Rungus and English/Contrastive Grammar - Revision history

Cliu1: /* Nominal/adjectival predicates */

2025-04-24T22:32:56Z

‎Nominal/adjectival predicates

Cliu1 at 22:22, 24 April 2025

2025-04-24T22:22:40Z

Cliu1: /* Actor focus */

2025-04-24T22:06:56Z

‎Actor focus

Cliu1: /* Word order */

2025-04-24T22:06:18Z

‎Word order

Cliu1: /* Nominal/adjectival predicates */

2025-04-24T21:26:30Z

‎Nominal/adjectival predicates

Cliu1 at 21:26, 24 April 2025

2025-04-24T21:26:13Z

Cliu1 at 20:57, 24 April 2025

2025-04-24T20:57:43Z

Cliu1: /* Determiners */

2025-04-24T20:57:04Z

‎Determiners

Cliu1: /* Determiners */

2025-04-24T20:56:09Z

‎Determiners

Cliu1 at 20:55, 24 April 2025

2025-04-24T20:55:54Z

@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 == Nominal/adjectival predicates ==
-Rungus nouns and adjectives can be predicative on their own (in which case they do not require determiners); English nouns and adjectives would require copulas.
+Rungus nouns and adjectives can be predicative on their own (in which case they do not require determiners) without requiring copulas; English nouns and adjectives require copulas
 * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Ulun oku|I am a person}}
 *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|ulun{{tag|n}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} }}

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Mamanau it ulun|The person goes}}
 *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|panau{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|af}} it{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}} ulun{{tag|n}} |the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} }}
 === Patient focus ===
@@ Line 26: / Line 28: @@
 *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|gama{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|af}} i{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}} tukang{{tag|n}} do{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|acc}} meja{{tag|n}} |the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} workman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} make{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} table{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} }}
-Determiners are always required in Rungus and can be optional in English (also see the beneficiary focus example)
+Determiners are always required in Rungus and can be optional in English (also see the second actor focus example and the beneficiary focus example)
 * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Gamaon oku dot ulun di tagad ku|My ricefield has been made for me by people}}
 *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|gama{{tag|v}}{{tag|pf}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} dot{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|acc}} ulun{{tag|n}} di{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|acc}} tagad{{tag|n}} ku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}} |the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} workman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} make{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} table{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} }}

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 === Actor focus ===
-Rungus marks actor focus on the verb <code>af</code>, which indicates that the focus argument is an actor; this is roughly equivalent to active voice in English, which is not morphologically marked
+Rungus marks actor focus on the verb <code>af</code>, which indicates that the focus argument is an actor; this is roughly equivalent to active voice in English, which is not morphologically marked (also see the word order example)
 * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Mamanau it ulun|The person goes}}
 *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|panau{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|af}} it{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}} ulun{{tag|n}} |the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} }}

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 == Word order ==
-Rungus is VSO whereas English is SVO
+Rungus is VSO whereas English is SVO (can be seen in all other examples as well)
 * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Momobog ko dialo|You hit him}}
 *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|bobog{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|af}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} dialo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} |you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} hit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} him{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}

@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 == Nominal/adjectival predicates ==
 Rungus nouns and adjectives can be predicative on their own (in which case they do not require determiners); English nouns and adjectives would require copulas.
 * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Ulun oku|I am a person}}
 *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|ulun{{tag|n}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} }}
 * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Agazo ialo|He is big}}
 *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|agazo{{tag|adj}} ialo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|emph}} | he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} }}

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:26, 24 April 2025
Line 34:		Line 34:
	* {{transferTest\|drg\|eng\|Mangatag oku di jiip ku\|I repair my jeep}}		* {{transferTest\|drg\|eng\|Mangatag oku di jiip ku\|I repair my jeep}}
	*: {{transferMorphTest\|drg\|eng\|atag{{tag\|v}}{{tag\|impf}}{{tag\|af}} oku{{tag\|prn}}{{tag\|pers}}{{tag\|p1}}{{tag\|sg}}{{tag\|nom}} i{{tag\|det}}{{tag\|def}}{{tag\|acc}} jiip{{tag\|n}} ku{{tag\|prn}}{{tag\|pers}}{{tag\|p1}}{{tag\|sg}}{{tag\|gen}} \|I{{tag\|prn}}{{tag\|pers}}{{tag\|subj}}{{tag\|p1}}{{tag\|mf}}{{tag\|sg}} repair{{tag\|vblex}}{{tag\|pres}} my{{tag\|det}}{{tag\|pos}}{{tag\|sg}} jeep{{tag\|n}}{{tag\|sg}} }}		*: {{transferMorphTest\|drg\|eng\|atag{{tag\|v}}{{tag\|impf}}{{tag\|af}} oku{{tag\|prn}}{{tag\|pers}}{{tag\|p1}}{{tag\|sg}}{{tag\|nom}} i{{tag\|det}}{{tag\|def}}{{tag\|acc}} jiip{{tag\|n}} ku{{tag\|prn}}{{tag\|pers}}{{tag\|p1}}{{tag\|sg}}{{tag\|gen}} \|I{{tag\|prn}}{{tag\|pers}}{{tag\|subj}}{{tag\|p1}}{{tag\|mf}}{{tag\|sg}} repair{{tag\|vblex}}{{tag\|pres}} my{{tag\|det}}{{tag\|pos}}{{tag\|sg}} jeep{{tag\|n}}{{tag\|sg}} }}
		+
		+	== Nominal/adjectival predicates ==
		+	Rungus nouns and adjectives can be predicative on their own (in which case they do not require determiners); English nouns and adjectives would require copulas.
		+	Noun:
		+	* {{transferTest\|drg\|eng\|Ulun oku\|I am a person}}
		+	*: {{transferMorphTest\|drg\|eng\|ulun{{tag\|n}} oku{{tag\|prn}}{{tag\|pers}}{{tag\|p1}}{{tag\|sg}}{{tag\|nom}} \| I{{tag\|prn}}{{tag\|pers}}{{tag\|subj}}{{tag\|p1}}{{tag\|mf}}{{tag\|sg}} be{{tag\|vblex}}{{tag\|pres}}{{tag\|p1}}{{tag\|sg}} person{{tag\|n}}{{tag\|sg}} }}
		+
		+	Adjective:
		+	* {{transferTest\|drg\|eng\|Agazo ialo\|He is big}}
		+	*: {{transferMorphTest\|drg\|eng\|agazo{{tag\|adj}} ialo{{tag\|prn}}{{tag\|pers}}{{tag\|p3}}{{tag\|sg}}{{tag\|nom}}{{tag\|emph}} \| he{{tag\|prn}}{{tag\|pers}}{{tag\|subj}}{{tag\|p3}}{{tag\|m}}{{tag\|sg}} be{{tag\|vblex}}{{tag\|pres}}{{tag\|p3}}{{tag\|sg}} big{{tag\|adj}}{{tag\|sint}} }}

