Difference between revisions of "Dhivehi and English/Contrastive Grammar"

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=== SOV Word Order ===
 
=== SOV Word Order ===
 +
English is Subject-Verb-Object order, while Dhivehi is Subject-Object-Verb.
  
 
* {{transferTest|div|eng|!އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ|Leave me alone!}}   
 
* {{transferTest|div|eng|!އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ|Leave me alone!}}   
−
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|!{{tag|sent}}ލާ{{tag|mod}} ދުކޮހް{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|imp}} އެކަނި{{tag|adj}} އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}}|Leave{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} alone{{tag|adv}} }}
+
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}} އެކަނި{{tag|adj}} ދުކޮހް{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|imp}} ލާ{{tag|mod}} !{{tag|sent}}|Leave{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|imp}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} alone{{tag|adv}}}}
  
−
* {{transferTest|div|eng|މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ.|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}}
+
* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}}
−
*:{{transferTest|div|eng|.{{tag|sent}} ކުރާނެ{{tag|final}} ސާފު{{tag|adj}}  ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} އަލީ{{tag|np}} މާދަމާ{{tag|adv}}|Tomorrow{{tag|adv}} Ali{{tag|np}} will clean{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}
+
*:{{transferTest|div|eng|މާދަމާ{{tag|adv}} އަލީ{{tag|np}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ސާފު{{tag|adj}} ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tomorrow{{tag|adv}} Ali{{tag|np}}{{tag|cog}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} clean{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}
−
 
 
−
* {{transferTest|div|eng|!އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ|Leave me alone!}} 
 
−
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|‮އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}} އެކަނި{{tag|adj}} ދުކޮހް{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|imp}} ލާ{{tag|mod}}!{{tag|sent}}|Leave{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} alone{{tag|adv}}!{{tag|sent}}}}
 
  
 
=== No explicit "be" (except in Noun-Noun Sentences) ===
 
=== No explicit "be" (except in Noun-Noun Sentences) ===
 +
In Dhivehi, there is no explicit "be" except in noun-noun sentences. (An example noun-noun sentence is "A is B." where A, B are nouns.)
  
 
* {{transferTest|div|eng|ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟|Where is the bathroom?}}
 
* {{transferTest|div|eng|ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟|Where is the bathroom?}}
−
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|؟{{tag|sent}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ކޮބާ{{tag|itg}}|Where{{tag|adv}}{{tag|itg}} is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}?{{tag|sent}}}}
+
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|ކޮބާ{{tag|itg}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}؟/؟{{tag|sent}}|Where{{tag|adv}}{{tag|itg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}?{{tag|sent}}}}
  
−
* {{transferTest|div|eng|އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ!|I am sinking!}}
+
* {{transferTest|div|eng|!އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ|I am sinking!}}
−
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|!{{tag|sent}} ފެތެނީ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pprs}} އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} am sinking{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}!}}
+
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}} ފެތެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pprs}}!/!{{tag|sent}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} sink{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}!}}
  
−
=== Human/Non-human Distinction ===  
+
=== Definiteness as Suffix ===  
 +
In Dhivehi, definiteness of nouns is marked with a suffix. In English, the word "the" is used.
  
−
* {{transferTest|div|eng|މީހާ|person}}
+
* {{transferTest|div|eng|މީހާ|the person}}
−
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މީހާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|person}}
+
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މީހާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
  
−
* {{transferTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ|school}}
+
* {{transferTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ|the school}}
−
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|school}}
+
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} school{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
  
−
* {{transferTest|div|eng|ތަރައްގީ|improvement}}
+
* {{transferTest|div|eng|ތަރައްގީ|the improvement}}
−
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|ތަރައްގީ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|improvement}}
+
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|ތަރައްގީ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} improvement{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
  
