Difference between revisions of "User:Pcruz1/Language selection"
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| − | == Nheengatú | + | == Pairing for LING073 == |
| − | === About the language === | + | I'll be working solo. |
| + | |||
| + | ==Candidates for the semester== | ||
| + | * Nheengatú: Amazon native language | ||
| + | * Aymara: Bolivian-Peruvian native language | ||
| + | * Sylheti: Bengali language | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Nheengatú== | ||
| + | ===About the language=== | ||
---- | ---- | ||
Nheengatu (ISO: yrl) is an indigenous language of the Tupi-Guarani family, is then derived from the Tupi trunk, and originated from the ancient Amazonian tupinambá, an ancient Tupi dialectal branch of the Amazon, which extended throughout the region from the Brazilian state of Maranhão. The language name derives from the words nhẽẽga (meaning "language" or "word") and katu (meaning "good") | Nheengatu (ISO: yrl) is an indigenous language of the Tupi-Guarani family, is then derived from the Tupi trunk, and originated from the ancient Amazonian tupinambá, an ancient Tupi dialectal branch of the Amazon, which extended throughout the region from the Brazilian state of Maranhão. The language name derives from the words nhẽẽga (meaning "language" or "word") and katu (meaning "good") | ||
| Line 8: | Line 16: | ||
In terms of users, less than half of the community speaks the language, and the number of speakers is decreasing at an accelerated pace. Furthermore, most adults in the community are speakers, but children are not. This is good evidence that Nheengatu is an endangered language and that developing computational resources to it might contribute to its preservation. | In terms of users, less than half of the community speaks the language, and the number of speakers is decreasing at an accelerated pace. Furthermore, most adults in the community are speakers, but children are not. This is good evidence that Nheengatu is an endangered language and that developing computational resources to it might contribute to its preservation. | ||
| − | === Morphology === | + | ===Morphology=== |
---- | ---- | ||
There are eight word classes in Nheengatu: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, postpositions, pronouns, demonstratives, and particles. A very used book source for Nheengatu morphology is Cruz’s (2011) Fonologia e Gramática do Nheengatú, written in Portuguese. | There are eight word classes in Nheengatu: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, postpositions, pronouns, demonstratives, and particles. A very used book source for Nheengatu morphology is Cruz’s (2011) Fonologia e Gramática do Nheengatú, written in Portuguese. | ||
| − | ==== Pronouns ==== | + | ====Pronouns==== |
There are two types of pronouns in Nheengatu: personal or interrogative. Nheengatu follows the same pattern as Tupinambá - another indigenous language in Brazil - in that the same set of personal pronouns is adopted for the subject and object of a verb. | There are two types of pronouns in Nheengatu: personal or interrogative. Nheengatu follows the same pattern as Tupinambá - another indigenous language in Brazil - in that the same set of personal pronouns is adopted for the subject and object of a verb. | ||
| − | ==== Verbal Affixes ==== | + | ====Verbal Affixes==== |
Apart from pronominal prefixes, Nheengatu also has verbal prefixes. Verbs in Nheengatu fall into three mutually exclusive categories: intransitive, transitive, and stative. To conjugate verbs in Nheengatu, users attach a prefix that agrees with the subject of the sentence. | Apart from pronominal prefixes, Nheengatu also has verbal prefixes. Verbs in Nheengatu fall into three mutually exclusive categories: intransitive, transitive, and stative. To conjugate verbs in Nheengatu, users attach a prefix that agrees with the subject of the sentence. | ||
| − | + | ====Reduplication==== | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | ==== Reduplication ==== | ||
This is a morphological process that tends to be used to indicate a repeated action. | This is a morphological process that tends to be used to indicate a repeated action. | ||
| Line 33: | Line 35: | ||
"He is (repeatedly) knocking on the door." | "He is (repeatedly) knocking on the door." | ||
| − | === Availability of | + | ===Availability of resources=== |
---- | ---- | ||
In spite of the fact that only 20,000 people speak the language nowadays, there is a good amount of resources about the language available. After a quick dig on the internet, I was able to find an [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfKyocu0eo8 18-track LP with melodies sung in Nheengatú], [https://tupi.fflch.usp.br/sites/tupi.fflch.usp.br/files/CURSO%20DE%20L%C3%8DNGUA%20GERAL%20(NHEENGATU).pdf a 112-page textbook dedicated to language learners], [https://nheengatu-app.web.app/#/conteudos-relacionados a language-learning app similar to Duolingo to learn Nheengatu], and [https://issuu.com/grupo.leetra/docs/tapajoarafinalsemmarcas a magazine with poems and lyrics written in the target language]. Therefore, it is fair to say that there is a significant number of materials to make this language a good choice for the project. | In spite of the fact that only 20,000 people speak the language nowadays, there is a good amount of resources about the language available. After a quick dig on the internet, I was able to find an [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfKyocu0eo8 18-track LP with melodies sung in Nheengatú], [https://tupi.fflch.usp.br/sites/tupi.fflch.usp.br/files/CURSO%20DE%20L%C3%8DNGUA%20GERAL%20(NHEENGATU).pdf a 112-page textbook dedicated to language learners], [https://nheengatu-app.web.app/#/conteudos-relacionados a language-learning app similar to Duolingo to learn Nheengatu], and [https://issuu.com/grupo.leetra/docs/tapajoarafinalsemmarcas a magazine with poems and lyrics written in the target language]. Therefore, it is fair to say that there is a significant number of materials to make this language a good choice for the project. | ||
