Difference between revisions of "Evenki and English/Contrastive Grammar"

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(→‎Comparative Particles)
(→‎Comparative Particles)
 
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===Differences===
 
===Differences===
 +
 +
 +
Not: We were unable to find Cyrillic Evenki sentences, so we took examples in the latin alphabet and transliterated them. However, this combined with the previously mentioned orthography error with the Evenki transducer may cause errors.
  
 
==Comparative Particles==
 
==Comparative Particles==
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*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Мурин|horse}}
 
*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Мурин|horse}}
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Мурин{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|horse{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Мурин{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|horse{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}
  
 
*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орондук|reindeer}}
 
*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орондук|reindeer}}
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орондук{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орондук{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}}}
  
 
*{{transferTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер|big}}
 
*{{transferTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер|big}}
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}}}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
{{comment|put all the words in each sentence in a single transferTest and a single transferMorphTest -JNW}}
  
 
==Word order==
 
==Word order==
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then they doctor-pl become-pst-3pl
 
then they doctor-pl become-pst-3pl
  
−
Then they became doctors/
+
Then they became doctors.
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тадук|then}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тадук{{tag|adv}}|then{{tag|adv}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|evn|eng|нунгартын|they}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|нунгартын{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|they{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|evn|eng|аичимни|doctor}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|аичимни{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}|doctor{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|acc}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|evn|eng|чатын|become}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|чатын{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3}}|become{{tag|v}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|3}}}}
  
 
== Necessity of to be verbs ==
 
== Necessity of to be verbs ==
Line 36: Line 54:
 
Unlike in english, even can easily remove the verb to be.  
 
Unlike in english, even can easily remove the verb to be.  
  
−
Тар орон ньами (unable to find example sentences in cyrillic) (bi-si-n).  
+
Тар орон ньами (bi-si-n).  
  
 
that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)  
 
that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)  
  
 
'That reindeer is a doe
 
'That reindeer is a doe
 +
 +
*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тар|that}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тар{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|that{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}
 +
 +
*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орон|reindeer}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орон{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}
 +
 +
*{{transferTest|evn|eng|ньами|female}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|ньами{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|female{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}
  
 
== Case system ==
 
== Case system ==
  
−
All evenki nouns operate under a case system, unlike english nouns. As an example, the word авдуян has the base авду, which obviously changes when input into the sentence.
+
All evenki nouns operate under a case system, unlike english nouns. Compare the word for reindeer in the two sentences:
 +
 
 +
Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.
 +
 
 +
horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr
 +
 
 +
A horse is bigger than a reindeer
 +
 
 +
Тар орон ньами (bi-si-n).
 +
 
 +
that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)
 +
 
 +
'That reindeer is a doe
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Мурин|horse}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Мурин{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|horse{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орондук|reindeer}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орондук{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер|big}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|хегдытмер{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|comp}}}}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Тар|that}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Тар{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|that{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|evn|eng|орон|reindeer}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|орон{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|reindeer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|evn|eng|ньами|female}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|ньами{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|female{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}}}
  
 
== Negation ==  
 
== Negation ==  
  
−
Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle along with a negative subject, similar to the word nor in English.  
+
Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Би-де нунган-да е-че-вун еме-ре.
 +
 
 +
I-clt he-clt neg.aux-pst-lpl.exe come-part
 +
 
 +
'Neither I nor he came.
 +
 
  
−
With the sentence ӈи-вэл[prn] кэсэгӣчивунду[noun], са̄рича̄нинду эвки[the negation] бидемэчин[verb], which translates to English No one[prn] shall be subjected[verb] to torture[verb] or to cruel,[adj] inhuman[adj] or degrading[adj] treatment[noun] or punishment.[noun], the only negation in the Evenki sentence is эвки, as opposed to english where there is a positive or, but the only negation is in the subject.
 
  
 +
*{{transferTest|evn|eng|Биде|I}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|Биде{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|clt}}|I{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|clt}}}}
  
 +
*{{transferTest|evn|eng|нунганда|he}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|нунганда{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|clt}}|he{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|clt}}}}
  
−
identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).
+
*{{transferTest|evn|eng|ечевун|negation}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|ечевун{{tag|neg}}{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|lpl}}|negation{{tag|neg}}{{tag|aux}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|lpl}}}}
  
−
These can be anything where the analyses of equivalent phrases look different when the roots are ignored: i.e., differences in tags used (will appear as # in full pipeline output), differences in basic word order, etc. It can also be where a word is added (e.g., adding a definite article in English where one doesn't occur in another language) or where a tag determines a new word (e.g., a negative morpheme on a verb being realised as "not" in English).
+
*{{transferTest|evn|eng|емере|come}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|evn|eng|емере{{tag|v}}{{tag|part}}|come{{tag|v}}{{tag|part}}}}
  
−
===evn-eng Tests===
 
−
Use the TransferMorphTest and TransferTest templates. For each example, use both templates. The use of these templates is demonstrated above and on the Transfer rules page. You'll scrape the content of these templates into a file later for testing, so make sure to use them correctly!
 
