Difference between revisions of "Sardinian and English/Contrastive Grammar"
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==Differences in parse and corresponding examples== | ==Differences in parse and corresponding examples== | ||
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*Difference #1: Sardinian requires a determiner before a noun in some instances for which English does not use a determiner before a noun. | *Difference #1: Sardinian requires a determiner before a noun in some instances for which English does not use a determiner before a noun. | ||
| − | *:Example #1: Su sardu est una limba antica. | + | *:Example #1: {{transferTest|srd|eng|'''Su''' sardu est una limba antica.|Sardinian is an ancient language.}} |
| − | *:Example #2: Sa Frantza est | + | *:Example #2: {{transferTest|srd|eng|'''Sa''' Frantza est unu paisu bellu.|France is a beautiful country.}} |
| − | *Difference #2: | + | *Difference #2: In this construction, adjectives in Sardinian come after the noun, whereas they come before the noun in English. |
| − | *:Example #1: | + | *:Example #1: {{transferTest|srd|eng|Su sardu est una limba '''antica'''.|Sardinian is an '''ancient''' language.}} |
| − | *:Example #2: | + | *:Example #2: {{transferTest|srd|eng|Sa Frantza est unu paisu '''bellu'''.|France is a '''beautiful''' country.}} |
| − | *Difference #3: | + | *Difference #3: The posessive pronoun comes after the noun in Sardinian rather than before the noun as is the case in English. |
| − | *:Example #1: | + | *:Example #1: {{transferTest|srd|eng|Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros '''meos'''.|I have lost two of '''my''' books.}} |
| − | *:Example #2: | + | *:Example #2: {{transferTest|srd|eng|Lettu '''meu''' est.|It is '''my''' bed.}} |
| − | *Difference #4: | + | *Difference #4: For most uses/conjugations of verbs in Sardinian, the verb stands on its own without a personal pronoun, while in English personal pronouns always precede any conjugated verbs. In other words, the tags of "appo" (I have) determine a new word "I" which precedes "have" in the English translation. |
| − | *:Example #1: | + | *:Example #1: {{transferTest|srd|eng|Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos.|'''I''' have lost two of my books.}} |
| − | *:Example #2: | + | *:Example #2: {{transferTest|srd|eng|M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove.|'''They''' told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine.}} |
| + | *::Also, here, note that the Sardinian uses an auxiliary verb whereas the English does not! Another difference! (an natu = they told) | ||
| − | *Difference #5: | + | *Difference #5: Information carried by the gender tag in Sardinian nouns referring to people produces a new word in English. |
| − | *:Example #1: | + | *:Example #1: {{transferTest|srd|eng|Custa rica at datu milli francos a su betzu.|This rich '''woman''' gave a thousand francs to the old man.}} |
| − | *:Example #2: | + | *:Example #2: {{transferTest|srd|eng|Ses un'iscimpru.|You are a stupid '''man'''.}} |
| + | |||
| + | *Not a real contrastive difference that matters for srd -> eng, but another thing to keep in mind: "The" does not change form in English, but "su" in Sardinian must agree with the noun which it precedes in number and gender. | ||
| + | *:Example #1: {{transferTest|srd|eng|'''Sos''' ki an furatu su dinari at a èssere punitos.|'''The''' people who stole the money will be punished.}} | ||
| + | *:Example #2: {{transferTest|srd|eng|Una de '''sas''' berbekes est maláida.|One of '''the''' sheep is sick.}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==srd → eng transfer morph tests== | ||
| + | *Diff.1/2, Ex.1: | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|srd|eng|Su{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} sardu{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} èssere{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} unu{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} limba{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} anticu{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|Sardinian{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} ancient{{tag|adj}} language{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| + | *Diff.1/2, Ex.2: | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|srd|eng|Su{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} Frantza{{tag|np}}{{tag|top}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} èssere{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} unu{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} paisu{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} bellu{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|France{{tag|np}}{{tag|top}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} beautiful{{tag|adj}} country{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| + | *Diff.3/4, Ex.1: | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|srd|eng|àere{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} pèrdere{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} duos{{tag|num}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} de{{tag|pr}} su{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} libru{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} meu{{tag|adj}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} lose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} of{{tag|pr}} my{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} book{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}} | ||