 
=== Sentence Final -އެވެ ===
 
=== Sentence Final -އެވެ ===
 +
In Dhivehi, sentences often end with the particle (-އެވެ) or "-eve". The particle has no meaning.
 +
 +
* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ|The school is much bigger than the house.}}
 +
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ގެ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dat}}+ވުރެ{{tag|post}} މާ{{tag|adv}} ބޮޑު{{tag|adj}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} school{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} much{{tag|adv}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|comp}} than{{tag|cnjcoo}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}
  
−
* {{transferTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ.|The school is much bigger than the house.}}
+
* {{transferTest|div|eng|.އެކަމަކު 24 ގަޑި އިރު ނުވަނީސް އެމީހުން ވަނީ ދުކޮށްލާފައެވެ|But they were released within 24 hours.}}
−
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|.{{tag|sent}}އެވެ{{tag|mod}} މާ{{tag|adj}} ވުރެ{{tag|post}} ގެ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dat}} މަދްރަސާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|The school is much bigger than the house.}}
+
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އެކަމަކު{{tag|cnjcoo}} 24 ގަޑި{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} އިރު{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ނުވަނީސް{{tag|adv}} އެމީހުން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|dir}} ވަނީ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} ދުކޮށްލާ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pprs}}+ފަ{{tag|succ}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|But{{tag|cnjcoo}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}} released{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} within{{tag|adv}} 24 hours{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}
−
* {{transferTest|div|eng|އެކަމަކު 24 ގަޑި އިރު ނުވަނީސް އެމީހުން ވަނީ ދުކޮށްލާފައެވެ.|But they were released within 24 hours.}}
 
−
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|..{{tag|sent}} އެވެ{{tag|mod}}+ފަ{{tag|succ}}+ދުކޮށްލާ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|pprs}} ވަނީ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}} އެމީހުން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|dst}}{{tag|dir}} ނުވަނީސް{{tag|adv}} އިރު{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ގަޑި 24 {{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} އެކަމަކު{{tag|cnjcoo}}|But they were released within 24 hours}}
 
−
<!--
 
−
  general format:
 
−
    {{lang|fa|حسن صباح}} &lrm;(1090–1124)
 
−
-->
 
  
 
=== Future Tense Marked with Suffix ===
 
=== Future Tense Marked with Suffix ===
 +
In English, the future tense is marked with "will". In Dhivehi, the future tense is marked with a suffix (takes the stem, lengthens the last vowel and append "-ne").
  
−
* {{transferTest|div|eng|މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ..|The competition will end today.}}
+
* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ|The competition will end today.}}
−
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|.{{tag|sent}} އެވެ{{tag|mod}}ނިމެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}/end{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}} މިއަދު{{tag|adv}}/today{{tag|adv}} މުބާރާތް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}/competition{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|The competition will end today.}}
+
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މުބާރާތް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} މިއަދު{{tag|adv}} ނިމެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} competition{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} end{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} today{{tag|adv}}.{{tag|sent}}}}
  
−
* {{transferTest|div|eng|މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ.|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}}
+
* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}}
−
*:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|.{{tag|sent}} ކުރާނެ{{tag|final}} ސާފު{{tag|adj}}/clean{{tag|adj}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} އަލީ{{tag|np}} މާދަމާ{{tag|adv}}|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}}
+
*:{{transferTest|div|eng|މާދަމާ{{tag|adv}} އަލީ{{tag|np}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ސާފު{{tag|adj}} ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tomorrow{{tag|adv}} Ali{{tag|np}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} clean{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}}
  
 
[[Category:Dhivehi]]
 
[[Category:Dhivehi]]
 
[[Category:English]]
 
[[Category:English]]
 
[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]]
 
[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Latest revision as of 13:47, 18 April 2019

div-eng tests

SOV Word Order

English is Subject-Verb-Object order, while Dhivehi is Subject-Object-Verb.

