Difference between revisions of "Limbu and English/Contrastive Grammar"
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| + | ==Grammatical Differences== | ||
| + | |||
* Limbu is an SOV language, whereas English is SVO. | * Limbu is an SOV language, whereas English is SVO. | ||
| − | ** {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥|You've lost a little of the Limbu language.}} | + | * In Limbu, pronouns are often left out as prefixes are added to the verbs. |
| − | **: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}} ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} lose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} a little{{tag|adj}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} language{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | + | * Limbu has no definite articles (a, an, the).] |
| + | * In Limbu, prepositions are always placed at the beginning ? | ||
| + | * In Limbu, the article thus is used a lot in place of other adverbs such as but or even and seemingly without reason/translation. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==lif-eng tests== | ||
| + | ===1 SOV=== | ||
| + | * {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥|You've lost a little of the Limbu language.}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}} ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} lose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} a little{{tag|adj}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} language{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|Our friend up above takes out two rupees.}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|Our{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up{{tag|adv}} above{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===2 PRN=== | ||
| + | * {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥|You've lost a little of the Limbu language.}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}} ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} lose{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} a little{{tag|adj}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} language{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|Our friend up above takes out two rupees.}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|Our{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up{{tag|adv}} above{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===3 DEF ARTICLES=== | ||
| + | * {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤆᤥᤀᤠᤱ ᤆᤥᤃᤢᤀᤠᤱ॥|The Limbu eats, and he works.}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤆᤠᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl3}}{{tag|os_sg}}{{tag|o_sg}}+ᤀᤠᤱ{{tag|cj}} ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl3}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|o_sg}}+ᤀᤠᤱ{{tag|cj}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} Limbu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|The one over here takes out two rupees.}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤏᤠ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|The one{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} over here{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===4 PREP=== | ||
| + | * {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|Our friend up above takes out two rupees.}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤌᤥ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|Our{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up{{tag|adv}} above{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}} | ||
| + | * {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥|The one over here takes out two rupees.}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤏᤠ{{tag|pr}} ᤆᤢᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|erg}} ᤏᤧᤜᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|o_3}}{{tag|incl}}|The one{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} over here{{tag|adv}} take# out{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sep}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} two{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} rupee{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}} | ||
| + | ===5 THUS=== | ||
| + | * {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤂᤶᤓᤧᤀᤠᤱ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤛᤧ᤺ᤖᤡᤃᤧ ᤂᤴᤄᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤆᤱ॥|But we broke up with them.}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤂᤶᤓᤧ{{tag|adv}}+ᤀᤠᤱ{{tag|cj}} ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|adv}} ᤛᤧᤶᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_du1}}{{tag|os_pl}}{{tag|excl}} ᤂᤴ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|com}} ᤆᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|But{{tag|cnjcoo}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} break{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} up{{tag|adv}} with{{tag|pr}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}}} | ||
| + | * {{transferTest|lif|eng|ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ ᤐᤥᤰᤛᤧ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ ᤁᤧᤒᤠ᤹ᤖᤡ॥|But now, what's happened, you all speak a little more Nepali [when speaking Limbu].}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|lif|eng|ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ{{tag|adv}} ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ{{tag|adv}} ᤐᤥ᤺ᤱᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|s_pl1}}{{tag|os_sg}}{{tag|incl}} ᤂᤧᤏᤡ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}} ᤐᤧᤏᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤐᤠᤴ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} ᤆᤡ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}+ᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ{{tag|det}} ᤐᤠ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ{{tag|v}}{{tag|nonpast}}{{tag|s_pl2}}{{tag|os_pl}}|But{{tag|cnjcoo}} now{{tag|adv}} what{{tag|prn}}{{tag|itg}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}}+be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} happen{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} you all{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} speak{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} a little{{tag|adv}} more{{tag|adv}} Nepali{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
[[Category:Limbu]][[Category:English]][[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]] | [[Category:Limbu]][[Category:English]][[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]] | ||
Latest revision as of 16:30, 22 April 2025
Contents
Grammatical Differences
- Limbu is an SOV language, whereas English is SVO.
- In Limbu, pronouns are often left out as prefixes are added to the verbs.
- Limbu has no definite articles (a, an, the).]
- In Limbu, prepositions are always placed at the beginning ?
- In Limbu, the article thus is used a lot in place of other adverbs such as but or even and seemingly without reason/translation.
lif-eng tests
1 SOV
- (lif) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥ → (eng) You've lost a little of the Limbu language.
- (lif) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><sg><nom> ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg><nom> ᤆᤡ<adj><sg> ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg> → (eng) prpers<prn><subj><p2><mf><sp>+have<vbhaver><pres> lose<vblex><pp> a little<adj> of<pr> the<det><def><sp> Limbu<n><sg> language<n><sg>
- (lif) ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥ → (eng) Our friend up above takes out two rupees.
