Difference between revisions of "Walloon/Grammar"

From LING073
Jump to: navigation, search
(Created page with "placeholder")
 
(→‎Determiner)
 
(53 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
placeholder
+
== Parts of Speech ==
 +
 
 +
===Noun===
 +
Sometimes mark gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural), either in article or certain suffixes.
 +
 
 +
Examples:
 +
* {{morphTest|tchvå{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|tchvå}}
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|tchvå{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|tchvås}}
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|båshel{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|båshele}}
 +
 
 +
===Pronoun===
 +
Personal pronouns vary by person, number, gender, and function syntactically (subject, reflexive, object, etc.)
 +
 
 +
Examples:
 +
* {{morphTest|dji{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|dji}}
 +
* {{morphTest|nos{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|nos}}
 +
* {{morphTest|i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|i}}
 +
 
 +
===Adjective===
 +
Show gender and number through -e, -s, with certain extra patterns for endings (-î/-ire, -s/-sse, etc.)
 +
Examples:
 +
* {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|grand}}
 +
* {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|grande}}
 +
* {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}|grandès}}
 +
 
 +
===Determiner===
 +
Many articles and determiners (definite, indefinite, partitive, etc.)
 +
Examples:
 +
* {{morphTest|on{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|on}}
 +
* {{morphTest|ene{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|ene}}
 +
* {{morphTest|les{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|les}}
 +
 
 +
===Verb===
 +
Conjugated for tense, mood, person, number, etc.
 +
Examples:
 +
* {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|tchante}}
 +
* {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|tchantes}}
 +
 
 +
== Adjective Gender Marks ==
 +
Adjectives (often) have separate masculine v.s. feminine forms. The masculine typically ends in a consonant, with the feminine typically adding "-e" or other suffixes.
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|grand}}
 +
* {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|grande}}
 +
* {{morphTest|disgostant{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|disgostant}}
 +
* {{morphTest|disgostant{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|disgostante}}
 +
* {{morphTest|candjî{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|candjeye}}
 +
 
 +
== Present Indicative Tense (Verbs) ==
 +
Regular present tense is (often) formed by changing the verb ending, depending on person/number.
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|tchante}}
 +
* {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|tchantes}}
 +
* {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|tchante}}
 +
* {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|tchantans}}
 +
* {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|tchantez}}
 +
 
 +
== Future Tense (Verbs) ==
 +
Regular future adds "-r" to stem.
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|candjî{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|candjrè}}
 +
* {{morphTest|candjî{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|candjrès}}
 +
* {{morphTest|candjî{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|candjrè}}
 +
* {{morphTest|candjî{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|candjrans}}
 +
* {{morphTest|candjî{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|candjroz}}
 +
 
 +
== Regularly Irregular Verbs ==
 +
Many irregular verbs make situation-specific modifications to avoid consonant clusters. Usually, when a stem ends 2+ consonants, the final double consonant is disallowed.
 +
 
 +
The first predominant method is to, if the root ends in "rer", "ler", "ner" (cosonant + r/l/n + -er) an epenthetic vowel is inserted:
 +
* {{morphTest|mostrer{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|mostere}}
 +
* {{morphTest|mostrer{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|mosterront}}
 +
* {{morphTest|sofler{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|sofele}}
 +
 
 +
Or, if the stem ends in a consonant before "ter", "ler", "ner", "der", "ker", then the silent final "e"/"eye":
 +
* {{morphTest|disfoyter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|disfoyteye}}
 +
 
 +
== Noun Number ==
 +
Plurals are generally formed by adding "-s" (though not always pronounced).
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|djot{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|djote}}
 +
* {{morphTest|djot{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}|djotes}}
 +
* {{morphTest|tchvå{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|tchvå}}
 +
* {{morphTest|tchvå{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|tchvås}}
 +
* {{morphTest|dent{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|dents}}
 +
 
 +
== Noun Gender ==
 +
Like adjectives, nouns can take masculine v.s. feminine forms. This usually occurs through suffixes ("-e", "-esse"), and at times form is distinct.
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|berdelåd{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|berdelåd}}
 +
* {{morphTest|berdelåd{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|berdelåde}}
 +
* {{morphTest|sot{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|sot}}
 +
* {{morphTest|sot{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|sote}}
 +
* {{morphTest|monnî{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|monnî}}
 +
* {{morphTest|monnî{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|monnresse}}
 +
 
 +
== Indefinite and Partitive Articles ==
 +
Indefinite articles ("on", "ene") indicate gender/number, partitive articles ("do", "del") indicate quantity ambiguously/"some".
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|on{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|on}}
 +
* {{morphTest|ene{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|ene}}
 +
* {{morphTest|des{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|pl}}|des}}
 +
* {{morphTest|do{{tag|det}}{{tag|part}}{{tag|m}}|do}}
 +
* {{morphTest|del{{tag|det}}{{tag|part}}{{tag|f}}|del}}
 +
 
 +
== Possessive Determiners ==
 +
Possessive determiner marking is dependent/varies on the possessor (person, number).
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|mi{{tag|det}}{{tag|poss}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|mi}}
 +
* {{morphTest|ti{{tag|det}}{{tag|poss}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|ti}}
 +
* {{morphTest|si{{tag|det}}{{tag|poss}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|si}}
 +
* {{morphTest|nos{{tag|det}}{{tag|poss}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|nos}}
 +
* {{morphTest|leu{{tag|det}}{{tag|poss}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|leu}}
 +
 
 +
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]] [[Category:Grammar documentation]] [[Category: Walloon]]

Latest revision as of 23:35, 19 March 2025

Parts of Speech

Noun

Sometimes mark gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural), either in article or certain suffixes.

