Difference between revisions of "Dhivehi and English/Contrastive Grammar"
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=== SOV Word Order === | === SOV Word Order === | ||
| + | English is Subject-Verb-Object order, while Dhivehi is Subject-Object-Verb. | ||
* {{transferTest|div|eng|!އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ|Leave me alone!}} | * {{transferTest|div|eng|!އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ|Leave me alone!}} | ||
| − | *:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}} އެކަނި{{tag|adj}} ދުކޮހް{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|imp}} ލާ{{tag|mod}} !{{tag|sent}}|Leave{{tag|vblex}}{{tag| | + | *:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}} އެކަނި{{tag|adj}} ދުކޮހް{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|imp}} ލާ{{tag|mod}} !{{tag|sent}}|Leave{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|imp}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} alone{{tag|adv}}}} |
* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}} | * {{transferTest|div|eng|.މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}} | ||
| − | *:{{transferTest|div|eng|މާދަމާ{{tag|adv}} އަލީ{{tag|np}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ސާފު{{tag|adj}} ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tomorrow{{tag|adv}} Ali{{tag|np}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} clean{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}} | + | *:{{transferTest|div|eng|މާދަމާ{{tag|adv}} އަލީ{{tag|np}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} ސާފު{{tag|adj}} ކުރަ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|act}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tomorrow{{tag|adv}} Ali{{tag|np}}{{tag|cog}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} clean{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.{{tag|sent}}}} |
=== No explicit "be" (except in Noun-Noun Sentences) === | === No explicit "be" (except in Noun-Noun Sentences) === | ||
| + | In Dhivehi, there is no explicit "be" except in noun-noun sentences. (An example noun-noun sentence is "A is B." where A, B are nouns.) | ||
* {{transferTest|div|eng|ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟|Where is the bathroom?}} | * {{transferTest|div|eng|ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟|Where is the bathroom?}} | ||
| − | *:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|ކޮބާ{{tag|itg}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}؟/؟{{tag|sent}}|Where{{tag|adv}}{{tag|itg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag| | + | *:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|ކޮބާ{{tag|itg}} ފާހަނަ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}؟/؟{{tag|sent}}|Where{{tag|adv}}{{tag|itg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} bathroom{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}?{{tag|sent}}}} |
* {{transferTest|div|eng|!އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ|I am sinking!}} | * {{transferTest|div|eng|!އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ|I am sinking!}} | ||
| − | *:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}} ފެތެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pprs}}!/!{{tag|sent}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag| | + | *:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|އަހަރެން{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|std}}{{tag|dir}} ފެތެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|pprs}}!/!{{tag|sent}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} sink{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}!}} |
| − | === | + | === Definiteness as Suffix === |
| + | In Dhivehi, definiteness of nouns is marked with a suffix. In English, the word "the" is used. | ||
| − | * {{transferTest|div|eng|މީހާ|person}} | + | * {{transferTest|div|eng|މީހާ|the person}} |
| − | *:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މީހާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | + | *:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މީހާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|hum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} |
| − | * {{transferTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ|school}} | + | * {{transferTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ|the school}} |
| − | *:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|school{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | + | *:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މަދްރަސާ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} school{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} |
| − | * {{transferTest|div|eng|ތަރައްގީ|improvement}} | + | * {{transferTest|div|eng|ތަރައްގީ|the improvement}} |
| − | *:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|ތަރައްގީ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|improvement{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | + | *:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|ތަރައްގީ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} improvement{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} |
=== Sentence Final -އެވެ === | === Sentence Final -އެވެ === | ||
| + | In Dhivehi, sentences often end with the particle (-އެވެ) or "-eve". The particle has no meaning. | ||
* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ|The school is much bigger than the house.}} | * {{transferTest|div|eng|.މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ|The school is much bigger than the house.}} | ||
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=== Future Tense Marked with Suffix === | === Future Tense Marked with Suffix === | ||
| + | In English, the future tense is marked with "will". In Dhivehi, the future tense is marked with a suffix (takes the stem, lengthens the last vowel and append "-ne"). | ||
* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ|The competition will end today.}} | * {{transferTest|div|eng|.މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ|The competition will end today.}} | ||
| − | *:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މުބާރާތް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} މިއަދު{{tag|adv}} ނިމެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} competition{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} end today{{tag|adv}}.{{tag|sent}}}} | + | *:{{transferMorphTest|div|eng|މުބާރާތް{{tag|n}}{{tag|nhum}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|dir}} މިއަދު{{tag|adv}} ނިމެ{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pass}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}+އެވެ{{tag|mod}}.{{tag|sent}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} competition{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|pri}} end{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} today{{tag|adv}}.{{tag|sent}}}} |
* {{transferTest|div|eng|.މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}} | * {{transferTest|div|eng|.މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ|Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.}} | ||
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[[Category:English]] | [[Category:English]] | ||
[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] | [[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] | ||
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Latest revision as of 13:47, 18 April 2019
Contents
div-eng tests
SOV Word Order
English is Subject-Verb-Object order, while Dhivehi is Subject-Object-Verb.