| + | *Diff.3, Ex.2: | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|srd|eng|lettu{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} meu{{tag|adj}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} èssere{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} my{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} bed{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| + | *Diff.4, Ex.2: | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|srd|eng|Mi{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pro}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} àere{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} nàrrere{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} chi{{tag|cnjsub}} su{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} trenu{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} dèvere{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} arrivare{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} a{{tag|pr}} su{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}} nove{{tag|num}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} tell{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} that{{tag|cnjsub}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} train{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} suppose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} arrive{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} at{{tag|pr}} nine{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}}}} | ||
| + | *Diff.5, Ex.1: | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|srd|eng|custu{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} ricu{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} àere{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} dare{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} milli{{tag|num}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} francu{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} a{{tag|pr}} su{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} betzu{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} rich{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} woman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} give{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} a thousand{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} franc{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} to{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} old{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| + | *Diff.5, Ex.2: | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|srd|eng|èssere{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} unu{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} iscimpru{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} stupid{{tag|adj}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| + | *Addendum, Ex.1: | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|srd|eng|Su{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}} chi{{tag|cnjsub}} àere{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} furare{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} su{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} dinari{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} àere{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|pr}} èssere{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|inf}} punire{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} who{{tag|prn}}{{tag|rel}}{{tag|an}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} steal{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} money{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|inf}} punish{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}}}} | ||
| + | *Addendum, Ex.2: | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|srd|eng|unu{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} de{{tag|pr}} su{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}} berbeke{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}} èssere{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} malàidu{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|one{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} sheep{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} sick{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}} | ||
[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]] | [[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]],[[Category:Sardinian]],[[Category:English]] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:19, 3 May 2023
Differences in parse and corresponding examples
- Difference #1: Sardinian requires a determiner before a noun in some instances for which English does not use a determiner before a noun.
- Example #1: (srd) Su sardu est una limba antica. → (eng) Sardinian is an ancient language.
- Example #2: (srd) Sa Frantza est unu paisu bellu. → (eng) France is a beautiful country.
- Difference #2: In this construction, adjectives in Sardinian come after the noun, whereas they come before the noun in English.
- Example #1: (srd) Su sardu est una limba antica. → (eng) Sardinian is an ancient language.
- Example #2: (srd) Sa Frantza est unu paisu bellu. → (eng) France is a beautiful country.
- Difference #3: The posessive pronoun comes after the noun in Sardinian rather than before the noun as is the case in English.
- Example #1: (srd) Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos. → (eng) I have lost two of my books.
- Example #2: (srd) Lettu meu est. → (eng) It is my bed.
- Difference #4: For most uses/conjugations of verbs in Sardinian, the verb stands on its own without a personal pronoun, while in English personal pronouns always precede any conjugated verbs. In other words, the tags of "appo" (I have) determine a new word "I" which precedes "have" in the English translation.
- Example #1: (srd) Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos. → (eng) I have lost two of my books.
- Example #2: (srd) M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove. → (eng) They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine.
- Also, here, note that the Sardinian uses an auxiliary verb whereas the English does not! Another difference! (an natu = they told)
- Difference #5: Information carried by the gender tag in Sardinian nouns referring to people produces a new word in English.
- Example #1: (srd) Custa rica at datu milli francos a su betzu. → (eng) This rich woman gave a thousand francs to the old man.
- Example #2: (srd) Ses un'iscimpru. → (eng) You are a stupid man.
- Not a real contrastive difference that matters for srd -> eng, but another thing to keep in mind: "The" does not change form in English, but "su" in Sardinian must agree with the noun which it precedes in number and gender.
- Example #1: (srd) Sos ki an furatu su dinari at a èssere punitos. → (eng) The people who stole the money will be punished.
