Difference between revisions of "Walloon/Grammar"

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==Part-of-speech Categories==
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== Parts of Speech ==
  
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{|class=wikitable
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===Noun===
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! Symbol                !! Gloss                          !! Notes  !! Universal POS
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Sometimes mark gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural), either in article or certain suffixes.
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|-
 
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| <code>n</code>        || Noun                           || ''see 'np' for proper noun'' || NOUN
 
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|-
 
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| <code>vblex</code>    || Standard ("lexical") verb      || ''see also: vbser, vbhaver, vbmod, vaux, vbdo'' || VERB
 
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|-
 
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| <code>v</code>        || Standard verb                  || shortened form of vblex, often used in agglutinative languages || VERB
 
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|-
 
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| <code>vbmod</code>    || Modal verb                    ||  || VERB
 
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|-
 
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| <code>vbser</code>    || Verb "to be"                  || from ''ser'' (to be) || VERB or AUX
 
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|-
 
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| <code>vbhaver</code>  || Verb "to have"                || from ''haver'' (to have) || VERB or AUX
 
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|-
 
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| <code>vbdo</code>      || Verb "to do"                  || "to do" includes all eleven tenses and forms of to do, can also be an auxiliary verb || VERB or AUX
 
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|-
 
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| <code>vaux</code>      || Auxiliary verb                || [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxilliary_verb wikipedia] || AUX
 
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|-
 
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| <code>cop</code>      || Copula                        || [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula_(linguistics) wikipedia]; sometimes verb-like, sometimes not || AUX
 
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|-
 
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| <code>adj</code>      || Adjective                      || || ADJ
 
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|-
 
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| <code>adv</code>      || Adverb                        || || ADV
 
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|-
 
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| <code>preadv</code>    || Pre-adverb                    || || ADV
 
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|-
 
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| <code>postadv</code>  || Post-adverb                    || || ADV
 
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|-
 
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| <code>mod</code>      || Modal word                    || [http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/lingvistic/749] || PART
 
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|-
 
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| <code>det</code>      || Determiner                    || [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner_(class) wikipedia] || DET
 
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|-
 
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| <code>prn</code>      || Pronoun                        || [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun wikipedia] || PRON
 
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|-
 
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| <code>pr</code>        || Preposition                    || [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preposition wikipedia] || ADP
 
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|-
 
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| <code>post</code>      || Postposition                  || || ADP
 
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|-
 
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| <code>num</code>      || Numeral                        || || NUM
 
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|-
 
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| <code>np</code>        || Proper noun                    || From ''nom propi'' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_noun  wikipedia] || PROPN
 
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|-
 
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| <code>ij</code>        || Interjection                  || [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interjection wikipedia] || INTJ
 
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|-
 
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| <code>cnjcoo</code>    || Co-ordinating conjunction      || [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-ordinating_conjunction wikipedia] || CCONJ
 
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|-
 
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| <code>cnjsub</code>    || Sub-ordinating conjunction    || || SCONJ
 
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|-
 
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| <code>cnjadv</code>    || Conjunctive adverb            || [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunctive_adverb wikipedia] || SCONJ, ADV
 
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|-
 
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| <code>atp</code>      || Attachable prefix              || In [[German]], ''zusammen''- ||
 
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|-
 
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| <code>ideo</code>      || Ideophone                      || ||
 
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|-
 
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| <code>clt</code>      || Clitic                        || ||
 
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|}
 
  
−
== Parts of Speech ==
+
Examples:
 +
* {{morphTest|tchvå{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|tchvå}}
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|tchvå{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|tchvås}}
  
−
===Noun===
+
* {{morphTest|båshel{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|båshele}}
−
...
 
  
 
===Pronoun===
 
===Pronoun===
−
...
+
Personal pronouns vary by person, number, gender, and function syntactically (subject, reflexive, object, etc.)
 +
 
 +
Examples:
 +
* {{morphTest|dji{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|dji}}
 +
* {{morphTest|nos{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|nos}}
 +
* {{morphTest|i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|i}}
  
 
===Adjective===
 
===Adjective===
−
...
+
Show gender and number through -e, -s, with certain extra patterns for endings (-î/-ire, -s/-sse, etc.)
 +
Examples:
 +
* {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|grand}}
 +
* {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|grande}}
 +
* {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}|grandès}}
  
−
===Determinant===
+
===Determiner===
−
...
+
Many articles and determiners (definite, indefinite, partitive, etc.)
 +
Examples:
 +
* {{morphTest|on{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|on}}
 +
* {{morphTest|ene{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|ene}}
 +
* {{morphTest|les{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|les}}
  
