Difference between revisions of "Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars"

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{{comment|all transferMorphTests should include lemmas with the tags, not full forms -JNW}}
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1. For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.
 
1. For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.
 
   
 
   
 
* {{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
 
* {{transferTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi.|(They) made friends (with each other).}}
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: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpandʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}} made{{tag|vblex}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}
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: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|βzaŋsa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} tonɯpa{{tag|v}}{{tag|du}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}}{{tag|pl}} make{{tag|vblex}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}
  
 
(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)
 
(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)
  
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* {{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.|Those (the children) like school.}}
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* {{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.|These (the children) like school.}}
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: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} ɲɯrganɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}}
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: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} rga{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}}
  
  
 
2. Japhug generally uses postpositions to express relative position (i.e., locative postpositions zɯ, tɕu and ri), whereas English uses prepositions.
 
2. Japhug generally uses postpositions to express relative position (i.e., locative postpositions zɯ, tɕu and ri), whereas English uses prepositions.
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{{comment|no need for subcategory tags on your postpositions, just like English doesn't have them for prepositions.  Just use <tag>post</tag>. -JNW}}
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* {{transferTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe tɕe, tʂu tɕu ɲɤmtsɯr.|They went, and on the road they were hungry.}}
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: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɕe{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|auto}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}, tʂu{{tag|n}} tɕu{{tag|post}} mtsɯr{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} go{{tag|vblex}}, and{{tag|lnk}} on{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} be{{tag|aux}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|pl}} hungry{{tag|vblex}}}}
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* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ambro ɯjme zɯ kɤzo.|Land on my horse's tail.}}
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: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|mbro{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}} jme{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} zɯ{{tag|post}} zo{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|Land{{tag|vblex}} on{{tag|pr}} my{{tag|adv}} horse{{tag|n}}{{tag|poss}} tail{{tag|n}}}}
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3. Japhug expresses negation by a prefix on the verb, where English requires an adverb like "not" (and often an auxiliary verb like "did").
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* {{transferTest|jya|eng|aʑo mɯpɯrɤʑia.|I was not present.}}
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: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|aʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} rɤʑi{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|1sg}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}} be{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}}{{tag|neg}} present{{tag|vblex}}}}
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* {{transferTest|jya|eng|khramba kɤβzu mɤpe.|Telling lies is not good.}}
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: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|khramba{{tag|n}} βzu{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}} pe{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}|Telli{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ipfv}} lie{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|v}} not{{tag|adv}} good{{tag|adj}}}}
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{{comment|Where's negation in this second example? -JNW }}
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4. The Japhug causative prefix on verbs would generally require a complementary clause with a verb like "made" on the "original" subject of the verb (i.e., the agent being "caused" to perform the action described by the verb).
  
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* {{transferTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe tɕe, tʂu ɲɤmtsɯr.|They went, and on the road they were hungry.}}
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* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo kɯ nɤʑo pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa.|They caused me to see you.}}
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: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|jonɯɕe{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|auto}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}, tʂu{{tag|n}} tɕu{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} ɲɤmtsɯr{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} went{{tag|vblex}}, and{{tag|lnk}} on{{tag|p}}{{tag|loc}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} road{{tag|n}} they{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sbj}} were{{tag|vmodal}}{{tag|past}} hungry{{tag|vblex}}}}
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: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɯʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} kɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|erg}} nɤʑo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}} mto{{tag|v}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|inv}}{{tag|caus}}{{tag|1sg}}|He{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}} cause{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1sg}}{{tag|obj}} to{{tag|aux}} see{{tag|vblex}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|2sg}}}}
  
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a-mbro<n><px1sg> ɯ-jme zɯ kɤ-zo
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* {{transferTest|jya|eng|tɤʑɣɤɕɯfka.|Eat your fill!}}
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: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|fka{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|refl}}{{tag|caus}}|Eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} fill{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}}
  
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* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ambro ɯjme zɯ kɤzo.|Land on my horse's tail.}}
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{{comment|Is this "eat until you're full" or "eat your fill"? -JNW}}
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: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ambro{{tag|n}}{{tag|px1sg}} ɯjme{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} zɯ{{tag|post}}{{tag|loc}} kɤzo{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|Land{{tag|vblex}} on{{tag|p}}{{tag|loc}} my{{tag|adv}} horse's{{tag|n}}{{tag|poss}} tail{{tag|n}}}}
 
  
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3. The negation prefix and causative prefixes in Japhug would generally need to be expressed using separate words in English, like "not" or "cause to".
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5. Japhug verbs can take dual (-ndʑi) and plural (-nɯ) indexation suffixes, that can take the place of second or third person dual/plural pronouns as the object of the verb. E.g., a clause can consist of an intransitive verb alone, with a dual prefix in place of its argument. However it doesn't always do this, it can simply be an agreement with the object(s).
  