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 == Word order ==
-* Rungus is VSO whereas English is SVO
+Rungus is VSO whereas English is SVO
 * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Momobog ko dialo|You hit him}}
 *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|bobog{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|af}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} dialo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} |you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} hit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} him{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}
@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 === Actor focus ===
-* Rungus marks actor focus on the verb <code>af</code>, which indicates that the focus argument is an actor; this is roughly equivalent to active voice in English, which is not morphologically marked
+Rungus marks actor focus on the verb <code>af</code>, which indicates that the focus argument is an actor; this is roughly equivalent to active voice in English, which is not morphologically marked
 * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Mamanau it ulun|The person goes}}
 *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|panau{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|af}} it{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}} ulun{{tag|n}} |the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} }}
 === Patient focus ===
-* Rungus marks patient focus on the verb <code>pf</code>, which indicates that the focus argument is a patient; this is roughly equivalent to passive voice in English, which is marked on the verb <code>pp</code> and through promotion of the semantic patient to the syntactic subject
+Rungus marks patient focus on the verb <code>pf</code>, which indicates that the focus argument is a patient; this is roughly equivalent to passive voice in English, which is marked on the verb <code>pp</code> and through promotion of the semantic patient to the syntactic subject
 * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Duaton oku dikau|I am asked by you}}
 *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|duat{{tag|v}}{{tag|pf}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} dikau{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} |I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} ask{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} by{{tag|pr}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} }}
 === Beneficiary focus ===
-* Rungus marks beneficiary focus on the verb <code>bf</code>, which indicates that the focus argument is a beneficiary; this has no direct equivalence in English
+Rungus marks beneficiary focus on the verb <code>bf</code>, which indicates that the focus argument is a beneficiary; this has no direct equivalence in English
 * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Tinahakan oku do tinggol|I was given necklaces}}
 *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|tahak{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pf}}{{tag|vol}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} do{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|acc}} tinggol{{tag|n}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} given{{tag|adj}} necklace{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} }}
 == Determiners ==
-* In Rungus, determiners mark if the following noun is focused (tagged as <code>nom</code>) or non-focused (tagged as <code>acc</code>); this has no direct equivalence in English
+In Rungus, determiners mark if the following noun is focused (tagged as <code>nom</code>) or non-focused (tagged as <code>acc</code>); this has no direct equivalence in English
 * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Mangagama i tukang do meja|The workman makes a table}}
 *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|gama{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|af}} i{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}} tukang{{tag|n}} do{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|acc}} meja{{tag|n}} |the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} workman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} make{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} table{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} }}
-* Determiners are always required in Rungus and can be optional in English (also see the beneficiary focus example)
+Determiners are always required in Rungus and can be optional in English (also see the beneficiary focus example)
 * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Gamaon oku dot ulun di tagad ku|My ricefield has been made for me by people}}
 *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|gama{{tag|v}}{{tag|pf}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} dot{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|acc}} ulun{{tag|n}} di{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|acc}} tagad{{tag|n}} ku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}} |the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} workman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} make{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} table{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} }}
 == Possessive pronouns ==
-* Rungus expresses possession with genitive pronouns <code>gen</code>; English expresses possession with possessive determiners <code>pos</code> (also see the second determiner example)
+Rungus expresses possession with genitive pronouns <code>gen</code>; English expresses possession with possessive determiners <code>pos</code> (also see the second determiner example)
 * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Mangatag oku di jiip ku|I repair my jeep}}
 *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|atag{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|af}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} i{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|acc}} jiip{{tag|n}} ku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}} |I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} repair{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} my{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sg}} jeep{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} }}