Difference between revisions of "Kamba and English/ContrastiveGrammar"
From LING073
m (→Noun - Adjective --> Adjective - Noun) |
m (→No Definite articles) |
||
| (12 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
Because Kamba is a noun-modifier language, its nouns precede the determiner, in these cases, the demonstrative that modifies it, whereas in English, a modifier-noun language, the demonstrative precedes the noun it modifies. | Because Kamba is a noun-modifier language, its nouns precede the determiner, in these cases, the demonstrative that modifies it, whereas in English, a modifier-noun language, the demonstrative precedes the noun it modifies. | ||
| − | * {{transferTest|kam|eng|ilinda yĩĩ | + | * {{transferTest|kam|eng|ilinda yĩĩ nĩ yaasa.|This dress is long.}} |
| − | *: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|linda{{tag|n}}{{tag| | + | *: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|linda{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}} a{{tag|dem}}{{tag|det}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} asa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl5}}{{tag|sg}}|This{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} dress{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} long{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}} |
| − | * {{transferTest|kam|eng|Vulana | + | |
| − | *: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Vulana{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} a{{tag|dem}}{{tag| | + | * {{transferTest|kam|eng|Vulana ĩĩ nĩ nene.| This jersey is big.}} |
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Vulana{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|cl9}} a{{tag|dem}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} asa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}}|This{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} jersey{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}} | ||
=== Noun - Possessive Pronoun --> Possessive Pronoun - Noun === | === Noun - Possessive Pronoun --> Possessive Pronoun - Noun === | ||
| + | |||
| + | For similar reasons as described above, nouns precede possessive pronouns in Kamba. In English, possessive pronouns precede nouns because it is a modifier-noun language. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|kam|eng|Ng’ombe aĩva tikiti wake. | Cow paid her fare.}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} iv{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} tikiti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ake{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|Cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} pay{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} her{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} fare{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|kam|eng| Mutui wakwa nunuukama ng’ombe siaku | My neighbor is milking your cows}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Mutui{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl}}{{tag|}} akwa{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}} kama{{tag|v}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl10}}{{tag|pl}} siaku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}|My{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} neighbor{{tag|n}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} milk{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|sp}} cows{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}} | ||
=== Noun - Adjective --> Adjective - Noun === | === Noun - Adjective --> Adjective - Noun === | ||
Again, because modifiers generally follow their nouns in Kamba, whereas the opposite is true in English, this is also true for adjectives, and we will have to have some structural transfer rules for this case as well. | Again, because modifiers generally follow their nouns in Kamba, whereas the opposite is true in English, this is also true for adjectives, and we will have to have some structural transfer rules for this case as well. | ||
| − | * {{transferTest|kam|eng| | + | * {{transferTest|kam|eng|Mbũi Ngiti na Ng’ombe nĩ anyanyae anene.|Goat, Dog, and Cow are great friends.}} |
| − | *: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|bũi{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}}giti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} na{{tag|cnjcoo}} g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc | + | *: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|bũi{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}}giti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} na{{tag|cnjcoo}} g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} nyanya{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}} anene{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}}|Goat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} great{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}} |
| − | * {{transferTest|kam|eng|Nĩtũũtandĩthya | + | * {{transferTest|kam|eng|Nĩtũũtandĩthya mĩkonzo myeũ.|We are trading new poles.}} |
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|tandĩthy{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} konzo{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}} eũ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} trade{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} new{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} poles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}} | *: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|tandĩthy{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} konzo{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}} eũ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} trade{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} new{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} poles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}} | ||
=== Complex Verb Tense System === | === Complex Verb Tense System === | ||
| − | Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers. In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem. | + | Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers. In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem. The subject is also optional if it can be determined from the person and number of the verb in Kamba, so pronoun insertion also needs to happen. (Also good to mention that there's no distinction between the present and future, which is a more disambiguation-ish thing, but also is more about the larger context than that can handle probably). |
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|kam|eng|Atui nĩmeũvinga mĩomo.| The blacksmiths are closing the doors.}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|tui{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}} nĩmeũvinga{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} mĩomo{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} blacksmith{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} close{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} door{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|kam|eng|Nĩtwavinga mũomo oyu.| We have closed the door now.}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Nĩtwavinga{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} mũomo{{tag|cl3}}{{tag|sg}} oyu{{tag|adv}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} have{{tag|vbhaver}}{{tag|pres}} close{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pp}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} door{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} now{{tag|adv}}}} | ||
=== No Definite articles === | === No Definite articles === | ||
In English, we use the definite article "the" to refer to specific or previously mentioned nouns. For example, "the dog" refers to a particular dog that has already been mentioned or is known to both the speaker and listener. However, in Kamba, there is no equivalent definite article. Instead, the noun classes and contextual information are used to indicate specificity. | In English, we use the definite article "the" to refer to specific or previously mentioned nouns. For example, "the dog" refers to a particular dog that has already been mentioned or is known to both the speaker and listener. However, in Kamba, there is no equivalent definite article. Instead, the noun classes and contextual information are used to indicate specificity. | ||
| − | {{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi | + | {{transferTest|kam|eng|Sokisi nĩ nguvi.|The socks are short.}} |
| − | *:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag| | + | *:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|Sokisi{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl10}}{{tag|pl}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} guvi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl10}}{{tag|pl}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} sock{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} short{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}} |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| + | {{transferTest|kam|eng|Mwasũvya nũnũũkũna mũtui.|The carver is hitting the blacksmith.}} | ||
| + | *:{{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|asũvya{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl1}}{{tag|sg}} kũn{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} tui{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl1}}{{tag|sg}}|The{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} carver{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} hit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} blacksmith{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Kamba]][[Category:English]] | [[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:Kamba]][[Category:English]] | ||
Latest revision as of 02:28, 10 May 2023
Contents
Kam-Eng Tests
Noun - Determiner --> Determiner - Noun
Because Kamba is a noun-modifier language, its nouns precede the determiner, in these cases, the demonstrative that modifies it, whereas in English, a modifier-noun language, the demonstrative precedes the noun it modifies.