  
 
[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:evenki]][[Category:english]]
 
[[Category:Sp23_ContrastiveGrammars]][[Category:evenki]][[Category:english]]

Latest revision as of 18:27, 11 June 2023

Differences

Not: We were unable to find Cyrillic Evenki sentences, so we took examples in the latin alphabet and transliterated them. However, this combined with the previously mentioned orthography error with the Evenki transducer may cause errors.

Comparative Particles

There are no comparative particles at all in Evenki.

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

  • (evn) Мурин → (eng) horse
    (evn) Мурин<n><sg><nom> → (eng) horse<n><sg><nom>
  • (evn) орондук → (eng) reindeer
    (evn) орондук<n><sg><abl> → (eng) reindeer<n><sg><abl>
  • (evn) хегдытмер → (eng) big
    (evn) хегдытмер<adj><sg><comp> → (eng) big<adj><sg><comp>


put all the words in each sentence in a single transferTest and a single transferMorphTest -JNW

Word order

Word order in Evenki is Subject-Complement-Verb, unlike English where the word order is Subject-Verb-Complement.

An example of this is

Тадук нунгартын аичимни ча-тын

then they doctor-pl become-pst-3pl

Then they became doctors.

  • (evn) Тадук → (eng) then
    (evn) Тадук<adv> → (eng) then<adv>
  • (evn) нунгартын → (eng) they
    (evn) нунгартын<n><pl><nom> → (eng) they<n><pl><nom>
  • (evn) аичимни → (eng) doctor
    (evn) аичимни<n><pl><acc> → (eng) doctor<n><pl><acc>
  • (evn) чатын → (eng) become
    (evn) чатын<v><pst><pl><3> → (eng) become<v><pst><pl><3>

Necessity of to be verbs

Unlike in english, even can easily remove the verb to be.

Тар орон ньами (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

  • (evn) Тар → (eng) that
    (evn) Тар<adj><sg><nom> → (eng) that<adj><sg><nom>
  • (evn) орон → (eng) reindeer
    (evn) орон<n><sg><nom> → (eng) reindeer<n><sg><nom>
  • (evn) ньами → (eng) female
    (evn) ньами<adj><sg><nom> → (eng) female<adj><sg><nom>

Case system

All evenki nouns operate under a case system, unlike english nouns. Compare the word for reindeer in the two sentences:

Мурин орон-дук хегды-тмер.

horse reindeer-abl big-cmpr

A horse is bigger than a reindeer

Тар орон ньами (bi-si-n).

that reindeer female (be-prs-3sg)

'That reindeer is a doe

  • (evn) Мурин → (eng) horse
    (evn) Мурин<n><sg><nom> → (eng) horse<n><sg><nom>
  • (evn) орондук → (eng) reindeer
    (evn) орондук<n><sg><abl> → (eng) reindeer<n><sg><abl>
  • (evn) хегдытмер → (eng) big
    (evn) хегдытмер<adj><sg><comp> → (eng) big<adj><sg><comp>


  • (evn) Тар → (eng) that
    (evn) Тар<adj><sg><nom> → (eng) that<adj><sg><nom>
  • (evn) орон → (eng) reindeer
    (evn) орон<n><sg><nom> → (eng) reindeer<n><sg><nom>
  • (evn) ньами → (eng) female
    (evn) ньами<adj><sg><nom> → (eng) female<adj><sg><nom>

Negation

Evenki, when translating a list of things that are not the case, does not negate the verb, instead simply opting for a negative particle.


Би-де нунган-да е-че-вун еме-ре.

I-clt he-clt neg.aux-pst-lpl.exe come-part

'Neither I nor he came.


  • (evn) Биде → (eng) I
    (evn) Биде<n><sg><nom><clt> → (eng) I<n><sg><nom><clt>
  • (evn) нунганда → (eng) he
    (evn) нунганда<n><sg><nom><clt> → (eng) he<n><sg><nom><clt>
  • (evn) ечевун → (eng) negation
    (evn) ечевун<neg><aux><pst><lpl> → (eng) negation<neg><aux><pst><lpl>
  • (evn) емере → (eng) come
    (evn) емере<v><part> → (eng) come<v><part>
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