- (div) !އަހަރެން އެކަނި ދުކޮހް ލާ → (eng) Leave me alone!
- (div) އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir> އެކަނި<adj> ދުކޮހް<v><tv><act><pres><p3><imp> ލާ<mod> !<sent> → (eng) Leave<vblex><imp> me<prn><obj><p1><mf><sg> alone<adv>
- (div) .މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ → (eng) Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.
- (div) މާދަމާ<adv> އަލީ<np> ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir> ސާފު<adj> ކުރަ<v><tv><act><fut><p3>.<sent> → (eng) Tomorrow<adv> Ali<np><cog><sg> will<vaux><pri> clean<vblex><inf> the<det><def><sp> bathroom<n><sg>.<sent>
No explicit "be" (except in Noun-Noun Sentences)
In Dhivehi, there is no explicit "be" except in noun-noun sentences. (An example noun-noun sentence is "A is B." where A, B are nouns.)
- (div) ކޮބާ ފާހަނަ؟ → (eng) Where is the bathroom?
- (div) ކޮބާ<itg> ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir>؟/؟<sent> → (eng) Where<adv><itg> be<vbser><pres><p3><sg> the<det><def><sp> bathroom<n><sg>?<sent>
- (div) !އަހަރެން ފެތެނީ → (eng) I am sinking!
- (div) އަހަރެން<prn><pers><p1><sg><std><dir> ފެތެ<v><iv><pass><pprs>!/!<sent> → (eng) I<prn><subj><p1><mf><sg> be<vbser><pres><p1><sg> sink<vblex><ger>!
Definiteness as Suffix
In Dhivehi, definiteness of nouns is marked with a suffix. In English, the word "the" is used.
- (div) މީހާ → (eng) the person
- (div) މީހާ<n><hum><sg><def><dir> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> person<n><sg>
- (div) މަދްރަސާ → (eng) the school
- (div) މަދްރަސާ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> school<n><sg>
- (div) ތަރައްގީ → (eng) the improvement
- (div) ތަރައްގީ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> improvement<n><sg>
Sentence Final -އެވެ
In Dhivehi, sentences often end with the particle (-އެވެ) or "-eve". The particle has no meaning.
- (div) .މަދްރަސާ ގެއަށްވުރެ މާ ބޮޑެވެ → (eng) The school is much bigger than the house.
- (div) މަދްރަސާ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir> ގެ<n><nhum><sg><def><dat>+ވުރެ<post> މާ<adv> ބޮޑު<adj>+އެވެ<mod>.<sent> → (eng) The<det><def><sp> school<n><sg> be<vbser><pri><p3><sg> much<adv> big<adj><sint><comp> than<cnjcoo> the<det><def><sp> house<n><sg>.<sent>
- (div) .އެކަމަކު 24 ގަޑި އިރު ނުވަނީސް އެމީހުން ވަނީ ދުކޮށްލާފައެވެ → (eng) But they were released within 24 hours.
- (div) އެކަމަކު<cnjcoo> 24 ގަޑި<n><nhum><sg><def><dir> އިރު<n><nhum><sg><def><dir> ނުވަނީސް<adv> އެމީހުން<prn><pers><p3><pl><dst><dir> ވަނީ<v><tv><act><pres><p3> ދުކޮށްލާ<v><tv><act><pprs>+ފަ<succ>+އެވެ<mod>.<sent> → (eng) But<cnjcoo> they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl> be<vbser><past> released<vblex><pp> within<adv> 24 hours<n><pl>
Future Tense Marked with Suffix
In English, the future tense is marked with "will". In Dhivehi, the future tense is marked with a suffix (takes the stem, lengthens the last vowel and append "-ne").
- (div) .މުބާރާތް މިއަދު ނިމޭނެއެވެ → (eng) The competition will end today.
- (div) މުބާރާތް<n><nhum><sg><def><dir> މިއަދު<adv> ނިމެ<v><iv><pass><fut><p3>+އެވެ<mod>.<sent> → (eng) The<det><def><sp> competition<n><sg> will<vaux><pri> end<vblex><inf> today<adv>.<sent>
- (div) .މާދަމާ އަލީ ފާހަނަ ސާފު ކުރާނެ → (eng) Tomorrow Ali will clean the bathroom.
- (div) މާދަމާ<adv> އަލީ<np> ފާހަނަ<n><nhum><sg><def><dir> ސާފު<adj> ކުރަ<v><tv><act><fut><p3>.<sent> → (eng) Tomorrow<adv> Ali<np> will<vaux><pri> clean<vblex><inf> the<det><def><sp> bathroom<n><sg>.<sent>
