Difference between revisions of "Rungus and English/Contrastive Grammar"
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== Word order == | == Word order == | ||
| − | + | Rungus is VSO whereas English is SVO (can be seen in all other examples as well) | |
* {{transferTest|drg|eng|Momobog ko dialo|You hit him}} | * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Momobog ko dialo|You hit him}} | ||
*: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|bobog{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|af}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} dialo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} |you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} hit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} him{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}} | *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|bobog{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|af}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} dialo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} |you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} hit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} him{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
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=== Actor focus === | === Actor focus === | ||
| − | + | Rungus marks actor focus on the verb <code>af</code>, which indicates that the focus argument is an actor; this is roughly equivalent to active voice in English, which is not morphologically marked (also see the word order example) | |
* {{transferTest|drg|eng|Mamanau it ulun|The person goes}} | * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Mamanau it ulun|The person goes}} | ||
*: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|panau{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|af}} it{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}} ulun{{tag|n}} |the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} }} | *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|panau{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|af}} it{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}} ulun{{tag|n}} |the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} }} | ||
| + | * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Manangon tokou di Kurudong|We tell Kurudong stories}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|tangon{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|af}} tokou{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|incl}}{{tag|nom}} di{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|acc}} Kurudong{{tag|np}} | we{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} tell{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} Kurudong{{tag|np}} stories{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}} | ||
=== Patient focus === | === Patient focus === | ||
| − | + | Rungus marks patient focus on the verb <code>pf</code>, which indicates that the focus argument is a patient; this is roughly equivalent to passive voice in English, which is marked on the verb <code>pp</code> and through promotion of the semantic patient to the syntactic subject | |
* {{transferTest|drg|eng|Duaton oku dikau|I am asked by you}} | * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Duaton oku dikau|I am asked by you}} | ||
*: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|duat{{tag|v}}{{tag|pf}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} dikau{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} |I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} ask{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} by{{tag|pr}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} }} | *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|duat{{tag|v}}{{tag|pf}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} dikau{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} |I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} ask{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} by{{tag|pr}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} }} | ||
=== Beneficiary focus === | === Beneficiary focus === | ||
| − | + | Rungus marks beneficiary focus on the verb <code>bf</code>, which indicates that the focus argument is a beneficiary; this has no direct equivalence in English | |
* {{transferTest|drg|eng|Tinahakan oku do tinggol|I was given necklaces}} | * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Tinahakan oku do tinggol|I was given necklaces}} | ||
*: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|tahak{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pf}}{{tag|vol}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} do{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|acc}} tinggol{{tag|n}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} given{{tag|adj}} necklace{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} }} | *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|tahak{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|pf}}{{tag|vol}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} do{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|acc}} tinggol{{tag|n}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} given{{tag|adj}} necklace{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} }} | ||
== Determiners == | == Determiners == | ||
| − | + | In Rungus, determiners mark if the following noun is focused (tagged as <code>nom</code>) or non-focused (tagged as <code>acc</code>); this has no direct equivalence in English | |
* {{transferTest|drg|eng|Mangagama i tukang do meja|The workman makes a table}} | * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Mangagama i tukang do meja|The workman makes a table}} | ||
*: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|gama{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|af}} i{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}} tukang{{tag|n}} do{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|acc}} meja{{tag|n}} |the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} workman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} make{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} table{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} }} | *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|gama{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|af}} i{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|nom}} tukang{{tag|n}} do{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|acc}} meja{{tag|n}} |the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} workman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} make{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} table{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} }} | ||
| − | + | Determiners are always required in Rungus and can be optional in English (also see the second actor focus example and the beneficiary focus example) | |
* {{transferTest|drg|eng|Gamaon oku dot ulun di tagad ku|My ricefield has been made for me by people}} | * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Gamaon oku dot ulun di tagad ku|My ricefield has been made for me by people}} | ||
