Rungus/Grammar - Revision history

Cliu1: /* Enclitics */

2025-03-06T22:54:31Z

‎Enclitics

Gzhang1: /* Contractions */

2025-03-04T17:52:52Z

‎Contractions

Jdrisco1: /* "Transitive Prefixes" */

2025-03-03T01:42:33Z

‎"Transitive Prefixes"

Gzhang1: /* Contractions */

2025-02-27T18:07:28Z

‎Contractions

Gzhang1: /* Demonstrative Pronouns */

2025-02-27T18:06:54Z

‎Demonstrative Pronouns

Cliu1: /* Intransitive Prefixes */

2025-02-27T17:24:01Z

‎Intransitive Prefixes

Cliu1: /* Inflectional Morphology */

2025-02-27T17:23:54Z

‎Inflectional Morphology

Cliu1: /* "Intransitive Prefixes" */

2025-02-27T17:21:42Z

‎"Intransitive Prefixes"

Cliu1: /* "Transitive Prefixes" */

2025-02-27T17:18:54Z

‎"Transitive Prefixes"

Cliu1: /* Reduplication */

2025-02-25T16:27:07Z

‎Reduplication

@@ Line 209: / Line 209: @@
 . Enclitics of expectation -po = still more, yet
 *{{morphTest|limo{{tag|n}}+po{{tag|enc}}|limopo}} ('five more')
-*{{morphTest|imot{{tag|v}}+po{{tag|enc}}|imatai}} ('seen first')
+*{{morphTest|imot{{tag|v}}+po{{tag|enc}}|imataipo}} ('seen first')
 *{{morphTest|pongo{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}+po{{tag|enc}}|amupo opongo}} ('not yet finished')

@@ Line 174: / Line 174: @@
 |-
 | iti + it = itit
-| {{morphTest|iti{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|prx}} + {{morphTest|it{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}}|itit}}
+| {{morphTest|iti{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|prx}}+it{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}}|itit}}
 | diti + it = ditit
-| {{morphTest|diti{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|prx}} + {{morphTest|it{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}}|ditit}}
+| {{morphTest|diti{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|prx}}+it{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}}|ditit}}
 |-
 | ino + it = inot
-| {{morphTest|ino{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|dst}} + {{morphTest|it{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}}|inot}}
+| {{morphTest|ino{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|dst}}+it{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}}|inot}}
 | dino + it = dinot
-| {{morphTest|dino{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|dst}} + {{morphTest|it{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}}|dinot}}
+| {{morphTest|dino{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|dst}}+it{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}}|dinot}}
 |-
 | ilo + it = ilot
-| {{morphTest|ilo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|dst}} + {{morphTest|it{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}}|ilot}}
+| {{morphTest|ilo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|dst}}+it{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}}|ilot}}
 | dilo + it = dilot
-| {{morphTest|dilo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|dst}} + {{morphTest|it{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}}|dilot}}
+| {{morphTest|dilo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|dst}}+it{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}}|dilot}}
 |}

@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 *{{morphTest|kabun{{tag|n}}{{tag|sta}}|mukabun}} ('garden' → 'be a farmer')
-==="Transitive Prefixes"===
+===Transitive Prefixes===
 The intransitive and transitive prefixes indicate the valency of the verb (and also aspects?). The prefixes themselves are determined by phonological stipulations of the stem.

@@ Line 176: / Line 176: @@
 | {{morphTest|iti{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|prx}} + {{morphTest|it{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}}|itit}}
 | diti + it = ditit
-| {{morphTest|diti{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|prx}} + {{morphTest|it{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}}|ditit}}
+| {{morphTest|diti{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|prx}} + {{morphTest|it{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}}|ditit}}
 |-
 | ino + it = inot
 | {{morphTest|ino{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|dst}} + {{morphTest|it{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}}|inot}}
 | dino + it = dinot
-| {{morphTest|dino{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|dst}} + {{morphTest|it{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}}|dinot}}
+| {{morphTest|dino{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|dst}} + {{morphTest|it{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}}|dinot}}
 |-
 | ilo + it = ilot
 | {{morphTest|ilo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|dst}} + {{morphTest|it{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}}|ilot}}
 | dilo + it = dilot
-| {{morphTest|dilo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|dst}} + {{morphTest|it{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}}|dilot}}
+| {{morphTest|dilo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|acc}}{{tag|dst}} + {{morphTest|it{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}}|dilot}}
 |}