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4. Japhug verbs can have number suffixes that agree with the subject, that can obviate an explicit object in the clause. An equivalent English clause would require an explicit object like "them" or "them both" to express the same thing.
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* {{transferTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ nɯ ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ toβzundʑi tɕe.|They made two piles from the bones.}}
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: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|ɕɤrɯ{{tag|n}} nɯ{{tag|dem}} ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ{{tag|n}} βzu{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|du}} tɕe{{tag|lnk}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}} make{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pst}} two{{tag|adj}} pile{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} from{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} bone{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}
  
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5. (No hard rule) Certain adverbs in English (like "together") generally come after the verb, whereas their equivalents in Japhug generally come before.
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* {{transferTest|jya|eng|maka ɯtaʁ mɯpjɤpenɯ.|They were not good to him.}}
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: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|maka{{tag|adv}} ɯtaʁ{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sg}} mɯpjɤpenɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|ipfv}}{{tag|ifr}}{{tag|pl}}|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pl}} were{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}} not{{tag|adv}} good{{tag|adj}} to{{tag|pr}} him{{tag|prn}}{{tag|3sg}}}}
  
 
[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]
 
[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]] [[Category: Japhug]]

Latest revision as of 18:03, 4 May 2023

all transferMorphTests should include lemmas with the tags, not full forms -JNW

1. For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.

  • (jya) βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi. → (eng) (They) made friends (with each other).
(jya) βzaŋsa<n><ind> tonɯpa<v><du> → (eng) They<prn><sbj><pl> make<vblex> friend<n><pl>

(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)

  • (jya) kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ. → (eng) These (the children) like school.
(jya) kɯkɯra<dem><prox><pl> xuexiao<n><ind> rga<v><sens><pl> → (eng) These<dem><prox><pl> like<vblex> school<n>


2. Japhug generally uses postpositions to express relative position (i.e., locative postpositions zɯ, tɕu and ri), whereas English uses prepositions.

no need for subcategory tags on your postpositions, just like English doesn't have them for prepositions. Just use <tag>post</tag>. -JNW

  • (jya) jonɯɕe tɕe, tʂu tɕu ɲɤmtsɯr. → (eng) They went, and on the road they were hungry.
(jya) ɕe<v><ifr><auto> tɕe<lnk>, tʂu<n> tɕu<post> mtsɯr<v><ifr> → (eng) They<prn><sbj> go<vblex>, and<lnk> on<pr> the<det><def> road<n> they<prn><sbj> be<aux><past><pl> hungry<vblex>
  • (jya) ambro ɯjme zɯ kɤzo. → (eng) Land on my horse's tail.
(jya) mbro<n><px1sg> jme<n><px3sg> zɯ<post> zo<v><imp> → (eng) Land<vblex> on<pr> my<adv> horse<n><poss> tail<n>

3. Japhug expresses negation by a prefix on the verb, where English requires an adverb like "not" (and often an auxiliary verb like "did").

  • (jya) aʑo mɯpɯrɤʑia. → (eng) I was not present.
(jya) aʑo<prn><1sg> rɤʑi<v><neg><pst><1sg> → (eng) I<prn><1sg> be<aux><pst> not<adv><neg> present<vblex>
  • (jya) khramba kɤβzu mɤpe. → (eng) Telling lies is not good.
(jya) khramba<n> βzu<v><inf> pe<v><neg> → (eng) Telli<vblex><ipfv> lie<n><pl> be<v> not<adv> good<adj>

Where's negation in this second example? -JNW

4. The Japhug causative prefix on verbs would generally require a complementary clause with a verb like "made" on the "original" subject of the verb (i.e., the agent being "caused" to perform the action described by the verb).

  • (jya) ɯʑo kɯ nɤʑo pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa. → (eng) They caused me to see you.
(jya) ɯʑo<prn><3sg> kɯ<post><erg> nɤʑo<prn><2sg> mto<v><ipfv><inv><caus><1sg> → (eng) He<prn><3sg> cause<vblex><pst> me<prn><1sg><obj> to<aux> see<vblex> you<prn><2sg>
  • (jya) tɤʑɣɤɕɯfka. → (eng) Eat your fill!
(jya) fka<v><iv><imp><refl><caus> → (eng) Eat<vblex><inf> your<det><pos><sp> fill<vblex><inf>

Is this "eat until you're full" or "eat your fill"? -JNW

5. Japhug verbs can take dual (-ndʑi) and plural (-nɯ) indexation suffixes, that can take the place of second or third person dual/plural pronouns as the object of the verb. E.g., a clause can consist of an intransitive verb alone, with a dual prefix in place of its argument. However it doesn't always do this, it can simply be an agreement with the object(s).

  • (jya) ɕɤrɯ nɯ ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ toβzundʑi tɕe. → (eng) They made two piles from the bones.
(jya) ɕɤrɯ<n> nɯ<dem> ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ<n> βzu<v><ifr><du> tɕe<lnk> → (eng) They<prn><pl> make<vblex><pst> two<adj> pile<n><pl> from<pr> the<det><def> bone<n><pl>
  • (jya) maka ɯtaʁ mɯpjɤpenɯ. → (eng) They were not good to him.
(jya) maka<adv> ɯtaʁ<n><px3sg> mɯpjɤpenɯ<v><neg><ipfv><ifr><pl> → (eng) They<prn><pl> were<aux><pst> not<adv> good<adj> to<pr> him<prn><3sg>
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