Examples:

  • tchvå<n><m><sg> ↔ tchvå
  • tchvå<n><m><pl> ↔ tchvås
  • båshel<n><f><sg> ↔ båshele

Pronoun

Personal pronouns vary by person, number, gender, and function syntactically (subject, reflexive, object, etc.)

Examples:

  • dji<prn><p1><sg> ↔ dji
  • nos<prn><p1><pl> ↔ nos
  • i<prn><p3><sg> ↔ i

Adjective

Show gender and number through -e, -s, with certain extra patterns for endings (-î/-ire, -s/-sse, etc.) Examples:

  • grand<adj><m><sg> ↔ grand
  • grand<adj><f><sg> ↔ grande
  • grand<adj><f><pl> ↔ grandès

Determiner

Many articles and determiners (definite, indefinite, partitive, etc.) Examples:

  • on<det><ind><m><sg> ↔ on
  • ene<det><ind><f><sg> ↔ ene
  • les<det><def><pl> ↔ les

Verb

Conjugated for tense, mood, person, number, etc. Examples:

  • tchanter<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ tchante
  • tchanter<v><pres><p2><sg> ↔ tchantes

Adjective Gender Marks

Adjectives (often) have separate masculine v.s. feminine forms. The masculine typically ends in a consonant, with the feminine typically adding "-e" or other suffixes.

  • grand<adj><m><sg> ↔ grand
  • grand<adj><f><sg> ↔ grande
  • disgostant<adj><m><sg> ↔ disgostant
  • disgostant<adj><f><sg> ↔ disgostante
  • candjî<adj><f><sg> ↔ candjeye

Present Indicative Tense (Verbs)

Regular present tense is (often) formed by changing the verb ending, depending on person/number.

  • tchanter<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ tchante
  • tchanter<v><pres><p2><sg> ↔ tchantes
  • tchanter<v><pres><p3><sg> ↔ tchante
  • tchanter<v><pres><p1><pl> ↔ tchantans
  • tchanter<v><pres><p2><pl> ↔ tchantez

Future Tense (Verbs)

Regular future adds "-r" to stem.

  • candjî<v><fut><p1><sg> ↔ candjrè
  • candjî<v><fut><p2><sg> ↔ candjrès
  • candjî<v><fut><p3><sg> ↔ candjrè
  • candjî<v><fut><p1><pl> ↔ candjrans
  • candjî<v><fut><p2><pl> ↔ candjroz

Regularly Irregular Verbs

Many irregular verbs make situation-specific modifications to avoid consonant clusters. Usually, when a stem ends 2+ consonants, the final double consonant is disallowed.

The first predominant method is to, if the root ends in "rer", "ler", "ner" (cosonant + r/l/n + -er) an epenthetic vowel is inserted:

  • mostrer<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ mostere
  • mostrer<v><fut><p3><pl> ↔ mosterront
  • sofler<v><pres><p2><sg> ↔ sofele

Or, if the stem ends in a consonant before "ter", "ler", "ner", "der", "ker", then the silent final "e"/"eye":

  • disfoyter<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ disfoyteye

Noun Number

Plurals are generally formed by adding "-s" (though not always pronounced).

  • djot<n><f><sg> ↔ djote
  • djot<n><f><pl> ↔ djotes
  • tchvå<n><m><sg> ↔ tchvå
  • tchvå<n><m><pl> ↔ tchvås
  • dent<n><m><pl> ↔ dents

Noun Gender

Like adjectives, nouns can take masculine v.s. feminine forms. This usually occurs through suffixes ("-e", "-esse"), and at times form is distinct.

  • berdelåd<n><m><sg> ↔ berdelåd
  • berdelåd<n><f><sg> ↔ berdelåde
  • sot<n><m><sg> ↔ sot
  • sot<n><f><sg> ↔ sote
  • monnî<n><m><sg> ↔ monnî
  • monnî<n><f><sg> ↔ monnresse

Indefinite and Partitive Articles

Indefinite articles ("on", "ene") indicate gender/number, partitive articles ("do", "del") indicate quantity ambiguously/"some".

  • on<det><ind><m><sg> ↔ on
  • ene<det><ind><f><sg> ↔ ene
  • des<det><ind><pl> ↔ des
  • do<det><part><m> ↔ do
  • del<det><part><f> ↔ del

Possessive Determiners

Possessive determiner marking is dependent/varies on the possessor (person, number).

  • mi<det><poss><p1><sg> ↔ mi
  • ti<det><poss><p2><sg> ↔ ti
  • si<det><poss><p3><sg> ↔ si
  • nos<det><poss><p1><pl> ↔ nos
  • leu<det><poss><p3><pl> ↔ leu
Retrieved from "http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Walloon/Grammar&oldid=25096"