 
===Verb===
 
===Verb===
−
Present, Future, Imperfect, Simple Past, Present Subjunctive, "Le subjonctif imparfait", Present Conditional,
+
Conjugated for tense, mood, person, number, etc.
 +
Examples:
 +
* {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|tchante}}
 +
* {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|tchantes}}
 +
 
 +
== Adjective Gender Marks ==
 +
Adjectives (often) have separate masculine v.s. feminine forms. The masculine typically ends in a consonant, with the feminine typically adding "-e" or other suffixes.
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|grand}}
 +
* {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|grande}}
 +
* {{morphTest|disgostant{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|disgostant}}
 +
* {{morphTest|disgostant{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|disgostante}}
 +
* {{morphTest|candjî{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|candjeye}}
 +
 
 +
== Present Indicative Tense (Verbs) ==
 +
Regular present tense is (often) formed by changing the verb ending, depending on person/number.
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|tchante}}
 +
* {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|tchantes}}
 +
* {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|tchante}}
 +
* {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|tchantans}}
 +
* {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|tchantez}}
 +
 
 +
== Future Tense (Verbs) ==
 +
Regular future adds "-r" to stem.
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|candjî{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|candjrè}}
 +
* {{morphTest|candjî{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|candjrès}}
 +
* {{morphTest|candjî{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|candjrè}}
 +
* {{morphTest|candjî{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|candjrans}}
 +
* {{morphTest|candjî{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|candjroz}}
 +
 
 +
== Regularly Irregular Verbs ==
 +
Many irregular verbs make situation-specific modifications to avoid consonant clusters. Usually, when a stem ends 2+ consonants, the final double consonant is disallowed.
 +
 
 +
The first predominant method is to, if the root ends in "rer", "ler", "ner" (cosonant + r/l/n + -er) an epenthetic vowel is inserted:
 +
* {{morphTest|mostrer{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|mostere}}
 +
* {{morphTest|mostrer{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|mosterront}}
 +
* {{morphTest|sofler{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|sofele}}
 +
 
 +
Or, if the stem ends in a consonant before "ter", "ler", "ner", "der", "ker", then the silent final "e"/"eye":
 +
* {{morphTest|disfoyter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|disfoyteye}}
 +
 
 +
== Noun Number ==
 +
Plurals are generally formed by adding "-s" (though not always pronounced).
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|djot{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|djote}}
 +
* {{morphTest|djot{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}|djotes}}
 +
* {{morphTest|tchvå{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|tchvå}}
 +
* {{morphTest|tchvå{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|tchvås}}
 +
* {{morphTest|dent{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|dents}}
 +
 
 +
== Noun Gender ==
 +
Like adjectives, nouns can take masculine v.s. feminine forms. This usually occurs through suffixes ("-e", "-esse"), and at times form is distinct.
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|berdelåd{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|berdelåd}}
 +
* {{morphTest|berdelåd{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|berdelåde}}
 +
* {{morphTest|sot{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|sot}}
 +
* {{morphTest|sot{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|sote}}
 +
* {{morphTest|monnî{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|monnî}}
 +
* {{morphTest|monnî{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|monnresse}}
 +
 
 +
== Indefinite and Partitive Articles ==
 +
Indefinite articles ("on", "ene") indicate gender/number, partitive articles ("do", "del") indicate quantity ambiguously/"some".
  
−
===Adverb===
+
* {{morphTest|on{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|on}}
−
...
+
* {{morphTest|ene{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|ene}}
 +
* {{morphTest|des{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|pl}}|des}}
 +
* {{morphTest|do{{tag|det}}{{tag|part}}{{tag|m}}|do}}
 +
* {{morphTest|del{{tag|det}}{{tag|part}}{{tag|f}}|del}}
  
−
===Preposition===
+
== Possessive Determiners ==
−
...
+
Possessive determiner marking is dependent/varies on the possessor (person, number).
  
−
===Conjunction===
+
* {{morphTest|mi{{tag|det}}{{tag|poss}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|mi}}
−
...
+
* {{morphTest|ti{{tag|det}}{{tag|poss}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|ti}}
 +
* {{morphTest|si{{tag|det}}{{tag|poss}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|si}}
 +
* {{morphTest|nos{{tag|det}}{{tag|poss}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|nos}}
 +
* {{morphTest|leu{{tag|det}}{{tag|poss}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|leu}}
  
 
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]] [[Category:Grammar documentation]] [[Category: Walloon]]
 
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]] [[Category:Grammar documentation]] [[Category: Walloon]]

Latest revision as of 23:35, 19 March 2025

Parts of Speech

Noun

Sometimes mark gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural), either in article or certain suffixes.