| − | === Sources === | + | ===Sources=== |
---- | ---- | ||
* Wikimedia Foundation. (2022, January 2). Nheengatu. Wikipedia. Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nheengatu | * Wikimedia Foundation. (2022, January 2). Nheengatu. Wikipedia. Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nheengatu | ||
* Did you know Nheengatú is endangered? Endangered Languages. (n.d.). Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2971 | * Did you know Nheengatú is endangered? Endangered Languages. (n.d.). Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2971 | ||
| − | [[Category:sp22_LanguageSelection]], [[Category:Nheengatú]], | + | ==Aymara== |
| + | |||
| + | ===About the language=== | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | Aymara (ISO: aym) is an Aymaran language spoken by the Aymara people of the Bolivian Andes. It is one of only a handful of Native American languages with over 1.7 million speakers. Aymara, along with Spanish, is an official language in Bolivia and Peru. It is also spoken, to a much lesser extent, by some communities in northern Chile, where it is a recognized minority language. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Some linguists have claimed that Aymara is related to its more widely spoken neighbor, Quechua, due to, among other factors, existing phonological similitaries. That claim, however, is disputed. Most linguists explain such similarities as areal features rising from prolonged cohabitation, rather than natural genealogical changes that would stem from a common protolanguage. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In spite of a rather large number of speakers, the community of users is decreasing significantly. Linguists from the University of El Alto (UPEA) and the University Mayor of San Andrés (UMSA) have acknowledged that two percent more stop speaking the language each year and that parents have already stopped teaching it to their children. As a result, it is considered potentially endangered. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Morphology=== | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | Aymara is a highly agglutinating and, to a certain extent, polysynthetic language. All suffixes can be categorized into nominal, verbal, transpositional, and those not subcategorized for the lexical category. Additionally, it has a subject-object-verb (SOV) word order. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Furthermore, an interesting feature - which is unique to this language - is the ternary logic (yes, maybe, no), in contrast to other languages, which follow the binary logic (yes, no). In Aymara, this uncertainty is expressed through prefixes and suffixes attached to the verbs. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Availability of resources=== | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | Searching for resources in English didn’t yield many successful results. However, switching languages to Spanish allowed me to access a good amount of text-written resources through blogs and virtual libraries. In general, the online presence of Aymaran literature and art makes the language a good candidate. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Sources=== | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | * teleSUR, R. W.-. (2014, July 24). Aymara language threatened with extinction. News | teleSUR English. Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Aymara-Language-Threatened-with-Extinction-20140724-0035.html | ||
| + | * Aymara (Aymar Aru). Aymara language, alphabet and pronunciation. (n.d.). Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://omniglot.com/writing/aymara.htm | ||
| + | * Wikimedia Foundation. (2022, January 16). Aymara language. Wikipedia. Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_language | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Sylhet== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===About the language=== | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | Sylheti is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by over 11 million people, primarily in the Sylhet Division of Bangladesh, the Barak Valley and Hojai district of Assam, and North Tripura and Unakoti district of Tripura, India. Besides, there are substantial numbers of Sylheti speakers in the Indian states of Meghalaya, Manipur, and Nagaland as well as diaspora communities in the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Middle East. | ||
| + | |||