- Example #2: (srd) Una de sas berbekes est maláida. → (eng) One of the sheep is sick.
srd → eng transfer morph tests
- Diff.1/2, Ex.1:
- (srd) Su<det><def><m><sg> sardu<n><m><sg> èssere<vbser><pri><p3><sg> unu<det><ind><f><sg> limba<n><f><sg> anticu<adj><f><sg> → (eng) Sardinian<n><sg> be<vbser><pres><p3><sg> a<det><ind><sg> ancient<adj> language<n><sg>
- Diff.1/2, Ex.2:
- (srd) Su<det><def><f><sg> Frantza<np><top><f><sg> èssere<vbser><pri><p3><sg> unu<det><ind><m><sg> paisu<n><m><sg> bellu<adj><m><sg> → (eng) France<np><top><sg> be<vbser><pres><p3><sg> a<det><ind><sg> beautiful<adj> country<n><sg>
- Diff.3/4, Ex.1:
- (srd) àere<vbhaver><pri><p1><sg> pèrdere<vblex><pp><m><sg> duos<num><mf><sp> de<pr> su<det><def><m><pl> libru<n><m><pl> meu<adj><pos><m><pl> → (eng) prpers<prn><subj><p1><mf><sg> have<vbhaver><pres> lose<vblex><pp> two<num><pl> of<pr> my<det><pos><sp> book<n><pl>
- Diff.3, Ex.2:
- (srd) lettu<n><m><sg> meu<adj><pos><m><sg> èssere<vbser><pri><p3><sg> → (eng) prpers<prn><subj><p3><nt><sg> be<vbser><pres><p3><sg> my<det><pos><sp> bed<n><sg>
- Diff.4, Ex.2:
- (srd) Mi<prn><pro><p1><mf><sg> àere<vbhaver><pri><p3><pl> nàrrere<vblex><pp><m><sg> chi<cnjsub> su<det><def><m><sg> trenu<n><m><sg> dèvere<vblex><pii><p3><sg> arrivare<vblex><inf> a<pr> su<det><def><f><pl> nove<num><mf><sg> → (eng) prpers<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl> tell<vblex><past> prpers<prn><obj><p1><mf><sg> that<cnjsub> the<det><def><sp> train<n><sg> be<vbser><past><p3><sg> suppose<vblex><pp> arrive<vblex><inf> at<pr> nine<num><pl>
- Diff.5, Ex.1:
- (srd) custu<det><dem><f><sg> ricu<n><f><sg> àere<vbhaver><pri><p3><sg> dare<vblex><pp><m><sg> milli<num><mf><sp> francu<n><m><pl> a<pr> su<det><def><m><sg> betzu<n><m><sg> → (eng) this<det><dem><sg> rich<adj><sint> woman<n><sg> give<vblex><past> a thousand<num><pl> franc<n><pl> to<pr> the<det><def><sp> old<adj><sint> man<n><sg>
- Diff.5, Ex.2:
- (srd) èssere<vbser><pri><p2><sg> unu<det><ind><m><sg> iscimpru<n><m><sg> → (eng) prpers<prn><subj><p2><mf><sp> be<vbser><pres> a<det><ind><sg> stupid<adj> man<n><sg>
- Addendum, Ex.1:
- (srd) Su<det><def><m><pl> chi<cnjsub> àere<vbhaver><pri><p3><pl> furare<vblex><pp><m><sg> su<det><def><m><sg> dinari<n><m><sg> àere<vbhaver><pri><p3><sg> a<pr> èssere<vbser><inf> punire<vblex><pp><m><pl> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> person<n><pl> who<prn><rel><an><mf><sp> steal<vblex><past> the<det><def><sp> money<n><sg> will<vbmod><pres> be<vbser><inf> punish<vblex><pp>
- Addendum, Ex.2:
- (srd) unu<prn><tn><f><sg> de<pr> su<det><def><f><pl> berbeke<n><f><pl> èssere<vbser><pri><p3><sg> malàidu<adj><f><sg> → (eng) one<prn><dem><mf><sg> of<pr> the<det><def><sp> sheep<n><pl> be<vbser><pres><p3><sg> sick<adj><sint>,,
