Difference between revisions of "Western Abenaki and English/Contrastive Grammar"

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(→‎Verb Animacy)
(→‎Definite vs Indefinite Objects)
 
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====Verb Animacy====
 
====Verb Animacy====
−
{{comment|To output "someone" vs. "something" or "him" vs. "it" is a good grammar point.  Adding the English word when it's not present in <code>abe</code> is another grammar point.  Be sure to write these up with the correct template - JNW}}
 
 
Verb animacy differs depending on the animacy of the subject and/or object.
 
Verb animacy differs depending on the animacy of the subject and/or object.
 
*{{transferTest|abe|eng|beskaaka|put him aside}}
 
*{{transferTest|abe|eng|beskaaka|put him aside}}
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|abe|eng|beskaaka{{tag|vb}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|aa}}|put{{tag|vb}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} him{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} aside{{tag|adv}}}}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|abe|eng|beskaaka{{tag|vb}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|aa}}|put{{tag|vb}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} him{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} aside{{tag|adv}}}}
  
 +
*{{transferTest|abe|eng|beskato|put it aside}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|abe|eng|beskato{{tag|vb}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|nn}}|put{{tag|vb}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} it{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} aside{{tag|adv}}}}
  
−
**beskato<vb><tv><nn><o_3sg_def_nn>
+
*{{transferTest|abe|eng|namiha|see someone}}
−
*see someone or something
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*: {{transferMorphTest|abe|eng|namiha{{tag|vb}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|aa}}|see{{tag|vb}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} someone{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}}}
−
**namiha<vb><tv><aa><o_3sg_def_aa>
 
−
**namito<vb><tv><nn><o_3sg_def_nn>
 
−
*one names him or it
 
−
**wihlômek<vb><tv><aa><o_3sg_def_aa>
 
−
**witôzik<vb><tv><nn><o_3sg_def_nn>
 
  
−
===Plural Agreement===
+
*{{transferTest|abe|eng|namito|see something}}
−
Adjectives and verbs must agree with the relevant noun in plurality
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|abe|eng|namiha{{tag|vb}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|nn}}|see{{tag|vb}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} something{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}}}}
  
−
====Adjective Plurality====
+
===Definite vs Indefinite Objects===
−
{{comment|This would be important for translation into <code>abe</code>, but it isn't for translation into <code>eng</code> -JNW}}
+
Verbs contain morphology to mark a definite vs indefinite object, because there are no articles in Western Abenaki.
−
*pear (elongated apple) → pears (elongated apples)
+
*{{transferTest|abe|eng|k'milel pilaskw|I give you a paper}}
−
**kwanogazid<adj> aples<n><aa><sg>
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|abe|eng|k'milel{{tag|vb}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|s_sg1}}{{tag|o_sg2_ind}} pilaskw{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|sg}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} give{{tag|vb}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} a{{tag|ind}} paper{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
−
**kwanogazijik<adj><pl> aplesak<n><aa><pl>
+
*{{transferTest|abe|eng|k'millen pilaskw|I give you the paper}}
−
*flat light → flat lights (the northern lights)
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|abe|eng|k'millen{{tag|vb}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|s_sg1}}{{tag|o_sg2_def}} pilaskw{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|sg}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} give{{tag|vb}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|acc}} the{{tag|def}} paper{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
−
**abagigen<adj> wassakw<n><aa><sg>
 
−
**abagigenol<adj><pl> wassakol<n><aa><pl>
 
−
 
 
−
====Verb Plurality====
 
−
{{comment|this is a lot like English, no? -JNW}}
 
−
*pears are
 
−
**kwanogazijik<adj><pl> aplesak<n><aa><pl> aoak<vb><iv><aa><pl>
 
−
*candlelights are present
 
−
**wassanmôganihlak<n><aa><pl> aimek<vb><iv><aa><pl>
 
  
 
===First Person Possessive, First Person Subject===
 
===First Person Possessive, First Person Subject===
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**The "I" will also be extracted
 