| − | {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|gama{{tag|v}}{{tag|pf}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} dot{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|acc}} ulun{{tag|n}} di{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|acc}} tagad{{tag|n}} ku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}} |the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} workman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} make{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} table{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} }} | + | *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|gama{{tag|v}}{{tag|pf}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} dot{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|acc}} ulun{{tag|n}} di{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|acc}} tagad{{tag|n}} ku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}} |the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} workman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} make{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} table{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} }} |
== Possessive pronouns == | == Possessive pronouns == | ||
| − | + | Rungus expresses possession with genitive pronouns <code>gen</code>; English expresses possession with possessive determiners <code>pos</code> (also see the second determiner example) | |
* {{transferTest|drg|eng|Mangatag oku di jiip ku|I repair my jeep}} | * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Mangatag oku di jiip ku|I repair my jeep}} | ||
*: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|atag{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|af}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} i{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|acc}} jiip{{tag|n}} ku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}} |I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} repair{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} my{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sg}} jeep{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} }} | *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|atag{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|af}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} i{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|acc}} jiip{{tag|n}} ku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}} |I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} repair{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} my{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sg}} jeep{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Nominal/adjectival predicates == | ||
| + | Rungus nouns and adjectives can be predicative on their own (in which case they do not require determiners) without requiring copulas; English nouns and adjectives require copulas | ||
| + | * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Ulun oku|I am a person}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|ulun{{tag|n}} oku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} | I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|drg|eng|Agazo ialo|He is big}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|drg|eng|agazo{{tag|adj}} ialo{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|emph}} | he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} }} | ||
Latest revision as of 22:32, 24 April 2025
Contents
Word order
Rungus is VSO whereas English is SVO (can be seen in all other examples as well)
- (drg) Momobog ko dialo → (eng) You hit him
- (drg) bobog<v><impf><af> oku<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom> dialo<prn><pers><p3><sg><acc> → (eng) you<prn><pers><subj><p2><mf><sg> hit<vblex><pres> him<prn><pers><obj><p3><m><sg>
Focus morphology
Actor focus
Rungus marks actor focus on the verb af, which indicates that the focus argument is an actor; this is roughly equivalent to active voice in English, which is not morphologically marked (also see the word order example)
- (drg) Mamanau it ulun → (eng) The person goes
- (drg) panau<v><impf><af> it<det><def><nom> ulun<n> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> person<n><sg> go<vblex><pres><p3><sg>
- (drg) Manangon tokou di Kurudong → (eng) We tell Kurudong stories
- (drg) tangon<v><impf><af> tokou<prn><pers><p1><pl><incl><nom> di<det><def><acc> Kurudong<np> → (eng) we<prn><pers><subj><p1><mf><pl> tell<vblex><pres> Kurudong<np> stories<n><pl>
Patient focus
Rungus marks patient focus on the verb pf, which indicates that the focus argument is a patient; this is roughly equivalent to passive voice in English, which is marked on the verb pp and through promotion of the semantic patient to the syntactic subject
- (drg) Duaton oku dikau → (eng) I am asked by you
- (drg) duat<v><pf> oku<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom> dikau<prn><pers><p2><sg><acc> → (eng) I<prn><pers><subj><p1><mf><sg> be<vblex><p1><sg> ask<vblex><pp> by<pr> you<prn><pers><p2><mf><sg>
Beneficiary focus
Rungus marks beneficiary focus on the verb bf, which indicates that the focus argument is a beneficiary; this has no direct equivalence in English
- (drg) Tinahakan oku do tinggol → (eng) I was given necklaces
- (drg) tahak<v><perf><pf><vol> oku<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom> do<det><ind><acc> tinggol<n> → (eng) I<prn><pers><subj><p1><mf><sg> be<vblex><past><p1><sg> given<adj> necklace<n><pl>
Determiners
In Rungus, determiners mark if the following noun is focused (tagged as nom) or non-focused (tagged as acc); this has no direct equivalence in English
- (drg) Mangagama i tukang do meja → (eng) The workman makes a table
- (drg) gama<v><impf><af> i<det><def><nom> tukang<n> do<det><ind><acc> meja<n> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> workman<n><sg> make<vblex><pres><p3><sg> a<det><ind><sg> table<n><sg>
Determiners are always required in Rungus and can be optional in English (also see the second actor focus example and the beneficiary focus example)
- (drg) Gamaon oku dot ulun di tagad ku → (eng) My ricefield has been made for me by people
- (drg) gama<v><pf> oku<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom> dot<det><ind><acc> ulun<n> di<det><def><acc> tagad<n> ku<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> workman<n><sg> make<vblex><pres><p3><sg> a<det><ind><sg> table<n><sg>
Possessive pronouns
Rungus expresses possession with genitive pronouns gen; English expresses possession with possessive determiners pos (also see the second determiner example)
- (drg) Mangatag oku di jiip ku → (eng) I repair my jeep
- (drg) atag<v><impf><af> oku<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom> i<det><def><acc> jiip<n> ku<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen> → (eng) I<prn><pers><subj><p1><mf><sg> repair<vblex><pres> my<det><pos><sg> jeep<n><sg>
Nominal/adjectival predicates
Rungus nouns and adjectives can be predicative on their own (in which case they do not require determiners) without requiring copulas; English nouns and adjectives require copulas
- (drg) Ulun oku → (eng) I am a person
- (drg) ulun<n> oku<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom> → (eng) I<prn><pers><subj><p1><mf><sg> be<vblex><pres><p1><sg> person<n><sg>
- (drg) Agazo ialo → (eng) He is big
- (drg) agazo<adj> ialo<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom><emph> → (eng) he<prn><pers><subj><p3><m><sg> be<vblex><pres><p3><sg> big<adj><sint>