- (lif) ᤌᤥ<pr> ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg><nom>+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg> ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg><nom> ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl1><o_3><incl> → (eng) Our<det><pos><sp> friend<n><sg> up<adv> above<adv> take# out<vblex><sep><pres><p3><sg> two<num><pl> rupee<n><pl>
2 PRN
- (lif) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤃᤧᤔᤠᤛᤢᤶ॥ → (eng) You've lost a little of the Limbu language.
- (lif) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ<n><sg><nom> ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg><nom> ᤆᤡ<adj><sg> ᤔᤠ᤺ᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><o_3><o_sg> → (eng) prpers<prn><subj><p2><mf><sp>+have<vbhaver><pres> lose<vblex><pp> a little<adj> of<pr> the<det><def><sp> Limbu<n><sg> language<n><sg>
- (lif) ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥ → (eng) Our friend up above takes out two rupees.
- (lif) ᤌᤥ<pr> ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg><nom>+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg> ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg><nom> ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl1><o_3><incl> → (eng) Our<det><pos><sp> friend<n><sg> up<adv> above<adv> take# out<vblex><sep><pres><p3><sg> two<num><pl> rupee<n><pl>
3 DEF ARTICLES
- (lif) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤆᤥᤀᤠᤱ ᤆᤥᤃᤢᤀᤠᤱ॥ → (eng) The Limbu eats, and he works.
- (lif) ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤶᤒᤠ<n><sg><nom>+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg> ᤆᤠᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl3><os_sg><o_sg>+ᤀᤠᤱ<cj> ᤆᤥ᤺ᤰᤔᤠ<vbdo><nonpast><s_pl3><o_3><o_sg>+ᤀᤠᤱ<cj> → (eng) The<det><def><sp> Limbu<n><sg> eat<vblex><pres><p3><sg> and<cnjcoo> prpers<prn><subj><p3><m><sg> work<vblex><pres><p3><sg>
- (lif) ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥ → (eng) The one over here takes out two rupees.
- (lif) ᤏᤠ<pr> ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg><nom>+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg> ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg><nom> ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl1><o_3><incl> → (eng) The one<prn><dem><mf><sg> over here<adv> take# out<vblex><sep><pres><p3><sg> two<num><pl> rupee<n><pl>
4 PREP
- (lif) ᤌᤥ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥ → (eng) Our friend up above takes out two rupees.
- (lif) ᤌᤥ<pr> ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg><nom>+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg> ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg><nom> ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl1><o_3><incl> → (eng) Our<det><pos><sp> friend<n><sg> up<adv> above<adv> take# out<vblex><sep><pres><p3><sg> two<num><pl> rupee<n><pl>
- (lif) ᤏᤠ ᤆᤢᤔᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤏᤧᤜᤡ ᤗ᤺ᤳᤋᤢ॥ → (eng) The one over here takes out two rupees.
- (lif) ᤏᤠ<pr> ᤆᤢᤶ<n><sg><nom>+ᤀᤧᤸᤗᤧ<erg> ᤏᤧᤜᤡ<n><sg><nom> ᤗ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl1><o_3><incl> → (eng) The one<prn><dem><mf><sg> over here<adv> take# out<vblex><sep><pres><p3><sg> two<num><pl> rupee<n><pl>
5 THUS
- (lif) ᤂᤶᤓᤧᤀᤠᤱ ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤛᤧ᤺ᤖᤡᤃᤧ ᤂᤴᤄᤠᤏᤢᤱ ᤆᤱ॥ → (eng) But we broke up with them.
- (lif) ᤂᤶᤓᤧ<adv>+ᤀᤠᤱ<cj> ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv> ᤛᤧᤶᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_du1><os_pl><excl> ᤂᤴ<prn><pers><dem><pl><com> ᤆᤱ<n><sg><nom> → (eng) But<cnjcoo> prpers<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl> break<vblex><past> up<adv> with<pr> prpers<prn><obj><p3><mf><pl>
- (lif) ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ ᤐᤥᤰᤛᤧ ᤂᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤧᤏᤡ ᤐᤠᤴ ᤆᤡᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ ᤁᤧᤒᤠ᤹ᤖᤡ॥ → (eng) But now, what's happened, you all speak a little more Nepali [when speaking Limbu].
- (lif) ᤀᤧᤶᤓᤧᤸᤗᤧ<adv> ᤀᤠᤓᤣᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ<adv> ᤐᤥ᤺ᤱᤔᤠ<v><past><s_pl1><os_sg><incl> ᤂᤧᤏᤡ<prn><pers><p2><pl> ᤐᤧᤏᤡ<n><sg><nom> ᤐᤠᤴ<n><sg><nom> ᤆᤡ<adj><sg>+ᤕᤸᤗᤡᤰ<det> ᤐᤠ᤺ᤵᤔᤠ<v><nonpast><s_pl2><os_pl> → (eng) But<cnjcoo> now<adv> what<prn><itg><mf><sp>+be<vbser><pres><p3><sg> happen<vblex><past> you all<prn><subj><p2><mf><pl> speak<vblex><pres> a little<adv> more<adv> Nepali<n><sg>