Examples:

  • tchvå<n><m><sg> ↔ tchvå
  • tchvå<n><m><pl> ↔ tchvås
  • båshel<n><f><sg> ↔ båshele

Pronoun

Personal pronouns vary by person, number, gender, and function syntactically (subject, reflexive, object, etc.)

Examples:

  • dji<prn><p1><sg> ↔ dji
  • nos<prn><p1><pl> ↔ nos
  • i<prn><p3><sg> ↔ i

Adjective

Show gender and number through -e, -s, with certain extra patterns for endings (-î/-ire, -s/-sse, etc.) Examples:

  • grand<adj><m><sg> ↔ grand
  • grand<adj><f><sg> ↔ grande
  • grand<adj><f><pl> ↔ grandès

Determiner

Many articles and determiners (definite, indefinite, partitive, etc.) Examples:

  • on<det><ind><m><sg> ↔ on
  • ene<det><ind><f><sg> ↔ ene
  • les<det><def><pl> ↔ les

Verb

Conjugated for tense, mood, person, number, etc. Examples:

  • tchanter<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ tchante
  • tchanter<v><pres><p2><sg> ↔ tchantes

Adjective Gender Marks

Adjectives (often) have separate masculine v.s. feminine forms. The masculine typically ends in a consonant, with the feminine typically adding "-e" or other suffixes.

  • grand<adj><m><sg> ↔ grand
  • grand<adj><f><sg> ↔ grande
  • disgostant<adj><m><sg> ↔ disgostant
  • disgostant<adj><f><sg> ↔ disgostante
  • candjî<adj><f><sg> ↔ candjeye

Present Indicative Tense (Verbs)

Regular present tense is (often) formed by changing the verb ending, depending on person/number.

  • tchanter<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ tchante
  • tchanter<v><pres><p2><sg> ↔ tchantes
  • tchanter<v><pres><p3><sg> ↔ tchante
  • tchanter<v><pres><p1><pl> ↔ tchantans
  • tchanter<v><pres><p2><pl> ↔ tchantez

Future Tense (Verbs)

Regular future adds "-r" to stem.

  • candjî<v><fut><p1><sg> ↔ candjrè
  • candjî<v><fut><p2><sg> ↔ candjrès
  • candjî<v><fut><p3><sg> ↔ candjrè
  • candjî<v><fut><p1><pl> ↔ candjrans
  • candjî<v><fut><p2><pl> ↔ candjroz

Regularly Irregular Verbs

Many irregular verbs make situation-specific modifications to avoid consonant clusters. Usually, when a stem ends 2+ consonants, the final double consonant is disallowed.

The first predominant method is to, if the root ends in "rer", "ler", "ner" (cosonant + r/l/n + -er) an epenthetic vowel is inserted:

  • mostrer<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ mostere
  • mostrer<v><fut><p3><pl> ↔ mosterront
  • sofler<v><pres><p2><sg> ↔ sofele

Or, if the stem ends in a consonant before "ter", "ler", "ner", "der", "ker", then the silent final "e"/"eye":

  • disfoyter<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ disfoyteye

Noun Number

Plurals are generally formed by adding "-s" (though not always pronounced).

  • djot<n><f><sg> ↔ djote
  • djot<n><f><pl> ↔ djotes
  • tchvå<n><m><sg> ↔ tchvå
  • tchvå<n><m><pl> ↔ tchvås
  • dent<n><m><pl> ↔ dents

Noun Gender

Like adjectives, nouns can take masculine v.s. feminine forms. This usually occurs through suffixes ("-e", "-esse"), and at times form is distinct.

  • berdelåd<n><m><sg> ↔ berdelåd
  • berdelåd<n><f><sg> ↔ berdelåde
  • sot<n><m><sg> ↔ sot
  • sot<n><f><sg> ↔ sote
  • monnî<n><m><sg> ↔ monnî
  • monnî<n><f><sg> ↔ monnresse

Indefinite and Partitive Articles

Indefinite articles ("on", "ene") indicate gender/number, partitive articles ("do", "del") indicate quantity ambiguously/"some".

  • on<det><ind><m><sg> ↔ on
  • ene<det><ind><f><sg> ↔ ene
  • des<det><ind><pl> ↔ des
  • do<det><part><m> ↔ do
  • del<det><part><f> ↔ del

Possessive Determiners

Possessive determiner marking is dependent/varies on the possessor (person, number).

  • mi<det><poss><p1><sg> ↔ mi
  • ti<det><poss><p2><sg> ↔ ti
  • si<det><poss><p3><sg> ↔ si
  • nos<det><poss><p1><pl> ↔ nos
  • leu<det><poss><p3><pl> ↔ leu
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