- (kam) ilinda yĩĩ nĩ yaasa. → (eng) This dress is long.
- (kam) linda<n><cl5><sg> a<dem><det><cl5><sg> ĩ<vbser><prc> asa<adj><cl5><sg> → (eng) This<det><dem><sg> dress<n><sg> be<vbser><pres><p3><sg> long<adj><sint>
- (kam) Vulana ĩĩ nĩ nene. → (eng) This jersey is big.
- (kam) Vulana<n><sg><cl9> a<dem><cl9><sg> ĩ<vbser><prc> asa<adj><cl9><sg> → (eng) This<det><dem><sg> jersey<n><sg> be<vbser><pres><p3><sg> big<adj><sint>
Noun - Possessive Pronoun --> Possessive Pronoun - Noun
For similar reasons as described above, nouns precede possessive pronouns in Kamba. In English, possessive pronouns precede nouns because it is a modifier-noun language.
- (kam) Ng’ombe aĩva tikiti wake. → (eng) Cow paid her fare.
- (kam) g’ombe<n><cl9><sg> iv<vblex><perf><p3><sg> tikiti<n><cl9><sg> ake<prn><pos> → (eng) Cow<n><sg> pay<vblex><past> her<det><pos><sp> fare<n><sg>
- (kam) Mutui wakwa nunuukama ng’ombe siaku → (eng) My neighbor is milking your cows
- (kam) Mutui<n><cl><> akwa<prn><pos> kama<v><prc><p3><sg> g’ombe<n><cl10><pl> siaku<prn><pos> → (eng) My<det><pos><sp> neighbor<n><n><sg> be<vbser><pres><p3><sg> milk<vblex><pprs> your<det><pos><sp> cows<n><pl>
Noun - Adjective --> Adjective - Noun
Again, because modifiers generally follow their nouns in Kamba, whereas the opposite is true in English, this is also true for adjectives, and we will have to have some structural transfer rules for this case as well.
- (kam) Mbũi Ngiti na Ng’ombe nĩ anyanyae anene. → (eng) Goat, Dog, and Cow are great friends.
- (kam) bũi<cl9><sg>giti<n><cl9><sg> na<cnjcoo> g’ombe<n><cl9><sg> ĩ<vbser><prc> nyanya<n><cl2><pl> anene<adj><cl2><pl> → (eng) Goat<n><sg> dog<n><sg> and<cnjcoo> cow<n><sg> be<vbser><pres> great<adj><sint> friends<n><pl>
- (kam) Nĩtũũtandĩthya mĩkonzo myeũ. → (eng) We are trading new poles.
- (kam) tandĩthy<vblex><prc><p1><pl> konzo<n><cl4><pl> eũ<adj><cl4><pl> → (eng) prpers<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl> be<vbser><pres> trade<vblex><pprs> new<adj><sint> poles<n><pl>
Complex Verb Tense System
Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers. In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem. The subject is also optional if it can be determined from the person and number of the verb in Kamba, so pronoun insertion also needs to happen. (Also good to mention that there's no distinction between the present and future, which is a more disambiguation-ish thing, but also is more about the larger context than that can handle probably).
- (kam) Atui nĩmeũvinga mĩomo. → (eng) The blacksmiths are closing the doors.
- (kam) tui<cl2><pl> nĩmeũvinga<vblex><prc><p3><pl> mĩomo<cl4><pl> → (eng) The<det><def><sp> blacksmith<n><pl> be<vbser><pres> close<vblex><pprs> the<det><def><sp> door<n><pl>
- (kam) Nĩtwavinga mũomo oyu. → (eng) We have closed the door now.
- (kam) Nĩtwavinga<vblex><perf><p1><pl> mũomo<cl3><sg> oyu<adv> → (eng) prpers<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl> have<vbhaver><pres> close<vblex><pp> the<det><def><sp> door<n><sg> now<adv>
No Definite articles
In English, we use the definite article "the" to refer to specific or previously mentioned nouns. For example, "the dog" refers to a particular dog that has already been mentioned or is known to both the speaker and listener. However, in Kamba, there is no equivalent definite article. Instead, the noun classes and contextual information are used to indicate specificity.
(kam) Sokisi nĩ nguvi. → (eng) The socks are short.
- (kam) Sokisi<n><cl10><pl> ĩ<vbser><prc> guvi<adj><cl10><pl> → (eng) The<det><def><sp> sock<n><pl> be<vbser><pres> short<adj><sint>
(kam) Mwasũvya nũnũũkũna mũtui. → (eng) The carver is hitting the blacksmith.
- (kam) asũvya<n><cl1><sg> kũn<vblex><prc><p3><sg> tui<n><cl1><sg> → (eng) The<det><def><sp> carver<n><sg> be<vbser><pres> hit<vblex><pprs> the<det><def><sp> blacksmith<n><sg>
