Difference between revisions of "Rungus and English/Contrastive Grammar"
From LING073
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| − | == Actor focus == | + | == Grammatical Differences == |
| + | * Word order: Rungus is primarily VSO | ||
| + | * Austronesian alignment: the word order in Rungus is [predicate - focused argument - non-focused argument], and the focus marking on the verb determines the thematic role of the focused argument (e.g., if verb is actor focused, then the focused argument is the actor/agent) | ||
| + | ** Determiners and pronouns have focused/non-focused forms (tagged <code>nom</code> and <code>acc</code>) | ||
| + | === Actor focus === | ||
* {{transferTest|drg|eng|Mamanau it ulun|The person goes}} | * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Mamanau it ulun|The person goes}} | ||
*: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|panau{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|af}} it{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}} ulun{{tag|n}} |the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} }} | *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|panau{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|af}} it{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}} ulun{{tag|n}} |the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} }} | ||
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*: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|gama{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|af}} i{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}} tukang{{tag|n}} do{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|acc}} meja{{tag|n}} |the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} workman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} make{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} table{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} }} | *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|gama{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|af}} i{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}} tukang{{tag|n}} do{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|acc}} meja{{tag|n}} |the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} workman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} make{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} table{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} }} | ||
| − | == Patient focus == | + | === Patient focus === |
* {{transferTest|drg|eng|Duaton oku dikau|I am asked by you}} | * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Duaton oku dikau|I am asked by you}} | ||
*: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|panau{{tag|v}}{{tag|pf}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} dikau{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} |I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} ask{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} by{{tag|pr}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} }} | *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|panau{{tag|v}}{{tag|pf}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} dikau{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} |I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} ask{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} by{{tag|pr}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} }} | ||
| − | == Beneficiary focus == | + | === Beneficiary focus === |
* {{transferTest|drg|eng|Tinahakan oku do tinggol|I was given necklaces}} | * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Tinahakan oku do tinggol|I was given necklaces}} | ||
*: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|tahak{{tag|v}}{{tag|pf}}{{tag|perf}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} do{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|acc}} tinggol{{tag|n}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} given{{tag|adj}} necklace{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} }} | *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|tahak{{tag|v}}{{tag|pf}}{{tag|perf}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} do{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|acc}} tinggol{{tag|n}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} given{{tag|adj}} necklace{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} }} | ||
Revision as of 15:38, 22 April 2025
Grammatical Differences
- Word order: Rungus is primarily VSO
- Austronesian alignment: the word order in Rungus is [predicate - focused argument - non-focused argument], and the focus marking on the verb determines the thematic role of the focused argument (e.g., if verb is actor focused, then the focused argument is the actor/agent)
- Determiners and pronouns have focused/non-focused forms (tagged
nomandacc)
- Determiners and pronouns have focused/non-focused forms (tagged
Actor focus
- (drg) Mamanau it ulun → (eng) The person goes
- (drg) panau<v><impf><af> it<det><def><nom> ulun<n> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> person<n><sg> go<vblex><pres><p3><sg>
- (drg) Mangagama i tukang do meja → (eng) The workman makes a table
- (drg) gama<v><impf><af> i<det><def><nom> tukang<n> do<det><ind><acc> meja<n> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> workman<n><sg> make<vblex><pres><p3><sg> a<det><ind><sg> table<n><sg>
Patient focus
- (drg) Duaton oku dikau → (eng) I am asked by you
- (drg) panau<v><pf> oku<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom> dikau<prn><pers><p2><sg><acc> → (eng) I<prn><pers><subj><p1><mf><sg> be<vblex><p1><sg> ask<vblex><pp> by<pr> you<prn><pers><p2><mf><sg>
Beneficiary focus
- (drg) Tinahakan oku do tinggol → (eng) I was given necklaces
- (drg) tahak<v><pf><perf> oku<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom> do<det><ind><acc> tinggol<n> → (eng) I<prn><pers><subj><p1><mf><sg> be<vblex><past><p1><sg> given<adj> necklace<n><pl>
