters, such as ß, ˆ, and †. Most of the characters we deemed to be insignificant, except the carrot ^ symbol. In order to regain that symbol, we mapped to ALT + m.<br />
<br />
== Existing Resources ==<br />
Purepechan does not appear to have any keyboard already available. It is assumed that Purépechan speakers type on the Spanish keyboard using Latin letters as the Spanish created an alphabet for their language using latin phonetics. Nearly all sounds from Purépechan are supported (in different ways) by the Spanish language, but could be suboptimal for users.<br />
<br />
== Installation ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Keyboard_layouts]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha/keyboard&diff=11593Purépecha/keyboard2021-02-26T19:12:08Z<p>Jlopezn1: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Purepechan key.png|x200px|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Purepechan_alt.png|x200px|center|alt=A keyboard layout for ''[[Purépecha]]''.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Justification ==<br />
<br />
The official Purépecha alphabet (P’URHEPECHA JIMBO KARARAKUECHA) is:<br />
<br />
* a b ch chʼ d e g i ï j k kʼ m n nh o p pʼ r rh s t tʼ ts tsʼ u x<br />
<br />
We used a (Spain) Spanish keyboard as the base for our layout. This is because we wanted the keyboard to be useful for both Spanish and Purépecha speakers. For letters in the alphabet that have two Latin letters such as "ch" and nh," we decided that users would press the "c" key and then the "h" key. This does result in slightly slower typing, but it allows the keyboard to remain versatile to speakers of both languages. For other special letters (particularly the ones with the aspirated apostrophe (ʼ)), we made use of the "Option" key. The second picture above shows which keys are available to the user when they press "Option." The idea is that, for example, if the user presses option and then the letter c, they should get chʼ. The full combinations are:<br />
<br />
* OPTION + c = chʼ<br />
* OPTION + i = ï<br />
* OPTION + k = kʼ<br />
* OPTION + p = pʼ<br />
* OPTION + t = tʼ<br />
* OPTION + s = tsʼ<br />
<br />
In mapping these new keyboard outputs, we lost a few characters, such as ß, ˆ, and †. Most of the characters we deemed to be insignificant, except the carrot ^ symbol. In order to regain that symbol, we mapped to ALT + m.<br />
<br />
== Existing Resources ==<br />
Purepechan does not appear to have any keyboard already available. It is assumed that Purépechan speakers type on the Spanish keyboard using Latin letters as the Spanish created an alphabet for their language using latin phonetics. Nearly all sounds from Purépechan are supported (in different ways) by the Spanish language, but could be suboptimal for users.<br />
<br />
== Installation ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Keyboard_layouts]]</div>Jlopezn1http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=File:Purepechan_alt.png&diff=11579File:Purepechan alt.png2021-02-26T18:04:21Z<p>Jlopezn1: Jlopezn1 uploaded a new version of File:Purepechan alt.png</p>
<hr />
<div></div>Jlopezn1