@@ Line 143: / Line 143: @@
 |-
 | proximate
-| {{morphTest|iti{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|nom}}|iti}}
+| {{morphTest|iti{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|nom}}|iti}}
-| {{morphTest|diti{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|acc}}|diti}}
+| {{morphTest|diti{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|acc}}|diti}}
-| {{morphTest|siti{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|loc}}|siti}}
+| {{morphTest|siti{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|loc}}|siti}}
 |-
 | less close
-| {{morphTest|ino{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|nom}}|ino}}
+| {{morphTest|ino{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|nom}}|ino}}
-| {{morphTest|dino{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|acc}}|dino}}
+| {{morphTest|dino{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|acc}}|dino}}
-| {{morphTest|sino{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|loc}}|sino}}
+| {{morphTest|sino{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|loc}}|sino}}
 |-
 | distant
-| {{morphTest|ilo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|nom}}|ilo}}
+| {{morphTest|ilo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|nom}}|ilo}}
-| {{morphTest|dilo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|acc}}|dilo}}
+| {{morphTest|dilo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|acc}}|dilo}}
-| {{morphTest|silo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|loc}}|silo}}
+| {{morphTest|silo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|loc}}|silo}}
 |-
 | the aforementioned

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 *{{morphTest|odop{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|impf}}|modop}} ('sleep')
 *{{morphTest|ogom{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|impf}}|mogom}} ('sit')
 One of the prefixes listed under "intransitive prefixes" seem to be both aspect-marking and possibly derivational. According to the author, the prefix mu- indicates state of being:

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 ===Intransitive Prefixes===
-The intransitive and transitive prefixes indicate the valency of the verb:
+The intransitive and transitive prefixes indicate the valency of the verb (and also aspects?).
 The prefix m- indicates process:
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 ==="Transitive Prefixes"===
-Transitive verbs are those that can take an object. They are conjugated with a prefix (denoting aspect). The prefixes themselves are determined by phonological stipulations of the stem.
+The intransitive and transitive prefixes indicate the valency of the verb (and also aspects?). The prefixes themselves are determined by phonological stipulations of the stem.
 Verbs in Rungus should be tagged {{tag|v}}, and transitive verbs can be subcategorized as {{tag|tv}}. One of the aspects is the imperfective {{tag|impf}}.

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 ==Inflectional Morphology==
-==="Intransitive Prefixes"===
+===Intransitive Prefixes===
-Intransitive verbs are those that do not take an object. They are conjugated with a prefix (denoting aspect).
+The intransitive and transitive prefixes indicate the valency of the verb:
 The prefix m- indicates process:
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 *{{morphTest|ogom{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|impf}}|mogom}} ('sit')
-Moreover, one of the prefixes listed under "intransitive prefixes" seem to be both aspect-marking and possibly derivational. According to the author, the prefix mu- indicates state of being:
+One of the prefixes listed under "intransitive prefixes" seem to be both aspect-marking and possibly derivational. According to the author, the prefix mu- indicates state of being:
 *{{morphTest|valai{{tag|n}}{{tag|sta}}|muvalai}} ('house' → 'build a house (be a house builder?)')
 *{{morphTest|kadai{{tag|n}}{{tag|sta}}|mukadai}} ('shop' → 'keep a shop (be a shopkeeper?)')

@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 Stem initial voiceless bilabials/labiodentals (and /b/):
 * {{morphTest|panau{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|impf}}|mamanau}}
-* {{morphTest|babo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|impf}}}|mamabo}}
+* {{morphTest|babo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|impf}}|mamabo}}
 * {{morphTest|bubul{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|impf}}|momubul}}
 * {{morphTest|valiu{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|impf}}|mamaliu}}

@@ Line 194: / Line 194: @@
 Reduplication of first stem syllable (with the phonological stipulations in the section "transitive prefixes") expresses collective action. Note the third example, where the stem already indicates a reciprocal/reflexive/dual action ({{tag|rec}}), e.g., {{morphTest|tangkus{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|rec}}|mitangkus}} ('run (together)')), but it could still become collective via reduplication, indicating that collective is distinct from plural/dual/etc.
 * {{morphTest|panau{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|coll}}|mamamanau}} ('goes' → 'go')
-* {{morphTest|gama{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|coll}}|mamangagama}} ('works → work')
+* {{morphTest|gama{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|coll}}|mamangagama}} ('works' → 'work')
-* {{morphTest|tangkus{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|rec}}{{tag|coll}}|mitatangkus}} ('run → (all) run')
+* {{morphTest|tangkus{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|rec}}{{tag|coll}}|mitatangkus}} ('run' → '(all) run')
 Reduplication of the stem expresses repetitive ({{tag|rep}}) collective action.
-* {{morphTest|tangkus{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|rec}}{{tag|coll}}{{tag|rep}}|mitatangkus-tangkus}} ('run → (all) run again and again')
+* {{morphTest|tangkus{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|rec}}{{tag|coll}}{{tag|rep}}|mitatangkus-tangkus}} ('run' → '(all) run again and again')
-* {{morphTest|umpug{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|rec}}{{tag|coll}}{{tag|rep}}|miuumpug-umpug}} ('gather → (all) gather again and again')
+* {{morphTest|umpug{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|rec}}{{tag|coll}}{{tag|rep}}|miuumpug-umpug}} ('gather' → '(all) gather again and again')
 ===Enclitics===