| + | It is variously perceived as either a dialect of Bengali or a language in its own right. It cohabitates a region dominated by a plethora of languages, which means it is not an isolated language. Sylheti has been first written with the Syloti-Nagri alphabet, possibly in the 16th century. It is also written with the Eastern Nagari and Latin alphabets. Sylheti is also related to Assamese. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The speakers of Sylheti are generally also fluent in Bengali. Although most languages exist in a diglossia environment, many native speakers consider it to be an informal version of Standard Bengali and not an independent language. the number of speakers is decreasing at an accelerated pace. Furthermore, most adults in the community are speakers, but children are not since their parents aren’t teaching the language to them. Taken as a general perspective, Sylheti is a minoritized, politically unrecognized, and understudied language. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Morphology=== | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | Sylheti verb cases and prepositions are indicated using suffixes. Unlike the previously explored languages, Sylheti is not a very agglutinative language. Its suffixes do carry high importance in defining syntactic components, but words aren’t generally formed polysynthetically. Verbs are highly inflected and are regular with only a few exceptions. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Availability of resources=== | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | This was the language I found the least amount of useful materials. I did, actually, found a good amount of resources containing written Sylheti, but they either were shallow. The best material I found was a phrasebook. | ||
| + | |||
| + | It seems unlikely that good-quality materials cannot be found. This is a language with over 11 million speakers that shares many features with Bengali. I assume that if I were to spend more time researching it I could definitely find strong content. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Sources=== | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | * Wikimedia Foundation. (2022, January 2). Nheengatu. Wikipedia. Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylheti_language. | ||
| + | * Sylheti (ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ / • ছিলটী). Sylheti language and the Syloti-Nagri alphabet. (n.d.). Retrieved January 21, 2022, from https://omniglot.com/writing/syloti.htm | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Category:sp22_LanguageSelection]], [[Category:Nheengatú]], [[Category:Aymara]], [[Category:Sylheti]] | ||
Latest revision as of 15:34, 27 January 2022
Pairing for LING073
I'll be working solo.
Candidates for the semester
- Nheengatú: Amazon native language
- Aymara: Bolivian-Peruvian native language
- Sylheti: Bengali language
Nheengatú
About the language
Nheengatu (ISO: yrl) is an indigenous language of the Tupi-Guarani family, is then derived from the Tupi trunk, and originated from the ancient Amazonian tupinambá, an ancient Tupi dialectal branch of the Amazon, which extended throughout the region from the Brazilian state of Maranhão. The language name derives from the words nhẽẽga (meaning "language" or "word") and katu (meaning "good")
Currently, it continues to be spoken by approximately 19,060 people, in three linguistic variants in Brazil: that of the Rio Negro region, called Yẽgatu, that of the Baixo Amazonas, known as traditional nheengatú and that of the Baixo Rio Tapajós or Nheengatu Tapajoawara, in addition of the foreign variants: Nheengatu from Venezuela (Ñeengatu) and Nheengatu from Colombia (Nyengatu). It is written in the Latin alphabet and used as an official language in the Brazilian state of Amazonas.
In terms of users, less than half of the community speaks the language, and the number of speakers is decreasing at an accelerated pace. Furthermore, most adults in the community are speakers, but children are not. This is good evidence that Nheengatu is an endangered language and that developing computational resources to it might contribute to its preservation.
Morphology
There are eight word classes in Nheengatu: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, postpositions, pronouns, demonstratives, and particles. A very used book source for Nheengatu morphology is Cruz’s (2011) Fonologia e Gramática do Nheengatú, written in Portuguese.
Pronouns
There are two types of pronouns in Nheengatu: personal or interrogative. Nheengatu follows the same pattern as Tupinambá - another indigenous language in Brazil - in that the same set of personal pronouns is adopted for the subject and object of a verb.
Verbal Affixes
Apart from pronominal prefixes, Nheengatu also has verbal prefixes. Verbs in Nheengatu fall into three mutually exclusive categories: intransitive, transitive, and stative. To conjugate verbs in Nheengatu, users attach a prefix that agrees with the subject of the sentence.
Reduplication
This is a morphological process that tends to be used to indicate a repeated action.
U-tuka~tuka ukena
3sg-knock (reduplication) Door
"He is (repeatedly) knocking on the door."
Availability of resources
In spite of the fact that only 20,000 people speak the language nowadays, there is a good amount of resources about the language available. After a quick dig on the internet, I was able to find an 18-track LP with melodies sung in Nheengatú, a 112-page textbook dedicated to language learners, a language-learning app similar to Duolingo to learn Nheengatu, and a magazine with poems and lyrics written in the target language. Therefore, it is fair to say that there is a significant number of materials to make this language a good choice for the project.
