Kamba and English/ContrastiveGrammar - Revision history

Kdandy1: /* No Definite articles */

2023-05-10T02:28:28Z

‎No Definite articles

Kdandy1 at 02:25, 10 May 2023

2023-05-10T02:25:38Z

Kdandy1: /* No Definite articles */

2023-05-10T02:12:57Z

‎No Definite articles

Kdandy1: /* Noun - Possessive Pronoun --> Possessive Pronoun - Noun */

2023-05-10T01:58:03Z

‎Noun - Possessive Pronoun --> Possessive Pronoun - Noun

Kdandy1: Updated contrastive grammar!

2023-05-10T01:57:50Z

Updated contrastive grammar!

Kdandy1 at 01:52, 10 May 2023

2023-05-10T01:52:47Z

Kdandy1 at 00:19, 10 May 2023

2023-05-10T00:19:33Z

Kdandy1 at 23:35, 9 May 2023

2023-05-09T23:35:15Z

Kdandy1: /* Complex Verb Tense System */

2023-05-09T23:26:48Z

‎Complex Verb Tense System

Kdandy1: /* Noun - Determiner --> Determiner - Noun */

2023-05-09T23:17:17Z

‎Noun - Determiner --> Determiner - Noun

@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 {{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi nĩ nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
-*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl10}}{{tag|pl}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} guvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl10}}{{pl}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} sock{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} short{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}
+*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl10}}{{tag|pl}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} guvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl10}}{{tag|pl}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} sock{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} short{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}
 {{transferTest|kam|eng|Mwasũvya nũnũũkũna mũtui.|The carver is hitting the blacksmith.}}

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 * {{transferTest|kam|eng|Atui nĩmeũvinga mĩomo.| The blacksmiths are closing the doors.}}
-*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Atui{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}} nĩmeũvinga{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} mĩomo{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} blacksmith{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} close{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} door{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}
+*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|tui{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}} nĩmeũvinga{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} mĩomo{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} blacksmith{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} close{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} door{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}
 * {{transferTest|kam|eng|Nĩtwavinga mũomo oyu.| We have closed the door now.}}
@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 In English, we use the definite article "the" to refer to specific or previously mentioned nouns. For example, "the dog" refers to a particular dog that has already been mentioned or is known to both the speaker and listener. However, in Kamba, there is no equivalent definite article. Instead, the noun classes and contextual information are used to indicate specificity.
-{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi ni nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
+{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi nĩ nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
-*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}} guvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} sock{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}} short{{tag|adj}}}}
+*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl10}}{{tag|pl}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} guvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl10}}{{pl}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} sock{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} short{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}
 [[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Kamba]][[Category:English]]

@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 *:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}} guvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} sock{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}} short{{tag|adj}}}}
-{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi ni nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
+{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi.|The carver is hitting the blacksmith.}}
-*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}} guvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} sock{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}} short{{tag|adj}}}}
+*:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Mwas{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}} guvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} sock{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}} short{{tag|adj}}}}
 [[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Kamba]][[Category:English]]

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 * {{transferTest|kam|eng| Mutui wakwa nunuukama ng’ombe siaku | My neighbor is milking your cows}}
 *: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Mutui{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl}}{{tag|}} akwa{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}} kama{{tag|v}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl10}}{{tag|pl}} siaku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|My{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} neighbor{{tag|n}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} milk{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} cows{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}
 === Noun - Adjective --> Adjective - Noun ===

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 Because Kamba is a noun-modifier language, its nouns precede the determiner, in these cases, the demonstrative that modifies it, whereas in English, a modifier-noun language, the demonstrative precedes the noun it modifies.
-* {{transferTest|kam|eng|ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
+* {{transferTest|kam|eng|ilinda yĩĩ nĩ yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
 *: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|linda{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|dem}}{{tag|det}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} asa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}}|This{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} long{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:52, 10 May 2023
Line 10:		Line 10:

	=== Noun - Possessive Pronoun --> Possessive Pronoun - Noun ===		=== Noun - Possessive Pronoun --> Possessive Pronoun - Noun ===
		+
		+	For similar reasons as described above, nouns precede possessive pronouns in Kamba. In English, possessive pronouns precede nouns because it is a modifier-noun language.
		+
		+	* {{transferTest\|kam\|eng\|Ng’ombe aĩva tikiti wake. \| Cow paid her fare.}}
		+	*: {{transferMorphTest\|kam\|eng\|g’ombe{{tag\|n}}{{tag\|cl9}}{{tag\|sg}} iv{{tag\|vblex}}{{tag\|perf}}{{tag\|p3}}{{tag\|sg}} tikiti{{tag\|n}}{{tag\|cl9}}{{tag\|sg}} ake{{tag\|prn}}{{tag\|pos}}\|Cow{{tag\|n}}{{tag\|sg}} pay{{tag\|vblex}}{{tag\|past}} her{{tag\|det}}{{tag\|pos}}{{tag\|sp}} fare{{tag\|n}}{{tag\|sg}}}}
		+
		+	* {{transferTest\|kam\|eng\| Mutui wakwa nunuukama ng’ombe siaku \| My neighbor is milking your cows}}
		+	*: {{transferMorphTest\|kam\|eng\|Mutui{{tag\|n}}{{tag\|cl}}{{tag\|}} akwa{{tag\|prn}}{{tag\|pos}} kama{{tag\|v}}{{tag\|prc}}{{tag\|p3}}{{tag\|sg}} g’ombe{{tag\|n}}{{tag\|cl10}}{{tag\|pl}} siaku{{tag\|prn}}{{tag\|pos}}\|My{{tag\|det}}{{tag\|pos}}{{tag\|sp}} neighbor{{tag\|n}}{{tag\|n}}{{tag\|sg}} be{{tag\|vbser}}{{tag\|pres}}{{tag\|p3}}{{tag\|sg}} milk{{tag\|vblex}}{{tag\|pprs}} your{{tag\|det}}{{tag\|pos}}{{tag\|sp}} cows{{tag\|n}}{{tag\|pl}}}}
		+

	=== Noun - Adjective --> Adjective - Noun ===		=== Noun - Adjective --> Adjective - Noun ===

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 * {{transferTest|kam|eng|ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa.|This dress is long.}}
 *: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|linda{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|dem}}{{tag|det}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} asa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}}|This{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} long{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}
 * {{transferTest|kam|eng|Vulana ĩĩ nĩ nene.| This jersey is big.}}
 *: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Vulana{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} a{{tag|dem}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} asa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}}|This{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} jersey{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}
@@ Line 21: / Line 22: @@
 === Complex Verb Tense System ===
-Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers.  In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem. The subject is also optional if it can be determined from the person and number of the verb in Kamba, so pronoun insertion also needs to happen. (Also good to mention that there's no distinction between the present and future, which is a more lexical selection-ish thing, but also is more about the larger context than that can handle probably).
+Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers.  In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem. The subject is also optional if it can be determined from the person and number of the verb in Kamba, so pronoun insertion also needs to happen. (Also good to mention that there's no distinction between the present and future, which is a more disambiguation-ish thing, but also is more about the larger context than that can handle probably).
-* {{transferTest|kam|eng| .| The man is pulling the rope.}}
+* {{transferTest|kam|eng|Atui nĩmeũvinga mĩomo.| The blacksmiths are closing the doors.}}
-*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Vulana{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} a{{tag|dem}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} asa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}}|This{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} jersey{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}
+*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Atui{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}} nĩmeũvinga{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} mĩomo{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} blacksmith{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} close{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} door{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}
 === No Definite articles ===
@@ Line 33: / Line 36: @@
 *:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|cl9}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}} guvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}|The {{tag|null}} sock{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}} short{{tag|adj}}}}
+{{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi ni nguvi.|The socks are short.}}
 [[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Kamba]][[Category:English]]