Difference between revisions of "Urum/Grammar"
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In Urum, vowels in suffixes - for example, in number or case suffixes - depend on what the last vowel of the stem of the word was. The last vowel of the word stem can be: | In Urum, vowels in suffixes - for example, in number or case suffixes - depend on what the last vowel of the stem of the word was. The last vowel of the word stem can be: | ||
| − | # ''' | + | # '''high''' (а, о, у, ы) |
| − | # ''' | + | # '''low''' (a, o, y, ы), |
# '''rounded''' (o, y, ö, ÿ) | # '''rounded''' (o, y, ö, ÿ) | ||
# '''unrounded''' (a, э, ы, и). | # '''unrounded''' (a, э, ы, и). | ||
| Line 33: | Line 33: | ||
'''First''': if the last vowel is wide, the suffix will be “a” | '''First''': if the last vowel is wide, the suffix will be “a” | ||
| − | if | + | if high, the suffix will be “э” |
| − | # If | + | # If low, the suffix will be “a” |
| − | |||
'''Second''': | '''Second''': | ||
| − | # If ''' | + | # If '''low''' and '''unrounded''', “ы” |
| − | # If ''' | + | # If '''low''' and '''rounded''', “у” |
| − | # If ''' | + | # If '''high''' and '''unrounded''', “и” |
| − | # If ''' | + | # If '''high''' and '''rounded''', “ÿ” (after) |
Revision as of 00:03, 17 February 2023
This is the page for the grammar documentation of Urum.
Contents
General information
Parts of speech: Nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, postpositions, conjunctions, particles, interjections, imitative words.
Cases: Nominative, genitive, dative-locative, accusative, locative, ablative, instrumental.
Structure of a noun: Lemma + plural + possessive + case.
Sentence order: Adverbial + SOV.
There exists no grammatical gender. There are no distinctions between animate and inanimate forms.
Morphology
Vowel Harmony
In Urum, vowels in suffixes - for example, in number or case suffixes - depend on what the last vowel of the stem of the word was. The last vowel of the word stem can be:
- high (а, о, у, ы)
- low (a, o, y, ы),
- rounded (o, y, ö, ÿ)
- unrounded (a, э, ы, и).
There are two types of suffixes (check the last vowel that comes BEFORE):
First: if the last vowel is wide, the suffix will be “a” if high, the suffix will be “э”
- If low, the suffix will be “a”
Second:
- If low and unrounded, “ы”
- If low and rounded, “у”
- If high and unrounded, “и”
- If high and rounded, “ÿ” (after)
The Suffix of Plurality
- лар/лер
If the base ENDS WITH A м/н CONSONANT, л CHANGES TO н
Cases (Nominative and Accusative)
CASES (NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE)
Lemma + (plural suffix) + suffix of a case
There is harmony of consonants: if a word ends at -x, -к, -п, And if the suffix starts at a vowel, Then х - г, к - ґ, п - б change
Syntax
Grammar points
Plurality
Rule:
- лар after [а, о, у, ы] in lemma;
- лер after [и, э, ӧ, ӱ] in lemma;
Notes:
- if the lemma ends at a nasal sound, we will use -нар or -нер
- if the lemma ends at -ь, -ь is removed
Morphological Analysis:
пычах <n><pl> пычахлар хыз <n><pl> хызлар хурйух <n><pl> хурйухлар от <n><pl> отлар эль <n><pl> эллер тиш <n><pl> тишлер кöз <n><pl> кöзлер гÿль <n><pl> гÿллер
- алма<n><loc> ↔ алмада
- кол<n><loc> ↔ колдо
- көз<n><loc> ↔ көздө
- бел<n><loc> ↔ белде
- баш<n><loc> ↔ башта
- чок<n><loc> ↔ чокто
- күч<n><loc> ↔ күчтө
- иш<n><loc> ↔ иште
References
- Урумский язык, Урум дили (приазовский вариант), Учебное пособие для начинающих с аудиоприложением, Смолина М., 2008. (The Urum language (Azov region version), Tutorial for beginners with audio tapes, Smolina M., 2008)
- "Языки мира. Тюркские языки." Российская академия наук, институт языкознания. Издательский дом, Кыргызстан, Бишкек. ("Languages of the world. Turkic languages." Russian Academy of Sciences. Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek)