Sources
- Wikimedia Foundation. (2022, January 2). Nheengatu. Wikipedia. Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nheengatu
- Did you know Nheengatú is endangered? Endangered Languages. (n.d.). Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2971
Aymara
About the language
Aymara (ISO: aym) is an Aymaran language spoken by the Aymara people of the Bolivian Andes. It is one of only a handful of Native American languages with over 1.7 million speakers. Aymara, along with Spanish, is an official language in Bolivia and Peru. It is also spoken, to a much lesser extent, by some communities in northern Chile, where it is a recognized minority language.
Some linguists have claimed that Aymara is related to its more widely spoken neighbor, Quechua, due to, among other factors, existing phonological similitaries. That claim, however, is disputed. Most linguists explain such similarities as areal features rising from prolonged cohabitation, rather than natural genealogical changes that would stem from a common protolanguage.
In spite of a rather large number of speakers, the community of users is decreasing significantly. Linguists from the University of El Alto (UPEA) and the University Mayor of San Andrés (UMSA) have acknowledged that two percent more stop speaking the language each year and that parents have already stopped teaching it to their children. As a result, it is considered potentially endangered.
Morphology
Aymara is a highly agglutinating and, to a certain extent, polysynthetic language. All suffixes can be categorized into nominal, verbal, transpositional, and those not subcategorized for the lexical category. Additionally, it has a subject-object-verb (SOV) word order.
Furthermore, an interesting feature - which is unique to this language - is the ternary logic (yes, maybe, no), in contrast to other languages, which follow the binary logic (yes, no). In Aymara, this uncertainty is expressed through prefixes and suffixes attached to the verbs.
Availability of resources
Searching for resources in English didn’t yield many successful results. However, switching languages to Spanish allowed me to access a good amount of text-written resources through blogs and virtual libraries. In general, the online presence of Aymaran literature and art makes the language a good candidate.
Sources
- teleSUR, R. W.-. (2014, July 24). Aymara language threatened with extinction. News | teleSUR English. Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Aymara-Language-Threatened-with-Extinction-20140724-0035.html
- Aymara (Aymar Aru). Aymara language, alphabet and pronunciation. (n.d.). Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://omniglot.com/writing/aymara.htm
- Wikimedia Foundation. (2022, January 16). Aymara language. Wikipedia. Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_language
Sylhet
About the language
Sylheti is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by over 11 million people, primarily in the Sylhet Division of Bangladesh, the Barak Valley and Hojai district of Assam, and North Tripura and Unakoti district of Tripura, India. Besides, there are substantial numbers of Sylheti speakers in the Indian states of Meghalaya, Manipur, and Nagaland as well as diaspora communities in the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Middle East.
It is variously perceived as either a dialect of Bengali or a language in its own right. It cohabitates a region dominated by a plethora of languages, which means it is not an isolated language. Sylheti has been first written with the Syloti-Nagri alphabet, possibly in the 16th century. It is also written with the Eastern Nagari and Latin alphabets. Sylheti is also related to Assamese.
The speakers of Sylheti are generally also fluent in Bengali. Although most languages exist in a diglossia environment, many native speakers consider it to be an informal version of Standard Bengali and not an independent language. the number of speakers is decreasing at an accelerated pace. Furthermore, most adults in the community are speakers, but children are not since their parents aren’t teaching the language to them. Taken as a general perspective, Sylheti is a minoritized, politically unrecognized, and understudied language.
Morphology
Sylheti verb cases and prepositions are indicated using suffixes. Unlike the previously explored languages, Sylheti is not a very agglutinative language. Its suffixes do carry high importance in defining syntactic components, but words aren’t generally formed polysynthetically. Verbs are highly inflected and are regular with only a few exceptions.
Availability of resources
This was the language I found the least amount of useful materials. I did, actually, found a good amount of resources containing written Sylheti, but they either were shallow. The best material I found was a phrasebook.
It seems unlikely that good-quality materials cannot be found. This is a language with over 11 million speakers that shares many features with Bengali. I assume that if I were to spend more time researching it I could definitely find strong content.
Sources
- Wikimedia Foundation. (2022, January 2). Nheengatu. Wikipedia. Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylheti_language.
- Sylheti (ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ / • ছিলটী). Sylheti language and the Syloti-Nagri alphabet. (n.d.). Retrieved January 21, 2022, from https://omniglot.com/writing/syloti.htm,,,