  • (div) !އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ → (eng) Leave me alone!
    (div) އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir> އެކަނި<adj> ދުކޮހް<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp> ލާ<mod> !<sent> → (eng) Leave<vblex><imp> me<prn><obj><p1><mf><sg> alone<adv>
  • (div) .މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ → (eng) Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.
    (div) މާދަމާ<adv> އަލީ<np> ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir> ސާފު<adj> ކުރަ<v><tv><act><fut><p3>.<sent> → (eng) Tomorrow<adv> Ali<np><cog><sg> will<vaux><pri> clean<vblex><inf> the<det><def><sp> bathroom<n><sg>.<sent>

No explicit "be" (except in Noun-Noun Sentences)

In Dhivehi, there is no explicit "be" except in noun-noun sentences. (An example noun-noun sentence is "A is B." where A, B are nouns.)

  • (div) ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟ → (eng) Where is the bathroom?
    (div) ކޮބާ<itg> ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>؟/؟<sent> → (eng) Where<adv><itg> be<vbser><pres><p3><sg> the<det><def><sp> bathroom<n><sg>?<sent>
  • (div) !އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ → (eng) I am sinking!
    (div) އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir> ފެތެ<v><iv><pass><pprs>!/!<sent> → (eng) I<prn><subj><p1><mf><sg> be<vbser><pres><p1><sg> sink<vblex><ger>!

Definiteness as Suffix

In Dhivehi, definiteness of nouns is marked with a suffix. In English, the word "the" is used.

  • (div) މީހާ → (eng) the person
    (div) މީހާ<n><hum><sg><def><dir> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> person<n><sg>
  • (div) މަދްރަސާ → (eng) the school
    (div) މަދްރަސާ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> school<n><sg>
  • (div) ތަރައްގީ → (eng) the improvement
    (div) ތަރައްގީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> improvement<n><sg>

Sentence Final -އެވެ

In Dhivehi, sentences often end with the particle (-އެވެ) or "-eve". The particle has no meaning.

  • (div) .މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ → (eng) The school is much bigger than the house.
    (div) މަދްރަސާ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir> ގެ<n><nhum><sg><def><dat>+ވުރެ<post> މާ<adv> ބޮޑު<adj>+އެވެ<mod>.<sent> → (eng) The<det><def><sp> school<n><sg> be<vbser><pri><p3><sg> much<adv> big<adj><sint><comp> than<cnjcoo> the<det><def><sp> house<n><sg>.<sent>
  • (div) .އެކަމަކު 24 ގަޑި އިރު ނުވަނީސް އެމީހުން ވަނީ ދުކޮށްލާފައެވެ → (eng) But they were released within 24 hours.
    (div) އެކަމަކު<cnjcoo> 24 ގަޑި<n><nhum><sg><def><dir> އިރު<n><nhum><sg><def><dir> ނުވަނީސް<adv> އެމީހުން<prn><pers><p3><pl><dst><dir> ވަނީ<v><tv><act><pres><p3> ދުކޮށްލާ<v><tv><act><pprs>+ފަ<succ>+އެވެ<mod>.<sent> → (eng) But<cnjcoo> they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl> be<vbser><past> released<vblex><pp> within<adv> 24 hours<n><pl>

Future Tense Marked with Suffix

In English, the future tense is marked with "will". In Dhivehi, the future tense is marked with a suffix (takes the stem, lengthens the last vowel and append "-ne").

  • (div) .މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ → (eng) The competition will end today.
    (div) މުބާރާތް<n><nhum><sg><def><dir> މިއަދު<adv> ނިމެ<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>+އެވެ<mod>.<sent> → (eng) The<det><def><sp> competition<n><sg> will<vaux><pri> end<vblex><inf> today<adv>.<sent>
  • (div) .މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ → (eng) Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.
    (div) މާދަމާ<adv> އަލީ<np> ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir> ސާފު<adj> ކުރަ<v><tv><act><fut><p3>.<sent> → (eng) Tomorrow<adv> Ali<np> will<vaux><pri> clean<vblex><inf> the<det><def><sp> bathroom<n><sg>.<sent>
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