**The "I" will also be extracted
  
−
{{comment|I see three useful grammar points here so far.  See if you can come up with two more?  -JNW}}
+
===Locative===
 +
The locative in <code>abe</code> denotes a location or being located at or with something, adding a "place" quality to a noun. In English, this is done through a seperate word like "at", "in," "on," etc. Because <code>abe</code> lacks articles, we must add them.
 +
*{{transferTest|abe|eng|magwaikok|with the Iroquois}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|abe|eng|magwaikok{{tag|n}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|loc}}|with{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} Iroquois{{tag|n}}{{tag|np}}{{tag|pl}}}}
 +
*{{transferTest|abe|eng|pkwamipaksek|in the fridge}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|abe|eng|pkwamipaksek{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|in{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} fridge{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
 +
*{{transferTest|abe|eng|akik|on the land}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|abe|eng|akik{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|loc}}|on{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}} land{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
 +
 
  
 
[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]]
 
[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars ]]

Latest revision as of 19:30, 4 May 2023

Animacy

Nouns and verbs are tagged with animacy, and there are different verbs depending on whether the subject/object are animate or inanimate.

Verb Animacy

Verb animacy differs depending on the animacy of the subject and/or object.

  • (abe) beskaaka → (eng) put him aside
    (abe) beskaaka<vb><tv><pres><aa> → (eng) put<vb><tv><pres> him<prn><pers><aa><p3><sg><acc> aside<adv>
  • (abe) beskato → (eng) put it aside
    (abe) beskato<vb><tv><pres><nn> → (eng) put<vb><tv><pres> it<prn><pers><nn><p3><sg><acc> aside<adv>
  • (abe) namiha → (eng) see someone
    (abe) namiha<vb><tv><pres><aa> → (eng) see<vb><tv><pres> someone<prn><ind><aa><sg><acc>
  • (abe) namito → (eng) see something
    (abe) namiha<vb><tv><pres><nn> → (eng) see<vb><tv><pres> something<prn><ind><nn><sg><acc>

Definite vs Indefinite Objects

Verbs contain morphology to mark a definite vs indefinite object, because there are no articles in Western Abenaki.

  • (abe) k'milel pilaskw → (eng) I give you a paper
    (abe) k'milel<vb><tv><pres><nn><s_sg1><o_sg2_ind> pilaskw<n><nn><sg> → (eng) I<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom> give<vb><tv><pres> you<prn><pers><p2><sg><acc> a<ind> paper<n><sg>
  • (abe) k'millen pilaskw → (eng) I give you the paper
    (abe) k'millen<vb><tv><pres><nn><s_sg1><o_sg2_def> pilaskw<n><nn><sg> → (eng) I<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom> give<vb><tv><pres> you<prn><pers><p2><sg><acc> the<def> paper<n><sg>

First Person Possessive, First Person Subject

In Western Abenaki, the first person possessive marker is a prefixed n’. In English, this is simply the word "my." Similarly, a first person subject is marked on a verb with the same prefixed n’. In English, this is the word "I."

  • N’cape - my coffee
    • ^cape<n><nn><px1sg>/coffee<n><px1sg>$
    • the "my" will be extracted in the Structural Transfer lab
  • n’wlômawaldamen - I believe
    • ^n’wlômawaldamen<vb><tv><nn><s_sg1>/believe<vb>
    • The "I" will also be extracted

Locative

The locative in abe denotes a location or being located at or with something, adding a "place" quality to a noun. In English, this is done through a seperate word like "at", "in," "on," etc. Because abe lacks articles, we must add them.

  • (abe) magwaikok → (eng) with the Iroquois
    (abe) magwaikok<n><aa><pl><loc> → (eng) with<pr> the<det><def> Iroquois<n><np><pl>
  • (abe) pkwamipaksek → (eng) in the fridge
    (abe) pkwamipaksek<n><nn><sg><loc> → (eng) in<pr> the<det><def> fridge<n><sg>
  • (abe) akik → (eng) on the land
    (abe) akik<n><nn><sg><loc> → (eng) on<pr> the<det><def> land<n><sg>
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